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i.

EUGENE. t(Hoo
BAB 2 : Atralisis Drta Huiatr Curahandan Pengukurancurahan. hidrologidalam perkara Aspek aspek kajiancurahan merangkumi - perkara benkut: a) Pengukuran cumhan b) Jumlah danbentuk ke\rujudan curahan dalamtaburan c) Perubahan curahan mengikut masa danruang d) Penganalisisan datacurahan untuktujuan hidrologiseperti menentukan air larian, pengimbuhan air tanah, lembapan tanihdanmeramalkan serta menentukar kejadian banjir.
lq.)

",

Beptuk- bentuk Curahan Hujan,embun, kabus, salji danais

{.

MekanismaPembentukan Curahan Curahan Perclakan

Awrn k.rkutr ]

(a'.^u""a

si".? \)/l
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Biasanya terjadidi kawasan hopika. Wap wap air akandise.jatkan ke udaradankemudiannya menjadi sejuk. IaLnya tercantum danmembentuk awandanseterusnya diturunkan sebagai hujan. HuJan,lenis ini rurun petdng di lewat setelah siang mengalami panas )ang Denenrsan.

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Ytaya-"a

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,ilrGdNE't(Hoo
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CumhanPercnqgan

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Aliran udarapanasdan sejukbertembung danmewujudkanzon perenggan. Di zon ini awanterbentukdan seterusnya diturunkansebagai hujan.

Curahan Oro$ali

Arus udaralaut yang bertiupmelalui laut dandaratmembawa bersama wap - wap air yang tersejat. Arus akandibalikkarke udara apabila melaluigunung - gunung. Ianyamenjadisejut danmenurunkan hujandi lereng gunung tersebut. - lereng

EUGENIfiOO
Curahan Siklon/putine beliune

JJJ, +l

Apabilatekanan udara menjadi rendah, makaudara disekeliling akanbergerak meme[uhinya.

(-

Seterusnya akanmenolakudaratekananrendahtersebutke atas.

..,

Udara ini akanmenjadisejukdanmenurunkan hujan.

Ciri

ciri huian & unit ukuran 1) Kuantiti - banyaknya hujan (ukur dalarn)(mm, cm, ihci)

(duration) 2) Tempoh masa - tempoh semasa hujantunm (am, minit) (intensity) kadar penunrnan 3) Keamatan hujan(mnLlj, cm/j, ir/j) i = Kedalaman. Kedmatan, P
Vasa. l3

4) Kekerapan(frkuensi) Jangkaan ukur dalamhujar tertentuyang akanturun jangkanasa (kekerapan dalam tertentu sesuatu rebutberlaku) )) l(eluasan - Km( or Halaju& arahangin 7) Saiztitisan & suduthntaman pertanian, hujan berikan kesankepada hakisan& enapan tanah

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EUGENE KI{OO

I
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EIJGENEKHOO

MbnqkaHuiankawasan/ HuianPurata Bagi k e b a n y .k ak na j i a n h d ro l o sk l e j uruteraan, makl umat mensena huj an kaw asan dperukan, kebanyakan pr ojek p e m b a n g u nk aa nw a s a n he l b a tk a n c - lo d h u i a .h a l y ad rd c p d r' d d l d hr_da b re nLul r.trl K a e d a h te rte n dtu igunaka un n tu k mengubah rekod huj anti ukkepada hl j ankaw asan Terdap:t3 kaedah digunakan iaitu: a, Purata kira kira b. Polison Ihie$en/segibanyaklhiessen c . Ga rk a n Se h u F n /l s ohyet f; \ x aedah P u. a ta K ra- r ra paling X a e d ay ha n B m0 d a h P u ra ta hujan b a g i to l o k to l o k y a n g terdapatdi dal amkaw asantadahansahaj a yn ans s es u a bagkawasa me mp u n yai stesen huj anyansj aGknya sekata

1S-? t:5_l,lill]!
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'

= 186mn)
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K aedah P olE o n T h ,e s s e n /A \iJ K ae d a h i .i a d a l a h b e rd a s a rk a kn e s i mpul an bahaw a huj anpadasuatuti ti k dal amsesebuah radahan aoaEnsam a pada den g a c ne ra p ah nu j a n to l o k y a ng berdekatan P em b e ra pol vgonTh st te s e d n i te n tu k :n o l e hl u a s rel ati vej ari ngan esseo po yangmenghubung sempadan ygondlbntuk oleh pemba hasi serenja ns garisan tolok-tolok besebelahan poldgon Luas grafikal bolehdikira secara yan8mempunyai perbezaan Kaedah lni sesual untuk kawasan hujanya.g besardan kawasan yanglok:sitoloknya

\:2

Kaedah 6arisan Sehuian/lsohvet . . K ae d a h ini digunapakb ae i rd a ra * a n a.ggapan bahaw a hui anpadasuatuti ti k dal amsesebuah adar ah tadahan purata yangberdekaran be15amaan dengan isohyet Pemberat stesennya ialah uasrelativej:l!r isohyet

,o

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Blttr moeur Fol+:3or, 5mo' +anoh Sqra\. qhror.> otetf .iqnqb , fo hq<as.aran for'mukag1p , fl 7o Rtraiq k corr/ho. ko,,,r.s.'",

5o
o'o\5 a
(,,,v35

}OO8J LJ Br..I

qo&iqn

i krg(\rnao kq&dgan -_ Luar kqr.nrAfr |qd!hqn, A _*

: oSYo _ ^ \Ohg

4ri|Erntul

!@

,__

lqrx >o9:,1
xl,",sibo &Ht .i4Sedettlooq: - -

D,ben,
--_ LuaStsq^'aon Eaurnovsn

1 o.5sfi hq
: l/ 3oom

lutulqhq\ruu .v

e 0.6m/s

oqr-s \orgkelg 13r5mh, d\d. tlRGYy flSO$m Wde

Drqr* -uc.e, D\nti

. \50 rom
t \So rntn -

r-_ - _ _ -

r
i

D\b*i,
ke\uosonkar,.oson'lad.ohqn : O5 hq

mrn'i ' 15

EUGENEKHOO

RIII\OFF E,STIMATION
T]SING MAI\UAL SALIRAI{ MESRA ALAM MALAYSTA (MASMA)

