ATWOOD MACHINE DCP/CE TOPIC! Newtons 2nd Law of Motion- Atwood Machine!

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AIM! To calculate the acceleration due to gravity from the Newtons 2nd Law of motion (F=ma) using Atwoods machine.! BACKGROUND INFORMATION! Atwood machine is a device where two different masses are hung by a string that passes through a pulley.!

1st Formula: " a =

m1 m 2 g m1 + m 2 ,!

g- acceleration due to gravity; Where g = 9.81m/s2.! a- acceleration! m and M- two masses, usually m represents the smaller mass where as M represents the bigger mass.!

Apparatus:! Atwoods machine pulley! Calibrated slotted masses! Slotted mass holders! Laboratory Balance! Stopwatch Capable of measuring to 0.01s! Strong & thin Nylon string! Meter rule!

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ATWOOD MACHINE DCP/CE Raw Data: Table 1!

MASS 0.01g MASS 1 MASS 2 LENGTH OF THE STRING (m) 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 TIME TRIALS 0.01s TRIAL 1 TRAIL 2 TRAIL 3 TRAIL 4 TRAIL 5

51.09 51.09 51.09 51.09

56.13 60.53 65.57 71.12 76.16

1.54 0.94 0.82 0.72 0.62

1.55 0.92 0.83 0.74 0.64

1.53 0.90 0.89 0.77 0.63

1.52 1.01 0.85 0.72 0.68

1.51 0.89 0.79 0.79 0.71

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51.09

Table 2: Calculating Average Time and its Uncertainty!

MASS 0.01g MASS 1 MASS 2 LENGT H OF THE STRING (m) 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 TIME TRIALS 0.01s TRIAL 1 TRAIL 2 TRAIL 3 TRAIL 4 TRAIL 5 AVERA UNCER GE TAINTY TIME (s) FOR AVERA GE TIME (s) 1.53 0.93 0.84 0.75 0.66 0.02 0.06 0.45 0.04 0.05

51.09 51.09 51.09 51.09

56.13 60.53 65.57 71.12 76.16

1.54 0.94 0.82 0.72 0.62

1.55 0.92 0.83 0.74 0.64

1.53 0.90 0.89 0.77 0.63

1.52 1.01 0.85 0.72 0.68

1.51 0.89 0.79 0.79 0.71

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51.09

Average time calculation for M2= 56.13g! Average time = (Total time taken / number)! = (1.54+1.55+1.53+1.52+1.51)/5 ! ! = 1.53s! Uncertainty for average time calculation for M2=56.13! Uncertainty= (Maximum value of time Minimum value of time)/2! = (1.55-1.51)/2 = 0.04s! Table 3: Sum and Difference of the two masses!
SL.NO 1 2 3 4 5 MASS 1(g) 51.09 51.09 51.09 51.09 51.09 MASS 2 (g) 56.13 60.53 65.57 71.12 76.16 M1+M2 (g) 107.22 111.62 116.66 122.21 127.25 M2-M1 (g) 5.04 9.44 14.48 20.03 25.07 (M2-M1)/ (M1+M2) 0.05 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20

ATWOOD MACHINE DCP/CE

Table 4: Calculating Acceleration!

SL.NO LENGTH OF THE STRING (m) 1 2 3 4 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 TIME (s) TIME"(s) 1.0 ACCELERATI ON (m/s") UNCERTAINTY OF ACCELERATI ON 0.02 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.11

1.53 0.93 0.84 0.75 0.66

2.34 0.87 0.71 0.56 0.43

0.34 0.92 1.13 1.43 1.86

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Uncertainty of T#! =(2.34+0.87+0.71+0.56+0.43)/5! = 1.0! Acceleration = (2s)/T# ! ! ! = (0.40*2)/2.34! ! ! = 2.34! %Uncertainty of acceleration: (Sum of % Uncertainties of s and T!"# $%&'()*+%),-#%Uncertainty of acceleration*Acceleration! For Sl.1: (0.01/0.40)*100 + (0.1/2.34"./00#-2.5%+4.27% =6.8%! Uncertainty =6.8%*0.34 =0.02 m/s!! Table 9: Final Table!
SL.NO 1 2 3 4 ACCELERATION (m/s") 0.07 0.34 0.92 1.13 1.43 1.86 (M2-M1)/(M1+M2) 0.05 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20

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Calculation of value of g! Slope of best t line = 9.26! Slope of max line = 11.07! Slope of min line = 9.20 g = a (M1+M2)!
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(M2-M1)!

In the form y=mx+c,! " a=

m1 m 2 g! m1 + m 2

Where,! g= slope! X-axis = (M1+M2)/(M2-M1)! Y- Axis = a! Therefore value of g= slope of best t line! g= 9.26 m/s!# Uncertainty of g= (Slope of max line Slope of min line)/2! -#111.07-9.20)/2 =0.9#234!5# Final Value of g = 9.260.9 m/s"!

CONCLUSION AND EVALUATION! This experiment was performed to nd the value of g (the acceleration due to gravity). The value of g is found to be 9.260.9 m/s# according to this experiment. The length of the string is kept constant at the length of 0.40m. A constant Mass 1 of 51.09g on one side and the other side with 5 different masses. 5 trails each for the 5 masses, so the experiment would be more precise.!

ATWOOD MACHINE DCP/CE The following formula was used to nd out the value of g:! " a=

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$

m1 m 2 g m1 + m 2 !

The accepted value of g is 9.81m/s# whereas in the experiment it is 9.26 which is close to the accepted value. The percentage error in the experiment is 5.61%. $ The experiment was performed according to the procedure. However the error shoes that the experiment was not performed accurately. The difference in mass on both the sides resulted in friction more on one side. A stopwatch was used to time the experiment. This led to inaccuracy as the human reaction time varied for every trial. The room where the experiment was conducted was quite windy and thus the thread was moving and it contributed to the errors. The weighing machine used to weigh the masses was a very sensitive machine. The weight of the masses was very uncertain and led to inaccurate mass calculation. There was human error when using the stop watch.!

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Thus the experiment was performed as per the procedure but due to existence of a large number of errors, the uncertainty of the experiment was very large. However as we used the average value of g, the value was close to the accepted value.! Improvements in the experiment could have been made by using a photogate timer instead of stop watch to avoid human error. However, the experimental value is close to the accepted value. !