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Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2013
Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2013
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trends in world military expenditure, 2013 7
Nearly all of the 23 countries display at least
one of three characteristics:
very strong economic growth,
high oil or gas revenues, or
signicant armed conict or other violence.
In all cases, growth of military spending
over the period was higher than growth in
GDP (both in real terms). Economic growth is
a clear driver in some cases, such as China and
Angola, but others countries have increased
military spending on the basis of much weaker
growth records.
A factor common to many of the countries is a
high level of revenue from oil and gas exports
in some cases, such as Ghana, recently discov-
ered or exploited. This resource provides a
ready source of income for the state that does
not require taxing the general population. However, the presence of such
natural resouces can generate new security concerns, either internal or
external. Poor governance of the revenues from natural resources may also
be a factor that tends to favour the diversion of those revenues to military
uses.
Many of the 23 countries have experienced armed conict over the period
or dangerous ongoing frozen conicts, such as that between Armenia and
Azerbaijan. The most striking example of a large rise in military expenditure
is Afghanistan (see box1). While there is no state-based armed conict in the
case of Honduras, the homicide rate there is among the highest in the world.
However, some of the countries, such as Ecuador, Kazakhstan, Namibia,
Paraguay and Swaziland, enjoy essentially peaceful security environments.
Box 1. Military spending in Afghanistan and the withdrawal of
ISAF
Not only did Afghanistan have the worlds highest increase in military
expenditure in 2013, at 77 per cent, spending had risen by 557 per
cent over the decade since 2004. This huge increase is the result of
Afghanistans eforts to build its defence and security forces from
scratch, heavily supported by foreign aid. The particularly large
increase in 2013 is the result of an increase in salaries and wages for
the Afghan National Army, which reached its target goal of 195 000
soldiers in 2012, and as a result of preparations for the departure of
most foreign forces at the end of 2014.
After more than a decade of operations in Afghanistan, the NATO-
led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) mission will end in
December 2014. By then, more than 350000 Afghan army and police
personnel will be responsible for the states security. Some other coun-
tries will continue to support the Afghan national security forces, but
they will not have a combat role.
SIPRI is an independent
international institute
dedicated to research into
conict, armaments, arms
control and disarmament.
Established in 1966, SIPRI
provides data, analysis and
recommendations, based on
open sources, to policymakers,
researchers, media and the
interested public.
GOVERNING BOARD
Gran Lennmarker, Chairman
(Sweden)
Dr Dewi Fortuna Anwar
(Indonesia)
Dr Vladimir Baranovsky
(Russia)
Ambassador Lakhdar Brahimi
(Algeria)
Jayantha Dhanapala
(SriLanka)
Ambassador Wolfgang
Ischinger (Germany)
Professor Mary Kaldor
(UnitedKingdom)
The Director
DIRECTOR
Professor Tilman Brck
(Germany)
SIPRI 2014
Signalistgatan 9
SE-169 70 Solna, Sweden
Telephone: +46 8 655 97 00
Fax: +46 8 655 97 33
Email: sipri@sipri.org
Internet: www.sipri.org
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Dr Sam Perlo-Freeman (United Kingdom) is Director of the SIPRI Military
Expenditure Programme.
Carina Solmirano (Argentina) is a Senior Researcher with the SIPRI Military
Expenditure Programme.
THE SIPRI MILITARY EXPENDITURE DATABASE
The SIPRI Military Expenditure Database provides military expenditure
data by country for the years 19882013
in local currency, at current prices,
in US dollars, at constant (2012) prices and exchange rates, and
as a share (%) of gross domestic product (GDP).
SIPRI military expenditure data is based on open sources only, including a
SIPRI questionnaire that is sent out annually to governments. The collected
data is processed to achieve consistent time series which are, as far as pos-
sible, in accordance with the SIPRI denition of military expenditure.
The database is available at <http://www.sipri.org/databases/milex/>.
The denition of military expenditure
Where possible, SIPRI military expenditure data includes all current and
capital expenditure on
the armed forces, including peacekeeping forces,
defence ministries and other government agencies engaged in defence
projects,
paramilitary forces, when judged to be trained and equipped for military
operations, and
military space activities.
Such expenditure should include
military and civil personnel, including retirement pensions of military
personnel and social services for personnel,
operations and maintenance,
procurement,
military research and development, and
military aid (in the military expenditure of the donor country).
Civil defence and current expenditure on previous military activitiessuch
as veterans benets, demobilization, conversion and weapon destruction
are excluded.