Qur :,sit E.<ir., r t,t ( tt,i :

1 .0 Des ign A c c epta n c e C ri te ri a L I \fa;or Jt)o' |,1/narStcrns

T l t e i e S rCj rt -',-r-t'' A ,./t1:;eit RCiilr l:1{ jr - r isr r ' 3J iCI nr ;l i ) i ,l r r '- J tr :,l l .i r \t!) i i \1- . '.1:f.',.l v r .';) '' i ,:l l i ': i
-j

.1:

l aJta Trrna |
//r

r
L,,r

nf e'

f-,eirolrnmerrt
/,

P .ecurrence i n:errai(ar. ) of D esi ci S l crn (ve.rr) A veraee

Qualrly

Ililr
()rron (n:zp D:rLc :nai u A-/1gr;l r! --' dl -.rLut

t4"or Syste"i -----.

n urban Land j

t"talor Svstem I -- _-:,.-- ---1

are as Re s ident r al: . Lorar densrty ,/ . M edr um q dens ify . Higlrdensiby E us t ne s a s n d In d u s trra l - O th e r th a n Co mm er c ial,
LDI-J

'
2 -10 5 10

rclLj' 'Lr
100 100 100 1C 0

1 ---.i

I ,,li.i'iirli;, I
: d e v el c p r n e n i)

up to up to up to up to

C o m m er c r al, B us i n e s s , In d u s tri a l i n

C e n (r al

uP ' ,o 100

ggLle::-D5r_q_GEQ):fS9fo_f Cities Laroe

J.2 f'la1orand I'frnor Systems

--

i __l
T?
:.:1

for the maj orand concepts i n Tabl e2. D esrgn are descri bed T'h e objec t r v eo s f th e ma j o r a n d m i n o rs y s te ms d es r gn 1. h o w ni n F tg u re mi n o rs y s t em s ar e dia g ra mma ti c a ls ly . frequently, and relatively to conveyrunofffrom a minorstorm, urhichoccurs The minor system is designed flooding nuisance and inconvenience vrouldotherwisecause tnlets,opendrainsand plpes' a networkof kefbs,Qufters, The minor systemtypicallycomprises routes,which drainage the many plannedand unplanned The major system,on the other hand, comprises storm to waterwaysand rivers. convey runoff fronr v ma1:or rare of large, reasonably The major system is expectedto protect the communityfrom the consequences injuryand even lossof life. events.which could causesevereflood damage,

jn

. .

th

& \s

Kursus MSMA (Decembeq 2004)

Runoff Esttmation

Table2

and Minor

iniurv and lossof life Reduced Reduced disru on to normal businessactivities Reduced to infrastructureservices servrcesco5t5 Reduced Reducedflood Reducedloss of Reduced clean-uPcosts feelinq of Increased Increasedland values and recreational aesthetics

Reductionin minor tramc accidents (mosquitoes, healthhazards flies Reduced Inconventence Reduced mai ntenance Reduced

Source:afterArgue(1986)

Figure I

Major and Minor SystemDesign Concepts

1.3 On-site and Community Syrtems On-sitefacilitiesare primarily minor drainagestructuresprovidedon individualhousing,industrialand infrastructure sites. They are usuallybuili and maintained by private parties/developers. For guantity designthey are based'on peak inflow estimates usingthe Rational Method with designstorms between 2 year and 10 year ARI. Communityfacilitiesare major drainage structuresprovided to cater for larger areas, which can combine different landuseareas. They are usually built and maintainedby the regulatory authority. For quantity design they are based on peak inflow estimates using preferably the Hydrograph Method with larger design storms, up to 100 year ARI in some instances,depending on the downstreamprotection requirement(Figure2)'

Kursus MS|4A (Decenbe-r, 2004)

Runoff Esbmation

,L

DesignStorm 2, 5, I0 YearARi PeakInflow Etimates

-=---t-h^

100

=-R 1-'-.\i

.'t,

Hows r Pre/Post Development . Rational Method r Time-AreaMethod r Kinematic S/ave

Duratbn

DesignStorm ?O,.fi,100 YearARI PeakInflow Estimates r Pre/PostDevelopment Flows r Split Catchment System r HydrographMethods/Models

E
o g a
L

I'l t d tn

c)
Ul L
,g -E (J

lllllln

HItil
Time

.9

(b) CommunityLevel

StormrvaterSystem Figure2 GeneralDesignConceptfor Muitilevel

Kursus MSMA (Decembet 2004)

Runorf Estimabcn

2.0 Design Storm 2,7 Polynomial Approximation of fDF Curves

polynomial in fne form of Equationt have been fitted to the publishedIDF curves for the 35 main expressions cities/townsin Maiaysia.

ln1/'/,;= a+b ln (r)+ c (ln (r); r + d (ln (r))r

(l)

where, r/r = the rainfallintensity(mm/hr) forARI and durationf average R = averagereturn interval (years) t = duration(minutes) a to d are fitting constanGdependent on ARI which are given in Appendix 13'A (MSMA,2000)-

2.2 IDF Values for Short Duration

Storms

that EquationI be used to derive designrainfull intensitiesfor durationsdown to a lower limit of It is recommended 30 minutes. Forduration between 5 and 30 minutes, the designrainfulldepth P6for a shortduration d(minutes) is given by, (2) Po = Ps o -F o (Pu, -P to) obbined from the published where pj6, p6sarethe 3o-minute and 50-minute duration rainfull depths respectively, designcurves. Fpis the adjustment factor for storm duration' The rainfullintensityfor short duration storms is given by,

r=+ (3)
u

whereP7(mm) is rainfalldepth in mm and dis durationin hours' n of 2P2a, the Z-year ARI 24:hour rainfalldepth' Valuesof The value of Fp is obtainedfrom Table 3 as a functio TPr"nfor 2000)' are given in Figurei3-3 (MSMA, Malaysia Peninsular Table 3 . Valuesof Fo for EqCE!9!

