GENERAL PROCEDURE

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT

SL.NO 1. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION (a) Colourless INFERENCE (a)May be absence of copper and iron salts. (b) Crystalline (c) Powdery (b)May be presence of Nitrate, Chloride or Sulphate. (c) May be presence Carbonate or Sulphide. 2.

Colour and appearance a) Colour of the salt. b) Appearance of the salt.

Solubility Test:A little of salt is shaken well with distilled water in a test tube. Action of heat A small amount of the salt is taken in a dry test tube and heated gently at first and then strongly.

(i) Soluble in water (ii) Insoluble in water

(i) May be presence of Nitrate, Chloride or Sulphate.

(ii)

May be presence Carbonate or

Sulphide 3. (i) Colourless gas evolved which turns lime water milky. (ii)Reddish Brown gas evolved (iii) The salt is yellow in hot white in cold. (iv) Ammonia smell gas is evolved which (i) May presence of Carbonate. (ii) May be presence of Nitrate salt. (iii) May be presence of Zinc salt. (iv) May be presence of Ammonium salts. (v) May be absence if Carbonate,Nitrate,Zinc and Ammonium. 4.

gives dense white fumes when a glass rod dipped in conc.HCl is shown in it. (v) No characteristic change.

Flame test A small amount of the salt is made into paste with concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) in a watch glass and introduced into the nonluminous part of the Bunsen flame. Ash test: A piece of filter paper is soaked into a mixture of salt, concentrated nitric acid(HNO3) and cobalt nitrate (Co(NO3)2 solution and burnt in the Bunsen flame.

(i) Brick red flame. (ii) Apple green flame. (iii) No characteristic coloured flame

(i) Presence of Calcium. (ii) Presence of Barium. (iii) May be absence of Calcium or Barium salt.

5.

(i) Blue ash

(i) May be presence of Aluminium

(ii) Green ash. (iii) Pink ash.

(ii) May be presence of Zinc (iii) May be presence of Magnesium.

(iv)No characteristic coloured ash.

(Iv) May be absence of Aluminium, Zinc and Magnesium.

6.

Action of dilute hydrochloric acid To a little of the salt dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added in a test tube.

(i) Brisk effervescence , Colourless, odourless gas evolved which turns lime water milky. (ii) Brisk effervescence , Colourless, rotten egg odour gas is evolved which turns lead acetate paper (A piece of filter paper dipped in lead acetate solution).black. (iii) No characteristic change.

(i) PRESENCE OF carbonate

acid radical IS CONFIRMED.

(ii) PRESENCE OF sulphide

acid radical IS CONFIRMED

(iii) Absence of Carbonate and sulphide.

7.

Copper turning test A little of the salt is heated with a few pieces of copper turnings and 1 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4). Action of sodium hydroxide A little of the salt is heated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution.

(i) Reddish Brown gas evolved. (ii) No reddish brown gas

(i) presence of nitrate. (ii) Absence of Nitrate.

8.

(i) ) Ammonia smell gas is evolved

which gives dense white fumes when a glass rod dipped in conc.HCl is shown in it.

(i) Presence of Ammonium.

(ii) No ammonia smell.

9.

Chromyl chloride test To a little of the salt a pinch of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) is added and heated with a few drops of conc. sulphuric acid(H2SO4).

(i) Red orange vapour evolved when

passed it turns water yellow and becomes yellow ppt with lead acetate solution.

(ii) Absence of Ammonium. (i) Presence of chloride

(ii) no red orange vapour.

(ii)absence of chloride

Preparation of sodium carbonate(Na2CO3) extract:A small amount of salt is mixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate in a 100 ml beaker 20 ml of distilled water is added and the solution is boiled for 10 minutes ,cooled and then filtered .The filtrate is called sodium extract. 10 Silver nitrate test To a little of the extract dilute nitric (HNO3) acid is added until the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of silver nitrate (agno3) solution is added. Lead acetate test To a little of the extract dilute acetic acid(CH3COOH) is added until the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of the lead acetate (CH3COO)2Pb solution is added. Barium chloride test To a little of the extract dilute hydrochloric acid is added until the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of barium chloride(BaCl2) solution is added. Brown ring test To a little of the extract dil.H2SO4 is added until the effervescence ceases and then treated with freshly prepared ferrous sulphate (FeSO4 ) solution and conc. H2SO4 acid is added in drops along the sides of the test tube. (i) Curdy white ppt soluble in excess of NH4OH solution is obtained. (ii) Black ppt is obtained iii)No white or black ppt. (i) A white precipitate soluble in ammonium acetate and sodium hydroxide mixture is obtained. (ii) A black precipitate soluble in hot dilute nitric is obtained (iii) No white or black ppt (i) A white precipitate insoluble in concentrated hydrochloric acid is obtained. (ii) No white ppt. (i) Presence of chloride. (ii) Presence of Sulphide. (iii)Absence of Chloride and sulphide (i) Presence of Sulphate (ii) Presence of Sulphide (iii)Absence of Sulphate and sulphide (i) Presence of sulphate.

