Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Mengenali Kegawatan Dengue 2013
Mengenali Kegawatan Dengue 2013
Isi presentasi
Situasi epidemiologi infeksi Dengue Overview of the three guidelines Spektrum klinis Tanda peringatan dan kegawatan Tatalaksana Do and dont Ringkasan
Pendahuluan
GLOBAL burden of dengue Global incidence of dengue has grown dramatically in recent decades About two fifths of the world's population are now at risk Dengue is found in tropical and sub-tropical climates worldwide, mostly in urban and semi-urban areas Dengue is the most prevalent arboviral disease with high morbidity, mortality & socio-economical costs.
Case management Despite its complex in pathogenesis and manifestation management is relatively simple and inexpensive No specific treatment rely on fluid management . If it is appropriately and timely implemented could saves the lives of patients Current situation : the most effevtive way to prevent dengue transmission is to combat disease carrying-mosquitoes The development of vaccines and drugs is challenging but potential to change this.
70
1000000
60
Number of cases
50 800000 40 600000
479,848
30
400000
295,554
20
200000
908 15,497
122,174
10
Source: DengueNet
Number of countries
60
IR and CFR
40
20
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Year
IR/100.000 CFR(%)
Source : Kemkes RI
2010
Cases
25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0
Cases Death Jan 22777 213 Feb 22467 211 Mar 19538 181 Apr 16175 161 May 13132 126 Jun 11530 90 Jul 10790 82 Aug 9496 69 Sep 7814 54 Oct 7959 53 Nov 7497 57 Dec 5324 51 Jan 8258 52 Feb 6357 57 Mar 6289 45 Apr 4658 51 May 4801 32 Jun 4363 32 Jul 4291 32 Aug 4116 44 Sep 3391 36 Oct 3755 34 Nov 2393 23
Death
250
2010
2011
Month
Source : Subdirectorate of Arbovirosis - Directorate of VBDC, Directorate General DC&EH , Ministry of Health RI
Infeksi dengue bersifat akut, dinamis dengan spektrum klinis yang bervariasi dari asimtomatik fatal Kegawatan penyakit pada umumnya terjadi pada fase kritis Sampai saat ini belum tersedia obat anti virus maupun vaksin untuk terapinya, tata laksana relatif bertumpu pada pemberian cairan
Dengue guidelines
1997 Guideline for treatment of DF and DHF in small hospitals WHO Searo 1999 Pages : 33 Content Clinical Chapters : (6) manifestation, diagnosis, cas Epidemiology and burden e management of disease, clinical management, vector management, lab diagnostic tests, surveillance and emergency response, new avenues Chapters : (15) Epidemiology, disease burden,clinical manifestation and diagnosis, lab diagnosis, management, surveillance, vector, vector management, IVM, Combi, PHC approach, case investigation, monitoring, strategic plan (bi-regional plan) 2009 Dengue Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control WHO TDR 2009 160 2011 Comprehensive guideline for prevention and control of Dengue and DHF WHO Searo 2011 212
DHF grade IV
Without
WH O/TDR 2009
Warning signs* Abdominal pain or tenderness Persistent vomiting Clinical fluid accumulation Mucosal bleed Lethargy; restlessness Liver enlargement >2cm Laboratory: Increase in HCT concurrent with rapid decrease in platelet count
Inapparent Infection
Dengue Fever
10
Viraemia
Serology and virology Course of dengue illness: Febrile
IgM/IgG
Critical
Recovery Phases
Adapted from WCL Yip, 1980 by Hung NT, Lum LCS, Tan LH
What to Do ?
Pada fase awal demam
Curiga Dengue bila terdapat gejala :demam
+ nyeri kepala, retro orbital, sendi, perut + muka kemerahan (flushing) + ruam kulit
What to Do ?
Pada fase demam
Lakukan uji bendung (Tourniquete test)
Uji bendung positif + demam 13 hari mempunyai PPV infeksi dengue : 63 % Bila disertai leukopenia 5000 /mL, PPV 83 %
What to Do ?
Pada fase awal/demam awal/demam
Perdarahan hati-hati bila: Epistaksis pertama kali Menorrhagia pada anak remaja Fase ini Perdarahan tidak berat Bentuk perdarahan paling sering: petekie, epistaksis, hematemesis Stop / meminimalisasi perdarahan Mengurangi faktor-faktor yang dapat menimbulkan perdarahan
What to Do ?