Duration (minutes) 5 10 20 30 s 100 --,, 2.OB 1.28 0.80 0-47 0.00 120 1.85
1.13 u-/z

zP2a1, (mm)

WestCoast 150 t.62 0.99 0.62 0.36 0.00

> 180 1.40 0.86

EastCoast
Atl

0.42 0.00

0.54 0.32 0.00

1.39 1.03 0.74

0.48

.0.00

1'
- i-,

Kursus M9ltlA (December, 200a)

Runoff Estimaticrt

2.3 tDF Values for Frequent Storms Waterqualifystudies, in particular, requiredata on IDF valuesfor relatively small,frequentstorms. The following preliminary for calculating equations are recommended the 1, 3, 5-monthand I year ARI rainfallintensities in the designstorm,for all durations:

oott/n -

)1, o.4x ottlo=0,5x r1, otlr=o'6x2/, 'lo=0.8*=lo

(4a) (4b) (4c) (4d)

lIpare the required1, 3, 6-monthand 1-yearARI rainfallintensities where,o'ottIo,ottIo,0'sIpand for any duration D, and zlois the 2-yearARI rainfallintensity for the samedurationD, obtained from IDF curves.

2.4 Areal Reduction Factor It is importantto understandthat IDF curvesgive the rainfallintensity at a point. Storm spatial characteristics are importantfor larger catchments. In general,the larger the catchmentand the shorter the rainfall duration,the less uniformlythe rainfallis distributedover the catchmeilt. The areal reductionis expressedas a factor lessthan 1.0. No areal reductionfactor is to be used for catchment areasof up to 10 km2. For largecatchments, with Equation the designrainfall is calculated 5:

I, = F.oxI,

(5)

where F7is the areal reductionfactor, .I.is the averagerainfullover the catchment,and Iois the point rainfall intensitv. Suggested valuesof arealreductionfactor F, for Peninsular Malaysia are given ln HP No.1-1982. Thesevalues are reproduced in Table 4 below for catchmentareasof up to 200 km2. The valuesare plotted in Figure 3. Intermediatevaluescan be interpolatedfrom this Fiqure.

able 4

Values of ArealRedudionFactors

Catchment A rea (km t)

tl

S t o rm 0.5 1.0 0 1.00 0.82

1

Du ra t io n 3 1.00
1 nn

(h o u rs )
6

10 50 100
l )u

a .7 3 o .6 7
0.63

200

1.00 1 .0 0 O.BB 0.82 0.78 0.7 5

0.94 0.91 0.89 0.87

1.00 1.00 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.90

24 1.00 1.00 0.97 0.96 0 .9'5 0.93

Kursus MSMA (December. 2O04)

Runo,f Estimation

1 .0 0

0 .8 0
lr

0.60

LL

0 .4 0

____x- 3 hours , ----------r---

---t-----l--:

0.5 hour I
-

0 .2 0

10

100 Area(k'-n') Catchment

Figure3 GraphicalAreal ReductionFactors

1000

2.5 Design Rainfall Temporal Pattems The temporaldistributionof rainfall within the design storm is an important factor that affectsthe runoff volume, and the magnitudeand timing of the peak discharge. Designrainfalltemporai pattems are usedto representthe of temporalpattems allows typicalvariaiionof rainfall intensitiesduring a typical storm burst. Standardisation to be adopted in flow calculation' standard designprocedures patterns in this Manualare based on those from AR&Rfor durationsof one hour or less and from The recommended HP No. 1 (1982)for longerdurations. The standarddurationsrecommendedin this Manualfor urban stormwater studies are listedin Tabte 5. The interim temporalpatternsto be used for these slandard durationsare given in Appendix 13-8 (MSMA'2000)' Table 5 Standard Durations for Urban Storqwqlgl !19 Time Interval Numberof Time StandardDuration (minutes) (minutes) Intervals

10
If

2
o
LL a b

5
5

?n

5 15 30
bU

60 t20 180 360

Kursus ltlSMA (&cember, 2004)

Runoff Estimdtion

3.0 Runoff Estimation 3.7 Time of Concentration The time of concentration (t6) and is given by
k-ttt6

where to = overland flow time and t6

= flow time in channel, kerbedgutteror pipe.

3. 1. 1O v edand Fl o wT i m e The Friend's formulashouldbe used to estimateoverlandsheetflow times. It is alsogiven in the form of a nomograph in Design Chart 14.1 (MSMA,2000) for shallowsheetflow over a planesurface.

t -_ 'o -

107.n. Lt!3
S, l/2

(7)

wnere, to = overlandsheet flow travel time (minutes) L - overlandsheet flow path length (m) n = Manning'sroughness value for the surface 5 = slope of overlandsurface(%) .dofe: Values for Manning's'n' are given in Table 14.2 (MSMA, 2000).

