Anw chapter 9-12 Chapter 9:

Fuels= concentrated energy sources which will run out, when burned, heat is released (primary energy source). Heat can then be used to turn turbines, creating electricity (secondary energy source) Earth receives a lot of energy directly from the sun, solar radiation. In countries there is a connection between the amount of energy used and the !" per capita. "eople want a high standard of living and the population is growing, so the demand for energy is growing as well. "roblems if energy use increases# $ Finite supplies of fossil fuels will run out $ ases released effect the environment The club of Rome published a report in %&'( called Limits to Growth, estimating the fossil fuels reserves left to be used. Fortunately the found new oil fields and the oil e)traction technology improved rapidly. *cience and technology helps to reduce energy consumption in homes by creating more efficient electronic devises. In transport we can lower the energy use by simply reducing the amount of travelling by moving closer to wor+ or use public transport more often. ,ar travel has increased creating congestion rise in pollution. In the future the energy demand will grow with (.-., which is higher than the population growth. /il demand will rise till (0(0 and then fall. ,oal and gas will rise and then level off. 1enewable energy sources will increase. 2othing is certain and the future is up to us humans

Chapter 1

"ower stations that use fuel as their primary energy source are not very efficient. Heat produced is used to heat up water to ma+e steam, the steam drives a turbine creating energy. Efficiency can be improved by improving the technology of the turbines for e)ample. C!"# ,ombined Heat and "ower# carrying cooling water from power plants to houses to heat them. *ources of radiation ris+# $ 1outine lea+age (close to the power plants), strict actions have been ta+en already $ 3aste produced, which is stored $ 4ccidents, releasing radioactive materials into the environment 5ypes of radioactive waste produced# $ High level# spent fuel rods $ Intermediate level# worn out items $ 6ow level# rubble and steelwor+ from decommissioned nuclear power plants 2o country has managed to find a safe underground site for waste. Fear of nuclear energy# $ 5here have been 7uite a number of nuclear accidents# 3indscale and ,hernobyl $ 2ever possible to anticipate all things that could go wrong 5here is always a possibility of human error as seen in ,hernobyl. 2uclear energy use is declining but unfortunately it costs a lot to plant new renewable energy stations. #ind

5he number of wind farms have increased, if all wind generators were to move to the 89 it would produce %0. of the energy needed on a windy day. !isadvantage# people don:t li+e the sight and birds die $olar cells "roduce energy from the sun:s rays. ,ells are made from crystalline silicon, which is e)pensive and only %;$%<. efficient *ome are made from amorphous silicon which is cheaper but less efficient. 2ew cells are made from titanium o)ide, more efficient and only %=- more e)pensive. 4ccess to energy can increase the 7uality of life in remote areas, 5> can provide information and stuff.

Chapter 11:
"etrol is made out of hydrocarbons hydrogen and carbon. In the engine it is burned together with o)ygen. 5he carbon molecules stic+ to the o)ygen molecules creating ,/( and the hydrogen stic+s to the o)ygen as well, creating H(0. 1easons why engines pollute the air with harmful gases# $ 5hey do not burn the fuel completely $ Fuel is not pure $ 5hey run at high pressures and temperatures, nitrogen and o)ygen in the air van react together to form o)ides of nitrogen pollutant ,arbon mono)ide (,/) /)ides of nitrogen (2/ and 2/() *ulfur dio)ide (*/() ?ain source Incomplete burning of fuel, not enough o)ygen Engines that burn on high temperatures Aurning fuel which contains sulfur properties ,olorless gas with no smell, highly to)ic ases that can form nitric acid in moist air, increase asthma symptoms ,olorless acidic gas, can become sulphuric acid in moist air which increases asthma symptoms and cause wheeBing and bronchitis Irritates the eyes, nose, throat. ,an ma+e asthma worse ,oncentration in the air we breath %0$-00 p.p.b %0$@- p.p.b, rush hour @00 p.p.b Aelow ;- p.p.b, urban areas up to -00 p.p.b

/Bone (/;)

*unlight shining on polluted air containing o)ides of nitrogen

Aelow %- p.p.b, summer around <0 p.p.b

particulates

!ust from roads and industry. 4lso soot from diesel engines,

,an penetrate into lungs

%0$%-0 micrograms per cubic metre

>olatile organic compounds (>/,) ases or li7uids that evaporate and stay in the air p.p.b= "arts per billion

sulfur dio)ide and 2/ react to form sulfate and nitrate salts ,arbon compounds such as hydrocarbons from the e)haust. (methane)