11.

12.

(ii) Absence of Sulphate

13.

(i) A brown ring is obtained at the junction. (ii) No brown ring.

(i)Presence of nitrate is conformed. (ii) Absence of nitrate.

IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICAL

Preparation of Original Solution:- (OS):(i) The original solution is prepared by dissolving a gram of salt in 20 ml of distilled water.
(ii) If the salt is insoluble in water then the salt is dissolved in dil.HCl (for carbonate) or in hot dil.HNO3 (for sulphide)

GROUP SEPARATION Sl.No 1. EXPERIMENT To a little of the OS dilute hydrochloric acid is added. OBSERVATION (i) White ppt is obtained. (ii)No white precipitate. 2. To a little of the OS dil.HCl acid is added and H2S gas is passed. (i) Black ppt is obtained. (ii)No black ppt. 3. To a little of the OS 1ml NH4Cl solution and 2ml NH4OH solution are added. (i) A white gelatinous white ppt. (ii) No gelatinous white ppt. 4. To a little of the OS 1ml NH4Cl solution and 2ml NH4OH solution are added followed by H2S gas is passed. (i) white ppt is obtained. (ii)No white ppt is obtained. INFERENCE (i) Presence of Lead (Igroup). (ii) Absence of (I-group) Lead (Pb2+ ) (i) Presence of Copper (IIgroup). (ii)Absence of (II-group) Copper (Cu2+) (i) Presence of (III-group) Aluminium (Al3+) (ii)Absence of (III-group) Aluminium (Al3+) (i) Presence of (IV-group) Zinc. (ii)Absence of (IV-group) Zinc (i) Presence of (V-group) Calcium (Ca2+) or Barium (Ba2+). (ii)Absence of (V-group) Calcium (Ca2+) or Barium (Ba2+). (i) Presence of (VI-group) MAGNESIUM (Mg2+) (ii) Absence of (VI-group) MAGNESIUM (Mg2+)

5.

To a little of the OS 1ml NH4Cl solution and 2ml NH4OH solution are added followed by excess of (NH4)2CO3 solution is added.

(i) White precipitate is obtained.

(ii) No White precipitate. 6. To a little of the OS 1ml NH4Cl solution and 2ml NH4OH solution are added followed by excess of disodium hydrogen phosphate solution (Na2HPO4) is added. (i) white precipitate is obtained. (ii) No white precipitate.

7.

To a little of the OS a few drops of Nesslers reagent added.

(i) Brown ppt is obtained.

(ii) No brown ppt is obtained.

(i) Presence of (Zero group) Ammonium (NH4 )+ salt. (ii) absence of (Zero group) Ammonium (NH4 )+ salt.

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL .

Sl.NO EXPERIMENT 1. To a little of the OS a few drops of Nesslers reagent added. 1. To a little Os a few drops of K2crO4 solution is added. 2. To a little Os a few drops of KI solution is added. 1. To a little of the OS Aluminon reagent is added followed by NH4OH solution is added. To a little of the OS potassium ferro cyanide (K4[Fe(CN)6]solution is added. OBSERVATION Brown ppt is obtained yellow ppt is obtained. Yellow ppt is obtained. Which gives golden yellow spangles on heating and cooling. Bright red lake is obtained Presence of LEAD is confirmed. (I-group) INFERENCE Presence of AMMONIUM is confirmed. ( 0-group)

Presence of Aluminium is confirmed. (III-group) Presence of ZINC is confirmed. (IV-group)

1.

White precipitate (ppt) is obtained

1. 1. 1.

To a little of the OS potassium chromate (K2CrO4) solution is added. To a little of the OS potassium chromate solution is added. To a little of the OS Magneson reagent is added.

No yellow precipitate (ppt) is obtained Yellow precipitate (ppt) is obtained Blue precipitate (ppt) is obtained

Presence of CALCIUM is confirmed. (V-Group) Presence of Barium is confirmed. (V-group) Presence of Magnesium is confirmed. (VI-group)

RESULT:- The given simple salt contains (1) Acid Radical :-

(2) Basic Radical :-

EXPT. NO:- 01 DATE:SL.NO 1. EXPERIMENT

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT LEAD NITRATE :- Pb(NO3)2

OBSERVATION (a) Colourless INFERENCE May be absence of copper and iron salts. (b) Crystalline May be presence of Nitrate, Chloride or Sulphate.

Colour and appearance a) Colour of the salt. b) Appearance of the salt.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Solubility Test:A little of salt is shaken well with distilled water in a test tube. Action of heat A small amount of the salt is taken in a dry test tube and heated gently at first and then strongly. Flame test A small amount of the salt is made into paste with concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) in a watch glass and introduced into the nonluminous part of the Bunsen flame. Ash test: A piece of filter paper is soaked into a mixture of salt, concentrated nitric acid(HNO3) and cobalt nitrate (Co(NO3)2 solution and burnt in the Bunsen flame. Action of dilute hydrochloric acid To a little of the salt dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added in a test tube. Copper turning test A little of the salt is heated with a few pieces of copper turnings and 1 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4). Action of sodium hydroxide A little of the salt is heated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution.