3 . 1. 2RoofDr ain a q e F l o wI tm e The time of flow travel on roofs for residentialis generallyvery smalland may be adopted as the minimumtime of 5 minutes. However,for larger residential,commercial,and industrial developments the travel time may be longer than 5 minutesin which case it should be estimated using the procedures for pipe and/or channelflow as
: n n rn n ri rfP

3.1,3 KerbedGutterFlowTime An approximatekerbed gutter flow time can be estimatedfrom DesignChart 14.2 (MSMA,2000) or by the following empirical eouation:

L 4 0 JS
where. ts = kerbed gutter flow time (minutes) L - len3th of kerbed gutter flow (m) S = longitudinalgrade of the kerbed gutter (%)

(8)

Kursus MSMA (December, 2004)

1

Runof Estimation

3.1.4Channel FlowTime flow along a open channel: The Manning's Equationis recommend;d to.calculate _ From which, Ir: li i v= ! R S' n (9a)

t,,,=

n .L
OU

R r'i s'r'r

(9b)

-i wnere, V = dvrdgvelocily(m/s) n = Manning's roughness coefficient (m) . R = hydraulic radius 5 = friction slope(m/m) L - length of reach(m) td, - travel time in the channel(minutes)
L1-5 PioeFlowTime

The time of flow through pipe, to, is then given by: t^ = 1 V ' where, L - pipe length(m) pipevelociV(m/s) V = average The velocity V in a pipe running jun Appendix 25.8 (MSM4 2000). full can be estlmated from pipe flow charts such as those in Chapter 25,

L
.rr,

, !Y ' I i ' ,ri ,

(10)

for NafuralCatchment 3.2 Time of Concentration For natural/landscaped catchmentsand mixed flow paths the time of concentrationcan be found by use of the Bransby-Williams' Equation11. In these casesthe times for overlandflow and channelor stream flow are included in the time calculated. Here the overlandflow time includingthe travel time in natural channelsis expressedas: -c -

F ..L
r/ro r/5 --:-:7 5

(11)

where, (minute) tc = the time of concentrabon = Fc a conversionfactor, 58.5 when area / is in kmz, or 92.5 when areais in ha L = length of flow path from catchment divide to outlet (km) A = catchment area(km2or ha) 5 = slope of stream flow path (m/km)

3.3 Time of Concentration for SmallCatchments to use the minimum times of concenlrationgiven in For small catchmentsup io 0.4 hectare in area, it is acceptable performing Table 6 insteadof detailedcalculation.

KursusWrvlA (Decemfur,200a)

Runoff Estimatjon

Table5 MinimumTimesof Concentntion Mi ni murn t (mi nutes) Roadinlet Smallareas< 0.4 hectare

3.4 Rational Method

3.4.1

RationalFormula

The RationalFormulais one of the most frequently used urban hydrologymethods in Malaysiato computing storrnwaterflows from rainfall. It gives satisfactoryresultsfor smallcatchmentsup to 80 hectaresonly. The formulais: U ..= J

c.!1 ..A 360

( 12)

where, yyear ARI peak flow (m3/s) Qy = C = dimensionless runoff coefficient rf = yyear ARI averagerainfall intensity over time of concentration, t, , (mm/hr) t
A dr:in>no rror /\3)

Assumptions used'inthe Rabonal Methodare as follows: 1. The peakflow occurs when the enhre catchmentis contributing to the flolv. 2. The rainfull intensity is the same over the entire catchment area. 3. The rainfall f". intensiby is uniformover a time durationequalto the time of concentration, 4. The ARI of the computedpeak flow is the same as that :f the rainfallintensity,i.e., a 5 year ARI rainfall intensity will producea 5 year ARI peakflow. peak flow usingthe Rational A.generalprocedure Methodis shownin Figure4. for estimating

3.4.2

P.unoffCoefficient

The runoff coefficient,C, is a function of the ground cover and a host of other hydrologicabstractions. The runoff coefficientaccountsfor the integrated effectsof rainfall interception, infiltration,depressionstorage, and temporary storage in transit of the peak rate of runoff. It depends on rainfall intensity and duration as well as on the catchmentcharacteristics.During a rainstorm the actual runoff coefficientincreasesas the soil become saturated. The greaterthe rainfallintensity,the lesserthe relativeeffect of rainfalllosseson the peak discharge,and therefore the greaterthe runoff coefficient. Recommended runoff coefficient (C) is given in Design Chart 14.3 (urban areas) or 14.4 (rural argas) in MSMA (2000), respectively.

Kursus I4SMA(December. 2004)

,<UItUt t C5LIm:JClOn

selectdesignARI for both minor and major drainage sy$ems

of homogeneous into segments sub-catchment divide sloPe land use or surface

overlandflow time estimate flow times for all other flow components estimate such as kerb gutters, pipe' within the sub-catchment etc' and channels,

averagerainfall Determine intensitY, {

r-l,rfor designARI of yyeas and duration calculate from IDF of concentration, time the to equal for area of dat-a .interest

C valuesfor each segmentif there are estimate differentland covers

averagerunoff Calculate coefficient

CalculatePeakflow rate Q, for the sub-catdtment

calculatepeak flow rate from Equation12

Figure4

Usingthe RationalMethod for EstirnatingPeakFlow for a Single sub-catchment GeneralProcedure

Kursus MSMA (Drcembef 2004)

Runoff Estimation

3.5 Hydrognph Method method is needed. and a hydrograph For largercatchments, storageand timing effectsbecomesignificant, Hydrograph methodsmust be used wheneverrainfallspatial and temporalvariationsor flow routing/storage effects water qualityfacilities, detention, needto be considered.Flow routingis importantin the designof stormwater and reflectflow peaking pump stations, to more precisely systems drainage and also in the designof largestormwater conditions systems. in eachsegmentoi complex

