INTEGRAL CALCULUS FINALS REVIEWER (2 Sem 11-12) INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES I. Integration by Parts udv = uv vdu 1.

lnxdx
*First, determine u and dv. Yung dv, dapat laging kasama yung dx sa formula. For u, an easier way to find that is by using the code LIPET: Logarithm, Inverse, Polynomial, Exponential, Trigonometric. Kumbaga parang yan yung hierarchy ng pagpipilian mo kung ano yung gagawin mong u. Logarithm being the highest and Trigonometric the lowest u = lnx dv = dx dx du = x v=x *substitute these values sa formula na udv = uv vdu

nd

4. sec xdx
3

= sec xsecxdx
2

u = secx du = secxtanxdx

dv = sec2xdx v = tanx
2

= secxtanx secxtan xdx = secxtanx secx(sec x 1)dx

2

= secxtanx (sec x secx)dx

3

= secxtanx sec xdx + secx

3

*transpose sec3xdx kasi same siya nung sa other side

2 sec xdx = secxtanx + secx 1 sec3xdx = 2 (secxtanx + ln(secx + tanx)) + c

3

lnxdx = xlnx x
= xlnx x + c 2. x lnxdx
2

dx x

5. e cos2xdx
x

u = ex du = e dx dv = x dx x3 v= 3
2 x

dv = cos2xdx 1 v = 2 sin2x

u = lnx dx du = x

1 x 1 x = 2 e sin2x 2 e sin2xdx
u = ex du = e dx
x

1 1 dx x2lnx dx = 3 x3lnx 3 x3 x 1 3 1 2 = 3 x lnx 3 x dx

u = x2 du = 2xdx dv = dx v=x

dv = sin2xdx 1 v = 2 cos2x

1 x 1 1 x 1 x = 2 e sin2x 2 2 e cos2x 2 e cos2xdx 1 x 1 x 1 x = 2 e sin2x + 4 e cos2x 4 e cos2xdx

*transpose exsin2xdx kasi same siya nung sa other side

1 3 1 3 2 = 3 x lnx 3 [x 2 x dx] 1 3 1 3 2 x = 3 x lnx 3 x + 3 3 3 1 3 1 3 2x = 3 x lnx 3 x + 9 + c 1 3 2 = 3 x lnx 1 + 3 + c 1 3 1 = 3 x lnx 3 + c 3. x e dx

3 x 3

excos2xdx + 4 excos2xdx = 2 exsin2x + 4 excos2x

5 x 1 x 1 4 e cos2xdx = 2 e sin2x + 2 cos2x 2 1 excos2xdx = 5 ex sin2x + 2 cos2x + c 6. (x + sinx) dx
2

u = x3 du = 3x2dx

dv = exdx v = ex

x3exdx = x3ex 3 x2exdx

u = x2 du = 2xdx dv = exdx v = ex
x

= x e 3 * x e 2 xe dx ]
3 x 2 x

u=x du = dx
3 x 2 x x x

dv = exdx v = ex

= (x + 2xsinx + sin x)dx 3 x 2 = 3 + 2xsinxdx + sin xdx 3 x 1 = 3 + 2xsinxdx + 2 (1 cos2x)dx 3 x 1 1 = 3 + 2 x 2 sin2x + 2xsinxdx 3 x 1 1 = 3 + 2 x 4 sin2x+ 2xsinxdx
2 2

= x e 3x e + 6[ xe e dx ] 3 x 2 x x x = x e 3x e + 6xe 6e + c

x 1 1 = 3 + 2 x 4 sin2x+ 2 *xcosx +cosxdx] 3 x 1 1 = 3 + 2 x 4 sin2x+ 2 *xcosx + sinx + 3 x 1 1 = 3 + 2 x 4 sin2x 2xcosx + 2sinx + c

u=x du = dx

dv = sinxdx v = cosx

7.

t dt 2 1 + 3t =

t1+t dt 3t

u = t2 du = 2tdt

dv = (1 + 3t2)-1/2tdt 1 1 v = 6 2(1 + 3t2)1/2= 3 (1 + 3t2)1/2 use u du

n

3 3 2 2 4/3 2 3 = 8 (1 x ) x + 7 7 x 3 4 3 2 4/3 2 = 8 (1 x ) 7 x + 7 3 2 4/3 2 = 56 (1 x ) (4x + 3) + c

