The Socialist Republic of Romania National Council for Science and Technology Romanian Standards Institute Land survey

SETTING OUT OF RAILWAYS

State Standard Official edition Land surveys SETTING OUT OF RAILWAYS

STAS 9842/2-75 Replaces: ___ Alphanumeric classification G 08

Mesurages terrestres TRAAGE DES CHEMINS DE FER

1. GENERAL 1.1 The current standard consists of specific prescriptions for setting out of designed railways. 1.2 Setting out of railways consists of determining, representing and marking the characteristic points of the routes axle that defines its geometric elements. 1.3 The general prescriptions for setting out of railways are consistent with STAS 9824/0-74. 2. DESIGNING THE SETTING OUT 2.1 The design of the setting out network is accomplished before mapping the execution project of the railways. The amplitude of the setting out network is established depending on the necessities to link the route points to the existing geodesic or topographic networks in the area, as well as on the precision the nature of special works imposes as: underground excavations, lakes or water flow crossing, etc. 2.2 The coordinates of the main basic points of the designed route (angle points and certain intermediate points) are established by the railway designer, as against the geodesic or support topographic network or as against the permanent details existing in the field. 3. APPLICATION IN THE FIELD OF THE SETTING OUT NETWORK 3.1 The setting out network consists of the local topographic network points and the characteristic points of the designed route. 3.2 The local topographic network is linked to the geodesic or support topographic network, depending on the general designing necessities. 3.3 The routes characteristic points are: - the routes initial and ending points; - alignments points of intersection; - support angle points (in the case where the point of intersection of two alignments is inaccessible); - curves main points (see table 1); - centers of circles joining the routes alignments (if these points are necessary and can be represented in the field); - directional markings on the routes alignments, including those between the entrance and exit from the curve and the angle point, fixed at intervals of at least 250 m in non-bumpy areas or 100 m in bumpy areas. These distances are measured with high precision according to point 5 in table 4.
Approved by: THE ROMANIAN STANDARDS INSTITUTE No.6 Edgar Quinet street, Bucharest Telex 11.312 CNST R

Initially elaborated by: Revised by:

Date of going effect:1975-02-01

into

4. SETTING OUT THE ROUTES GUIDING AXLE IN THE FIELD 4.1 Representing the routes points 4.1.1 Representation in the field must be performed for the routes characteristic points mentioned in 3.3 for the following intermediate points: - points for changing declivity, along the route or laterally, in the territory; - points for delimitation of the lands category of use (ploughland, pasture-land, woods, orchards etc.) - the points of intersection with other communication roads axis (irrespective of the type of intersection: grade crossing or points of failure); - points of intersection with valleys, water flows, ravines, etc; - points of intersection with the axles of channels, cables, pipes of any kind (underground or aerial); - points of routes adjoining buildings; - points of intersection with existing bridges; - entrance and exit points from bridges and from each infrastructure; On the routes axle, besides the above mentioned points, other points must be represented at 50 m intervals, starting from the routes initial point. In curves, the intervals middle points are marked (from 25 to 25 meters) 4.1.2. The routes points (mentioned above in 4.1.1) are marked depending on the lands characteristics as follows: - wooden grade stakes ( approximately 30 cm long and 45 cm wide); -metal grade stakes (of reinforcing steel 525 cm long and 612 mm in diameter) or worn lag screws; - oil paint. The wooden and metal grade stakes are planted up to the land frontage in the case of new routes, or up to the superior level of the railway sleeper in case of resetting out the existent railways. The routes theoretic point is marked by: - driving in a nail in a wooden pole, - performing a hole or a cross notch, on the superior face of the metal pole; - a point of paint encircled, in the case of marking the point in paint. 4.1.3 The marking points in the field must be expressed in kilometric positions (including meters fractions), which shall be registered in the staking notebook, in tables, with symbols (see table 1) and short descriptions, according to the model in the annex. 4.2 Noting points marked on the route 4.2.1 The routes characteristic points, marked in the field, must be written in symbols as in table 1.
Running No. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Curves Routes characteristic points name 1 Routes initial point Routes end point Point of intersection between two alignments Support angle points Entrance point into the circular arc, without progressive joining (entering tangent) Exit of the circular arc, without progressive joining (exit tangent) Common tangent point of adjoining circular arcs Symbol* 2 Km 0 Km Vn Vnm Tin TEn TCn

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

main points

Entrance from the alignment in the progressive joining curve Entrance from the progressive joining into the alignment Entrance from the progressive joining in the circular arc curve Entrance from the circular arc curve into the progressive joining Middle of the circular arc curve without progressive joining (intersection with the bisecting line) Middle of the circular arc curve with progressive joining Circles centers that join alignments Directional points fixed at 250 m intervals (non-bumpy land) or 100 m (bumpy land)

ARn Ran RCn CRn Bn MCn On Dn

* n is the serial number considered from the beginning of the route, corresponding to the angle point for the characteristic points provided in No. 314 or the serial number of points (Dn) on the alignments (running no. 15). M is the serial number of the support angle point, characteristic for every inaccessible angle point (it can go as far as 2) 4.2.2 The routes intermediate points (excluding the characteristic ones in table 1) are written in symbols in table 2.
Running number 1 2 3 Routes intermediate points Name Points representing kilometers on the route Points representing hectometers within a kilometer Points representing meters within a kilometer Symbol Km 1 19 0199