AenBene can be made which can cause cancer

8sually several hundred p.p.b

/Bone absorbs 8> radiation from the sun. ,F, (,hlorine Fluorine ,arbon) and other pollutants brea+ the oBone particles down. ,F,:s are present in spraying cans and some fridges, they are now forbidden to be used in any product. 4s long as the oBone is up in the air we are fine. /n summer days the oBone can mi) with hydrocarbons creating yellow haBe or smog. ,arbon mono)ide combines with haemoglobin in the blood which can carry less o)ygen because of this. 5he heart has to wor+ harder to pump more blood around the body. 4ll cars in Europe are provided with catalytic converters. 5he catalytic converter converts harmful gases into harmless gases such as ,/(, 2( and H(0. It does this by a +ind of filter made from platinum and rhodium which is inside the converter. In the %<th century England passed a law saying# all wood had to be used for building ships to fight the *panish navy. 5his meant England had to use coal to stay warm and coo+. 5hen in the industrial revolution steam power developed, the air pollution became even worse. 5he government tried to stop the pollution from getting worse by passing all sorts of laws, but the chemical industry grew rapidly. In %C<; the parliament passed the first of the 4l+ali 4cts, which meant inspectors would go around the country and see if the pollutions could be stopped. In %&-( @000 people died during - days because of heavy smog in 6ondon and in %&-< %000 people died during ; days. In %&-< the ,lean 4ir 4ct passed which banned the emission of blac+ smo+e, a ma)imum height for chimneys and smo+eless fuel had to be used in households. 4fter that several other laws passed, the 2ational 4ir Duality *trategy was the last.

Chapter 12
4tmosphere consists of four gases# nitrogen, o)ygen, argon and carbon dio)ide (0.0;<@. is ,/(). 4 way to measure carbon in the air is to use a devise that sends infrared radiation

through a stream of air, carbon and alcohol absorb the rays. 5he more carbon the more radiation is absorbed. Ay analyBing scientist can measure the amount of carbon in the air. "roblem# where to put the e7uipment to measureE ,ities can affect the results because of the e)haust gases. ,rops ta+e up ,/( for photosynthesis. 5he best location is the ?auna 6oa /bservatory in Hawaii, ;@00 meter mountain. 1adiation from the sun fall on the earth, the atmosphere reflects ;0. bac+ into space, (0. is absorbed by gases in the air and -0. reaches earth. 5he surface becomes warm and starts to radiate energy bac+ into space (long infrared waves), the waves are absorbed by the atmosphere, warming it up again = greenhouse effect. reenhouse effect +eeps us ;; , warmer then with no atmosphere. 5he gases that absorb radiation are called greenhouse gases (carbon dio)ide, methane, nitrous o)ide and water vapour) *cientists are not sure if carbon dio)ide is the direct reason for temperature=climate change. 5here are a lot of natural causes for climate change such as volcanic eruptions, variations in the amount of energy reaching earth, ocean currents, winds, etcF 5here is evidence to believe the climate has changed more often and even before the industrial revolution. If sea ice and snow melt, the amount of reflected light will decrease, ma+ing the surface even warmer = positive feedbac+ (positieve terug+oppeling). If you have more clouds you could say they reflect more sunlight, but you can also say they trap more heat from the earth. 1esearch has shown# $ 4t the current rates of greenhouse gas emissions, global warming will be 0.; , per decade $ 5here will be regional variation, more warming in the regions away from the e7uator. *ea levels rise, because warmer water e)pands. In the last century the sea level rose with %0$(0 cm. 5he gulf stream brings warm water towards Europe from the ,aribbean, it then cools and flows bac+ the other way. lobal warming might shift or alter its strength and that could mean our winters become colder. *cientists say the weather will become more e)treme than before. ,hanges in climate means the agriculture might change as well, we might be able to grow oranges in the 2etherlands is a few years. If climates changes too fast, the ecosystems will not be able to responds so 7uic+, ma+ing it difficult to survive. I",, (Intergovernmental "anel on ,limate ,hange) has convinced many politicians that global warming is a real problem. *ome conferences on climate change# $ 1io Earth *ummit, %&&(, %<0 governments signed a convention saying they would ta+e actions to deal with emissions. $ 9yoto conference, %&&', governments agreed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by -.(. from %&&0 till (00C$%(. Games Hanson is a research scientist, who studies climate change. He says people are either ta+ing global warming e)tremely serious, trying to convince other or you thin+ global warming is bullshit.