Report on the Fisheries Industry of Pakistan

Group Members:

Table of Contents
..................................................................................................................................................... 1 Table of Contents........................................................................................................................ 2 CHAPTER 1: PAKISTAN ECONOMY OVERVIEW......................................................................3 O e! "e#:.............................................................................................................................. 3 CHAPTER 2: MO$E% &OR IN$'STRY ANA%YSIS ................................................................................................................................................... 1( $"a)on* Mo*el................................................................................................................... 1+ CHAPTER 3, SECON$ARY RESEARCH.................................................................................1&ISHERIES IN$'STRY............................................................................................................. 1H"sto!................................................................................................................................. 1S"/n"f"0an0e........................................................................................................................ 21 &a0to! Con*"t"ons................................................................................................................ 22 $e)an* Con*"t"ons:........................................................................................................... 2&"!) St!ate/. St!20t2!e an* R" al!.....................................................................................31 ................................................................................................................................................... 33 PAKISTAN &ISHERIES SECTOR AT A 4%ANCE.....................................................................33 ................................................................................................................................................... 3( Relate* In*2st!"es:.............................................................................................................. 3( C5a6te! 7 3: E)6"!"0al Resea!05...............................................................................................38 &a0to! Con*"t"ons................................................................................................................ 38 $e)an* 0on*"t"ons............................................................................................................. (1 Re0o))en*at"ons:.................................................................................................................... (8

CHAPTER 1: PAKISTAN ECONOMY OVERVIEW

Overview:
The economy of Pakistan is 43rd largest in the world (in nominal terms) and 25th largest in the world (in absolute dollar terms). Pakistan has a semi-industrialized economy which mainly encom!asses te"tiles chemicals #ood !rocessing agriculture and other industries. $rowth !oles o# Pakistan%s economy are situated along the &ndus 'i(er) di(ersi#ied economies o# *arachi and Pun+ab%s urban centers coe"ist with lesser de(elo!ed areas in other !arts o# the country. The economy has su##ered in the !ast #rom decades o# internal !olitical dis!utes a #ast growing !o!ulation mi"ed le(els o# #oreign in(estment and a costly ongoing con#rontation with neighboring &ndia. ,owe(er &-.-a!!ro(ed go(ernment !olicies bolstered by #oreign in(estment and renewed access to global markets ha(e generated solid macroeconomic reco(ery the last decade. /ubstantial macroeconomic re#orms since 2000 most notably at !ri(atizing the banking sector ha(e hel!ed the economy. The 1orld 2ank named Pakistan the to! re#ormer in its region and in the to! 30 re#ormers globally.
4356

&slamabad has steadily raised de(elo!ment s!ending in recent years. &n#lation remains the biggest

threat to the economy +um!ing to more than 78 in 2005 be#ore easing to 9.78 in 2005. &n 200: #ollowing the surge in global !etrol !rices in#lation in Pakistan reached as high as 25.08 and currently it;s around 33.498. ,istory< Pakistan gained inde!endence in 3749 #rom =*. Pakistan%s a(erage economic growth rate since inde!endence has been higher than the a(erage growth rate o# the world economy during the !eriod. >(erage annual real $?P growth rates were 5.:8 in the 3750s 4.:8 in the 3790s and 5.58 in the 37:0s. >(erage annual growth #ell to 4.58 in the 3770s with signi#icantly lower growth in the second hal# o# that decade. ?uring the 3750s Pakistan was seen as a model o# economic de(elo!ment around the world and there was much !raise #or its economic !rogression. *arachi was seen as an economic role model around the world and there was much !raise #or the way its economy was !rogressing. -any countries sought to emulate Pakistan%s economic !lanning strategy and one o# them /outh *orea co!ied the city%s second @.i(e-Aear Plan@ and 1orld .inancial Benter in /eoul is designed and modeled a#ter *arachi. Cater 3

economic mismanagement in general and #iscally im!rudent economic !olicies in !articular caused a large increase in the country%s !ublic debt and led to slower growth in the 3770s. 2angladesh Ciberation 1ar 3793 and se!aration o# 2angladesh ad(ersely a##ected economic growth. &n !articular the latter war brought the economy close to recession although economic out!ut rebounded shar!ly until the

nationalizations o# the mid-3790s. The economy reco(ered during the 37:0s (ia a !olicy o# deregulation as well as an increased in#low o# #oreign aid and remittances #rom e"!atriate workers. ,istorically Pakistan%s o(erall economic out!ut ($?P) has grown e(ery year since a 3753 recession. >#ter the highly destructi(e 2005 earthDuake Pakistan%s economy ke!t e"!anding growing by o(er 98 in the twel(e months ending Eune 30 2005..the country%s economy is not as weather-sensiti(e as had been !re(iously !ercei(ed comes #rom a 200: analysis that @e"amined 5: countries Duanti#ying their sensiti(ity to #luctuations in weather using #igures on $?P by industry sector and the sensiti(ity o# !articular sectors to gi(en weather (ariables.@ The analysis #ound that o# the 5: countries the @least weather-sensiti(e country was Pakistan.@ Pakistan emerged as one o# the best !er#ormers in the wake o# the global #inancial crisis e(en as the country waged a costly war against militants. &ts domesticallydri(en economy was minimally a##ected and its banking sector boasted sur!lus liDuidity while remaining unharmed. ,owe(er the im!act was seen #or e"!ort sectors which shrank as a result o# lower e"ternal demand.

&n this cha!ter an o(erall summary o# the -acroeconomic indicators o# Pakistan are indicated in the #orm o# charts and tables< 3

$?P o# Pakistan<

Pakistan $?P growth rate<

The #igures #or GDP for real sector on 34th may 2033 are as #ollow<

'eal sector $?P GDP For Real Sector Agric lt re o Bro!s o Ci(estock o Fishing o .orestry 1$ %n& stry o -anu#acturing o -ining and Fuarrying o Bonstruction o Glectricity H $as ?istribution Ser'ices o 1holesale H 'etail Trade o Trans!ort /torage H Bommunication o .inance and &nsurance o Iwnershi! o# ?wellings o Public >dministration H ?e#ence o Bommunity /ocial H Personal /er(ices

Burrent Prices -illion Bonstant Prices -illion P*' 17,107,487 !,6"8,658 3 9:: 595 3 :02 223 61,403 45 35: 4,!#!,057 3 359 749 433 709 375 999 325 425 ",085,77# 3 335 705 2 332 :44 547 903 403 5:9 795 275 3 :30 33: P*' 5,817,406 1,#16,5#! 507 373 590 943 22,041 34 345 1,4"",!60 3 0:5 440 340 793 345 357 325 9:0 !,101,5#! 3 000 499 5:3 3:: 250 392 35: 909 3:5 505 935 293

?emogra!hics<

Po!ulation o# Pakistan<

Po!ulation $rowth<

Cabour

.orce<

Citeracy 'ate<

(ear of cens s 3753

)ale Female *otal +r,an R ral 37.28 32.28 35.48 ---

Definition of ,eing -literateIne who can read a clear !rint in any language Ine who is able to read with language Ine who is able to read and

Age gro . >ll >ges

3753

25.78 :.28

35.38 34.:8 30.58 understanding a sim!le letter in any

>ge 5 and abo(e

3792

30.28 33.58 23.98 43.58 34.38 write in some language with understanding Ine who can read news!a!er

>ge 30 and >bo(e >ge 30 and >bo(e >ge 30 and >bo(e

37:3 377: 2004 2007

35.38 35.08 25.28 49.38 39.38

and write a sim!le letter 54.:8 32.08 43.78 53.0:8 33.548 Ine who can read a news!a!er 55.258 43.958 548 938 448 and write a sim!le letter in any 578 458 598 948 4:8 language

=nem!loyment<

11

.oreign &n(estment in Pakistan<

11

&n#lation 'ate<

12

13

.oreign Trade< The #ollowing is a list o# Pakistan%s main trading !artners as o# 2030. 436 /o ntry Guro!ean =nion Bhina Percentage of im.orts Percentage of e0.orts Percentage of total tra&e 32.3 37.3 22.5 9.7 9.7 39.3 2.3 0.4 0.: 3.5 3.3 9.0 3.4 0.4 35.: 35.4 7.5 7.2 9.: 3.: 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.3

=nited >rab Gmirates 30.4 =nited /tates /audi >rabia *uwait -alaysia Ea!an &ndia >#ghanistan &ran /inga!ore 5.2 30.5 5.4 4.3 3.5 3.3 0.3 2.7 3.2

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CHAPTER 2: MODEL OR IND!STRY ANALYSIS

To anal.e ones: "n*2st!. se e!al fa0to!s 0an be loo;e* 26on. T5ese 0o2l* "n0l2*e "ts: 0o)6et"t" eness nat"onall. an* /loball..

M"05eal E.Po!te! "s one of t5e fe# ;no#n "n*" "*2als #5o 5a e 0ont!"b2te* to#a!*s f!a)e#o!;s #5"05 a"* "n "n*2st!. anal.s"s. T5ese "n0l2*e t5e *"a)on* )o*el an* Po!te!:s f" e fo!0es )o*el. Ot5e! )o*els #5"05 #e #"ll be loo;"n/ at "n /!eate! *e6t5 "n0l2*e PEST anal.s"s an* SWOT anal.s"s.

1(

Diamond Model
Class"0al t5eo!"es 5a e al#a.s l"n;e* fa0to! en*o#)ents to a nat"ons: s200ess stat"n/ t5at fa0to!s s205 as lan*< labo! an* nat2!al !eso2!0es *ete!)"ne ones: ab"l"t. to 0o)6ete /loball.. T5e *"a)on* )o*el< on t5e ot5e! 5an*< /oes be.on* t5ese bas"0 fa0to!s st!ess"n/ on a0=2"!"n/ a* an0e* fa0to!s s205 as s;"lle* labo! an* te05nolo/.. Po!te! s2//este* t5at )a;"n/ a 0ons0"o2s effo!t t5!o2/5 !esea!05 an* *e elo6)ent le* to t5e a0=2"s"t"on of a* an0e* fa0to!s #5"05 #o2l* 0onse=2entl. !es2lt "n a nat"onal a* anta/e. T5e *"a)on* )o*el fo02ses on fo2! ;e. "n/!e*"ents #5"05 a!e Firm Strategy, Structure and Rivalry: t5e 0on*"t"ons "n t5e 5o)e )a!;et t5at affe0t 5o# 0o!6o!at"ons a!e 0!eate*< )ana/e* an* /!o#n Related and Supporting Industries: t5e e>"sten0e< e>tent an* "nte!nat"onal 0o)6et"t" e st!en/t5 of ot5e! "n*2st!"es "n t5e nat"on 0on0e!ne* t5at s266o!t o! ass"st t5e "n*2st!. "n =2est"on. Demand Conditions: e>tent an* nat2!e of *e)an* #"t5"n t5e nat"on 0on0e!ne* fo! t5e 6!o*20t o! se! "0e. Factor Conditions: 6!o*20t"on fa0to!s !e=2"!e* fo! a /" en "n*2st!.< e./.< s;"lle* labo!< lo/"st"0s an* "nf!ast!20t2!e.