4.2.3 Writing down the routes characteristic and intermediate points is performed by oil based paint, as mentioned below. 4.2.3.1 In the case of wooden grade stakes, the symbol is written straight on them, on the first 5 cm, on the superior edge, on the part facing the starting point of the route. In front of the grade stakes, while fixing them, a hole shall be carved so that the symbol may be visible. 4.2.3.2 In the case of metal grade stakes, the symbols are marked on the witness wooden grade stakes or on other stable elements existing in the neighborhood (trees, pillars, etc) 4.2.3.3 In case of resetting out certain existing railway axis, the symbol is marked through the heart of the rail on the right side of the forward running. 4.3 Signaling the routes points 4.3.1 Signaling the points of intersection between two alignments (angle points) is performed by three hills that enclose the point without intersecting the alignments direction or the respective bisecting line. 4.3.2 Signaling the characteristic points (provisioned for in table 1), excluding the angle points, is performed by two hills placed to the grade stakes right and left. 4.3.3 The signaling of the routes intermediate points is performed by a hill placed to the grade stakes right (on the forward running) with soil from the left side. 4.3.4 The hills in points 4.3.14.3.3 have a minimum height of 0,4 m. The holes edge as well as the hills edge (at the basis) must be of at least 0,3 m from the point they are signaling. 4.3.5 In the case of slopes, of ploughland or of set-up platforms, signaling with hills provisioned for in 4.3.14.3.4 is replaced by signaling with witness piles, of 0,4 m long after fixing and approximately 5 cm wide. On the frontage (facing the routes starting point) the symbol or kilometer position is marked in oil paint. The witness piles are placed on the right, at a convenient distance, but not less than 0,3 m from the signaling point. 4.4 Routes planimetric and level marking

4.4.1 The railways route representation is laterally marked, in current line (between stations), or by means of a marking basis placed in stations. 4.4.2 The lateral marking is performed for the following routes points: - the routes starting and ending points; - alignments points of intersection (angle points)*); -support angle points; - entrance and exit points from the circular arc (TI and TE); - the entrance points from the alignment to the progressive joining curve and the other way round (AR and RA); - directional points (Dn) placed within visibility limits; - geometric points of current line measuring instrument. *) Angle points can be marked directly on their own place. 4.4.3 Marking by a marking basis is performed by means of points in 4.4.2 on the railway stations perimeter. 4.4.4 Lateral marking is performed by marking posts, usually made of concrete, placed as in Figure 1 (dimensions in meters). Figure 1 1. marking post for the angle point, called top marking post 2. marking post for the angle point called reference frame 3 metal piece for marking the topographic point. 4.4.4.1 The reference frames are placed either on the bisecting line direction, in the case of angle points, or on directions perpendicular to the route, in all the other cases. It is allowed to place markers on other directions than the mentioned ones, if the land does not permit placing them on the mentioned directions. 4.4.42 The reference frames can be: - singular (as figure 1); from these reference frames one can sight the marked point and if possible at least one point in the support network; - in pairs (I and II), placed on the set direction; from these reference frames one can sight the marked point and as far as possible from one of the reference frames a point in the support network must be sighted. Reading angles at singular and pair reference frames is performed in complete series. 4.4.4.3 The reference frames are marked as follows: - on the part facing the marked point, with the following symbols: - symbol of the marked point (for example: V5); - letter R; - the running number of the reference frame, for marking the route respective point; Example of marking the second reference frame (the pair of reference frames), that marks the angle point V5 (fig. 2) - on the opposing part of the marked point, the horizontal projection distance is written (in meters), from the marked point to the reference frame axis. Example of labelling for the reference frame situated at 22,40 m distance from the marked point (figure 3): 4.4.5 Marking by means of the marking basis is performed by placing of posts on the basis direction (usually of concrete), at intervals of maximum 300m and wooden grade stakes in points representing the arms of the perpendicular descending from the marked points to the basis alignment.

4.4.6 In order to ensure precision of level marking, additional markers are used, levelling marks STAS 4294-73, maximum two for one kilometer route, placed on constructions or art works belonging to the railroads administration or on other stable constructions. The geometric levelling marks are numbered by stamping their serial number. 4.4.7 Routes marking is usually performed within the expropriation limits, outside works territory. 4.5 Devices For measuring distances, angles and level differences, devices provisioned for in table 3 are used.