3.5.I Tirne-Area Method Tlme-arearnethodsutilise a convolutionof the rainfallexcesshyetographwith a time-area diagram representing the are generated progressive hydrographs for within a catchmentin set time increments.Separate area contnbutions the impervious and pervioussurfaceswithin the catchment. These are combinedto estimate the total flow inputsto individualsub-catchment entries to the urban drain network. This method assumesthat the outflow hydrognph for any storm is characterisedby separable subcatchmeni translationand storage effects. Pure translation of the direct runoff to the outlet via the drainage network is described usingthe channelrravel time, resultingin an outflow hydrognph that ignorescatchmentstorageeffects. by isochrones or lines ot To apply the method, the catch,.nent is first divided into a number of time zonesseparElted are then determined and plotted against equal travel time to the outlet (Figure5b). The areas between isochrones the travel time as shown in Figure5c. The translated inflow hydrograph ordinates qi for any selected design hyetograph (Figure5d) can now be determined. Eachblock of storm in Figure5a should be applied (after deductinglosses)to the entire catchment;the runoff from each sub-area reaches the orfflow at lagged intervals defined by the time-area hisLognm. The be determinedby properlylagging simultaneous storms11, 12,...should arrivalof the runoff from areasA1, A2,...for generally: and addingcontributions, or

Q,= I,-A , + I,-r . A r+ . . . . . . . + I t . A i

(13)

wnere, Qi = the flow hydrographordinates(nr31s; rainfallhyetographordinates(m/s) Ii = xCss Ai = tirne-area (m2) histogram ordinates = numbercf isochronearea contributingto the outlet i and q, is the For example,the runoff from storms f1 ofi Aj, f2on 42and Ijon At arive at the outlet simultaneously, totai flow. The total inflow hydrograph(Figure5d) at the outlet can be obtainedfrom Equation13.

Kursus MSMA (December, 200a)

Runoff Estimation

=
0)

Lt

.= '=
d.

[z
II

[3 I4

AreaA,

Af

2Lt

3Ar

4 Lt

Timef

(a) Rainfull Histogram

(b) CatchmentIsochrotres

,!

E
F

Q2

,/- \

: tg = E U

. v?

d.

\
\{o

\
AI A(

\5

Lt

zbt

3 At

4 Af

Time t (c) llme-Area Curve

Trme r (d) RunoffHydrognPh

Figure 5

Time-Area Method

Methods 3.5.2OtherHvCroqraoh . . . Wave Method Kinernatic Non-linearReservoirMedroci RationalMethodHydrographMethod

APPENDIX13.A

FOR IDF CURVESFOR 35 URBAN CENTRES FITTEDCOEFFICIENTS

in Malaysia (30 s t s LO00 for the Different Major Cities andTourns iable 13.A1 Coefficients for the IDFEquations min) j ARI r Coefficients of the iDF Polynomial Squations i DataPeriod r (year)
I

Slate

Location

jalo

c' d

Perlis

Kangar

1960-1983

5 10

I I

5.7949 I -0.1944 I -0.0413: -0.0008i 6.5896 i -0.6048 I 0.0445 i -0.006ai

Kedah

Alor Setar

1951-1983 5.8203 0.1093 i -0.1248I 0.0053 I 5.7420 0.2273 i-0.1481 lO.OOeeI 100 i 6.3202 I -0.a778 i -0.0849 i 0.0026 | 4.5140 | 0.6729 I -0.23r1 | 0.0118 3.9599 i 7.1284 i -0.3240| 0.0180 | 3.7277 1.4393 i -0.4023I 0.0241 I 3.32ssi r.z6sg -0.4703I 0.0296 I 2.8429 2.1456 { -0.5469I 0.0335 I 2.24!7 i -0.5610I 0.0341 100 | 2.7512 -0.7970 0.0100 -0.2406| 0.0127 7 l 0.614 5.0707 I 0.5515 0.0138 5.1150 i 0.6895 l-0.2631 l0.0147
a

PulauPinang

Penang

1951-1990

Ipoh

1951-1990

4.1689 I 0.8160 l-0.2725 10.0149

4.7867 I Perak BaganSerai 0.4919 l -0.1993 10.0099

20

r00
2 TelukIntan

s.2760 I 0.2436 -0.1436 0.0059 | 5.6661 5.6661 I 0.0329 0.0329 i-0.0944 10.0024 5.3431 I 0.3538 I -0.1586 0.0078 -0.1857i 0.0089 I s.:zsg | 5.6134 l-0.1209 l-0.0651 -0.0390 | -0.0012 6.3504 | -0.2498 -0.4595t0.0094 t-0. 6.7375 | -0.3572 I -0.0070 4.Ztt4 0.aL79 4.7986 I 0.5803 l-0.2202 10.0107 5.3916 | O.ZSS:i -O.rSqO I O.OOZ1

Perak

*u",u Kanssar

1950-1983 100 I

Perak

Setiawan

1951-1990

-0.2901 0.1478 i -0.1435I 0.0065 l- o.i.zso 0.0081 5.2320 i 0.3330 l-0.1635 i0.0068 5.5868 0.0964 0.0021 U .LLO > 0.0051 5.5294 5.2993 | 0.4270 l-0.1780 0.0082 6.5736 6.0681

5 . 5 s 7 5I O . : O CS l-O . r+ e S I O . OO S S
i
I Selanqoi'

4.2095
q rq4?