-11 11. Sec x dx

1 2 2 2 2 = 3 t 1 + 3t 3 1 + 3t tdt
u = 1 + 3t2 du = 6tdt

1 u = Sec-1x du = dx x2 1 x dx x2 1 x 1 x2 x2 dx x2 1 x2 1

dv = dx

1 2 2 1 2 2 2 3/2 = 3 t 1 + 3t 3 6 3 (1 + 3t ) 1 2 2 2 2 3/2 = 3 t 1 + 3t 27 (1 + 3t ) + c 8. xCsc xdx

-1

v=x

= u = Csc-1x dx du = x x2 1 dv = xdx x2 v= 2

1 2 -1 1 2 dx = 2 x Csc x + 2 x 2 x x 1 1 2 -1 1 = 2 x Csc x + 2

xdx 2 x 1

=1 1 2 xx 1x dx = 1 x2
-11 = xSec x +

1 2 -1 1 2 -1/2 = 2 x Csc x + 2 (x 1) xdx use undu 1 2 -1 1 2 1/2 = 2 x Csc x + 2 (x 1) + c 9. sin x dx

y= x y2 = x 2ydy = dx

xdx 2 1x 1 2 -11 2 1/2 = xSec x + 2 1 (1 x ) + c -11 2 = xSec x + 1 x + c 12.

use undu

ln3xdx
u = ln3x 3ln2xdx du = x dv = dx v=x

= siny 2ydy = 2ysinydy

u=y du = dy dv = sinydy v = cosy

= xln x 3
3

= 2 * ycosy + cosydy ] = 2ycosy + 2siny + c

*substitute
3

x ln xxdx
2

= xln x 3 ln xdx
u = ln2x 2lnxdx du = x dv = dx v=x

x back sa mga y
2 1/3 2 2 1/3

= 2 x cos x + 2sin x + c 10. x (1 x ) dx x x(1 x ) dx

u=x
2

du = 2xdx

dv = (1 x ) xdx 1 3 v = 2 4 (1 x2)4/3 use undu

2 1/3

= xln x 3 [xln x 2 x
3 3 2 2

lnxdx x

= xln x 3xln x + 6 lnxdx

u = lnx dx du = x dv = dx v=x

3 2 2 4/3 3 2 4/3 = 8 x (1 x ) + 8 (1 x ) xdx 3 2 2 4/3 3 1 3 2 7/3 = 8 x (1 x ) + 4 2 7 (1 x ) 3 2 9 2 4/3 2 7/3 = 8 x (1 x ) + 56 (1 x ) 3 2 4/3 2 3 2 = 8 (1 x ) x + 7 (1 x )

dx 3 2 = xln x 3xln x + 6 *xlnx x x ] = xln x 3xln x + 6 *xlnx dx] 3 2 = xln x 3xln x + 6xlnx 6x + c
3 2

13.

sin xdx sin xsinxdx

u = sin4x du = 4sin3xcosxdx dv = sinxdx v = cosxdx

c. sinxcosx recall the identity sin2x = 2sinxcosx. Just transpose 2 to the other 1 side. So youll get 2 sin2x = sinxcosx

= sin xcosx + 4 sin xcos xdx

4 4 4 4 3 3 2

= sin xcosx + 4 sin x(1 sin x)dx

2

sin 2x dx 5 sin 2x 2 6 8 sin 2xcos 2x

7 3

= sin xcosx + 4 (sin x sin x) dx

3 5

use undu

= sin xcosx + 4sin xdx 4sin xdx

3 5

=8

2x dx sin sin 2x cos 2x

6 4 6

*transpose sin xdx kasi same siya nung sa other side

5

4sin xdx +sin xdx = sin xcosx + 4sin xdx

5 5 5 4 3

= 8 sin 2xcos 2xdx

dy *represent 2x as y. so y = 2x. And dy = 2dx. So dx = 2

5sin xdx = sin xcosx + 4sin xdx

4 3

u = sin2x du = 2sinxcosxdx

dv = sinxdx v = cosxdx

1 4 6 = 8 2 sin ycos ydy *change the limits. To do that, substitute x sa y = 2x.