Soluble in water

May be presence of Nitrate, Chloride or Sulphate.

Reddish Brown gas evolved

May be presence of Nitrate salt.

May be absence of Calcium or No characteristic coloured flame Barium salt.

May absence of Aluminium, Zinc No characteristic coloured ash. or Magnesium.

Absence of Carbonate and No characteristic change. Sulphide.

Reddish Brown gas evolved.

PRESENCE OF NITRATE. Absence of Ammonium.

No ammonia smell.

9.

Chromyl chloride test To a little of the salt a pinch of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) is added and heated with a few drops of conc. sulphuric acid(H2SO4).

No red orange vapour.

Absence of Choride

Preparation of sodium carbonate(Na2CO3) extract:A small amount of salt is mixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate in a 100 ml beaker 20 ml of distilled water is added and the solution is boiled for 10 minutes ,cooled and then filtered .The filtrate is called sodium extract. 10 Silver nitrate test To a little of the extract dilute nitric (HNO3) acid is added until the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution is added. Lead acetate test To a little of the extract dilute acetic acid(CH3COOH) is added until the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of the lead acetate (CH3COO)2Pb solution is added. Barium chloride test To a little of the extract dilute hydrochloric acid is added until the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of barium chloride(BaCl2) solution is added. Brown ring test To a little of the extract dil.H2SO4 is added until the effervescence ceases and then treated with freshly prepared ferrous sulphate (FeSO4 ) solution and conc. H2SO4 acid is added in drops along the sides of the test tube.

No white or black ppt.

Absence of Chloride and sulphide

11.

No white or black ppt

Absence of Sulphate and sulphide

12.

No white ppt.

Absence of Sulphate

13.

A BROWN RING IS OBTAINED AT THE JUNCTION.

PRESENCE OF NITRATE is conformed.

IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICAL

Preparation of Original Solution:- (OS)
The original solution is prepared by dissolving a gram of salt in 20 ml of the distilled water. Group separation Sl.No EXPERIMENT 1. To a little of the OS a few drops of Nesslers reagent added. 2. To a little of the OS dilute hydrochloric acid is added. OBSERVATION No brown precipitate White precipitate is obtained. INFERENCE Absnce of (Zero Group) Ammonium (NH4 )+ salt. presence of (I-Group) Lead (Pb2+ )

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL LEAD.

Sl.NO Experiment 1. To a little Os a few drops of K2crO4 solution is added. 2. To a little Os a few drops of KI solution is added.

observation yellow ppt is obtained. Yellow ppt is obtained. Which gives golden yellow spangles on heating and cooling.

inference Presence of LEAD is confirmed.

RESULT:- The given simple salt contains (1) Acid Radical :- NITRATE (2) Basic Radical :- LEAD *****************

EXPT. NO:- 02 DATE:SL.NO 1. EXPERIMENT

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT CALCIUM CARBONATE: CaCO3

OBSERVATION (a) Colourless INFERENCE May be absence of copper and iron salts. (b) Powdery May be presence of Carbonate or Sulphide

Colour and appearance a) Colour of the salt. b) Appearance of the salt.

2.

3.

Solubility Test:A little of salt is shaken well with distilled water in a test tube. Action of heat A small amount of the salt is taken in a dry test tube and heated gently at first and then strongly. Flame test A small amount of the salt is made into paste with concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) in a watch glass and introduced into the nonluminous part of the Bunsen flame. Ash test: A piece of filter paper is soaked into a mixture of salt, concentrated nitric acid(HNO3) and cobalt nitrate (Co(NO3)2 solution and burnt in the Bunsen flame. Action of dilute hydrochloric acid To a little of the salt dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added in a test tube. Copper turning test A little of the salt is heated with a few pieces of copper turnings and 1 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4). Action of sodium hydroxide A little of the salt is heated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution.

InSoluble in water

May be presence of Carbonate or Sulphide

Colourless gas evolved which turns lime water milky. May be presence of Carbonate salt.

4.

May be presence of Calcium. Brick red coloured flame

5.

May absence of Aluminium, Zinc No characteristic coloured ash. or Magnesium.

6.

Brisk effervescence , Colourless, odourless gas evolved which turns lime water milky.

PRESENCE OF

CARBONATE acid radical IS CONFIRMED. Absence of nitrate.

7.

No reddish brown gas

8.

No ammonia smell.

Absence of Ammonium.

9.

Chromyl chloride test To a little of the salt a pinch of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) is added and heated with a few drops of conc. sulphuric acid(H2SO4).

No red orange vapour.

Absence of Chloride

Preparation of sodium carbonate(Na2CO3) extract:A small amount of salt is mixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate in a 100 ml beaker 20 ml of distilled water is added and the solution is boiled for 10 minutes ,cooled and then filtered .The filtrate is called sodium extract.

10

11.

12.

13.

