Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lecture 250 - Introduction To Feedback Concepts: (READING: GHLM - 553-563) Objective
Lecture 250 - Introduction To Feedback Concepts: (READING: GHLM - 553-563) Objective
Lecture 250 - Introduction To Feedback Concepts: (READING: GHLM - 553-563) Objective
Page 250-1
ECE 6412 - Analog Integrated Circuit Design - II Lecture 250 Intro.to Feedback Concepts (2/28/02)
Si
Se S fb
Amplifier a So
f Feedback Network
Se = Si Sfb = Si fSo So = aSe = aSi afSo So a T = af Loop Gain A = Si = 1 + af Closed Loop Gain So a 1 A = Si = 1 + T for T >> 1, A f Sfb T Feedback signal/Input signal = Si = 1 + T Se 1 Error signal/Input signal = Si = 1 + T
Some authors (Allen and Holberg) define the loop gain as af. ECE 6412 - Analog Integrated Circuit Design - II
Page 250-3
Gain Sensitivity Sensitivity of the closed loop gain with respect to the open loop gain: 1 1 a A 1 dA 1 + af - af = = = = 2 2 2 a (1 + T) a 1+T da (1 + af) (1 + T) dA 1 da = A (1 + T) a Example: An amplifier with a gain of 10 has a gain variation of 3.3%. Use these amplifiers to design an amplifier with a gain of 10 and a gain variation < 0.1%. Solution: We must cascade several amplifiers together and feedback around the cascade. With feedback, dA/A = 0.001. For three cascaded stages, da [10(1+0.033)]3 - 1000 = 0.1023 a = 1000 and a = 1000 dA 1 da 0.1023 = A (1 + T) a = 1+T = 0.001 T = 101. 101 1000 a = 1000 f = 1000 = 0.101 A = 1+101 = 9.80 Gain is close to 10 but not exactly. However, the tolerance will be 0.1%
ECE 6412 - Analog Integrated Circuit Design - II Lecture 250 Intro.to Feedback Concepts (2/28/02) P.E. Allen - 2002 Page 250-4
Effect of Negative Feedback on Nonlinear Distortion The major cause of nonlinear distortion in amplifiers is due to changes of gain with signal level.
So S02 S
01
Basic Amplifier a =0
3
So S02 S
01
Feedback Amplifier A =0
3
a2
A2
slope = a1 a2 a 3= 0 -S 01 -S 02
01
a1
slope = A 1 A2 A 3= 0 -S 01 -S 02
01
a1
(1 + a1f)
Si
a1 1 A1 = 1 +a1f f Key points: 1. Three gain regions exist for each case 2. Horizontal scale compression for feedback amplifier 3. No distortion improvement for hard saturation cases 4. Distortion improvement with feedback (1 + T)
ECE 6412 - Analog Integrated Circuit Design - II
a2 1 A2 = 1 +a2f f
Page 250-5
Demonstration 1 Reduction of Nonlinearity by Negative Feedback Consider the following circuit for this demonstration.
v1 A1 x10 v2 A2 x10 v3
Fig240-01
Assume that the amplifiers have the following voltage transfer functions.
v3 Vmax
1 10 1 5
v2 Vmax
10
v3 Vmax
1 100
50
v2 x
v1
=
1 50 1
v1
10 1 5 1
100
-Vmax
Fig. 250-02
-Vmax
Fig. 250-03
-Vmax
Fig. 250-04
ECE 6412 - Analog Integrated Circuit Design - II Lecture 250 Intro.to Feedback Concepts (2/28/02)
Demonstration 1 - Continued Now let us apply feedback around the second stage resulting in a gain of x2 and increase the gain of the first stage from v1 x10 to x50. To find the value of f, we can solve the following, A2 v3 = v2 1+A2f = 2 f = 0.4 The resulting transfer function is,
f v2 + v3
A1 x50 x50
A2 x10 x2
Fig240-05
v3 Vmax
1
83.3
100 1
v1
100 1 83.3 1
ECE 6412 - Analog Integrated Circuit Design - II
-Vmax
Fig. 250-06
P.E. Allen - 2002
Page 250-7
R R + R v3
9R-49R R A1
3R +15V
f
ECE 6412 - Analog Integrated Circuit Design - II Lecture 250 Intro.to Feedback Concepts (2/28/02)
Fig. 250-07
Effects of Negative Feedback on Signal Distortion Consider the output stage of an amplifier where distortion occurs because this stage is being driven very hard and a distortion signal Sd is introduced. Examine the two cases of with and without feedback.