Factor Conditions: T5ese t.6"0all. 0ons"st of bas"0 an* a* an0e* fa0to!s. Po!te! 5"/5l"/5ts t5"s *"ffe!en0e< e)65as"?"n/ on t5e ")6o!tan0e of a0=2"!"n/ a* an0e* fa0to! to !e)a"n 0o)6et"t" e. T5ese a* an0e* fa0to!s as state* a!e atta"ne* t5!o2/5 !esea!05 an* *e elo6)ent. Pa;"stan< as a #5ole< 5as fa"le* to *" e!s"f. "ts: bas"0 fa0to!s "nto a* an0e* ones !es2lt"n/ "n a 52/e *"sa* anta/e as 0o)6a!e* to ot5e! )a!;ets "n t5e #o!l*. T5o2/5 so)e "n*2st!"es 5a e )a*e a 0ons0"o2s effo!t< s205 5as not been a 6e!s"stent one.

Demand Conditions: A00o!*"n/ to Po!te!< 5a "n/ a 5"/5 lo0al *e)an* "s essent"al fo! 0o)6et" eness. S205 a so65"st"0ate* *e)an* enables an "n*2st!. to 6!e6a!e /loball. as t5e. #o2l* al!ea*. be 6!o*20"n/ 5"/5 =2al"t. 6!o*20ts an* 0onstantl. "nno at"n/ to sat"sf. lo0al 02sto)e!s. W5ate e! 1+

Pa;"stan ")6o!ts @02!!entl.A 5as a /ene!all. 5"/5 lo0al *e)an* enabl"n/ t5e) to effe0t" el. 0o)6ete.

Firm Strategy, Structure and Rivalry: In a 02lt2!all. !"05 0o2nt!. l";e Pa;"stan< fa)"l.,*!" en "n*2st!"es a!e 5"/5l. 6o62la!. Base* on t5"s f"!) st!ate/. an* st!20t2!e t.6"0all. follo# an "n5e!"te* 6atte!n. K"ns5"6 t!en*s #5"05 a!e e "*ent "n e e!.*a. l" es e>ten* to b2s"nesses *ete!)"n"n/ 0o!6o!ate 02lt2!e. R" al!. #"t5"n t5e nat"on s62!s "nno at"on #5"05 at a /lobal le el /" es t5e nat"onal 0o)6an"es a 0o)6et"t" e e*/e.

Related and Supporting Industries: T5e 6o62la! te!)"nolo/. of 0l2ste!s s6!o2ts f!o) t5"s *ete!)"nant. Cl2ste!s #5"05 a!e /eo/!a65"0 0on0ent!at"ons of "nte!l"n;e* b2s"nesses !es2lt "n 5"/5e! 6!o*20t" "t. 0onse=2entl. "n0!eas"n/ 0o)6et"t" eness. In Pa;"stan< "n*2st!"es #"t5 t5e sa)e s266l"e!s o! 6!o*20ts t.6"0all. !es"*e "n 0lose 6!o>")"t. !es2lt"n/ "n a**e* benef"ts s205 as 6otent"al te05nolo/. ;no#le*/e s6"llo e!s.

C!"t"0s st!ess on t5e ")6o!tan0e t5"s )o*el /" es to *o)est"0 )a!;ets< 5o#e e!< a00o!*"n/ to Po!te! nat"ons be0o)e /loball. 0o)6et"t" e afte! /a"n"n/ nat"onal s200ess.

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18

CHAPTER "# SECONDARY RESEARCH ISHERIES IND!STRY

History
The marine #isheries industry o# Pakistan started (irtually #rom scratch at the time o# inde!endence in 3749. &t was then based entirely on a small-scale #ishery. > single rundown #ish trawler was inherited by Pakistan at that time as its share o# the !artition o# the resources o# the #isheries industry o# the subcontinent no #ish harbour and #ish !rocessing !lant was !resent. > #ish harbour was later constructed at *arachi in 375:. Bommercial shrim! trawling alos started in 375: a#ter the Bentral .isheries ?e!artment (now the -arine .isheries ?e!artment J -.?) introduced mechanization o# larger #ishing cra#t in 3755. >#ter the introduction o# mechanization the trawler #leet e"!anded ra!idly becoming the backbone o# #isheries in Pakistan. Kow all the shrim! trawlers are #ully mechanized using trawl winches #or net hauling. /ince then the #ishing #leet o# the country grew considerably and has now become mechanized to a large e"tent. Table 1. Marine fish production of Pakistan in !. tonnes" Aear /indh 3749 3750 3750 3790 37:0 3770 377: 23 730 25 350 45 :24 302 43: 395 255 250 245 275 54: -arine 2alochistan : 7:3 30 ::7 35 333 39 3:5 59 5:: GGL Total -arine 32 :73 39 247 52 359 337 :03 232 743 357:02 433 07: 9 050 30 400 3: 500 3: 940 45 320 333 35: 3:2 :05 37 743 49 547 :0 559 35: 543 297 253 4:4 750 535 704 &nland Total Production

309 225 2 330 330 977 5 553

1-

Pakistan;s #isheries industry has e"!erienced a great degree o# neglect #rom the go(ernment since the 3749 !artition. /ince 3750 the go(ernment has mobilized 55 !er cent o# its man!ower and 50 !er cent o# #inancial resources to de(elo! the agriculture sector. In the other hand only 0.3 !er cent o# total a(ailable man!ower and also 0.3 !er cent o# total #inancial resources ha(e been utilized to de(elo! the marine #isheries sector in Pakistan. Pakistan;s 3st dee!-sea #ishing !olicy was #ormulated in 37:2 in the wake o# the =K Bon(ention on the Caw o# the /eas. .or the #irst time the con(ention de#ined territorial and e"clusi(e economic zones #or all states in the world. >n ob+ecti(e o# the #ederal go(ernment;s dee!-sea !olicy was to boost e"!orts in this sector. BonseDuently it allowed +oint (entures between #oreign and local in(estors. ,owe(er the !olicy was changed in 37:7 !ermitting only Pakistani #lagged (essels. This #ailed to restrict #oreign trawlers as local #eudals and in(estors began to #ront #or them. &n 3775 res!onding to !ressure #rom local #ishermen the go(ernment altered the !olicy by creating a bu##er zone lying between 32J35 nautical miles (K-). This was designed to !rotect territorial waters #rom incursions by trawlers and large local launches. ,owe(er in 3777 the newly-installed military go(ernment abolished the bu##er zone. Bommercial #ishing o!erations were allowed u! to the 32K- limit but transgressions into coastal waters and into the creeks are re!orted #reDuently. The conseDuences #or li(elihoods and sustainability are sel#-e(ident.

Significance

.ishery !lays an im!ortant role in the national economy. &t contributes only 0.3 !er cent to o(erall $ross ?omestic Product ($?P) 3.3 !er cent to >griculture $?P and less than 3 !er cent to national em!loyment. There has been an increase in #ishery e"!orts #rom =/M99 million in 3773 to =/M333 million in 2003. 1hile this is low as a !ercentage o# total e"!orts in absolute terms #ish e"!orts generate an im!ortant share o# Pakistan;s #oreign e"change earnings. The increased catches o(er time are due to greater ingress by #oreign trawlers #acilitated by both a change in zoning !olicy and the liberalization o# licenses. Gm!loyment in the !rimary sector !eaked in 3779 at 435 405 #ishermen but declined to 324 4:7 in 2005. This declining em!loyment is most a!!arent in the inland sector. The inland sector is somewhat more labour intensi(e and less !roducti(e (399 592 #ishermen each !roducing an a(erage o# 0.:0 tonnes !er year) com!ared with the more mechanized marine sector (345 739 #ishermen each !roducing 2.57 tonnes 21

!er year). &t is clear that the high annual rate o# increase in !roduction is not due to increase in labour #orce size but rather to more e##icient #ishing and greater market demand (to su!!ly #ishmeal #actories in !articular). Gm!loyment in the secondary sector (!rocessingNmarketing) is estimated to be around 55 000. > high !ro!ortion o# those em!loyed are women working in shrim! !rocessing !lants (sorting and !eeling). &n addition another 400 000 !eo!le are em!loyed in ancillary industries.

1m.loyment in fis2ing in& stry 3#0064

Sector

1m.loyment

-arine Primary sector (including aDuaculture)

345 739

&nland

399 592

Total

324 4:7

/econdary sector

55 000

*otal

O397500

Table. Fish export (1998) Commodity Fish Salted !o"en C$illed %t$e!s Shrimp !o"en %t$e!s Lobsters !o"en &i'e Quantity (m. tonnes) Value (000 Rs) 46 063 1 974 694 18 610 548 775 #4 #49 1 ##0 1#6 3 168 #03 905 36 1 888 15 9#1 3 #09 779 15 900 3 #08 037 #1 1 74# 104 38 113 79 #9 6#4 #5 8 489

21

Crabs !o"en &i'e Canned Molluscs !o"en (!ese!'ed Fish products is$meal is$ ma)s S$a!* +ins Total

4 078 97 3 940 41 5 806 5 674 13# 1 738 1 568 9# 78 73 710

194 1#1 #5 471 165 385 3 #65 335 #13 331 456 3 757 18# 615 ## 535 86 163 73 917 5 934 535

Factor Conditions
/oastal Areas5 Pakistan is endowed with rich #ishing !otential. &t is located in the northern !art o# the >rabian /ea. The >rabian /ea at the coast o# /indh and 2alochistan has rich #ish de!osits o# commercial im!ortance. Pakistan has a coastline o# about 3 320 km with a number o# bays and broad continental shel# lying in #ront o# the &ndus deltas which are ideal #or growth o# marine li#e. The G"clusi(e Gconomic Lone o# Pakistan e"tends u! to 200 nautical miles #rom the coast. -a+or #ish centres are *arachi $wadar and Pasni. -ost o# the marine catch is done within 32 nautical miles. In the basis o# to!ogra!hical #eatures and !roducti(ity the coast is di(ided into two zones i.e. the northwestern region or -akran coast and the southeastern region or /indh coast The northwestern region (or -ekran Boast) e"tends #rom ,ub 'i(er to the &ranian border which is about 992 km long. The entire shel# area o# this region comes to about 34 530 km 2. The bottom is generally rock and the shel# is une(en. The continental slo!e (i.e. isobath o# 200 m) starts between ten and 30 miles along the coastline. The region is characterized by a number o# bays such as /onmiani Irmara *almat Pasni $wadar and $water bays. Trawling is !ossible in some areas but in most !art the shel# is narrow and has rough bottom and beset with numerous rugged canyons and rocky areas. The southeastern region (or /indh Boast) is 34: km long and e"tends between the Pakistan&ndian border and the ,ub 'i(er. The bottom is generally sandy or sandy-muddy. The shel# area is about 35 940 km2. The shel# in most areas in the &ndus delta region e"tends u! to :0 miles. The 22

region unlike 2alochistan is characterized by a network o# creeks ha(ing mangro(es that ser(e as a nursery ground #or #in#ish and shell#ish resources. .ishing is undertaken right #rom the seashore to 200 nautical miles out to sea. This distance has been di(ided into two broad categories known as (i) coastal water #ishing (u! to 32 nautical miles) and (ii) dee! sea #ishing. The area o# dee! sea #ishing has #urther been di(ided into Lone-& (32 to 35 nautical miles) and Lone-&& (35 to 200 nautical miles). Boastal water #ishing is undertaken in most coast (illages. These (illages are !redominantly inhabited by #ishers whose main li(elihood is #ishing. &n contrast dee!-sea #ishing in Lone && is undertaken largely as a commercial (enture. The zone is reser(ed #or #oreign as well as Pakistan .lag (essels. /e(eral restrictions are im!osed on the #leet o!erating in this zone including<

> royalty o# =/M5 000 !er #ishing tri! is charged #rom bottomNmidwater trawlers and sDuid +igging (essels in ad(ance !rior to the issuance o# K.I.B. #or each #ishing tri!. > #ishing tri! is limited to 50 days howe(er it terminates when a (essel re!orts at the !ort #or o##loading o# the #ish catch.