Silver nitrate test To a little of the extract dilute nitric acid is added until the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution is added. Lead acetate test To a little of the extract dilute acetic acid(CH3COOH) is added until the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of the lead acetate (CH3COO)2Pb solution is added. Barium chloride test To a little of the extract dilute hydrochloric acid is added until the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of barium chloride (BaCl2) solution is added. Brown ring test To a little of the extract dilute sulphuric acid is added until the effervescence ceases and then treated with freshly prepared ferrous sulphate (FeSO4 ) solution and concentrated sulphuric acid is added in drops along the sides of the test tube.

No white or black ppt.

Absence of Chloride and sulphide

No white or black ppt

Absence of Sulphate and sulphide

No white ppt.

Absence of Sulphate

No brown ring

Absence of nitrate

IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICAL

Preparation of Original Solution:- (OS):- Since the salt is insoluble in water, the original solution is prepared by
dissolving a gram of salt in 20 ml of the dilute Hydrochloric acid. GROUP SEPARATION Sl.No EXPERIMENT 1. To a little of the OS a few drops of Nesslers reagent added. 2. 3. To a little of the OS dilute hydrochloric acid is added. To a little of the OS dil.HCl acid is added and H2S gas is passed. OBSERVATION No brown ppt. INFERENCE Absence of (Zero group) Ammonium (NH4 )+ salt. Absence of (I-group) Lead (Pb2+ ) Absence of (II-group) Copper (Cu2+)

No white precipitate. No black ppt.

4. 5.

6.

To a little of the OS 1ml NH4Cl solution and 2ml NH4OH solution are added. To a little of the OS 1ml NH4Cl solution and 2ml NH4OH solution are added followed by H2S gas is passed. To a little of the OS 1ml NH4Cl solution and 2ml NH4OH solution are added followed by excess of (NH4)2CO3 solution is added.

No gelatinous white ppt. No dirty white ppt.

Absence of (III-group) Aluminium (Al3+) Absence of (IV-group) Zinc (Zn2+) Presence of (V-group) Calcium (Ca2+) or Barium (Ba2+).

White precipitate is obtained.

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL LEAD.

Sl.NO EXPERIMENT 1. To a little of the OS potassium chromate (K2CrO4) solution is added. OBSERVATION No yellow precipitate (ppt) is obtained INFERENCE Presence of CALCIUM is confirmed.

RESULT:- The given simple salt contains (1) Acid Radical :- CARBONATE (2) Basic Radical :- CALCIUM *****************

EXPT. NO:- 03 DATE:SL.NO 1.

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT ZINC SULPHIDE: ZnS

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION (a) Colourless INFERENCE May be absence of copper and iron salts. (b) Powdery May be presence of Carbonate or Sulphide

Colour and appearance a) Colour of the salt. b) Appearance of the salt.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Solubility Test:A little of salt is shaken well with distilled water in a test tube. Action of heat A small amount of the salt is taken in a dry test tube and heated gently at first and then strongly. Flame test A small amount of the salt is made into paste with concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) in a watch glass and introduced into the nonluminous part of the Bunsen flame. Ash test: A piece of filter paper is soaked into a mixture of salt, concentrated nitric acid(HNO3) and cobalt nitrate (Co(NO3)2 solution and burnt in the Bunsen flame. Action of dilute hydrochloric acid To a little of the salt dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added in a test tube.

Insoluble in water

May be presence of Carbonate or Sulphide

salt turns yellow in hot and white in cold.

May be presence of Zinc salt.

May be absence of Calcium and No characteristic coloured flame Barium

May presence of Zinc. Green coloured ash is obtained.

Brisk effervescence , Colourless, rotten egg odour gas is evolved which turns lead acetate paper (A piece of filter paper dipped in lead acetate solution).black.

PRESENCE OF

SULPHIDE

ACID RADICAL IS CONFIRMED.

7.

8.

9.

Copper turning test A little of the salt is heated with a few pieces of copper turnings and 1 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4). Action of sodium hydroxide A little of the salt is heated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. Chromyl chloride test To a little of the salt a pinch of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) is added and heated with a few drops of conc. sulphuric acid(H2SO4).

No reddish brown gas

Absence of nitrate.

No ammonia smell. No red orange vapour.

Absence of Ammonium. Absence of Chloride

Preparation of sodium carbonate(Na2CO3) extract:A small amount of salt is mixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate in a 100 ml beaker 20 ml of distilled water is added and the solution is boiled for 10 minutes ,cooled and then filtered .The filtrate is called sodium extract.

10

11.

12.

13.

Silver nitrate test To a little of the extract dilute nitric acid is added until the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution is added. Lead acetate test To a little of the extract dilute acetic acid(CH3COOH) is added until the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of the lead acetate (CH3COO)2Pb solution is added. Barium chloride test To a little of the extract dilute hydrochloric acid is added until the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of barium chloride(BaCl2) solution is added. Brown ring test To a little of the extract dilute sulphuric acid is added until the effervescence ceases and then treated with freshly prepared ferrous sulphate (FeSO4 ) solution and concentrated sulphuric acid is added in drops along the sides of the test tube.