Ku a l aKu b uBa h ru

L > / U - L,)U

5.5474 50 i 6.0934

i 0.0044 -0.0350I -0.0392I -0 0c34 -0.1637I -0.0116

n qnq6

-0.3710I 0.0239 r -0.0c73 -0.4087 i 229 | -O.OOss

(Conhnued)

i;rban Stomwater l.lanaEement i-iailal

12_t

t5

Design Ranfall

(30 < t s 1000 min) Table 13.A1 Coefficients for the IDF Eguationsfor the DifferentMajor Cities and Towns in Malaysia ARI Location
['\rfr 2erin,.l

..1 i Coefficrents Equations i of the IDF Pclynomial

(vear) I 5 10 50 i | 0.1806 i 5.3255 5.1086 0.5037 i 4.9695 i 0.5796 i 4.9781 i 0.7533 | 4.8047 i 0.9399 i -0.1322i 0.0047 -0.2r55 i 0.0r12 -0.2584i 0.0147 i -0.279610.0156 -0.3218I 0.0197

Federal Territory

Kuala Lumpur

IY ]J - i YdJ

I
la

i :.zosr I t.t622 l- 0.:zsg lo.o:.z eI

; ; I 4 ?qR 7 dt . )2oo'l n Jv ).U 6)O
, tt / I t\

Malacca

Malacca

1951-1990 - l. ' 1 0

a-;l

-I

I 0.0069 T 0.4661T -ol?40 -I

I I o.so+s
I

i -o-z:er lo.o :.r z

-n rnzq
v.^v, J

t)u

T 4^aso6I o-z:ge rcn1f-l I -o.z:e8

0.4528 -0.1826 0.0719 -0.1306 0.0586 -0.1269 5.4663 6.r240 -0.2191 {.0820 | -0.2451 j -0.0888 | -0.5087T r.o4n /-u/d1 -0.42n -0.0731 4.9722 {.3215 3.9982 {.4012 7.2904 3.7967 -0.3008 0.8474 4.5287 -0.2753 4.9287 0.6897 4_7768 0.8716 -0.3158 4.6588 1.0163 -0-347t 0_7083 4_276r 4.5860 0.4815 4-7220 5.0571 -0.2131 0.4284 5.266s
5.3796

o.oo82_l

100 2 5
..legeriSembilan Seremban

0.0081 0.0062 0.0039 0.0051 0.0185 0.0247 0.0175 0.0163 0.0191 0.0213 0.0170 0.0133 0.0129
0 . 0116

5.2565

1970-1990

tl ,

100

z
J

Negeri Sembilan

KualaPilah

1970-1990

ttt

Johor

KIuang

1976-1990

20 50 100 2 5 10 20 50 100 2 5 20 100

a L

) ..fot

o.347r
0.1412 -0.0789

5.8808 5.3369 5.1028

5.7CF.8 5.8489 4.8420

Johor

Mersing

1951-1990

0.2883 -0_0635 -0.0890 0.7395

-0.1499
-u.'t I fJa

6.2257
6.7796

4.5023
4.9886

0.6159

5 Johor Eatu Pahat

0.3883
u.zvrb

1950-1983

ln 1U

5.2470
5.7407

50 100
I

6.2276
6.5443 3.8645
9..11) L

0.0204 -0.?278 -0,3840

1.1 150 1.0L47 0.99

lohor

1983 1960-

4396

0.8922 I

0.0086 0.0059 0.0095 4.0777 0.0036 {.0705 0. -0.2579 0.0165 -0.0631 0.0032 {.0160 0.0005 -0_2289 0 . 0119 -0.1769 0.0085 -u-_t)/5 o-0074 -0.4979 0.0032 -4.o474 0.00002 | -0.0135 4.0072 -0.3272 0.0182 -0.3308 0.0205 -0.3279 0.020 -0.3060I 0.0192

-0.1945 {.1498 -0.1066 -u- roz/

i-ra:

-;i :[l {'i

rrl a I

i 9E 3 1 9 70-

(Contintied)

1?-i)

Ilrban Stormwater

lelanagement lLlanual

Table 13.A1 CoefficienG for the IDF Equaiions forthe Different (30 < t < lO00 min) MajorCibesand Towns in Malaysia AKl, ^ -r Location Data Period I Coefficjents of lhe IDF Pclynomial Equa[ions I
ri

State

{V e a r ) ; r-oi

.a

Pahang

Raub

1966-1983

1n

Pahang

CameronHighland i

1951-1990

100 2 s 10 20
qn

100 2 5
P ahang

Kuanlan

1951-1990

1n

)n

)u 100 )
Pahang Temerloh | 1970-1983
tn

20
5U

100 2 5
Te'engganu KualaDungun | 1971-1983
1n

20 50 100
1 L

Terengganu

Kuala TerengEanu |

1951-1983

) 10 20
)U

100
z

Kelantan

Kobatharu

1951-1990

5 10
fn

50 100 Kelantan
Gua Musang

197r-1990

5 10
70 i

; -0.1521; -0.0063i -0.0056i 5 i 0.0125 i -0.0371I -O.OO:S i I -0.1058| 0.0012I I 0,342Q1 5.1818 ; 0.2173 i -0.0834 0.000 4.9395 ! 0.2645 i-0.1538 0-008 | 4.647r I 0.4968 i-0.2002 10.0099 4.3258 I 0.7684 i -0.2549 0.0114 i 4.8L78 10.5093 i-0.20 I 0.0100 5.3234 l 0.2213 l -0.1402 0.0059 5.0155 0.4675 I -0.1882 0.0089 5.1899 | 0.2s62 i-0.1612 iO.OOS0 T. i 0.6589 | -0.2529 U . U 4.3754 0.9634 I -0.3068 0. 0198 4.8517 10.7ffi9 1-0.2697 U .UI /O 5.0350 0.7267 I -0, 0.0167 )-tt )t' 0.6752 | -0.2450 0.0155 4.5073 0.4622 | 4.1729 0.0065 5.30F.4 0.0115 l-0.0590 -0.0019 4.5881 0.5465 -0.1646 n no4a 0.7118 i -0_1960 | 4.4378 | 0.0058 4.4823 0.8403 -0.2288 0.0095 4.526r 0.7270 -0.1988 0.0071 5.2577 0.0572 -0.1 091 0.0057 5.5A77 -0.0310 -0.0899 0.0050 5.4881 0.0698 -0.1169 0.0074 5.6842 -0.0393 -0.0862 0.0051 5.5773 0.1111 -0.1231 0.0081 6.1013 I -o.rsoo -0.0557 U .U U J ) 4.6684 0.3966 -0.1700 0.0096 4.4916 0.6s83 l -0.7292 0.0143 5.2985 o.2424 -0.1380 0.0089 -0.0935 -0.0739 0.0046 5.8299 -0.25r3 -0.0382 0.0021 5.1694 -0.1630 -0.0575 0.0035 6.1524 5. 0.0499 -0.1171 0.0070 5.7507 -0.0132l+.1117 0.0078 5.2497 0.4280 -0.2033 0.0139 5.4724 0.3591 | -0.1810 0. 0I 19 ).J) /d 0.5094 -0.2056 0.0131 n ?o17 n1 61 5.0&6 -u.l )dJ 4.6L32 0.6009 -0.2250 0 . 0i 14 3.8834 L.2r74 -0.3524 u .uz LJ 4.6080 I 0.8347 i -0.2 848 0 . 0161
I