x y 0 0 4 2

sin5xdx = 5 (sin4xcosx + 4sin3xdx)

4 6 2 cos x cos x = sin xcosx + 4 4 + 6 ] 0 4

=4

sin ycos ydy

ADDITIONAL FORMULA: WALLIS FORMULA

*only works when the upper and lower limits are 2 and 0.
2

sin xcos xdx =

[(m-1)(m-3)2 or 1+*(n-1)(n-3)2 or 1+ (m+n)(m+n-2)(m+n-4)2 or 1

where: = 2 , if both m and n are EVEN = 1, if other wise *yung 2 or 1, ibig sabihin yung subtraction blah, yung value nun diba paliit nang paliit. Basta until maging 2 OR 1 ka magsstop.
4

*use Wallis formula [(4-1)(4-3)][(6-1)(6-3)(6-5)] = 4 (6+4)(6+4-2)(10-4)(10-6)(10-8) 2 (31)(531) = 4 108642 2 3 = 27 II. Substitution Methods A. Substitution of Functions 1. x 1 + x dx
u=1+x x=u1 dx = du *substitute all xs with us

1.

(1 cos 2x) dx 4 2 tan 2xcsc 4xsinxcosx

7/2

sin 2x
4

(sin 2x) dx 1 1 4 2 2 cos 2x 4sin 2xcos 2x 2 sin2x

7/2

= (u 1)u du
1/2

*okay so isa-isahin natin yung mga chuchu sa denominator: a. tan42x sinx sin42x recall sa identities na tanx = cosx . Kaya naging tan42x= cos42x yay 1 b. csc24x sin24x 1 recall the trigonometric transformation formula sinxcosx = 2 sin2x. So ang main agenda mo is to get sin24x 1 sinxcosx = 2 sin2x
*i-double mo yung angle ng right side. so pag dinouble mo yung angle sa right side, double the angle sa left as well

= (u u )du 2 5/2 2 3/2 =5u 3u +c 5/2 3/2 6u 10u = +c 15 2 3/2 = 15 u (3u 5) + c 2 3/2 = 15 (1 + x) [3(1 + x) 5] + c 2 3/2 = 15 (1 + x) (3x 2) + c
3/2 1/2

1 sin2xcos2x = 2 sin4x
*square both sides

1 sin22xcos22x = 4 sin24x 4sin22xcos22x = sin24x

1 *transpose 4

tadaaaaa yay you

x dx x xdx 2. (x2 + a2)3 (x2 + a2)3

u = x2 + a2 x2 = u a2 2xdx = du *substitute all xs with us

B. Algebraic Substitution 1. x 1 + x dx
u= 1+x u2 = 1 + x x = u2 1 dx = 2udu

1 =2

(u - ua )du
3 -1 2 -2

= 2(u 1) u udu
2

1 -2 2 -3 = 2 (u a u )du 1 u au = 2 -1 -2 + c 2 1 1 a = 2 u + 2u2 + c 2 1 -2u + a = 2 2u2 +c

*substitute the value of u back to x2 + a2

= 2u (u 1)du
2 2

1 -2(x + a ) + a = 2 2(x2 + a2)2 + c 1 2 2 2 = 4(x2 + a2)2 [a 2(x + a )] + c 1 2 2 = 4(x2 + a2)2 (2x + a ) + c y +3 x xdx 3. (3 - 2y)2/3 dy (x2 + a2)3
u = 3 2y 2y = 3 u 2dy = du

= 2 (u u )du 5 3 u u = 2 5 3 + c 5 3 3u 5u +c = 2 15 2 3 2 = 15 u (3u 5) + c 2 3/2 = 15 (1 + x) [3(1 + x) 5] + c 2 2/3 = 15 (1 + x) (3x 2) + c

4 2

2.