BLACK ppt is obtained.

presence of sulphide acid radical is confirmed.

BLACK ppt is obtained

presence of sulphide acid radical is confirmed.

No white ppt.

Absence of Sulphate

No brown ring

Absence of nitrate

IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICAL

Preparation of Original Solution:- (OS):- Since the salt is insoluble in water, the original solution is prepared by
dissolving a gram of salt in 20 ml of the hot dilute nitric (HNO3) acid.

GROUP SEPARATION Sl.No EXPERIMENT 1. To a little of the OS a few drops of Nesslers reagent added. 2. 3. 4. 5. To a little of the OS dilute hydrochloric acid is added. To a little of the OS dil.HCl acid is added and H2S gas is passed. To a little of the OS 1ml NH4Cl solution and 2ml NH4OH solution are added. To a little of the OS 1ml NH4Cl solution and 2ml NH4OH solution are added followed by H2S gas is passed. OBSERVATION No brown ppt INFERENCE Absence of (Zero group) Ammonium (NH4 )+ salt. Absence of (I-group) Lead (Pb2+ ) Absence of (II-group) Copper (Cu2+) Absence of (III-group) Aluminium (Al3+)

No white precipitate. No black ppt. No gelatinous white ppt.

DIRTY WHITE ppt is obtained.

Presence of (IV-group) Zinc (Zn2+)

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL ZINC.

Sl.NO EXPERIMENT 1. To a little of the OS potassium ferro cyanide (K4[Fe(CN)6]solution is added. OBSERVATION White precipitate (ppt) is obtained INFERENCE Presence of ZINC is confirmed.

RESULT:- The given simple salt contains (1) Acid Radical :- SULPHIDE (2) Basic Radical :-ZINC ***************

EXPT. NO:- 04 DATE:SL.NO 1.

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT BARIUM CHLORIDE :- BaCl2

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION (a) Colourless INFERENCE May be absence of copper and iron salts. (b) crystalline May be presence of Nitrate, Chloride or Sulphate.

Colour and appearance a) Colour of the salt. b) Appearance of the salt.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Solubility Test:A little of salt is shaken well with distilled water in a test tube. Action of heat A small amount of the salt is taken in a dry test tube and heated gently at first and then strongly. Flame test A small amount of the salt is made into paste with concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) in a watch glass and introduced into the nonluminous part of the Bunsen flame. Ash test: A piece of filter paper is soaked into a mixture of salt, concentrated nitric acid(HNO3) and cobalt nitrate (Co(NO3)2 solution and burnt in the

Soluble in water

May be presence of Nitrate, Chloride or Sulphate. May be absence of carnonate,

No characteristic change.

nitrate and zinc salts.

May be presence of Apple green coloured flame is seen.

BARIUM

No characteristic coloured ash

May absence of Zinc, Aluminium and Magnesium.

6.

Bunsen flame. Action of dilute hydrochloric acid To a little of the salt dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added in a test tube.

No characteristic change.

Absence of carbonate and sulphide.

7.

8.

9.

Copper turning test A little of the salt is heated with a No reddish brown gas few pieces of copper turnings and 1 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4). Action of sodium hydroxide A little of the salt is heated with No ammonia smell. sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. Chromyl chloride test Red orange vapour evolved when To a little of the salt a pinch of passed it turns water yellow and potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) is becomes yellow ppt with lead acetate added and heated with a few drops solution. of conc. sulphuric acid(H2SO4). Preparation of sodium carbonate(Na2CO3) extract:-

Absence of nitrate.

Absence of Ammonium.
PRESENCE OF CHLORIDE is confirmed

A small amount of salt is mixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate in a 100 ml beaker 20 ml of distilled water is added and the solution is boiled for 10 minutes ,cooled and then filtered .The filtrate is called sodium extract. 10 Silver nitrate test To a little of the extract dilute nitric acid is added until the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution is added. Lead acetate test To a little of the extract dilute acetic acid(CH3COOH) is added until the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of the lead acetate (CH3COO)2Pb solution is added. Barium chloride test To a little of the extract dilute hydrochloric acid is added until the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of barium chloride(BaCl2) solution is added. Brown ring test To a little of the extract dilute sulphuric acid is added until the effervescence ceases and then treated with freshly prepared ferrous sulphate (FeSO4 ) solution and concentrated sulphuric acid is added in drops along the sides of the test tube.

CURDY WHITE ppt dissolved in excess of NH4OH solution is obtained.

presence of CHLORIDE acid radical is confirmed.

11.

No ppt is obtained

Absence of sulphide and sulphate.

12.

No white ppt.

Absence of Sulphate

13.

No brown ring

Absence of nitrate

IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICAL

Preparation of Original Solution:- (OS):- The original solution is prepared by dissolving a gram of salt in 20 ml of
distilled water.