q4

4.7534 i

50 00
/,'nntinr pi)

ffi

4.6405 i

0.9382 I ,0.30s9 i 0.0176I 0.0183

0.7946 i -A .2719 I 0. 0154

Urban Stormwat{

ManagemdTt

lvlanual

r 3-r3

t5

Table l3-A1

for the iDF Equatjonsfor the DifferentMajor Citles and Towns in Malaysia(30 < t < 1000 nrin) Coefficients j Coefficientsof the IDF PolynomialEquaiions

ARI Sbate Locatlon Data Period

( year ) i
I i 2 S

i 5.i958 j 0.0414 : -0.0712 I -0.0002 i , 5.6093 i{.1034 i-O.o:Sg l-O.OoZtt | -0.1224 i 0.0027 |

KotaKinabalu

1957-1980 50 1957-1980 4.9397 | 0.6575 r -A_2292 0.6/58 | -O.Z72Z I 0.0093 L .704t | -0.47L7 I- ol2ss L.t244 -0.3517 4.0220 4.4639 1.0439 -0.3427 .0 4.1878 i 0.9320 -0.31r5 U . U 1 ' 1 J 1.3975 I {.4086 3.7 0.0249 I 4. 0.0236 I 3.8422 1.5659 -0.450 0.0282 | 0.3053 4.t644 5.6274 0.0079 6.3 0.0026 4.3333 0.7773 4.2644 0.0L+4 4.9834 0.4624 -0.1985 0.0100 0.0623 {.1097 0,0038 5.6753 -0.0189 -0.0922 0.0027 5.9006 1.6430 -0.4472 3.0879 4.0262 1.4161 -0.3754 0.0200 3.4519 -0-3509 0.0L77 1-3388 3.#.23 3.3170 1-5906 -0_3955 0.0202 -0.0976 5.2707 0.1314 0.0025 0.0563 {.0919 0.0031 5.5722 {.0012 5.1060 -0.2520 -0.1 173 4.0574 0.0014 6.0081 -0.a244 {.00c8 {.2584 6.2652
4.109 I 3.1066 4.t4L9
5-125>

sabah
Sabah

I
I

Tawau

1966-1978

5 10
z

Kuamut

1969-1980

Sarawak

I j I

I
simanggang 1963-1980

5 10 20 50 100 2 )
n

>ararwaK

I
i

I
Sibu

20 2 5 1952-1980
IU

tn

Sarawak

Bintulu

1953-1980

I I

lI

Sarawak

Kapit

I I
Sarawak

r---

___l
5arawak

Kuching

I I
I I

M i ri

-0.0700 {.0032 -0.0600 -0.0045 0_2886 1964-7974 {.0820 0.0296 -0.0110 5.0785 -0.1093 0.0043 5.1719 I 0.1558 4.8825 0.387r -0.1455 0.0068 5 0.2268 -0.1039 0.0039 5.1635 1 9 5 1-1980 10 20 I 5.2479 l 0.2107 ! -0.0968 i 0.0035 s1 0 T s.2780 i 0.2240 | -0.0932i0.0031, --2 I oo3s l 4.9302 | 0.2s64 L - o.r z4o-o 0.21s2 f -00216l ssz16I -f-n{.Ootil -+ n or 14 nn4e I 1953-1980 1 0 I ffi j -0.3188 I 0.0021 i -0.0044 6.1591 2At | -T-{ -;;---r 00s41 6.3582 I -0.:gZ: i 0!1r0 )ut
4.5416 4.5184
L ------=-_l \t

2 ) 10 20 50 2 5 10 20

0.2745

L.2t!1 1

0.0164

I -r f . i

i)rllan Stam'*ater

Manaoement

l'Iat uai

APPENDIX13.8 DESIGNTEMPORALPATTERNS

Table13.81 No.ul Time Periods

L

TemporalPaftems Malaysia - West Ccast of Peninsulai'

Duration (min)
l-U

of Rainfallin EachTlrnePeriod Fraction

15 30 60 120 180 350

L2
tt

0.570 0.430 0.320 0.500 0.150 0.250 0.039 0.070 0.030 0.119 0.050 a.220 0.320 0.410

0.r80 0.330 0.158 0.310 0.340 0.110

0.090 0.r10 0.050 0.120 0.232 0.101 0.089 0.057 0.048 0.031 0.028 0.017 0.208 0.090 0.119 0.094 0.030 a.220 0.120 0.040 0.080 0.050 0.030
15 min Duration 30 minute Duration
:

0-5
n(

10 min Duration

0. 5 0.4
U.J

0.5 0.4 0-3

,,'.1*. .. ..irii:._-...:.. .j .--:.:_'.-: ;. .:-1-.---_ ._..,.'_-: ; . .:._j ::: -, . i I .-_i:-: . -. I :.

. 'i :r'-,. .- ...