3 3 2 2

dy 1/3 y - y dy
u = y1/3 u3 = y 3u2du = dy

1 =2 1 -2/3 = 4 (9 u)u du 1 -2/3 1/3 = 4 (9u u )du 1/3 4/3 1 3 9u 3u =4 1 4 +c 3 1/3 = 16 u (36 u) + c 3 1/3 = 16 (3 2y) (2y + 33) + c

3-u+6 2 2/3 du u

u du = 3u(u - 1) udu = 3 u - 1
u du = 3 u3 - u
2 2 2

= 3ln(u 1) 3 2/3 = 2 ln(y 1)

3 3 2 2

3 3 = 2 (ln2 ln1) = 2 ln2 7 dx 3. 0 1+3 x+1

u=3 x+1 u3 = x + 1 3u2du = dx

u du =3 1+u 1 = 3u - 1 + u + 1 du

*divide u2 by 1 + u

**change the limits. To do that, substitute x sa u = 3 x + 1 x 0 7 1 2 y

u = 3 2 + u + ln(u + 1) 1 3 = 32 + ln2

1 2

4.

ln2 0

e dx e e dx x x 1+e 1+e
u = 1 + ex u2 = 1 + ex ex = u2 1 2udu = exdx

2x

ydy 2 -1/2 ydy 2 (1 y ) 1-y

=2

1)udu (u - u
2

1 **change the limits. To do that, substitute x sa x = y x 5/3 5/4 3/5 4/5 u

= 2(u 1)du *change the limits. To do that, substitute x sa u = 1 + ex

x u
3

1 2 1/2 = 2 1 (1 y) = 9 1 - 25

3/5 4/5

0 2

ln2 3
3 2

16 1 1 - 25 = 5

u = 2 3 - u

3.

1 2 2 = 33 (3 3 - 2 2 ) - ( 3 - 2 ) = 3

dx x 2x -x dy = 25y - 1
2 2

C. Reciprocal Substitution *use this when you see equations like this: dx 1 dy and substitute x = y & dx = y2 x ax + bx + c
2

u = 5y du = 5dy 1 5

a=1

du u2 - a2

1 5+ = 5 ln

25 - x x

+c

1.

x
=

1
y

dx 2 2x - x dy 2 y 2 1 2 y -y dy 2 y

1 dy *substitute x = y & dx = y2

D. Trigonometric Substitution
If you see this combination:

Substitute these: u =asin u = atan u = asec

a u a +u u a
2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2y - 1 2 y y dy 2 y = 1 2 y 2y -1

2ax - x

x = 2asin x = 2atan x = 2asec

2 2

2ax + x
2

x - 2ax

dy 2y - 1
-1/2

1.

u du -a
2

= (2y 1) dy 1 2 1/2 = 2 1 (2y 1) + c =

5/3 5/4

u = asec du = atansecd

2 x -1+c dx 2 x x -1 dy 2 y
2 2

2.

1
y

a tansecd = a sec - 1 1 tansecd = a tan 1 secd = a tan

tansecd = a a2sec2 - a2
2 2 2

1 2 y -1

1 = a cscd 1 = a ln |csc cot| + c

*going back to u = aseci-draw mo sa right triangle hyp *so diba csc, which is opp so magiging = a u2 - a2 u u2 - a2 . and cot

E. Half-Angle Substitution *use this when you see trigo functions 1 z = tan2 (nx) 2z tan(nx) = 1 - z2 1-z cos(nx) = 1 + z2 1. dx 1 + sinx + cosx =
2dz 1 + z2 2z 1 - z2 1 +1 + z2 + 1 + z2 2dz 1 + z2 1 + z2 + 2z + 1 - z2 1 + z2 n=1
2

1 2dz dx = n 1 + z2 2z sin(nx) = 1 + z2

1 = a ln

1 = a ln

u a 2 2 2 2 u -a u -a u-a 2 2 +c u -a

+c

*i-square yung fraction para mawala yung square root at may ma-cancel hihi

1 (u - a)(u - a) = a ln (u - a)(u + a) + c 1 u-a = a ln u + a + c 2.

2 0

2 2

4 - x dx (2) - (x) dx
2 2

= x

u = asin x = 2sin dx = 2cosd

dz 22dz + 2z = 1 + z

= (2sin)
2

4 - (2sin) 2cosd
2

= 24 sin 4 - 4sin cosd

2

= 8 sin 2
2 2 2

1 - sin cosd
2

2.