Cicensees are entitled to determine the mode o# !rocurement o# (essels either on a sel#ownershi! basis or on a charterN+oint (enture basis. Cicensees are not gi(en licences #or more than two (essels.

The licensee is not !ermitted to trans-shi! the #ish catch at sea. Pessels are encouraged to landNe"!ort their catch #rom *orangi .isheries ,arbour. ,owe(er when it is technically !ossible the (essels will be bound to landNe"!ort the catch #rom *orangi .isheries ,arbouronly. > =/M40 commission is charged by the *orangi .ish ,arbour >uthority to (essels o##loading their catch at the *orangi .isheries ,arbour and =/M2 000 on e(ery o##loadingNtrans-shi!ment elsewhere.

>ll (essels ha(e to em!loy at least 25 !ercent Pakistani crew and arrange #or their training on board.

6oats +se&5 -ost o# the #ishing boats being used in Pakistan are made o# wood. There are about 37 000 registered boats in Pakistan o# which about 34 000 boats are being o!erated #rom /indh and the remaining 5 000 #ishing boats being o!erated #rom 2alochistan. &n the G"clusi(e Gconomic Lone 23

o# Pakistan 30 #ishing (essels (20 stern trawlers and 30 tuna longliners) are !ermitted by the go(ernment to o!erate beyond 35 miles #rom the coastline. .ishing acti(ities are continued throughout the year) howe(er !eak #ishing seasons are during !ost-southwest monsoon calm !eriod (/e!tember to Ko(ember). /hrim! are caught throughout the year e"ce!t Eune and Euly during which time the $o(ernment o# /indh im!oses a closed season. -echanization o# boats by inboard marine diesel engines was started in 3755 under the aus!ices o# -.? (then Bentral .isheries ?e!artment). There are #our basic ty!es o# #ishing boats< (i) mechanized) (ii) mechanized-cum-sail boats) (iii) sail boats) and (i() doonda boats. )ec2ani7e& fis2ing ,oats5 There are 4 335 mechanized #ishing boats registered which includes shrim! trawlers and gillnetters. Trawlers o!erate only in /indh. The shrim! trawlers are locally built o# wood according to traditional design. >s an ada!tation #or trawling most boats ha(e a transom (straight) stern but some are o# the unchanged hora ty!e with a !ointed stern. &n the latter case the net is !ulled in o(er the side. The a(erage o(erall length is 35 m (range 30J23 m) the a(erage keel length is 33.5 m (range :.5J3: m) the a(erage breadth 4 m (range 2J9 m) and the a(erage de!th 3.7 m (range 0.:J3 m). They are #itted with marine diesel (inboard) engines mostly between 55 and 325 h! (range 22J390 h!). The gillnetters are also locally built o# wood according to traditional design. These boats are !ointed at both ends and the net is !ulled o(er the side. The o(erall length ranges between 33 and 35 m. They are #itted with 320J250 h! inboard marine diesel engines. &ndustrial and #reezer (essels are also o!erated in the GGL o# Pakistan;s coastal shel# de!ending u!on the numbers !ermitted by the go(ernment. These (essels are reDuired to stay within 20 and 35 n.m. o##shore. >ll their catch is e"!orted. The acti(ities o# these (essels are monitored by the -aritime /ecurity >gency through a Pessel -onitoring /ystem (P-/). > 32-n.m. coastal zone (territorial waters) has been reser(ed #or the e"clusi(e use o# the small-scale sector. )ec2ani7e&8c m8sail ,oats5 These are also made o# wood but generally smaller than gillnetters. They are #itted with 2 to 3 outboard engines. They are locally known as hora boats. -ost o# the sailboats are now o!erated in #reshwater bodies. Their number is decreasing. ?oonda boats are #ibreglass li#eboats o# scra!!ed shi!s with an o(erall length o# 9.5 to 30.5 m and con(erted into #ishing boats. These boats are #itted with 22J33 h! engines. These boats can o!erate in u! to 20 m de!th. These are 23

recent in Pakistan starting in the late 37:0s. >t !resent there are about 2 000 such boats in o!eration mainly based at *arachi. ,owe(er small #leets o# such boats are also o!erated #rom $adani Pasni $wader &brahim ,ydri and Bhashma $oth.

Fis2ing Gear The most common #ishing gear used in Pakistan is the gillnet used by both small as well as larger #ishing (essels. /maller #ishing boats em!loy gillnets in shallow waters and catch a (ariety o# demersal #ishes such as croakers !om#rets tre(allies mullets cat#ishes and sharks. 2ottom set gillnets locally known as tukri are also used #or catching shrim!. &n contrast trawling #or shrim! is the most im!ortant #ishing gear being used in Pakistan and is undertaken by medium sized #ishing trawlers (CI> 35 to 20 m). /hrim! trawls are locally constructed #rom im!orted nylon webbings and are called gu++o. > ty!ical trawl net is o!erated with 320 h! (essel and a stretched mesh o# 50 mm in the body and 25 mm in the cod end. The cod-ends o# these nets are #itted with Turtle G"cluder ?e(ices (TG?s). >s the size o# the mesh in the cod end is (ery small it does not allow +u(eniles to esca!e. There#ore a large Duantity o# undersized shrim! and #ish are caught. -ost o# the by-catch locally termed kachra or trash #ish is sold at throwaway !rices. >n increase in the minimum mesh size !ermitted in cod ends and an e##icient esca!e de(ice in the net would !ermit +u(eniles to esca!e. -.? has already started trials using sDuare-mesh !anels in the trawl net. Parious sizes (25 to 3: mm stretched) ha(e been tested. >!art #rom sa(ing +u(eniles the use o# sDuare mesh !anels will also s!eed u! sorting out shrim! #rom trash #ish hence maintaining the #reshness o# shrim! catch

2(

by Duicker chilling a#ter ca!ture. 'uch (gillnet) has a stretched mesh size o# 350 mm. The ma"imum length o# a gillnet is between 2.5 and 5 km. Po!late !lastic net is a !olyamide mono#ilament net with a mesh size o# 355 mm stretched. The a(erage length is 2 to 4 km. &t is used by doonda #ishing boats. /ince !om#ret is the main target s!ecies o# this net the gear became known as the !o!late !lastic net. This net is set mostly in 3520 m bottom de!th to catch a (ariety o# demersal #ish. /urmai !lastic nets are !olyamide mono#ilament gillnets used by doonda #ishing boats targeting mackerel hence the local name. The mesh size is 9: mm stretched. &t is set on the bottom or in mid-water and is usually 2J4 km long. The gillnet #ishery is re!laced by longline #ishing in Ko(ember ?ecember and Eanuary. *atra nets are surrounding nets #or small !elagic s!ecies. They are 350 to 200 m long and 24 m to 30 m dee!. The bunt where catch is retained lies in the middle o# two lateral wings. >#ter encircling the #ish school the #ootro!e o# the katra net is hauled in #rom both wings simultaneously. There is no !urse line !er se but an e"tension ro!e attached to the middle o# the bunt assists in hauling o!erations. The net has 35 mm stretched mesh in the lateral wings and 32 mm stretched mesh in the bunt. Carge gillnetters are em!loyed #or catching tuna mackerel sail#ish and other !elagic s!ecies in o##shore waters. /ardinellas and ancho(ies are caught in shallow coastal waters using encircling nets locally known as katra. Cine gears are also used in shallow coastal waters #or catching seabreams croakers eels and other demersal s!ecies.

9an&ing Sites5 *arachi .ish harbour is the biggest and oldest #ish harbour in the country being used by all categories o# #ishing boats. The harbour was designed to cater #or about 3000 #ishing boats but currently more than 4 000 #ishing boats are based there making it hea(ily congested. >t !resent it caters #or the needs o# 90J:0 !ercent o# the local #ishing #leet. >t *orangi a new #ishing harbour was constructed in 3773 but it is little used. Ither #ishing harbours e"ist and #all under a (ariety o# managerial +urisdictions< Q *arachi J >utonomous authority nominated by the /indh $o(ernment Q &brahim ,yderi J Cocal $o(ernment Q *orangi J Pakistani .ish ,arbour >uthority (.ederal) -in.>C) 2+

Q Pasni J >utonomous authority nominated by the /ecretary o# .isheries $o(ernment o# 2alochistan Q $awader J .ederal) -inistry o# Bommunications (> #isheries harbour-cum-mini-!ort) Q $addani J 2alochistan Boastal ?e(elo!ment >uthority Q ?amb J 2alochistan Boastal ?e(elo!ment >uthority

Processing +nits< There are 27 #ish !rocessing units in Pakistan with storage ca!acity o# 30 000 tons out o# these 25 units are locate in *arachi o# .ederal $o(ernment !ro(ided intelligentsia and technical assistance to sea#ood establishments #or im!ro(ing their !rocessing conditions in line with (arious G= N international standards. Through this !rocess : establishments ha(e already im!ro(ed their conditions and were a!!ro(e to e"!ort sea#ood to Guro!ean =nion countries. &n addition another #i(e !lants ha(e almost u!graded their conditions and others are also undertaking changes in their #acilities to com!ly with G= N international standards.

*ec2ni: es< .ishing is done with line to trolling induced and occasional #ishermen use wither line or small nets with small boats while #ull-time #ishermen use large boats or Aakdars and 'anchins. /ome #oreign trawlers also #ish in $wadar /ea with the !ermission o# go(ernment. /mall boats can stay u! to 3 day in the sea while big launch take 35 days or more. 2aluchistan $o(ernment has banned #ishing by trolling wire net ring net encircling nets and bottom troll. Trolling is the worst techniDue since small #ish get crushed under the weight o# big ones so trolling is !rohibited u! to 22.2km in !ro(incial sea limits. 2ut still certain trawlers ha(e the license to catch in these limits and so they trawl out the best catch lea(ing in#erior one #or local #ishermen who greatly su##er. >lso these trawlers make a sort o# magnetic circle that attracts all the #ish in that area lea(ing waste #or local ones. Different )et2o&s of Fis2ing5

S2rim. fis2ery 29

The shrim! #ishery is (ery meaning#ul because o# #oreign e"change earned and em!loyment !roduced #rom it. &t is only !ermitted in !ro(ince o# /indh. Bommercial shrim! trawling started in 375: a#ter the -.? introduced mechanization o# larger #ishing (essels. Kow almost all o# the shrim! trawlers are eDui!!ed with winches #or net hauling. ,owe(er shrim! can also be caught by the use o# cast net which is locally termed %thukri%. The catching is mainly carried out in shallow de!ths #rom Ictober to -arch. &t is also caught in eustaries and brackish waters #rom Euly to /e!tember. The catch is then !rocessed #rozen #or the ob+ecti(e o# e"!orting to Korth >merican and Guro!ean =nion markets. * na fis2ery The #ishing o# tuna (arieties is another a!!reciable as!ect o# the industry that is carried out by artisanal #ishing (essels. =sually the #leet shoot the gillnets in the e(ening and #etch them the ne"t morning. The main target are the !elagic s!ecies with higher commercial (alues. The catch is e"!orted as chilled to neighbouring country o# &ran through in#ormal channels #or canning !ur!oses. This #etches more !ro#it than i# e"!orted to /ri Canka in dried and salted #orm. 6ent2ic fis2ery The dee! sea resources remain com!arati(ely une"!loited because local (essels are neither suitable nor eDui!!ed #or dee!-water #ishery. The idea has moti(ated entre!reneurs to augment their dee!-sea #ishing cra#t #or use o# the resources. /mall-scale benthic or demersal #ishery is most common in coastal inshore waters. .ishermen use nylon gillnet locally termed %ruch% with a mesh o# about 350 mm long. Pelagic fis2ery > small-scale !elagic #ishery is in o!eration in /indh using s!ecial nets locally termed %katra%. .ishing is carried out #rom %hora% boats - wooden sailboats with !ointed ends a broad breadth and long-sha#t outboard engine. &n de!ths shallower than 20 m shoals o# clu!eids es!ecially the &ndian Iil /ardine are usually intended. /uch o!erations are mainly based at &brahim ,ydri and Bhashma $oth (illages. The desirable months are #rom Ictober to Ko(ember and .ebruary to >!ril. The catch is the !rime candidate #or con(ersion into #ishmeal.