GROUP SEPARATION Sl.No EXPERIMENT 1. To a little of the OS a few drops of Nesslers reagent added. 2. 3. 4. 5. To a little of the OS dilute hydrochloric acid is added. To a little of the OS dil.HCl acid is added and H2S gas is passed. To a little of the OS 1ml NH4Cl solution and 2ml NH4OH solution are added. To a little of the OS 1ml NH4Cl solution and 2ml NH4OH solution are added followed by H2S gas is passed. To a little of the OS 1ml NH4Cl solution and 2ml NH4OH solution are added followed by excess of (NH4)2CO3 solution is added. OBSERVATION No brown ppt. INFERENCE Absence of (Zero group) Ammonium (NH4 )+ salt. Absence of (I-group) Lead (Pb2+ ) Absence of (II-group) Copper (Cu2+) Absence of (III-group) Aluminium (Al3+) Absence of (IV-group) Zinc Presence of (V-group) Calcium (Ca2+) or Barium (Ba2+).

No white precipitate. No black ppt. No gelatinous white ppt. No white ppt is obtained.

6.

White precipitate is obtained.

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL BARIUM.

Sl.NO EXPERIMENT 1. To a little of the OS potassium chromate solution is added. OBSERVATION Yellow precipitate (ppt) is obtained INFERENCE Presence of Barium is confirmed.

RESULT:- The given simple salt contains (1) Acid Radical :- CHLORIDE (2) Basic Radical :-BARIUM *****************

EXPT. NO:- 05 DATE:SL.NO 1. EXPERIMENT

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT MAGNESIUM SULPHATE :- MgSO4

OBSERVATION (a) Colourless INFERENCE May be absence of copper and iron salts. (b) crystalline May be presence of Nitrate, Chloride or Sulphate.

Colour and appearance a) Colour of the salt. b) Appearance of the salt.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Solubility Test:A little of salt is shaken well with distilled water in a test tube. Action of heat A small amount of the salt is taken in a dry test tube and heated gently at first and then strongly. Flame test A small amount of the salt is made into paste with concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) in a watch glass and introduced into the nonluminous part of the Bunsen flame. Ash test: A piece of filter paper is soaked into a mixture of salt, concentrated nitric

Soluble in water

May be presence of Nitrate, Chloride or Sulphate. May be absence of carnonate,

No characteristic change.

nitrate and zinc salts.

No characteristic coloured flame

May be absence of barium and calcium

6.

7.

8.

9.

acid(HNO3) and cobalt nitrate (Co(NO3)2 solution and burnt in the Bunsen flame. Action of dilute hydrochloric acid To a little of the salt dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added in a test tube. Copper turning test A little of the salt is heated with a few pieces of copper turnings and 1 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4). Action of sodium hydroxide A little of the salt is heated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. Chromyl chloride test To a little of the salt a pinch of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) is added and heated with a few drops of conc. sulphuric acid(H2SO4).

Pink coloured ash is obtained

May presence of

Magnesium.
Absence of carbonate and sulphide.

No characteristic change.

No reddish brown gas

Absence of nitrate.

No ammonia smell.
No red orange vapour.

Absence of Ammonium.
Absence OF CHLORIDE is confirmed.

Preparation of sodium carbonate(Na2CO3) extract:A small amount of salt is mixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate in a 100 ml beaker 20 ml of distilled water is added and the solution is boiled for 10 minutes ,cooled and then filtered .The filtrate is called sodium extract.

10

11.

12.

13.

Silver nitrate test To a little of the extract dilute nitric acid is added until the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution is added. Lead acetate test To a little of the extract dilute acetic acid(CH3COOH) is added until the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of the lead acetate (CH3COO)2Pb solution is added. Barium chloride test To a little of the extract dilute hydrochloric acid is added until the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of barium chloride(BaCl2) solution is added. Brown ring test To a little of the extract dilute sulphuric acid is added until the effervescence ceases and then treated with freshly prepared ferrous sulphate (FeSO4 ) solution and concentrated sulphuric acid is added in drops along the sides of the test tube.

No characteristic ppt.

Absence of chloride and sulphide.

White ppt is obtained

Presence of SULPHATE acid radical is confirmed.

White ppt is obtained. Presence of SULPHATE acid radical is confirmed.

No brown ring

Absence of nitrate

IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICAL

Preparation of Original Solution:- (OS):- The original solution is prepared by dissolving a gram of salt in 20 ml of
distilled water.

GROUP SEPARATION Sl.No 1. EXPERIMENT To a little of the OS a few drops of Nesslers reagent added. To a little of the OS dilute hydrochloric acid is added. To a little of the OS dil.HCl acid is added and H2S gas is passed. To a little of the OS 1ml NH4Cl solution and 2ml NH4OH solution are added. To a little of the OS 1ml NH4Cl solution and 2ml NH4OH solution are added followed by H2S gas is passed. To a little of the OS 1ml NH4Cl solution and 2ml NH4OH solution are added followed by excess of (NH4)2CO3 solution is added. To a little of the OS 1ml NH4Cl solution and 2ml NH4OH solution are added followed by excess of disodium hydrogen phosphate solution (Na2HPO4) is added. OBSERVATION No brown ppt. INFERENCE Absence of (Zero group) Ammonium (NH4 )+ salt. Absence of (I-group) Lead (Pb2+ ) Absence of (II-group) Copper (Cu2+) Absence of (III-group) Aluminium (Al3+) Absence of (IV-group) Zinc Absence of (V-group) Calcium (Ca2+) or Barium (Ba2+).