= ln (1 + z) + c 1 = ln (1 + tan2 x) + c /2 dx 3 + cos2x 0 =

n=2

= 16 sin cos cosd = 16 sin cos d *change the limits. To do that, substitute x sa x = 2sin
x u 0 0
2 2

1 2dz 2 1 + z2 1 - z2 3 + 1 + z2
2 2

2 2

= 16

/2 0

sin cos d

3 + 3z2dz +1-z 1 2dz 1 dz = 2 4 + 2z = 2 2 + z

1 =2
2

du a2 + u 2

*use Wallis Formula (1)(1) = 16 (4)(2) 2 = 3.

2a 0

= =

1 2 2 1

Tan Tan

-1

z 2

/2 0

1 tan2 (nx) -1

2ax - x dx
2

x = 2asin dx = 4asincosd

= (2asin ) 2a(2asin ) - (2asin ) 4asincosd

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 1 tanx -1 = Tan 2 2 2

]
0

/2 0

/2

= 3. =

= 4a4a = 16a
3

sin4

4a sin - 4a sin sincosd

Tan 2 2
1
/2 0

tan2 -1 2

- Tan

-1tan0

= 4 2

sin4 4a2sin2(1 - sin2) sincosd 3 4 2 = 16a sin 2asin cos sincosd 4 6 2 = 32a sin cos d
*change the limits. To do that, substitute x sa x =
2asin2
4

dx 12 + 13cosx

2dz 1 + z2 1 - z2 12 + 13 1 + z2
2 2

= 32a sin cos d *use wallis 0 4 4 32a (5 x 3 x 1)(1) 5a = 8x6x4x2 2 = 8

/2

12 + 12z 2z + 13 - 13z dz dx = 225 - z = 2(5) - (z)

=
2 2

z = 5sin, dz = 5cosd

 5cosd = 225(1 - sin ) 2 cosd 2 d 2 = 5 cos = 5 cos = 5 secd

5cosd = 2 25 - 25sin2
2 2

2.

+ 8x - 12 3x + 8x - 12 x3x+ 7x + 12x = x(x + 4)(x + 3) dx A B C = x + x + 4 + x + 3 dx

3 2

= Alnx + Bln(x + 4) + Cln(x + 3)

Equating Coefficients: 3x2 + 8x 12 = A(x + 4)(x + 3) + Bx(x + 3) + Cx(x + 4) 3x2 + 8x 12 = A(x2 + 7x + 12) + B(x2 + 3x) + C(x2 + 4x) x2: 3 = A + B + C x: 8 = 7A + 3B + 4C c: -12 = 12A A = -1 *using system of equations: (3 = -1 + B + C) 3 -12 = -3B 3C 8 = -7 + 3B + 4C 15 = 3B + 4C 3=C 3=A+B+C B = 3 (-1) 3 B = 1

2 = 5 ln (sec + tan) 2 1 sin 2 1 + sin = 5 ln cos + cos = 5 ln cos

*going back to z = 5sini-draw mo sa right triangle hyp *so diba sin, which is opp so z magiging5 . and cos 25 - z2 = 5

= -lnx + ln(x + 4) + 3ln(x + 3) + lnc = ln B. Linear, Repeated Factors

c(x + 4)(x + 3) x

2 = 5 ln

z 1+5 25 - z 5
2

2 = 5 ln

5+z 2 25 - z

1.

C D A B x(x(x- 2)dx + 3) = x + x + x + 3 + (x + 3) dx
2 2 2 2

*square and get the square root of the fraction. Squinare and kinuha yung sqrt para parang walang damage na nangyari. It was as if you raised the fraction to the first power. Pero diba pag may exponent yung base ng ln, pwede mo siyang i-lagay and imultiply 2 with 5 .