S ..orting facilities< 3. Free7ing Plants< 28

&n the last !ublished #orm o# data in 3755 on #reezing !lants it was stated that the #ollowing #acilities were a(ailable<

2. Packaging< Though the !roduction o# .isheries is increasing e(ery year little attention has been !aid #or the !ackaging technology o# #resh and !rocessed .ish. &t will not out to mention that some !roducts were re+ected in the #oreign markets due to !oor Duality o# !ackaging materials. &n most o# the cases #ish is still being carried out in the old age methods !resumably due to high cost o# !ackaging materials like !olyethylene cello!hane aluminium #oil tin !late etc. Traditional !ackaging materials like bamboo baskets wooden bo"es second hand !lywood cases gunnies screw !inemats etc. are used #or !ackaging #resh and !rocessed #ish #or local market and to a limited e"tent #or e"!ort trade.

Demand Conditions:
9ocal /ons m.tion< The !o!ulation o# Pakistan is increasing ra!idly. &n 2005 the !o!ulation was 350.7 million. .ish !roduction was 533 245 tonnes o# which 495 933 tonnes were #it #or human consum!tion. The !er ca!ita #ish consum!tion was about 2.0 kgNyear which is (ery low by international standards. 2-

Peo!le o# Pakistan are not #ish eaters by nature. &nland #ish !roduction is mostly consumed locally and this situation is e"!ected to continue with the inland !o!ulation consuming any increased #ish !roduction achie(ed through aDuaculture. Foreign Deman&< The Pakistani sea#ood industry is !rimarily e"!ort-oriented and mainly go(erned by the reDuirements o# the e"!orter. The !er#ormance o# the e"!ort sector has been a!!reciable and e"!ort earnings ha(e increased substantially since inde!endence. &n 3749 only salted dried !roducts were e"!orted #rom Pakistan but now high-grade #rozen sea#ood !roducts as well as li(e marine animals are e"!orted. There is no doubt about the !otential #or increased sea#ood e"!orts but !ost-har(est losses are a ma+or constraint to the de(elo!ment o# the #isheries sector. &n the 3790s dried #ish !roducts were the ma+or commodity e"!orted by the #isheries sector. &t was sold mainly to /ri Canka. Therea#ter #rozen #ishery !roducts became the leading e"!ort commodity. .rozen #ishery !roducts are now e"!orted to about 55 countries. -a+or im!orters o# #rozen #ish #rom Pakistan are Bhina -alaysia ,ong *ong (/>') Thailand G= countries and =/>. G"!ort o# chilled #ishery !roducts has increased signi#icantly in the last #i(e years. These are !urchased by $ul# countries and by /inga!ore. Ci(e lobster and crabs are e"!orted to Bhina /inga!ore -alaysia etc. &n 2009 total #ishery e"!orts were 323 500 tonnes (!roduct weight) (alued at =/? 3:: million. The e"!orts mainly com!rise #rozen #ish #rozen shrim!s lobsters and crabs dried #ish and molluscs. Inly a small Duantity o# #ishmeal was e"!orted. /hrim! was the main e"!ort item. &t was e"!orted as #reshly #rozen either shell-on tails or as !eeled !roduct. /hrim! canning ceased in 37:3 and has been re!laced by #reshly #rozen crab meat which is e"!orted to =/>. .ishmeal #ish maws and shark #ins are also e"!orted.

Firm Strategy Structure and Rivalry

The #isheries sector is di(ided into the #ollowing sectors< 1$ )arine s ,sector Pakistan has a continental shel# area o# 50 290 km2 and coastline length o# 3 320 km. The total maritime zone o# Pakistan is o(er 30 !ercent o# the land area. The coastal belt is characterized by 31

a meshwork o# estuaries and creeks with mangro(e #orestry that ser(e as nursery grounds #or s!ecies o# #in#ish and shell#ish. &n 375: the #irst modern #ish harbour was constructed at the *arachi ?istrict. Cater the #leet e"!anded and is now mostly mechanized. ;ar,o rs< *arachi .ish ,arbour is the biggest and oldest o# its kind in Pakistan being used by all ty!es o# #ishing boats. Burrently more than 4 000 #ishing cra#t are based in it. >t !resent it can be assumed that the harbour caters #or the needs o# near 95 !ercent o# the local #leet. The ma+or #ish harbours o# Pakistan are< , *arachi .ish ,arbour handles about 708 o# #ish and sea#ood catch in Pakistan and 758 o# #ish and sea#ood e"!orts #rom Pakistan. , , , , *arachi .isheries ,arbour is being o!erated by Pro(incial $o(ernment o# /indh. *orangi .ish ,arbour is being managed by .ederal -inistry o# .ood >griculture and Ci(estock. Pasni .ish ,arbour being o!erated by Pro(incial $o(ernment o# 2alochistan. $wadar .ish ,arbour being o!erated by .ederal -inistry o# Bommunication.

#$%nlan& s ,sector .reshwater ca!ture #isheries are dominated by the &ndus 'i(er and its tributaries. The #ish #auna o# the &ndus system in its northern !art is cold-water ty!e while the greater middle and southern !arts o# the system are warm-water #isheries zones. $reater di##erences e"ist between (arious zones o# one ri(er than between di##erent ri(ers o# the same zone. 'i(er modi#ication as a result o# &ndus basin de(elo!ment has changed almost the entire !ro#ile o# the ma+or ri(ers. BonseDuently the #ish communities in ri(ers ha(e been a##ected mainly by e"ternal in#luences. .isheries in ri(ers and reser(oirs account #or more than :0 !ercent o# total inland #ish !roduction. The ri(erine #ishery management system is o!erated mainly by !ro(incial #isheries de!artments. They en#orce regulatory laws that restrict catch by size o# #ish and establish closed seasons. &n the absence o# any #isheries management !lan integrated coordination o# the de(elo!ment o# inland #isheries is limited. Reser'oirs 31

/i" large reser(oirs ha(e been created in the !ast #our decades through the construction o# dams and barrages across ri(ers which !ro(ide about 250 000 ha #or #ish !roduction. &n addition there are se(eral smaller reser(oirs. >lthough the large reser(oirs and barrages remain the ma+or source o# #ish !roduction there is a continuous decline in landings. The #isheries !roduction is currently managed by 1>P?> through har(est limits during certain seasons and minimum size o# #ish landed. 9akes 3s<eet or saline4 an& ot2er <etlan&s &n the /indh Pro(ince alone there are more than 300 natural lakes o# di##erent sizes co(ering an area o# about 300 000 ha. >mong them Cakes ,ali+ee (3 :00 ha) *in+har (32 000 ha) and -anchar (35 000 ha) are Duite im!ortant #or #ish !roduction and -anchar alone su!!orts 2 000 #ishing #amilies. >!art #rom these big lakes a cluster o# small lakes called 2akar Cake e"tends o(er 40 000 ha. The natural lakes in Pun+ab co(er about 9 000 ha. /ome o# the lakes such as Kammal (4:0 ha) =cchali (743 ha) Eahlar (300 ha) *alar *ahar (300 ha) *haral (235 ha) and *habakki (2:3 ha) are brackish and are too saline to su!!ort aDuaculture. !$ Recreational s ,sector There are three main ty!es o# recreational #isheries in Pakistan< (i) bill#ish and tuna #ishing in the GGL o## *arachi) (ii) s!ort #ishing (!elagic) in coastal waters) and (iii) hand-line #ishing (bottom #ishing) in inter-tidal and shallow waters. >bout 3 000 !eo!le with 320J350 #ishing boats are in(ol(ed in this sector and they are not licensed. ,owe(er their boats are reDuired to be registered by -arine -ercantile de!artment #or seaworthiness.

4$ A: ac lt re s ,sector >Duaculture in Pakistan is still in its in#ancy but there is immense !otential #or de(elo!ment. >Duaculture !roduction has ra!idly increased since 2000 #rom around 30-35 thousands tonnes to reach o(er 300 000 tonnes in 2005 and 2009. ?es!ite its (ast #resh brackish and marine waters only car! culture is !ractised in inland waters. Bar! are cultured in earthen !onds using mostly e"tensi(e #arming systems with (ery #ew in!uts. &n Pakistan the #ish #auna is rich but only se(en warm-water s!ecies and two cold-water s!ecies are culti(ated on a commercial scale. Trials with shrim! culture in the &ndus delta region did not succeed due to non-a(ailability o# hatchery32

!roduced seed. .reshwater car! #arming is the ma+or aDuaculture acti(ity in Pun+ab /indh and K1.P. The northern mountains o# Pakistan ha(e good !otential #or trout culture but !roduction is still (ery small. >Duaculture is a recent de(elo!ment and management o# the sector is still !oor. Two >sian ?e(elo!ment 2ank (>?2) !ro+ects ha(e assisted in strengthening the institutional structure through the de(elo!ment o# model #arms hatcheries and !roduction o# +u(eniles as well as through human resources de(elo!ment and strengthening o# e"tension ser(ices. >Duaculture has also recei(ed a substantial amount o# go(ernment in(estment and #acilities are now in !lace that can !ro(ide the basis #or a ma+or #uture e"!ansion. 1ith the e"ce!tion o# trout culture in the Korth-1est .rontier Pro(ince (K1.P) and the northern region (irtually all aDuaculture consists o# !ond culture o# (arious car! s!ecies. Pakistan has no coastal aDuaculture o!erations des!ite its !otential. >ccording to the latest estimates the total area co(ered by #ish !onds is about 50 500 ha (/indh 47 390 ha) Pun+ab 30 500 ha) K1.P 550 ha) and the other !ro(inces (2alochistan >zad Eammu *ashmir 4>E*6 and Korthern >rea 4K>6) 240 ha). >bout 33 000 #ish #arms ha(e so #ar been established across Pakistan (arying considerably in size. The a(erage #arm size is 5 to 30 ha. Ko direct data on the number o# #ish #armers em!loyed in this sector is a(ailable as #ish #arming in most !arts o# the country is carried out as an integral !art o# cro! #arming. >ccording to best estimates about 50 000 !eo!le are either directly or indirectly em!loyed in the sector. &n the /indh Pro(ince the ma+ority o# #arms are located in Thatta 2adin and ?adu the three districts through which the 'i(er &ndus !asses. 2adin and Thatta ha(e waterlogged #lood!lain areas suitable #or #ish #arming. &n the Pun+ab Pro(ince #arms are located mostly in irrigated areas or where there is abundant rain and the soil is allu(ial. >s a result /heikh!ura $u+ranwala and >ttock ?istricts ha(e most #arms (three-Duarters o# all #arms in the Pun+ab). K1.P has com!arati(ely #ewer #arms with trout #arms in Bhitral /wat ?ir -alakand -ansehra .ederally >dministered Tribal >rea (.>T>) and other !arts o# K>. Bar! culture is !ractised in ?era &smail *han *ohat -ardan /wabi and the >bbotabad ?istricts o# K1.P. /ome car! #arms use a semi-intensi(e culture system. In a ty!ical car! #arm in Pakistan the ratio o# the warm-water s!ecies stocked on the #arm is catla (30J20 !ercent) rohu (30J35 !ercent) mrigal (35J20 !ercent) grass car! (35J20 !ercent) and sil(er car! (35J20 !ercent). 33

&ntensi(e culture has not yet been de(elo!ed because o# non-a(ailability o# low-cost #eed and limited !roduction e"!ertise.