2. 3. 4. 5.

No white precipitate. No black ppt. No gelatinous white ppt. No white ppt is obtained.

6.

No White precipitate.

7.

White precipitate is obtained.

Presence of (VI-group) MAGNESIUM (Mg2+)

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL MAGNESIUM.

Sl.NO EXPERIMENT 1. To a little of the OS Magneson reagent is added. OBSERVATION Blue precipitate (ppt) is obtained INFERENCE Presence of Magnesium is confirmed.

RESULT:- The given simple salt contains (1) Acid Radical :- SULPHATE (2) Basic Radical :-MAGNESIUM *****************

EXPT. NO:- 06 DATE:SL.NO 1. EXPERIMENT

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT ALUMINIUM NITRATE:- Al(NO3)3

OBSERVATION (a) Colourless INFERENCE May be absence of copper and iron salts. (b) Crystalline May be presence of Nitrate, Chloride or Sulphate.

Colour and appearance a) Colour of the salt. b) Appearance of the salt.

2.

3.

4.

Solubility Test:A little of salt is shaken well with distilled water in a test tube. Action of heat A small amount of the salt is taken in a dry test tube and heated gently at first and then strongly. Flame test A small amount of the salt is made into paste with concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) in a watch

Soluble in water

May be presence of Nitrate, Chloride or Sulphate.

Reddish Brown gas evolved

May be presence of Nitrate salt.

May be absence of Calcium or No characteristic coloured flame Barium salt.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

glass and introduced into the nonluminous part of the Bunsen flame. Ash test: A piece of filter paper is soaked into a mixture of salt, concentrated nitric acid(HNO3) and cobalt nitrate (Co(NO3)2 solution and burnt in the Bunsen flame. Action of dilute hydrochloric acid To a little of the salt dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added in a test tube. Copper turning test A little of the salt is heated with a few pieces of copper turnings and 1 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4). Action of sodium hydroxide A little of the salt is heated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. Chromyl chloride test A little of the salt is heated with potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) and a few drops of conc. sulphuric acid (H2SO4).

May presence of Aluminium. BLUE coloured ash is obtained.

Absence of Carbonate and No characteristic change. Sulphide.

Reddish Brown gas evolved.

PRESENCE OF NITRATE.
Absence of Ammonium.

No ammonia smell. No red orange vapour.

Absence of Choride

Preparation of sodium carbonate(Na2CO3) extract:A small amount of the salt is mixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate in a 100 ml beaker 20 ml of distilled water is added and the solution is boiled for 10 minutes ,cooled and then filtered .The filtrate is called sodium extract. 10 Silver nitrate test To a little of the extract dilute nitric (HNO3) acid is added until the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution is added. Lead acetate test To a little of the extract dilute acetic acid(CH3COOH) is added until the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of the lead acetate (CH3COO)2Pb solution is added. Barium chloride test To a little of the extract dilute hydrochloric acid is added until the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of barium chloride(BaCl2) solution is added. Brown ring test To a little of the extract dil.H2SO4 is added until the effervescence ceases and then treated with freshly prepared ferrous sulphate (FeSO4 ) solution and conc. H2SO4 acid is added in drops along the sides of the test tube.

No white or black ppt.

Absence of Chloride and sulphide

11.

No white or black ppt

Absence of Sulphate and sulphide

12.

No white ppt.

Absence of Sulphate

13.

A BROWN RING IS OBTAINED AT THE JUNCTION.

PRESENCE OF NITRATE acid radical is conformed.

IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICAL

Preparation of Original Solution:- (OS)
The original solution is prepared by dissolving a gram of salt in 20 ml of the distilled water. Group separation Sl.No 1. 2. 3. 4. EXPERIMENT To a little of the OS a few drops of Nesslers reagent added. To a little of the OS dilute hydrochloric acid is added. To a little of the OS dil.HCl acid is added and H2S gas is passed. To a little of the OS 1ml NH4Cl solution and 2ml NH4OH solution are added. OBSERVATION No brown ppt. No white precipitate. No black ppt. A white gelatinous ppt is obtained. INFERENCE Absence of (Zero group) Ammonium (NH4 )+ salt. Absence of (I-group) Lead (Pb2+ ) Absence of (II-group) Copper (Cu2+) Presence of (III-group) Aluminium (Al3+)

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL ALUMINIUM.

Sl.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE 1. To a little of the OS Aluminon reagent Bright red lake is obtained Presence of Aluminium is is added followed by NH4OH solution confirmed. is added. RESULT:- The given simple salt contains (1) Acid Radical :- NITRATE (2) Basic Radical :-ALUMINIUM

EXPT. NO:- 04 DATE:SL.NO 1.