B D = Alnx + x + Cln(x + 3) + x + 3 + E
Equating Coefficients: x 2 = Ax(x + 3)2 + B(x + 3)2 + Cx2(x + 3) + Dx2 x 2 = A(x3 + 6x2 + 9x) + B(x2 + 6x + 9) + C(x3 + 3x2) + Dx2 x3: 0 = A + C x2: 0 = 6A + B + 3C + D x: 1 = 9A + 6B c: -2 = 9B 7 2 7 5 A = 27 , B = 9 , C = 27 , D = 9

2 5+z ^ 21 = 5 ln 2 2

25 - z

1 *yung 2 i-move mo sa harap

2 1 (5 + z)(5 + z) = 5 2 ln (5 + z)(5 - z)
1 *change the limits. To do that, substitute x sa z = tan2 x

7 2 7 5 = 27 lnx 9 x 27 ln(x + 3) 9(x + 3) + c C. Quadratic, Distinct Factors 1. +2 A(2x + 4) + B x +x 4x + 5 dx = x + 4x + 5 dx

2 2

1 5+z = 5 ln 5 - z III. Partial Fractions

1 0

1 3 = 5 ln 2

*(2x + 4) came from the derivative of x2 + 4x + 5

A. Linear, Distinct Factors 1. + 11)dx (2x + 11)dx (2x x + x - 6 = (x + 3)(x - 2) A B = x + 3 + x - 2 dx

2

2x + 4 dx = A x2 + 4x + 5 dx + B x2 + 4x + 5 du *dun sa A, u .

*multiply the whole equation

with the denominator of the original fraction

(2x + 11)dx = (A(x - 2) + B(x + 3)) dx = A(x - 2)dx + B(x + 3)dx

= Aln(x 2) + Bln(x + 3) + lnc
*lnc yung ginamit para lang maging mas pretty/simplified yung kalabasang equation later hihi when x = 2: when x = -3: 2(2) + 11 = A(0) + B(2 + 3) 2(-3) + 11 = A(-3 2) + B(0) 15 = 5B 5 = -5A B=3 A = -1

dx = Aln(x + 4x + 5) + B(x + 2) + (1)

2 2 2 -1

dx 2 = Aln(x + 4x + 5) + B x2 + 4x + 4 + (5 - 4)
2

u2 + a2

du

= Aln(x + 4x + 5) + B Tan (x + 2) + c
Equating Coefficients: x + 2 = A(2x + 4) + B 1 x: 1 = 2A A = 2 1 c: 2 =4(2 ) + B B = 0

c(x - 2) = ln(x + 3) + 3ln(x 2)+ lnc = ln (x + 3)

1 2 = 2 ln(x + 4x + 5) + c

*remember yung exponent pwede itanspose transpose. Well do it sa 3ln(x 2) to magiging ln(x 2)3

C. Quadratic, Distinct Factors 1.

B. Horizontal Element A=

x (x(x+- 3)dx 4x + 5) A B C(2x + 4) + D E(2x + 4) + F = x + x + x + 4x + 5 + (x + 4x + 5) dx

2 2 2 2 2 2 2

(xR xL)dy y(xR xL)dy (xR2 xL2)dy

Ay = Ax =

dx (2x + 4)dx dx = A x + B x-2dx + C x2 + 4x + 5 + D x2 + 4x + 4 + (5 - 4) + (2x + 4)dx dx E (x2 + 4x + 5)2 + F (x2 + 4x + 5)2

ANALYSIS OF POLAR CURVES I. Symmetry ox: F(r,) = F(r , -) F(-r, - ) F(r , - ) F(-r , - ) F(-r , ) F(r, + )

B 2 -1 = Alnx + x + Cln(x + 4x + 5) + DTan (x + 2) + E dx 2 2 2 x + 4x + 5 + F [(x + 4x + 4) + (5 - 4)]

dx *Now lets focus on F [(x + 2)2 + (1)]2 .

oxy: F(r,) = ox: F(r,) =

u=x+2 u = asin x + 2 = tan

a=1 dx = sec d
x+2 tan = 1 *draw this
Bianca

II. Intersection w/ the pole set r = 0 and solve for i III. Intersection with axes 0 90 180 270 360

d F = Fsec = F cos d = 2 (1 + cos2)d

sec d sec d sec d 2 2 2 2 4 =F (tan + 1) = F (sec ) = F sec
2 2

r IV. Critical Points dr set d = 0 and solve for C V. Divisions use i & C VI. Additional Points SOME COMMON POLAR POLES A. Limacons : r = a bsin or r = a bcos a 0<|b|<1 a 0<|b|=1 a 1<|b|<2 a |b |2 B. Rose Curves r = asin(n) r = acos(n) with a loop cardioid with a dent convex