Re.orte& a: ac lt re .ro& ction in Pakistan 3from 1"504 3FA= Fis2ery Statistic4

PA>%S*A? F%S;1R%1S S1/*=R A* A G9A?/1 Fis2 Pro& ction 30$604 m mt4

PA>%S*A? @A*1R R1S=+R/1S )arine 3s: km4 Fres2<ater 32a4

33

Related Industries:

?es!ite the lack o# de(elo!ment in this industry Pakistan;s #ishing industry has a number o# related industries like< , 6oat )aking There are boats making sheds mainly at the *arachi and $wadar ,arbor. They are not in (ery good condition and no new technology is being used while making boats. , Po ltry Fee& .ish is a !erishable !roduct. There#ore i# timely deli(ery does not take !lace then the #ishes rot and go bad. This ha!!ens (ery o#ten in our #ishing industry while trans!orting #rom other harbors to the *arachi harbor. Kot only while trans!orting the unhygienic conditions also make the

3(

#ishes go bad. >ll the rotten or un#it #ishes that are not suitable #or eating or #urther !rocessing are used to make animal #eed like !oultry #eed. , ?et8 Re.airing Ket re!airing is another related industry o# the #ishing industry. /ince ma+ority o# the #ishermen still use nets and ha(e been using them #or a long time they need re!airing Duiet o#ten. , %ce )aking an& Selling Pakistan has (ery #ew re#rigeration #acilities so mostly ice is used to !reser(e the #ishes that are caught. &ce !lays an im!ortant role and since we do not ha(e !ro!er re#rigerators and e(en i# we do the ca!acity is not enough. , Fis2 Drying an& Processing Kot all o# the catch is e"!orted in raw #orm or locally distributed. &n e"!orting ma+or !ortion o# the catch is #urther !rocessed and #rozen because our #oreign buyers do not use raw #ish but in #rozen #orm. Cocally only a small !ortion is !rocessed because the demand is basically #or raw #ish. There#ore !rocessing !lants are (ery im!ortant related industries. 'aw material is being !ro(ided to the !rocessing units while the !rocessed #ish like smoked or salted is sent to the canning industries #or #urther !rocessing. 2ut this network does not #ul#ill the reDuirement as !er the diamond model. ,owe(er our raw material in the #ishing sector has not been im!ro(ed. ?ue to im!urities and !ollution our !rocessed #ish !roducts are o# low Duality thus not reaching the international standards. There#ore #oreign in(estment #ails to come in. &# there had been a strong and de(elo!ed network #oreigners would ha(e gained con#idence and in(ested in our #ishing sector bringing in new technology and bright !ros!ects #or the industry.

/anning %n& stry This is one o# the related industries which has the !otential !ro(ided that links area(ailable. Pakistan has been o# the :0 nations whose canned #ish is banned #or im!ort in Guro!ean and other de(elo!ed countries mainly because o# the unhygienic canning#actories. ,owe(er authorities are trying to im!ro(e in this area a#ter the &ranian o##er to de(elo! canning industry along the coastline o# 2aluchistan. The o##er has been welcomed as Pakistan is already e"!orting tuna #ish to /ri-Canka in dry conditions and there is su##icient 3+

a(ailability o# raw material. >nother encouraging #actor is that a local !ri(ate sector com!any has set u! a !lant #or manu#acturing (arious ty!es o# tin !lates at 1indher in 2aluchistan some :5 km #rom *arachi. The basic ad(antage o# canned #ood o(er all other ty!es o# !rocessed #oods is that once the !rocess is com!lete the !roduct can be ke!t sa#ely #or years without s!ecial storage #acilities being reDuired and it can also be readily eaten as it is already cooked during the !rocess o# canning. , P2armace ticals &t also su!!ly;s !roducts #or the !harmaceutical industry and !rotein #or inclusion in dietso# #ishes !oultry and li(estock. Bord li(er oil is used in many medicines by the!harmaceutic al industry. , /osmetics 1here a ma+or su!!ly o# #ish is used #or the #ood industry the by-!roducts o# #ish including scales meat oils and organs bene#it the cosmetic industry whose !roduct line now !rotect skin #rom increasingly harm#ul ultra(iolet rays and !re(ent #rom wrinkling !roducing youth#ul skin.

39

C$a%te& ' (: E)%*&*+al Resea&+$

Factor Conditions
Ine o# the most im!ortant conditions that determine the success o# a nation is #actor conditions. ,owe(er !orter argues that #or a nation to be success#ul the basic #actors should be turned and enhanced into ad(anced #actors so as to !ro(ide com!etiti(eness to nations and encourage the nation to be success#ul in the international market. There are two ty!es o# #ishing carried out in Pakistan which are -arine #ishing and &nland #ishing. -arine #ishing is carried out on sindh coast and 2aluchistan coast where as &nland #ishing is carried on the reser(oirs lakes dams as well as aDuaculture #orums namely -angla dam Tarbela dam Bhashma barrage ,ub dam *han!ur 2adin Thatta $ilgit and 2altistan. -a+or marine #ishing areas includes< Eiwani $wadar Pasni Irmara Thatta 2adin /omiani *almat.

2asic conditions o# all these !orts are somehow the same and (ery !oor. There is no !ro!er de(elo!ed in#rastructure a(ailable. Ko ad(anced #acilities !ro(ided to the labour #orce. /imilarly no !ro!er icing re#rigerators and chillers are a(ailable to restore the catch and !re(ent it #rom retuning u!. /imilarly the roads and current in#rastructure leading to these areas are not !ro!erly de(elo!ed and maintained. >s a result trucks and trawlers reach these areas (ery late increasing costs and time.

Icing Facilities:
&n our em!irical research we encountered the #ollowing #eatures< >t the time o# catch the #ish has to be ke!t between the tem!eratures o# 0R-4RB be#ore it reaches the !ort. &t is the !ractice o# the #ishermen to kee! them in ice in the boats. &t is !re#erable to kee! them in between huge chunks o# ice #or the reDuired tem!erature to be maintained. 2ut the #ishermen tend to break it in small !ieces o# ice and store it accordingly. This #urther decreases the Duality o# the #ish which reaches the harbor. 38

&t was decided by the G"!ort Promotion 2ureau and the ?e!artment o# .isheries that ice #lake containers would be constructed and these would be distributed amongst the #ishing (essel owners so that our (essels are com!liant with the G= guidelines in terms o# icing eDui!ment. 50 o# them were !roduced and distributed on a random basis amongst the (essel owners. The ice#lake containers were handed to small boats with an a(erage catch as well as to non-o!erational boat owners. Thus this idea was not a huge success #or the #ishing industry.

)aAor sea foo& .ro& cts an& ty.es5 Pakistan is highly blessed with a (ariety o# sea#ood !roducts and di##erent s!ecies #ound in the ri(ers and seas o# Pakistan. These include< /hrim!s .ishes Brabs

>s #or the #ishes there is a wide (ariety o# #ishes #ound in Pakistan. /ome o# the ma+or marine (arieties are sharks drums croakers cat #ish skates and rays. ,owe(er cat#ish and &ndian mackerel are two ty!es o# #ishes which are easily #ound along the coast sides o# Pakistan. /ome o# the inland (arieties include manaseer rahu !allu trout thalla kuggur dumbra and many others.

)aAor fis2 .ro& cts e0.orts an& locally cons me&$ Ci(eN .resh< /altedN?ried .rozen (Ceading G"!ort) Palue >dded -awsNshark #ins

Different types of fishing nets used in fishing

&n Pakistan #ishermen uses a (ariety o# #ishing nets. ,owe(er these #ishing nets are Duite old and no new #ishing nets ha(e been de!loyed to #acilitate the #armers. &n Pakistan the #ollowing nets are used< $ill-nets< These are one o# the most used nets along with trawl nets in Pakistan. Parious other ty!es o# gillnets are used in costal and o##shore waters o# Pakistan. These can be categorized into two ty!es i.e. sur#ace gillnet which are used in coastal waters #or catching a (ariety o# #ood #ishes 3-

such as croakers grou!ers barracuda cat#ishes mullets etc. 2ottom-set gillnet is used #or demersal s!ecies such as croakers grou!ers lobsters sharks rays and other bottom dwelling #ishes. >dditionally (ery long gillnets sometime reaching : to 7 km are o!erated in o##shore waters #or catching large !elagic such as tuna mackerels bill#ishes and sharks. Trawl-nets< There is no trawling legally allowed to o!erate along 2alochistan coast howe(er) the $o(ernment o# 2alochistan !ermitted o!eration o# limited numbers o# *arachi based shrim! trawlers to o!erate in some s!eci#ic areas along 2alochistan coast. Prior to year 2003 all trawl nets were o!erating manually. ,owe(er winches ha(e now been introduced and it is estimated that about 70 8 o# the shrim! #leet now ha(e winches which ha(e e##ecti(ely increased the area o# o!eration o# the #ishing boats. >t !resent all shrim! trawlers are also in(ol(ed in trawling o# #ish es!ecially #rom Ko(ember to -arch. Bast-nets and /take nets< small nets used in coastal (illages in shallow water in 2alochistan and also in the creeks in /indh res!ecti(ely. 2hoola and 2han< =sed in coastline #ishing. &t is also resembled to a thin cloth (Sdu!attaT) which demonstrates the lack o# !enetration in(ol(ed in the nets. This leads to eggs being caught as well. 2han is beach seine which is !redominantly used in creek areas #or catching mullets small !elagic #ishes and other s!ecies. This gear is also used along o!en coastline es!ecially at Bli#ton. 2hoola is used in creek areas #or catching #ishes and crustacean #rom inter-tidal zone. Cine $ears< basic #ishing rods which are used in the !rocess o# long-lining. *atra< >lmost entire #ishing #leet o# U*atra; using boats is based in /indh) howe(er a #ew such boats ha(e managed to get themsel(es based in ?am /onmiani area o# 2alochistan where they o!erate in conni(ance with the local in#luential. /imilarly instead o# closing the net #rom the bottom by bunt line the lower !art o# the net is retrie(ed achie(ing a bag which is ultimately hea(ed. Ine o# the !ractices used with S*atraT nets is that it is attached to a hora boat. >#ter being attached it is lowered into the water at the sur#ace. The hora is then s!ed around in a circular motion. ?uring this circular mo(ement the #ishermen s!ill diesel in the water. This leads to #ishes getting into"icated and rising to the sur#ace. These are then caught and then !rimarily used in the chicken #eed industry while some o# it e(en sur#aces on the local market as well.