0.4 0-3 0.2 0-1 0.0 12 'nmePeriod

0.2 o. l
U.U

n1 0.0

, 60 minute Duration . 0.5 0.4 0.3

v-z n1

120 minute Duction

123456789101112
'l'ime Period

1 2 3 4 5 6 '7 8
l'ime Period

180 minute Duration u_) 0.4 0-l

0.51_ i
. .:

360 mlnute Duration

c2 0t
TA

Urban Stotmwater Management l,lanual

t'l

Dsign Rainfatl

Table t3.82 Duration ( m in) l0

l)

Malaysia- EastCoastoFPeninsular TemooralPatierns

No. of T'ime Periods

l

Fractionof Rainfall in Each firne Period

{
o

30
OU

120 180
JOU

L2 8
o

0.570 0.320 0.160 0.039 0.030 0.190 0.290

0.430 0.500 0.180 0.250 0.330 0.090 0.1 l0 0.232 0.070 U.IbtJ U .IZ U 0.119 0.310 0.208 0.090 0.230 0.190 0.160 0.130 0.200 0.150 0.120 0.140
15 nun Duratton

0.050 0.101 0.089 0.057 0.048 0.031 0.028 0.017 0-119 0.094 0.030 0.r00 0.090
30 minute Durdoon

10 min Duradon u,o 0.5 0.4 0.3 0,2 0.1 0.0 Time Period

u .o n< 0 .4 0 .3 n) 0 .1 0 .0

t23 'l-imePeriod

120 minute Duration u.) 0.4

u.l

u.l

0.0 -

180 minute Duration

Uf ,

J50 minuCe Duration

l,' I
i

:.i

04 ' ,j 03 0.? c1
l/ ',_j

{ * L1e3epa[ternscan also be used in Sahahand 5;rarvak. uniil local sfudiesaie carried oirt)

1 ?-1 6

U,'han Stomwata

Hanage'nertt

Manual

Desgn Rainrbll

Snt

o
N
JOQn

6CKn

sc^tE

ruu nocct|nJ

uuf
fs''

clItNt sELtTl|t
cflnl sr/)

sEuT yEuxr
@aE or l/utal

6
!-

Figure13.3 Values of zp24hfor usewith Table i3-3 (source: Hp 1, 19gZ)

a:l a

dl

ft

Fiaw Sjmaocn

and Rcuzr

APPENDU 14.A DESIGII CHARTS

t'

llrilNr

tlx l|l
I
i

Il l
/d2i /

A
t^acf

| ,7--7-)
/// 7

iil

--)

r
M!

Xil

lgol I I
r F !r - t

t{& \tr,l I
\I!rl rff L^i $+

\dl I | | N- d- i

p-l_-7-W-__z_
t// yisv/ ,/

v4 i
Vl:l

flR-NEI
rY\FlNld\r\:t|Ntfi\tJ\t

rT TR:'| | tI I
(i

:2!!Z
4a'

/|
/ ..'

a-,

Nd

t\r !l

tNo

)t

,/

,r
,,./l I
I

il t\7
ttlll
t,

\rcx
v@.J l\-19. r\ I a , /1 ,/ 2/i /' ./

titl

ttvt\
\l

./

/' ,(

)'

,z

r tt
tl

,/
60 50 40 30

ilt tt tl

I t\
tl

70

10

3r

20

50

100

200

5C0

1C

Tlrneof Travel Over Surfuce(min.)

il

flow (m) of Overland Length

Designftaft 14.1

1977) Nomographfor EstimatingOverlandSheet Flow IImes (Source:AR'&R, Only) Flow Sheel Shallow Times Flow (OverlandSheet

1000
il I

, : :t'><'

|:
::: | ,':i.:''l

E GI
J

aa,;:z
IIJU

::

-: ---. i

Sicpe(%)

Design Chart 14.2

Kerb Gutier Fiorv llme

I
ltlJ

Urban Stqmwater

Hanagement

Manual

Flow st'mal,-oe aRd Rcutjn

i.i
i- t.-

lL,

i:

r I

(r

-a.J

o U L

u.)

JC

80

90

100 t!0

r2o

llo

14C 150

t 50 170

R=infal!Inte;-:siby, I (mm/hr)
. ut !2 ' ,t

Desgn Chai-i14..4 Runci'f Coefficientsfor Rural Catchments Source: AF.&R., 192l Note: Fcr I > 2OArnm/hr, inlerpolatelinea,-fy tc C: 0"9 at f = 400 mm/hr

ll

i-l

ii
-*1-- -T--,;-

il

U
.U
(E-

i
U,)

t-

qJ O (J

L
d.

G)
11\

/:\ \:/

a\ r;\ \:-/

Imgeruious Rocfs. Concret3 Cty AreasFull and SolidlyBuilt Up Sur{ace Oay, Pocr Paving,Sandstcne ec\ck Commercial & Oty AressOosely EuiltUp Semi Derlahed llouses cn Bare Eafii

Bare Earih, Eartit with S6ndstDne Outo-cps I Urban ReECendal FullySuitt Up with timitedlGar3ens Bare Lcam, Suburban Residentialwith Gardlns WiCelyOei"acirediF.lcuses cn Ordinery Loam Suburban FJlly Built Upon Sand Strata I ParkL?wnsand M:adors I Clltivated Fielcswith Good Grorvtir Sand Sirata

r;)
/:\
it ( 8' l

\,

10c 110 120 rl 0

150

160 |79

i 80

190 200

lr I J
Design Cnari 14-3 foi'Urbanf,atlhmenls P.uncfiCoerlc;enG Source: AF.&R, 1977 -

Note: For .f> 200 mrn,/hr,inierpolatelineariyto C= 0,9 at f : 400 mm/hi-

tTza

I J;han

.Stmwsler

lVanaacmpnf

M;nrtal