Running number 0 1 2 3 4 5

Measurement type 1 Measurement of distances between the routes directional adjoining points

Apparatus 2 - horizontal measuring staff - electronic devices - tape of 50 and 20 m long -roll tape measure or electroinsulated tapes (of fiber glass) - surveyors transit -tacheometer - geometric levelling devices -measuring staff

In bumpy areas In easy bumpy areas Measurement of distances for marking routes intermediate points* Angle measurement

Determining level differences at points on the routes axis on the reference frames and on the additional levelling markers

*) Measurement of distances for marking routes intermediate points is performed only inside the intervals determined by the directional points. 4.6 Tolerance 4.6.1 Tolerance and measuring errors Tolerance and allowed errors for measuring distances, angles and roads end are according to table 4.
Running number 0 1 Type of measure 1 Direct measuring of distances in a sloppy field(p): p 3g Tolerance and measurement errors 2 Td = 0,003 D (1) Where Td tolerance in meters for direct measuring of distance D distance in meters 1,35 Td 1,7 Td 2 Td Linear deviations that results according to the maximum distance error, between extreme angular values of 8cc

2 3 4 5

Indirect measures for horizontal measuring staff distances and parallactic angles, with 2cc theodolite ( measuring angles in three series) by means of: Measuring of horizontal angles, round the horizon, complete series

3g<p 10g 10g<p 15g 15g < p Horizontal end measuring staff for distances under 100m Horizontal measuring staff at the middle of the distance, for distances over 100 up to 200 meters Auxiliary basis at the end for distances over 200 up to 400 meters With theodolite

T = 6cc n (2) Where T tolerance, at measuring angles in seconds

With tacheometer

Closing on orientation of the course destined for tape situation plans, executed along routes

Closing of the course on final coordinates, on sloppy lands (p)

p 3g

10 11 12 13 Closing of the course on geometric levelling

3g<p 10g 10g<p 15g 15g < p III order levelling (is applied on main lines)

6 cc - punching error N number of directions measured round the horizon T =50cc n (3) Where T and n the above significance 50 cc punching error f = c n (4) where f = angular error of the course c precision of the reading device n number of course stations Txy = 0,003 D + D/2600 (5) Where Txy closing tolerance against final coordinates in meters D distances in meters Relation 5 expresses the value of the total error (fL) of the course determined by the relation: FL= fx2 + fy2 (6) where fx and fy are linear deviations on the two axes 1,25 Txy 1,5 Txy 2 Txy TIII = 10 L (7) Where TIII - closing tolerance of the course of geometric levelling, in mm L the levelling routes length, in km. TIV = 20 L (8) With the above TV = 30 L (9) mentioned specifications Tt = 0,2 L (10) Where Tt = tolerance of trigonometric levelling closing courses, in meters L levelling course measurement, in km.

14 15

16

IV order levelling (is applied on branch lines) V order levelling (is allowed on railways joints routes and on factory railways) Closing of trigonometric levelling course (allowed only on preliminary studies with informational character Closing of the course with geometric levelling

4.6.2 Setting out tolerance Allowed tolerances for railways setting out are as follows: 4.6.2.1 Upon reconstruction of main points of the route axle in the support network, by direct and indirect intersections, at the error circles ray of: 0,20 m 4.6.2.2 When the railways axle passes near by compulsory points: - for registering the route on metal decks or against handrails, platforms and quays: 0,04 m; - for registering the route on art works axle (tunnels, viaducts and concrete bridges): 0,10 m; - for registering the course against works in its vicinity and situated outside overall dimensions distances (fences, pillars, buildings, etc.): 0,30 m

5. RECEPTION AND HANDING OVER THE SETTING OUT WORKS 5.1 In the case of new routes, with more than 3 km in length, at the same time with works reception the route is also handed over by the designer to the beneficiary and to the constructor. If at that date the making unit is unknown the handing over is only to the beneficiary. 5.2 In the case of new routes with less than 3 km in length, if there are not enough support points, the handing over takes place as in 5.1. If there are enough support points, the axles setting out can be done by the construction unit, on the basis of the routes geometric elements, provisioned for in the execution project. In this last case, the handing over of the site consists of handing over the points in the support network by the designer to the beneficiary and to the constructor. 5.3 The reception and handing over results of the setting out works are written down in the report concluded between the parties. 5.4 The beneficiary and the constructor, after taking over the route and the markers, are responsible for maintaining the marked points in the field and for remaking them in case of deterioration. ANNEX STAKING ON A B LINE Examples
Point position in Kilometers 66 +950,13 +975 +981 +985,60 +986,55 +986,55 +990 66 + 991,50 67 + 018 +020,26 +034,80 +038 +060 +100 +131,54 +150 +163,50 +165 +165,50 +167 +180 +198 +199,50 +220 +242,82 +258,50 +275 +300 +312,95 67+349,08 +350 +375 +400 Points on the route (symbol or description AR 5 Riprap up Riprap down Support wall up Support wall down Water limit Water limit RC 5 Riprap up Riprap down Foot of slope MC 5 Bank up Ravine axle Bridge axle Bank up Ditch up Ditch down CR 5 V5 Design of the route portion: alignments and points (in the plan)

RA 5 D 62

Elaborated by: Ministry of Transportation and Telecommunications Institute for setting out railways Responsible for the project: engineer Anatol Geiching Final edition: Romanian Standard Institute Service constructions and building materials Engineer Camelia Savescu

Collaborators: - Land department in the Agriculture, Food Industry and Waters Ministry - Bucharest Building Institute - Research, designing and documentation institute for building materials industry - Technological designing institute for factories and metallurgic installations - Research and designing institute for wood industry - Timisoara Railways Regional