>ccording to .>I the mesh size (SeyeT) o# the net should be around :-30 cm (4-4.5 inches). 2ut in the local !ractices the mesh size decreases to 3 inch or sometimes e(en less than that. This is more !re(alent in the /indh side o# the #ishing industry rather than 2alochistan where a more strict system is ado!ted.

Employment generation from the fishing industry:

.ishermen !o!ulation includes all the crew members em!loyed on cra#ts !laying in marine and inland water bodies as well as those engaged in #ish !rocessing !lants curing yards #ish carries #ish #arming and other au"iliary industries. .ishermen are categorized into #ull-time !art-time and occasional on the basis 31

o# earning and working time s!end in #isheries. .ull-time !art-time and occasional #ishermen s!end 708 308 and less than 308 earning and time in #isheries and related acti(ities res!ecti(ely.

.ishermen !o!ulation (both marine and inland sectors) decreased gradually during the !eriod #rom 377: to 2007. The #ishermen !o!ulation in /indh was about three times that o# 2aluchistan.

Part-time #ishermen !o!ulation in marine and inland sectors also showed gradual decrease during the !eriod #rom 377: to 2007. Kumber o# !art- time #ishermen that engaged in marine sector was 25 327 in 377: which increased to 35 5:7 in 2007. The !o!ulation o# !art-time #ishermen in inland sector also showed gradual decrease during the same !eriod as it decreased #rom :5 390 in 377: to 53 4:2 in 2007.

The !o!ulation o# occasional #ishermen also showed gradual increase during the same !eriod (377:2007) as it increased #rom 377: to 2007. The number o# occasional #ishermen in marine sector was also increased #rom 377: to 2007. The !o!ulation o# occasional #ishermen in inland #isheries sector also showed gradual increase during the same !eriod as it increased #rom 45 003 in 377: to 43 533 in 2007.

Fishing Crafts
>t the time o# creation o# Pakistan the entire #ishing #leet was sail dri(en. -echanization o# boats by inboard marine diesel engines started in 3755 under the aus!ices o# -arine .isheries ?e!artment (then Bentral .isheries de!artment). &n 2007 the number o# mechanized boats in actual o!eration engaged in marine #isheries is around 4 573 which com!rise o# about 3 725 trawlers and 2 95: gill-netters. &n addition to these about 7 3:5 mechanized cum sail dri(en boats which are o!erated by long sha#t outboard motors. Pakistan #ishermen with traditional #ishing cra#ts and gears are !redominantly engaged in e"!loiting o# resources in coastal waters. ,owe(er larger gill-netters es!ecially those engaged in e"!loitation o# large !elagics o!erate in com!arati(ely dee!er waters. 2e#ore 3753 nets made u! o# cotton twine nets were used. Kow all #ishing gears used in marine and inland #isheries sector are being #abricated #rom synthetic material i.e. nylon twine. >lmost entire #ishing #leet o# Pakistan consists o# wooden boats e"ce!t a small number o# #iberglass li#e boats which are con(erted into small gillnet boats. There are (arious sizes and ty!es o# #ishing boats used in Pakistan. /mallest category o# boat is called S >attiT in 2alochistan and S *oniT in /indh. These boats (usually smaller than 5 meters) are used in shallow coastal waters #or catching #ishes with handlines or small gillnets. These boats are used #or catching crabs in creek areas and also #or har(esting the catch o# U62oola; net installed in creek system. The boats are #itted with outboard or long-tail engines. &t is ma"imally o!erated by 2 to 3 !ersons. /maller boats o# these categories are used by a single !erson. -edium sized boats are called S Rac2insT in 2alochistan and S;oraT in /indh. These 31

boats ha(e a size range between 5m to 35m and ha(e a ma"imum beam o# about 3 m. These boats are !owered by outboard or long-tail engines (a #ew such boats ha(e inboard engines) and are used in shallow coastal waters #or catching a (ariety o# #ish and shell#ish s!ecies. $illnet is most !o!ular gear used by these boats howe(er handlines longlines castnets tra!s #or crabs and i(ory-shell are also har(ested with these boats. Presently these boats are mainly used #or catching &ndian mackerel using mono#ilament sur#ace gillnets along the shallow coastal waters and in the bays along 2alochistan coast. -odi#ied (ersions o# S;oraT which are beamier (u!to 4 m) are called S >atraT boats. These boats are !owered with one to #our longtail engines and are used #or catching small !elagics in shallow coastal waters. These boats are mainly based in /indh howe(er a #ew such boats are now illegally o!erating in waters o# 2alochistan.

32

Trawlers

which

are

based

in

/indh

are

usually 34 to 25m in o(erall lengths.

These boats are #itted with inboard engines o#

(arious ca!acities o# e(en u!to 500 h!. -ost o# these boats now ha(e deckhouses and also winches ha(e been installed. The winches are !owered by a se!arate engine !laced on the deck. Trawlers are !rimarily em!loyed in shrim! har(esting howe(er since 3775 all trawlers kee! two ty!es o# nets i.e. shrim! and #ish trawler nets. &n shrim! har(esting season i.e. Euly to Ko(ember and Eanuary to .ebruary shrim! trawling is mainly done whereas in the reminder o# the year #ish trawling is being done. winches and im!ro(ed na(igational eDui!ments these waters. Carge gill-netters are usually These boats waters. are used 35 to 30m in length is !owered by inboard engines. -ost o# the trawlers are o!erated in shallow coastal waters which are main shrim! grounds) howe(er with installation o# trawlers now o!erate in com!arati(ely dee!er

#or catching large !elagic and demersal #ishes in shallow and o##shore (oyages e(en (enturing in the waters o#

/ome o# these boats undertake (ery long #ishing

/omalia and Aemen. UDoon&a; boats are li#e boats obtained #rom shi! breaking industry based in $addani. &n most cases a small #ish hold is made in the middle o# the li#e boat. These boats are mainly used #or line gears or gillnets.

33

PA IS!A" !#P$ OF %$SS$&S ,%,-& /0C1-23405 ,!a)le!s 6il nette!s /0C1-234057C8/7S-3& 9%-,S Sail :oats +itted )it$ out:oa!d moto!s SI"DH ,%,-& /0C1-23405 ,!a)le!s 6il nette!s /0C1-234057C8/7S-3& 9%-,S Sail :oats +itted )it$ out:oa!d moto!s 2A&OCHIS!A" ,%,-& /0C1-23405 ,!a)le!s 6il nette!s /0C1-234057C8/7S-3& 9%-,S Sail :oats +itted )it$ out:oa!d moto!s

'

())* 11.444 3.#50 1.56# 1.688 8.194 8.194

())) 3.486 1.604 1.88# 8.#8# 8.#8#

+,,, 3.676 1.675 #.001 8.438 8.438

+,,( 3.769 1.690 #.079 8.849 8.849

+,,+ 4.170 1.705 #.465 8.5#5 8.5#5

+,,4.0#7 1.738 #.#89 8.811 8.811

+,,. 3.945 1.775 #.170 9.057 9.057

+,,/ 4.143 1.790 #.353 9.00# 9.00#

+,,0

+,,1

+,,* 4.458 1.870 #.588 9.064 9.064

+,,) 4.693 1.9#5 #.768 9.186 9.186

11.768 1#.114 1#.618 1#.695 1#.838 13.00# 13.145 13.308 13.4#6 13.5## 13.879 4.3## 4.396 1.8#0 1.853 #.50# #.543 8.986 9.030 8.986 9.030

6.039 #.095 1.56# 533 3.944 3.944

6.#09 #.#06 1.604 60# 4.003 4.003

6.46# #.357 1.675 68# 4.105 4.105

6.701 #.400 1.690 710 4.301 4.301

6.813

6.896

6.#09 #.615 1.775 840 4.365 4.365

6.46# #.64# 1.790 85# 4.370 4.370

6.701 7.118

7.15#

7.31# #.8#7 1.9#5 90# 4.485 4.485

#.493 #.540 1705 1.738 788 80# 4.3#0 4.3#0 4.356 4.356

#.687 #.7#6 #.750 1.8#0 1853 1.870 867 873 880 4.375 4.39# 4.375 4.39# 4.40# 4.40#

5.405 1.155 7 1.155 4.#50 4.#50

5.559 1.#80 7 1.#80 4.#79 4.#79

5.65# 1.319 7 1.319 4.333 4.333

5.917 1.369 7 1.369 4.38# 4.38#

5.88# 1.677 7 1.677 4.#05 4.#05

5.94# 1.487 7 1.487 4.455 4.455

5.559 1.330 7 1.330 4.69# 4.69#

5.65# 1.501 7 1.501 4.63# 4.63#

5.917 6.308 1.635 1.670 7 7 1.635 1.670 4.611 4.638 4.611 4.638

6.370 1.708 7 1.708 4.66# 4.66#

6.567 1.866 7 1.866 4.701 4.701

33

3(

Infrastructure
.isheries sector o# the country could not achie(e the desired le(el o# de(elo!ment due to lack o# in#rastructure. /o #ar only #our #ish harbours are o!erational whereas there are no landing #acilities e(en at some ma+or #ishing centers such as Irmara Eiwani /onmiani *almat &brahim ,ayderi *eti 2undar and /hah 2under etc. /imilarly road linkage along the coast o# Pakistan is #ragmentary. Ither in#rastructure #acilities such as communication educational and medical #acilities etc. are also not #ully de(elo!ed along the coast o# Pakistan. There is lack o# !ro!er and de(elo!ed in#rastructure.

