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Chapter 6 - Special Applications
Chapter 6 - Special Applications
Chapter 6 - Special Applications
GENERAL
Due to rapid technological advances in the space industry, there is an increasing need for the development of methods where by specific types of information can be monitored and obtained. Eddy currents have become one of the major tools for obtaining data on an operating vehicles. A variety of techniques using the favourable characteristics of eddy currents have been developed. Since, eddy currents testing does not require physical contact with the article measurements can be made in hostile environments such as extremely high temperatures, cryogenic temperatures, high pressure, or in an electrically conductive media. uture applications of eddy current may actually ta!e place in space or under simulated space conditions, i.e., vaccum, high and low temperatures, etc. "his chapters is intended to simulate interest in eddy current applications so that similar creativity may be applied to the solution of li!e problems.
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igure %&(, vies A, illustrates a commonly used method for measuring the conductivity of materials. 1n this case, however thhe depth of penetration probably exceeds the material thic!ness thus giving inaccurate conductivity measurements. 2iew 3 illustrates a two method for measuring the conductivity of extremely thin gauges of material. "he two coils can be balanced out against a standard, similar to the differentially coil technique. #nce this is accomplished the accurate measurement of conductivity in other gauges of material is possible. "he only disadvantage to this method is the need for access to both sides of the material.
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igure %&% illustrates a typical eddy current coil designed for evaluating elements.
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magnetic field. "his magnetic field can be provided by a wire wound coil energi6ed by direct current, or it may be sufficient to use a permanent magnet shaped to cover the small area of the article under test. / igure %&70.
Figure 6-6: Use "# Mag e!i) Fie$' !" O%er)"me E##e)!s "# Permea7i$i!(
.) END-EFFECT
End effects are so pronounced that they can often be used to detect movements- ma!e measurements, count articles, etc. you will not in igure %&') how the spo!e brea!s the field as the wheel rotates. "his produces the descried end effect. 1f such wheels are mounted within the flow of a liquid, the wheel would rotate in direct proportion the liquid flow. "he reaction of the spo!es on the probe outside the container continuously indicates the number of rotations of the wheel. "he speed of rotation measures the flow. Electronic integrating counters can measure the liquid passing the measuring point.
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Figure 6-18: N"!)-e' 2-ee$ C"u !er !" Re)"r' Li9ui' F$":
6) CONDUCTI*E LI3UIDS
"he problem of measurements of liquids may be one of nondestructive te,sting, and will be briefly discussed. "hose liquids which conduct electrons can be measured by eddy current.
1) CONCENTRATION OF LI3UID
"he ability of a liquid to conduct electrons is a functions of its conductivity and concentration. 1n a given test area we can measure this conductivity and use this information as an indication of concentration igure %&'' illustrates such a test.
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Figure 6-11: N" )" 'u)!i%e Pi;e Se)!i" i Li9ui' F$": S!ream
CONDUCTI*E GAS
1t is !nown that gases can be conductive under certain conditions of pressure, temperature, and ion concentration. Since eddy current s can be induced under these conditions, some form of measurements can be made.
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1) CONCENTRATION
9easuring the ability of a gas to carry electrons can be used determine pressure, temperature, or concentration of the gas. "his would serve as a means to control or monitor an ioni6ed gas stream. / igure %&'+.0
Figure 6-1,: C" 'u)!i%i!( Measureme ! "# i" i<e' Gas S!ream
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CHAPTER > 6
LE*EL II - 3UESTIONNAIRE
1? C"i$ s;a)i g " 'i##ere !ia$ ;r"7es #"r ge era$ i s;e)!i" !u7i g is usua$$( a0 defect depth b0 wall thic!ness c0 both a and b d0 not important ;ur;"ses "#
&? L" g gra'ua$ 'e#e)!s )a 7e misse' 7( usi g @@@@@@@@@ ;r"7es? a0 encircling b0 differential c0 bobbin d0 absolute ,? 2-i)- "# !-e #"$$":i g is a a'%a !age "# !-e 'i##ere !ia$ ;r"7e )"m;are' !" !-e a7s"$u!eA a0 sensitive to gradual dimensional changes b0 low sensitivity to probe wobble c0 easily interpreted signals d0 all of the above .? E##e)!s "# !em;era!ure 'ri#! are re'u)e' 7( usi g a0 differential probes b0 probe pre&heat c0 liquid nitrogen baths d0 gap probes 1? T-e mai reas" a e''( )urre ! )"i$ )a 'e!e)! su;;"r! ;$a!es i -ea! eB)-a gers :-e !es!i g !u7es #r"m !-e i si'e 'iame!er is a0 support plates are always ferro&magnetic b0 support plates are always the same material as the tube c0 magnetic flux is not restricted by the tube wall d0 support plates act as resonance amplifiers in the circuit 6? A ;r"7e :-"se ";era!i g im;e'a )e is "! 7e!:ee &8 a ' &88 "-ms :i$$ m"s! $i/e$( resu$! i a0 decreased signal to noise ratio b0 decreased signal amplitude c0 both a and b d0 none of the above, probe impedance matching to instrument impedance is not important
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4? Assumi g resis!a )e is eg$igi7$e a ' ;r"7e i 'u)!a )e is 58 C-e riesD #"r a )a7$e :i!- 1 E 18F-6 #ara's )a;a)i!a )eD :-a! is res" a )e #re9ue )(A a0 *( .6 b0 *() .6 c0 *() !.6 d0 *() 9.6 5? I# a ;r"7e #"r i !er a$ !u7e !es!i g -as a a%erage )"i$ 'iame!er "# 11mmD :-a! si<e :"u$' !-e !u7e i si'e 'iame!er 7e !" gi%e a 8?6 #i$$#a)!"rA a0 '*.* b0 ''.% c0 ''.' d0 ').7 6? A e )ir)$i g )"i$ is use' " a 1&mm 'iame!er s"$i' r"'? 2-a! is !-e #i$$#a)!"r i# !-e a%erage )"i$ 'iame!er is 1,mmA a0 ).5) b0 ).5( c0 ).7* d0 '.)5 18? Im;e'a )e 'iagrams #"r )($i 'ers are s-a;es use' #"r ;$a!e? T-is is a resu$! "# a0 s!in effect b0 phase lag c0 lea!age fields d0 both a and b "! !-e sim;$e semi )ir)u$ar
11? A !u7e 7ei g !es!e' 7( a i !er a$ ;r"7e -as a ID !" OD ra!i" "# 8?5? U 'er :-a! )" 'i!i" s '"es !-is a;;ear !" 7e a !-i :a$$ !u7eA a0 higher operating frequency b0 lower operating frequency c0 when fill factor is ' d0 when fill factor is reduced 1&? Tes! #re9ue )( #"r s"$i' )($i 'ersD maBimum se si!i%i!( !" 'e#e)!sD resis!i%i!( a ' 'ime si" s is "7!ai e' :-e #G#g H a0 * b0 % c0 ')) d0 ,))
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CHAPTER > 6
LE*EL II > ANS2ER
ANS : 3 3 A : : : 3 3 D 3 3
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