Sd Si a Open Loop Amplifier So Si f Feedback Network a a Sd So
So = aSi + Sd
Key points: 1. Desired output signal is the same in both cases 2. With feedback, distortion is reduced by gain a 3. T = a2f = a 1 4. Improved performance with inferior amplifier (if used in large quantities sometimes more can be better)
ECE 6412 - Analog Integrated Circuit Design - II P.E. Allen - 2002
Page 250-9
Influence of Negative Feedback on Frequency Response When negative feedback is used with an amplifier having a single dominant low and a single dominant high frequency pole, gain and bandwidth can be traded evenly as shown.
Gain
a o
(1+T)
f low ( 1 + T )
f low
f high
f high( 1 + T ) Freq.
ECE 6412 - Analog Integrated Circuit Design - II Lecture 250 Intro.to Feedback Concepts (2/28/02)
Current
Ri Aiie io Ro
+ ve -
Ri Avve
Ro
i o = Gm v e Voltage Current
RS + ve R i - Gmve Ro RL io
v o = Rm i e 0 0 Current Voltage
ie ii R S R i R m ie Ro RL + vo ii
RS=0 or RS<<Ri RS=0 or RS<<Ri RS= or RS>>Ri RS= or RS>>Ri RL= or RL>>Ro RL=0 or RL<<Ro RL= or RL>>Ro RL=0 or RL<<Ro RSRLAi RSRLRm RiRLAv RiRoGm (RS+Ri)(RL+Ro) (RS+Ri)(RL+Ro) (RS+Ri)(RL+Ro) (RS+Ri)(RL+Ro)
Page 250-11
series sampling io + vo RL i i
shunt sampling + v o -
Rs
RL
ECE 6412 - Analog Integrated Circuit Design - II Lecture 250 Intro.to Feedback Concepts (2/28/02)
fvo
Fig 250-08
+ vo Feedback Network
Find the equivalent voltage gain, input resistance (Rif), and output resistance (Rof). vo a vo = ave = a(vi-vfb) = avi avfb = avi afvo vo(1+af) = avi v = 1+af i vi vi ve+vfb ve+fvo ve+afve Rif = ii = veRi = Ri ve = Ri ve = Ri ve = Ri(1+af) = Ri(1+T) vo | vo-ave vo-a(-vfb) vo+afvo Ro Ro i= R = = R Rof = 1+af = 1+T Rof = i vi=0 Ro o o
Page 250-13
+ vo Feedback Network
vo(1+af) = aii
io a ii = 1+af
vi ieRi ieRi ieRi Ri Ri Rif = i = i +i = i +fi = i +afi = 1+af = 1+T i e fb e o e e vo | vo = Roi+aie = Roi+a(-ifb) = Roi-afvo Rof = i ii=0 vo Ro Ro Rof = i = 1+af = 1+T
ECE 6412 - Analog Integrated Circuit Design - II Lecture 250 Intro.to Feedback Concepts (2/28/02)
vo(1+af) = Roi
io Feedback Network
io a = ii 1+af
vi ieRi ieRi ieRi Ri Ri Rif = ii = ie+ifb = ie+fvo = ie+afie = 1+af = 1+T v | v Ro(io-aie) Ro(io+afio) Rof = io = = = Ro(1+af) Rof = ioii=0 io io
Page 250-15
fio
Fig 250-11
io Feedback Network
io(1+af) = avi
e
io a = vi 1+af
vi vi ve+vfb ve+fio ve+afve Rif = i = v Ri = Ri v = Ri v = Ri v = Ri(1+af) = Ri(1+T) v | Rof = ioii=0 v Ro(io-ave) Ro(io+afio) Rof = i = = = Ro(1+af) i i
o o o
ECE 6412 - Analog Integrated Circuit Design - II Lecture 250 Intro.to Feedback Concepts (2/28/02)
Amplifier Type Transconductance Transresistance Shunt-shunt Series-series Voltage Current Current Gm Gmf = 1+fG
m
i i
m m
Ri Rof = 1+fR
Rof = Ro(1+fAi)