Process:
The !rocess starts with auction. Kow the #ishermen who catch #ish do not sell #ish at a #i"ed !rice like you get it #rom the markets but they bring their #ish to a s!eci#ied area (-arket) a#ter catching which is solely #or the auction o# the #ish. These are brought to the auction area by mole-holders who act as middle men in the auction and take a commission o## the #ishermen;s income. The auction area is like a long hall and has di##erent sections one is #or #ish and the other #or shrim!s and lobsters. The #ish are !laced in the market on di##erent !lat#orms that are !resent there according to the kind o# the #ish. Kow the auction takes !lace at two times i) 4< 30 !m and ii) :< 00 am. 1hen the #ishes and the shrim!s are !laced here !eo!le gather around with calculators in hand and bid #or the #ish. &n the end the !erson with the highest bid will get it. &n this the !erson can select some #ish #rom the lot or the !erson can also bid #or the whole lot. The Duality o# the #ish is +udged by the smell weight colour and the !ro!ortion o# mass. &# there is no smell weight is abo(e a(erage colour is !er#ect and the mass is dis!laced !ro!ortionally then !eo!le will bid more #or this #ish. >#ter !urchasing #ish and shrim! they are taken to the !rocessing !lants i# they are to be e"!orted or taken to the local market i# they are to be consumed locally. Those that are taken to the !rocessing !lants are di(ided into three ty!es and according to the ty!es their !rocess (aries< 3. BhilledN .resh< 1hen !eo!le ha(e to e"!ort #ish in this state time is o# the essence because the #ish or shrim!s ha(e to reach their destination within :-30 hrs. >#ter !urchasing the #ish the #ish are taken to the !lant and washed and then straight away !acked in !lastic bags that are !ut in the cardboard bo"es. >#ter doing this these bo"es are sent to their destination (ia air because i# we use other method o# trans!ort then its going to take more time and there will be a chance #or the #ish to get stale. 2. .rozen< &n this state a#ter buying #ish and shrim!s they are taken to the !lant. There these #ish and shrim!s are washed and then a#ter washing they are brought onto a long table. There workers di##erentiate #ish and shrim!s according to the size and Duality and then once this is done these 3+

#ishes are !ut into a tray and then these trays are !laced into the blast #reezers #or about : to 30 hours. These blast #reezers take the tem!erature o# #ishes to -35c. 1hen these #ishes are taken out they are hard as rock and ha(e a thin coat o# ice on them because o# #reezing. To remo(e this coat the workers di! the #ishes in the water and then these are !ut in !lastic bags and then !acked in cardboard bo"es. These bo"es are then stored into the normal #reezers which are at 3:c o# tem!erature. 1hene(er there is demand e"!orters +ust !ick the bo"es #rom these #reezers and then send them. 3. ?ryN/alted< >#ter !urchasing the #ishes they are brought to the !lant and out into large containers that contain saturated salt water. >#ter :-30 hrs these #ishes are taken out and then !ut under the sun to dry. The drying !rocess takes around 2-3 days. Ince the #ish is dry then it is !acked and stored and ready to be e"!orted. This !ractice was e"tensi(ely used in the earlier years o# inde!endence when the #reezing #acilities were not (ery de(elo!ed. &n 3790;s /ri-Canka was our main im!orter #or dry #ish. 4. Palue >dded< >s mentioned in the #rozen subsection a#ter the #ish is ke!t at 3:RB the #ish is then trans#erred to the (alue addition !rocess. ?e!ending on the reDuirement o# the im!orters the #ish is sent through automatic #illeting machines and !rocessing lines o# #ishing #ingers to make them into nuggets #ish #ingers etc. *>KP> is the only !rocessing unit in(esting in this sector o# #ishery. They ha(e entered their second !hase o# the (alue addition !lant and are due to start !roduction by the end o# ne"t year.

Grading of Fishes:
, .ish is graded into the #ollowing categories in terms o# Duality 3. >> (>V) 2. > 3. 2 4. B 5. Kon-e"!ortableN local , The di(ision by category is done on the basis o#< 3. 1eight 39

2. ?istribution o# mass 3. Bolour 4. /mell

Difference in the alochistan fishing industry:

, -ost o# the boats used in the 2alcohistan side o# the industry are horas gill-netters and dhoondhas. , , There is no #ormal harbor #acility as com!ared to *arachi #isheries harbor. > !re(alent !ractice is the use o# donkey carts to unload the #ish catch onto the habour.

38

reeding Seasons:
>ccording to the de!artment o# #ishery !olicies Eune- Euly are breeding seasons where all #ishing is !rohibited. These usually only e"istent on !a!er. Cast year in 2030 the -inistry o# .isheries allowed the #ishing ban to be li#ted in the month o# Eune. This is a small !eriod as com!ared to other nations such as >ustralia (5 months) &ran (3 months) &ndia ((arying being 2 and 3 months) and Bhina (3 months). The !eak season #or #ishing is between >ugust and Ko(ember. There are calls #rom the #ishermen community to reduce the length o# the closed #ishing season. These emanate due to two reasons< , &t is argued by the #ishermen that the &ndus 'i(er and its tributaries di(ert a great amount o# Duality #ish #rom &ndia to Pakistan and we lose out on this (aluable catch. , The a#orementioned argument is usually #orwarded by the #ishermen #rom the *atchi community who de!end on their daily wages #rom #ishing. They don;t ha(e a conce!t o# sa(ing and thus su##er the most when the ban is im!lemented

!a"our force:
The #ishermen are di(ided into the #ollowing backgrounds< , , , , Pathans 2engalis 2alochis *atchi

1omen and children are also in(ol(ed in the !rocess !hase o# the industry. The children ranging #rom the age o# 5-30 are used in cutting the head and tail o# the #ishes and cleaning o## the waste in the auctioned #ishes. 1omen on the other hand are used in the #actories #or sorting out and !acking the di##erent ty!es o# #ish which come in #or !rocessing. 3-

Inade#uate Institutions
1ith the e"ce!tion o# Pun+ab and to a lesser e"tent 2alochistan Pro(incialN>reas .isheries ?e!ts. are not !ro!erly manned nor organized in !articular at district le(els. -andates hierarchies and res!onsibilities in these organizations are not well de#ined nor well known while some institutions which could enhance the de(elo!ment o# #isheries and aDuaculture within the wider economy are sim!ly lacking. &nternal con#licts linked to institutional dis-#unctioning ha(e !re(ented #isheries management and aDuaculture de(elo!ment to recei(e the attention they reDuire. The lack o# !roducers; organizations in !articular in relation to aDuaculture is slowing down the de(elo!ment o# the sector and ham!ering in#ormation sharing and concerted action. The lack i# not non-e"istence o# #isheries management schemes organized and managed by communities is also an institutional weakness that could be recti#ied through adeDuate de(olution o# res!onsibilities #or sustainable inland and coastal #isheries resources management and use.

Research and Development Sector

>lthough a number o# research organizations institutions and uni(ersities are in(ol(ed in #isheries related research but most o# the researches conducted so #ar ha(e little or no rele(ance with !ractical as!ects o# #isheries industry. &n the absence o# !ro!er research backu! de(elo!ment o# the sector cannot be e"!ected. There is lack o# research in the sector. >deDuate research su!!ort is needed #or de(elo!ment o# the sector to ha!!en.

!ac$ of Facilities for Resource Surveys and Stoc$ %ssessment

/ince !ast 35 years no stock assessment sur(ey has been carried out in Pakistan there#ore !resent status o# (arious resources in shallow and o##shore waters is totally lacking making it im!ossible to take management measures. &n the absence o# constant monitoring o# the resources it is not !ossible to determine le(el o# e"!loitation o# commercially im!ortant s!ecies. G"!loratory sur(eys ha(e also been carried out thus new #ishing ground and resources could not be identi#ied there#ore #ishermen are com!elled to #ish in the known #ishing ground thus increasing unnecessary !ressure on these stocks. Process o# #inding new e"!loitable resources is also sto!!ed due to lack o# resource sur(ey and stock assessment #acilities in the country. .isheries and aDuaculture in#ormation in Pakistan #aces !roblems o# inadeDuacy reliability and accuracy. .or e"am!le there are some inadeDuacies in the data collection system in 2alochistan linked to !oor sam!ling methods along the coast whilst no reliable data collection system e"ists in other !ro(inces. &n most cases #isheries data #rom /indh are merely estimates and !rone to !ersonal +udgments resulting in unreliable data. &nadeDuacies in the statistical #isheries and aDuaculture data collection system make the management o# aDuaculture and inland and marine #isheries resources (ery di##icult. (1

Development &f 'uman Resource %nd S$ills

&nadeDuate human resources and skills are #ound at two le(els< within go(ernment structures and within #ishing and #ish #arming communities. &n most cases #isheries institutions are inadeDuately sta##ed. Cack o# trained man!ower and suitable #acilities in #isheries and aDuaculture management organizations and research institutions are considered to be one o# most im!ortant im!ediment to the de(elo!ment o# both #isheries and aDuaculture. This has conseDuences in terms o# both the Duality and the rele(ance o# e"tension work carried out at the #ield le(el with weak knowledge and e"!erience being !assed on to #isher#olks and #ish #armers. There is little or no go(ernment su!!ort in the training o# #ishermen and most o# training is done through the culture o# S.ather and /onT or done by the com!anies that hire these #ishermen.

Demand conditions

(1

!ocal demand:
Pakistan has an e(er growing !o!ulation. ,owe(er it is not a #ish eating nation which is a!!arent #rom the a(erage o# 2kgN!er ca!ita !er annum consum!tion in the country while the world a(erage lies around 35kgN!er ca!ita !er annum. /=+?*R( /=?S+)P*%=? 3.er ca.ita, .er ann m4 )al&i'es %celan& Greenlan& Ba.an +SA 14# >G 8" >G 86 >G 61 >G #4 >G

-ost o# the !eo!le who consume #ish in Pakistan on a regular basis are 2alochis who ha(e it #or break#ast and lunch. The a(erages within Pakistan (!er ca!ita !er annum) < 2alochistan 35 *g /indh J 5 *g Pun+ab and K1.P (combined) W250grams

The huge di##erence between the consum!tion a(erages o# /indh and Pun+ab is !rimarily because o# the !o!ulation dis!arity. /indh has a high !er ca!ita and low total consum!tion while Pun+ab has a low !er ca!ita but high total consum!tion as the !ro(ince is home to a!!ro"imately 61C o# the !o!ulation. &nland #ish is mostly consumed locally and this is e"!ected to continue with the de(elo!ment o# the aDuaculture sector.

Foreign demand:
.rozen #ish is our number one e"!ort with our ma+or im!orters being Bhina (2

-alaysia ,ong kong Thailand $ul# countries

The year 2030-2033 showed an e"!ort amount #or D#58$161 million accounting #or #isheries in com!arison to D1"7$8#" million in Euly--ay 2007-30. The e"!orts ha(e e"!anded by a good !0$5C in the last 3 years. &n the last 5-5 months there has been an increased demand #or %n&ian mackerel. Pom#ret is also highly demanded internationally and brings in good earnings. The #ish is normally sold at around a rate o# 's 3000Nkg internationally while locally it would #etch around 's 500Nkg. This is because Pakistanis don;t generally ha(e a taste #or good #ish (!re#erence is #or mutton bee# or chicken) or the skills to !ick out the best hence are willing to !ay only much less as com!ared to other nations. .ish distributors take ad(antage o# this lack o# skill o# the a(erage buyer and sells only the lowest (ariety o# !om#ret. /ometimes the S!om#retT sold is not e(en actual !om#retX &t should be noted that most o# the Gra&e AA fis2 goes to Ba.an as the Ea!anese are (ery Duality conscious and ha(e e"cellent skills in identi#ying and categorizing their #isheries. The fis2ing stock &e.letion rate is around 10C which can be attributed to the #act that #ishing o# +u(eniles continues as the & o# the #ishnets are (ery small causing small #ish and e(en eggs to get caught. The de!letion rate is #urther su!!orted by the #act that there is weak im!lementation o# the !olicy o# no #ishing during the breeding season ie Eune- Euly. Pro,lems in t2e international market5 =ntil 2009 the G= #ormed about 258 o# our #isheries e"!ort market. &n >!ril 2009 G= ins!ectors sur(eyed se(eral sites Pakistan and on the grounds o# unhygienic conditions o# handling storage !ackaging and trans!ortation the 1+ ,anne& all fis2ery im.orts from t2e co ntry$ &t was con(eyed to Pakistan that until these e"!orts com!lied with their sanitary and !hyto-sanitary reDuirements their entry in the G= will not be allowed. /ubseDuently all Pakistani e"!orters were delisted. /ince the market lost is so large the local authorities looked into the matter immediately and thel go(ernment o# /indh started a Rs 's55: million !ro+ect #or the de(elo!ment o# hygiene conditions (3

es!ecially the boats in the industry. Kot all the !ro!osals o# the !ro+ect are actually carried out mainly due to corru!tion and !oor management. ,owe(er some ste!s ha(e been taken and the G= ha(e been in(ited to ins!ect the sites Duite a #ew times but the in(itations ha(e either been ignored or re#used due to the Sdangerous security situation within the countryT. The loss o# the G= market has been a big blow as Pakistan can earn a!!ro"imately D50 to 80 million annually #rom this market. G"!orts to 1gy.t 2a'e also come to a 2alt recently as !olitical uncertainty continues in the key -iddle Gastern country. ?es!ite the loss o# these markets our o(erall e"!orts are continuously increasing to Bhina =>G Thailand *orea /audi >rabia and &ndonesia.