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT BARIUM CHLORIDE :- BaCl2

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION (a) Colourless INFERENCE May be absence of copper and iron salts. (b) crystalline May be presence of Nitrate, Chloride or Sulphate.

Colour and appearance a) Colour of the salt. b) Appearance of the salt.

2.

3.

Solubility Test:A little of salt is shaken well with distilled water in a test tube. Action of heat A small amount of the salt is taken in a dry test tube and heated gently at first and then strongly. Flame test A small amount of the salt is made into paste with concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) in a watch glass and introduced into the nonluminous part of the Bunsen flame. Ash test: A piece of filter paper is soaked into a mixture of salt, concentrated nitric acid(HNO3) and cobalt nitrate (Co(NO3)2 solution and burnt in the Bunsen flame. Action of dilute hydrochloric acid

Soluble in water

May be presence of Nitrate, Chloride or Sulphate. May be absence of carnonate,

No characteristic change.

nitrate and zinc salts.

4.

May be presence of Apple green coloured flame is seen.

BARIUM

5.

No characteristic coloured ash

May absence of Zinc, Aluminium and Magnesium.

6.

7.

To a little of the salt dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added in a test tube. Copper turning test A little of the salt is heated with a few pieces of copper turnings and 1 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4). Action of sodium hydroxide A little of the salt is heated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution.

No characteristic change.

Absence of carbonate and sulphide.

No reddish brown gas

Absence of nitrate.

8.

Ammonia smell gas is evolved which gives dense white fumes when a glass rod dipped in conc.HCl is shown in it.

Presence of

Ammonium.(NH4)+
Presence of CHLORIDE is confirmed

9.

Chromyl chloride test Red orange vapour evolved when To a little of the salt a pinch of passed it turns water yellow and potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) is becomes yellow ppt with lead acetate added and heated with a few drops solution. of conc. sulphuric acid(H2SO4). Preparation of sodium carbonate(Na2CO3) extract:-

A small amount of salt is mixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate in a 100 ml beaker 20 ml of distilled water is added and the solution is boiled for 10 minutes ,cooled and then filtered .The filtrate is called sodium extract. 10 Silver nitrate test To a little of the extract dilute nitric acid is added until the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution is added. Lead acetate test To a little of the extract dilute acetic acid(CH3COOH) is added until the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of the lead acetate (CH3COO)2Pb solution is added. Barium chloride test To a little of the extract dilute hydrochloric acid is added until the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of barium chloride(BaCl2) solution is added. Brown ring test To a little of the extract dilute sulphuric acid is added until the effervescence ceases and then treated with freshly prepared ferrous sulphate (FeSO4 ) solution and concentrated sulphuric acid is added in drops along the sides of the test tube.

CURDY WHITE ppt dissolved in excess of NH4OH solution is obtained.

presence of CHLORIDE acid radical is confirmed.

11.

No characteristic ppt is obtained

Absence of sulphide and sulphate.

12.

No white ppt.

Absence of Sulphate

13.

No brown ring Absence of nitrate

IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICAL

Preparation of Original Solution:- (OS):- The original solution is prepared by dissolving a gram of salt in 20 ml of
distilled water.

GROUP SEPARATION Sl.No 1. 2. 3. 4. EXPERIMENT To a little of the OS dilute hydrochloric acid is added. To a little of the OS dil.HCl acid is added and H2S gas is passed. To a little of the OS 1ml NH4Cl solution and 2ml NH4OH solution are added. To a little of the OS 1ml NH4Cl solution and 2ml NH4OH solution are added followed by H2S gas is passed. To a little of the OS 1ml NH4Cl solution and 2ml NH4OH solution are added followed by excess of (NH4)2CO3 solution is added. To a little of the OS 1ml NH4Cl solution and 2ml NH4OH solution are added followed by excess of disodium hydrogen phosphate solution (Na2HPO4) is added. To a little of the OS a few drops of Nesslers reagent added. OBSERVATION No white precipitate. No black ppt. No gelatinous white ppt. No white ppt is obtained. INFERENCE Absence of (I-group) Lead (Pb2+ ) Absence of (II-group) Copper (Cu2+) Absence of (III-group) Aluminium (Al3+) Absence of (IV-group) Zinc Absence of (V-group) Calcium (Ca2+) or Barium (Ba2+).

5.

No White precipitate.

6.

No white precipitate.

Absence of (VI-group) MAGNESIUM (Mg2+)

7.

Brown ppt is obtained.

Presence of (Zero group) Ammonium (NH4 )+ salt.

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL AMMONIUM.

Sl.NO EXPERIMENT 1. To a little of the OS a few drops of Nesslers reagent added. OBSERVATION Brown ppt is obtained INFERENCE Presence of AMMONIUM is confirmed.

RESULT:- The given simple salt contains (1) Acid Radical :- CHLORIDE (2) Basic Radical :-AMMONIUM