F 1 = 2 * + 2 sin2]
1 *recall that 2 sin2 = sincos. According to the drawing of the triangle, sin = x+2
2

x + 4x + 5 x + 4x + 5 x+2 1 multiply them to get x2 + 4x + 5 . So yun yung value ng 2 sin2. *as for , recall that x + 2 = tan. So = Tan-1(x + 2). *so the final equation is:

and cos =

1
2

. So

B 2 -1 = Alnx + x + Cln(x + 4x + 5) + DTan (x + 2) + E F x+2 -1 2 2 x + 4x + 5 + 2 Tan (x + 2) + x + 4x + 5 + G

*just solve for the values of A, B, C, D, E and F and youll get the final answer

AREAS & CENTROIDS OF PLANE AREAS A. Vertical Element A=

(ya yb)dx x(ya yb)dx (ya

2 2 yb )dx

Ax = Ay =

1.

r = 2 2sin (cardioid) Intersection with the pole: r = 2 2sin 0 = 2 2sin 2sin = 2 -1 = sin (1) =2

5. r = 2 at 360 or back to 0 ulit Then TA-DAAA!

Intersection with the axes: Compute for the Area: r 0 2 90 0 180 2 270 4 360 2 1 A=2

r2d

Critical Points: dr d = -2cos 0 = -2cos = cos (0) 3 =2, 2 Plot the points on the graph and draw the heart: 1. r = 2 when the angles nasa 0. So plot the first point sa (2,0)
-1

*isang half lang yung area na kukunin mo. Eh since sobrang carbon copy yung other half of the heart, multiply the Area by 2.

1 A=22

/2 -/2

(2 2sin) d
2

A = (4 + 8sin + 4sin )d A = 4 (1+ 2sin + sin )d

2

1 1 A = 4 2cos + 2 - 2 sin2

3 1 A = 42 - 2cos - 4 sin2

] -/2 = 6

/2

2.

2. r = 0 at 90. As you plot it, gawa ka na ng curve

3. r = 2 at 180. Ilagay mo yung point 2 units TOWARDS 180. Kumbaga sa side ng 180 yung 2.

4. r = 4 at 270. Like 180, plot 4 sa side ng 270.

r = 3sin2 Intersection with the pole: r = 3sin2 0 = 3sin2 0 = sin2 -1 2 = sin (0) 2 = 0, , 2, 3, etc. 3 = 0, 2 , , 2 , etc. Critical Points: dr d = 6sin2 = 0 0 = sin2 -1 2 = sin (0) 3 5 7 2 = 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 3 5 7 =4, 4 , 4 , 4 Intersection with axes & Critical Points:
r 0 0 45 3 90 0 135 -3 180 0 225 3 270 0 315 -3 360 0

VOLUMES & CENTROIDS OF PLANE AREAS A. Method of Circular Disk

b

2.

Find the volume of y = x and y = x about x + 1 = 0.

Points of Intersection: (x2)2 = x x4 = x x4 x = 0 x(x3 1) = 0 x = 0, y = 0 and x = 1, y = 1

V=

r dh

Vx = XCdv Vy = YCdv CONDITIONS: 1. element must be parallel to the axis 2. r must be parallel to the axis 3. the axis should be a boundary

XRIGHT: y = x x = y

XLEFT: y = x x = y r=y +1
2

R = y + 1 (kasi about x = -1)

1

V=

(R r )dh
2 2 2

V = (( y + 1) (y + 1) 1. Find V, x, y of the solid generated by rendering the 3 region bounded by y = 1 x , ox and oy about ox. V = r dx
2

) dx
2

V = (y + 2y
2

1/2

+ 1 y 2y 1)dx y 2y - 5 - 3 - y
5 3

y 4y V = 2 + 3
2

3/2

1 0

29 = 30

V = (ya yb) dx V = (1 x 0) dx
3 2

C. Method of Cylindrical Shell

b

V = 2

xydx

V= x x V = (x - 2 + 7 ) B. Method of Circular Ring

b
2 7

(1 2x + x )d

(when using a vertical element)

b

1 0

9 = 14

V = 2

xydy

(when using a horizontal element)

3

V=

(R r )dh 1. Find V if the area bounded by y = 1 x , ox and oy is revolved about ox. y=1x x =1yx=
1
3 3 3

1.