Str ct re an& Ri'alry< The #ishing industry is a com!etiti(e market structure with lots o# com!anies o!erating. >ll o# these com!anies are local e"ce!t #or one which is a *orean com!any called *>K/,&'I. -ost o# the com!anies are owned by a #ew #amilies *>KP> being the biggest. There is no (ertical integration within the com!anies i.e. there is no !rice dictatorshi!. , $P'/ !hones with #ishermen ha(e made it e(en more com!etiti(e. They ha(e !er#ect in#ormation o# rates at all auction markets as they reach the docks with their catch. &t was stated by the !rocessing unit owners that the #ishermen now ha(e T,='>A> !hones which aids them in their !osition with the $P/ #acility as well as hel!s them get a better idea o# where the rate #or auction is better. >ccordingly they send their boats to the auction market where the best !rice is !re(alent. The structure o# our #ishing industry can #urther be di(ided into the marine sector inland sector and the aDua culture sector. The descri!tions o# the each sector ha(e already been gi(en in cha!ter 3. /ome more em!irical data was #ound on the a: a c lt re sector5 398 o# our total #isheries !roduction is contributed by the inland sector o# which 358 is attributed to aDuaculture. The aDuaculture system o# Pakistan is mainly e"tensi(e and in some area semi-intensi(eY. -ainly low (alue #ish s!ecies are being cultured. .ollowing is the data collected in our (isit to the aDuaculture de!artments o# the -inistry o# #isheries< (3

P+?BA6 Sr$ E %tems Remarks

3 2

>rea (>cres ) Total Kumber o# .arms

44 000 9 :00

Total .ish Production (m tons)

9: 340

.ish /!ecies being cultured

-ostly car!s saul cat#ish -ahseer etc

>Duaculture system

Polyculture in semi-intensi(e and e"tensi(e systems

S%?D; Sr$ E 1 # ! 4 %tems Area 3Acres 4 *otal ? m,er of Farms *otal Fis2 Pro& ction 3m tons4 Fis2 S.ecies ,eing c lt re& Remarks 1#4,41# !#18 677"8 )ostly car.s

A: ac lt re system

Polyc lt re in e0tensi'e systems

((

?@FP Sr$ E 1 # ! 4 %tems Area 3Acres 4 *otal ? m,er of Farms *otal Fis2 Pro& ction 3m tons4 Fis2 S.ecies ,eing c lt re& Remarks #746 !4" 41#$4 )ostly car.s an& *ro t

A: ac lt re system

Polyc lt re car.s in e0tensi'e systems an& intensi'e c lt re of tro t

6A9=/;%S*A? Sr$ E 1 # ! 4 %tems Area 3Acres 4 *otal ? m,er of Farms *otal Fis2 Pro& ction 3m tons4 Fis2 S.ecies ,eing c lt re& Remarks +nkno<n +nkno<n 10,000 )ostly car.s an& *ro t

A: ac lt re system

Polyc lt re car.s in e0tensi'e systems an& intensi'e c lt re of tro t

(+

Y The terms intensi(e semi-intensi(e and e"tensi(e are commonly used to de#ine culture methods. &n !ractice the distinction between them is o#ten less than clear. They are howe(er generally linked to the le(el o# in!uts o# #eed andNor #ertiliser and to the stocking density o# the #ish that can be su!!orted. &n intensi(e culture systems there is a decreased de!endence on the a(ailability o# natural #ood and greater de!endency on the use o# commercial #eeds. ?ensities o# #ish ke!t within such holding areas are limited by s!ecies tolerance ability to grow at raised stocking densities and maintenance o# en(ironmental !arameters rather than the !roduction o# a natural #ood su!!ly. 2y contrast #ish !roduction in e"tensi(e systems is based on the use o# organic and inorganic #ertilisers. .ertilisation o# !onds !romotes the growth o# sim!le !lants which #orm the base o# the #ood chain in the !ond. .ish stocked in these !onds #eed on these sim!le !lants and smaller #ish. >t its most e##ecti(e this ty!e o# !roduction can be integrated with other ty!es o# cro! or li(estock !roduction using animal manure and agricultural by-!roducts as sources to stimulate !rimary !roduction ie the !lant growth. /emi-intensi(e aDuaculture aims to increase the !roduction o# #ish #rom !ond systems beyond the le(el su!!orted by #ood which is naturally a(ailable through the use o# su!!lementary #eeds. /u!!lementary #eeds range #rom cereals and agricultural and #ishery by-!roducts to #ormulated #eeds. Traditionally they are incom!lete and would be inadeDuate as a sole source o# #ood. Their #unction is to !ro(ide e"tra nutrients to com!lment those obtain #rom natural #oods.

Constraints in the sector:

Pro(incial .isheries ?e!artment (P.?) are de#icient o# trained man!ower to a great e"tent in (arious disci!lines o# aDuaculture. Technology ga! e"ist in the #ield o# aDuaculture in Pakistan within country and with other countries. The intensi(e system is hardly !racticed mainly because< , , Ko commercial #ish #eed a(ailable in Pakistan. Ko centralized system o# disease monitoring and sur(eillance (9

Cow Duality #ish seed and inbreeding in the e"isting broodstocks

The go(ernment has recently taken some initiati(e ste!s to de(elo! aDuaculture howe(er they hardly concentrate on the !roblems mentioned be#ore. Breation o# se!arate ministry o# Ci(estock and ?airy ?e(elo!ment (.isheries) se!arate #rom .ood and >griculture. Ine -ega Pro+ect entitled U>Duaculture and /hrim! .arming; is being im!lemented with the total cost o# Rs$ # ,illion Ine !ro+ect on saline water aDuaculture is under !rocess #or a!!ro(al.

Re+o))en,at*ons:
The success o# the #ishery industry has been ham!ered by the lack o# in(estment made my both the go(ernment and the !ri(ate sector. There are se(eral as!ects that can be worked u!on so as to im!ro(e the workings o# this industry. Ine o# the basic recommendations includes the im!lementation and en#orcement o# laws. The breeding season consists o# two months in which ideally all #ishing acti(ities should be sto!!ed. &n Pakistan though this law e"ists on !a!er it is not im!lemented. .ishing is technically allowed only a#ter 35K- in order to sa#eguard little #ishes and eggs that reside near the shore. >gain in Pakistan this law is not regulated. >nother area where law im!lementation is loose re(ol(es around the nets which are being used by #ishermen. >ccording to international standards the net should ha(e mesh sizes o# at least 30 inches to a(oid catching small #ishes. &n Pakistan the a(erage mesh size is only o# 3 inch. There#ore our #irst and #oremost ste! should be to en#orce these basic laws es!ecially so that our su!!ly does not decrease signi#icantly. The #ishery industry in Pakistan relies solely on #amily knowledge whereby the #ather !asses on his knowledge to his son who !asses it on to his son and so #orth. This howe(er restricts the technological ad(ancement within the industry. Though some as!ects o# our industry show acDuisition o# technology (#or e"am!le the UT,='>A>; !hone) it has not ke!t !ace with the international market. There#ore education #acilities should be !ro(ided #or #ishermen to increase (8

their knowledge and to hel! them become acDuainted with modern technology. This im!ro(ement would go in (ain i# !ro!er #acilities are not !ro(ided which brings us to another recommendation. Pro!er in#rastructure should be !ro(ided at e(ery stage i.e. !ro!er storage #acilities to !lace the catch be#ore it is brought to the dock !ro!er landing #acilities whereby the catch can be unloaded and so on. G= !laced a ban on Pakistan;s !roducts mainly because o# hygiene issues) there#ore !ro!er #acilities could hel! eradicate such issues. Pro!er #acilities include new auction halls uninterru!ted su!!ly o# electricity adeDuate su!!ly o# #resh water hygienic ice modernization o# e"isting !rocessing units and induction o# #reezing technology. There should be research and de(elo!ment !rograms which co(ers e(ery as!ect i.e. #rom !rimary !roduction till its #inal consum!tion. Though se(eral research institutions e"ist the #isheries sector is unable to gain #rom these institutions due to the lack o# linkage between the two. >Duaculture !roduction is growing at a #ast !ace due to increase in global demand #or #ish shrim!s molluscs and other aDuatic !roducts. This growth has been highly !re(alent in de(elo!ing countries. There is a great !otential #or #ish #arming both in inland and marine resource which will not only create em!loyment o!!ortunities but also signi#icantly contribute to our national economy. .or enhancing such de(elo!ment local and o(erseas in(estors should be encouraged to in(est in inland #arming through (arious incenti(es such as 'H? su!!ort credit #acilities etc. &t must be noted howe(er that aDuaculture results in en(ironmental and social !roblems which signi#ies the im!ortance o# conducting a #easibility study be#ore any action is taken. The #isheries sector in Pakistan needs subsidies on !riority basis like other countries. Ine o# the main !roblems which is im!eding the aggregate !er#ormance o# this sector are the increasing diesel !rices. .ollowing the ste!s o# the &ndian go(ernment the Pakistani go(ernment should !ro(ide subsidized to the #ishermen ensuring the (iability o# their #ishing tri!. $aining #rom the /ri Cankan go(ernment our go(ernment should also !ro(ide the #ishermen with credit #acilities enabling them to !urchase new eDui!ment or re!air their e"isting eDui!ment in a timely manner. Pakistan should also #ocus on (alue added !roducts. &t is estimated that Pakistan can earn an additional =/ M:0 to 300 million by e"!orting #resh and canned tuna #ish usually sold at throwaway !rices in dry #orm. >bout 2 hundred thousand tons o# tuna #ish is caught annually. This #ish is sometime e"!orted to /ri Canka at 50 cents !er kg in dry #orm while it can easily #etch =/M4 !er kg or more i# !ro!erly !acked or in #resh #orm. 2y working on its related industries #or e"am!le the canning industry Pakistan can #ocus on e"!orting canned #ish which has an increasing world demand. 'eady-made #ood meals should be #ocused on rather than dryNsalted #orms. Iur e"!ort e##orts are based on traditional methods which need to be re(iewed and aggressi(e marketing techniDues should be im!orted. -ost o# the #ishes used in #ish meal are regarded highly in the international market these include /ardines and ,errings. (-

>wareness should be created dis!laying the trade-o## between the !rices attained #rom the international market com!ared to that acDuired through selling #ish meals. Trout and /almon both !o!ular in the international market and a(ailable in Pakistan are not e"!loited as they should be. /uch s!ecies should be #ocused u!on to enhance #oreign e"change earnings o# the country. &n addition attracti(e !acking #acilities should be used to attract #oreign buyers and !romotional (ideos should be made to attract !otential in(estors.

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