Find V if the axes bounded 2 3 by y = x and y = 2x is revolved about ox.

*substitute y = 2x sa y = x to get the points of intersection
2 3

1-y

V = 2

xydy V = 2 (xL xR)ydy

1/3

(2x) = x 4x x = 0 x (4 x) = 0 x =0 x = 0, then y = 0
4
2 2

V = 2 (1 - y) ydy
*use algebraic substitution & change limits u = (1 y)1/3 y = 1 u3 dy = 3u2du
0

4x=0 x = 4, then y = 8

u3 = 1 y

*change the limits. To do that, substitute y sa u = (1 y)1/3 V = 2

1

V=

(R r )dh
2 3/2 2

u(1 u ) 3u du

*you may interchange the limits by turning the equation to negative

1

V = [(2x) (x ) ]dx V = (4x x )dx

2 3

V = 6

u (1 u ) du
3 6

4x x V= 3 - 4

4 0

64 = 3

V = 6 (u u ) du u u V = 6 4 7
4 7

1 0

9 = 14

LENGTH OF ARC

1 + ( ) y in terms of x dx S = 1 + (dy ) x in terms of y dx dy S = (dt ) + ( dt ) parametric dr S = r + (d ) r in terms of

S=
dy 2 dx
2 2 2 2 2

S = 2a 2 + 2cos d S = 2 2 a 1 + cos d *lets focus on 1 + cos. Recall that: 1 2 cos = 2 (1 + cos2) 2cos = 1 + cos2

2 2cos 2 = 1 + cos 2

1.

Find the length of the curve y = lncosx from x = 0 to x = 4 .

y = lncosx dy sinx dx = cosx S=

S = 2 2 a

2 2cos 2 d

S = 2 2 2 acos2 d

1 + cosx
2

sinx

)
]

dx =

1 +tan x dx

S = 4a(2)sin2 SA = 2ydS

= 8aError! Bookmark not defined.

S = sec x dx = = secxdx
/4 0

AREA OF A SURFACE OF REVOLUTION about ox about oy 2)

3/2 2

S = ln(secx + tanx) 2.

= ln(1 +

SA = 2xdS 1.

Find the length of the curve x = 2(2t + 3) , y = 3(t + 1) from t = 0 to t = 1. dx 1/2 3 dt = 22 (2t + 3) (2) = 6 2t + 3 dy dt = 6(t + 1) S= (6 2t + 3 ) + (6(t + 1)) dt
2 2 2

Find the area of the surface of revolution generated by 3 revolving y = x between x = 0 and x = a about ox. SA = 2ydS SA = 2x SA = 2x
3

1 + dx
4

( )

dy

dx
n

1 + 9x dx u du
4

S = 36(2t + 3) + 36(t + 1) dt S = 6 2t + 3 + t + 2t + 1 dt
2

u = 1 + 9x

du = 36x du

1 2 4 3/2 SA = 2 36 3 (1 + 9x ) 3/2 SA = 27 [ (1 + 9x) + 1]

a 0

S = 6 (t + 1) dt
2

S = 6 (t + 1)dt S = 3(t + 1) 3.
2

1 0

= 15

Find the total arc length of the cardioid r = a(1 + cos). dr d = a(sin) S = 2 (a(1 + cos)) + (asin)
2 2

*minultply sa 2 kasi 2 parts yung cardioid

S =2

a (1 + cos) + a sin
2 2

S = 2a 1 + 2cos + cos + sin d *recall cos + sin = 1

2 2

SECOND THEOREM OF PAPPUS V = 2Ad where:

A = area d = perpendicular distance of the centroid from the axis of revolution

1.

Find the volume if area bounded by y = x and y = x is revolved about x = -1. A = (ya yb)dx A = (x
1/2

x )dx
3

2 3/2 x A=3x 3

1 0

1 =3

Ax = Ax = Ax =

x(ya yb)dx x(x1/2 x2)dx (x3/2 x3)dx

4

2 5/2 x Ax =5x 4 1 3 x = 20 3 9 x = 20

1 0

1 9 29 V = 2Ad = 23 20 + 1 = 30
* may + 1 kasi yung yung axis nasa x = -1.