Pada fase awal demam
Lakukan pemeriksaan darah serial: Hb, Ht, leukosit, hitung jenis dan trombosit Perawatan di rumah:
Turunkan suhu, ukur suhu berkala Berikan sebanyak mungkin cairan oral: susu, juice, cairan elektrolit Berikan lingkungan yang tenang Penurun panas : paracetamol
What to Do ?
Pada fase awal / demam
Pemeriksaan Ag NS1 perlu dikerjakan atau tidak? Diperlukan bila gejala klinis tidak khas demam < 72 jam Ag NS1 dilakukan untuk mendeteksi infeksi virus Dengue pada fase akut
sensitivitas bervariasi >unggul dari kultur virus & Ab IgM/IgG anti Dengue spesifisitas 100% gold standard: kultur virus & PCR
What to Do ?
Pada fase awal awal/demam /demam
Pemeriksaan Dengue blot HS 5 Lihat gejala klinis pasien Interpretasi hasil pemeriksaan IgM dan IgG
Ig M + + Ig G + + Interpretasi Infeksi primer Infeksi sekunder Tsk inf sekunder Tdk ada infeksi
Bila hasil IgG & IgM(-) dan klinis (+), ulang pemeriksaan
Warning signs
Positive Positive
CLASSIFICATION
Negative
Den without warning signs Dengue with warning signs Severe dengue
Group A
Group criteria Lab test Treatment Group criteria Lab test Treatment
Group B
or : Excisting warning signs Lab test Treatment
Group C
Group criteria Lab test Treatment compensated shock
MANAGEMENT
if patient improves
if patient still unstable
Monitoring
Monitoring
TATALAKSANA KEGAWATAN
Admission Criteria
1997 Signs of significant dehydration (>10% normal body weight) 2009 - Any warning sign - Coexisting conditions: infancy, pregnancy, old age, obesity, diabetes mellitus, renal failure, hypertension, chronic hemolytic disease etc. - Social circumstances: living alone, living far from health facility, without reliable means of transport.
In detail
2011 - Shock: Resuscitation and admission. -Hypoglycemic patients without leucopenia and/or thrombocytopenia -Those with warning signs. - High-risk patients with leucopenia and thrombocytopenia
Fluid management
1997 DHF grade I-II 6-7 ml/kg/hour 5 ml/kg/hour 3 ml/kg/hour stop after 24-48 hours 2009 Dengue with warning signs isotonic solutions such as 0.9% saline, Ringers lactate, or Hartmanns solution. Start with 57 ml/kg/hour for 12 hours, then reduce to 3 5 ml/kg/hr for 24 hours, and then reduce to 23 ml/kg/hr or less according to the clinical response 2011 DHF grade I-II maintenance (for one day) + 5% deficit (oral and IV fluid together), to be administered over 48 hours
Tidak gelisah Nadi kuat Tek drh stabil Hct turun Diuresis 1 ml/kgBB/jam
2009 Severe Denguecompensated shock isotonic crystalloid solutions at 510 ml/kg/hour over one hour. reassess
2011 DHF grade III 10 ml/kg in children or 300500 ml in adults over one hour or by bolus, if necessary Further, fluid administration should follow the graph
Syok kompensata (perfusi menurun tetapi tekanan sistolik masih baik) mulai dengan larutan kristaloid 10-20 m/kg/jam 1 jam
Ya
PERBAIKAN* IV kristaloid, turunkan bertahap 10 ml/kg/hr selama 1-2 jam 7 mL/kg/hr selama 2 jam 5 mL/kg/hr selama 4 jam 3 mL/kg/jam
tidak
HCT tinggi HCT
periksa HCT
PERBAIKAN *
Ya
Tdk
* Nilai ulang kondisi klinis (tanda vital , pulse, capillary refill time dan ekstremitas) dan tentukan status penderita - IV: intravenous, HCT: hematocrit, :meningkat, :turun
2009 Severe Dengue hypotensive shock Initiate intravenous fluid resuscitation with crystalloid or colloid solution (if available) at 20 ml/kg as a bolus given over 15 minutes to bring the patient out of shock as quickly as possible. DHF grade IV
2011
Ten ml/kg of bolus fluid should be given as fast as possible, ideally within 10 to 15 minutes. When the blood pressure is restored, further intravenous fluid may be given as in Grade 3. If shock is not reversible after the first 10 ml/kg, a repeat bolus of 10 ml/kg and laboratory results should be pursued and corrected as soon as possible.
36
What Not to Do ?
Pada fase awal awal/ / demam
Jangan selalu mendiagnosis DD/DBD pada pasien demam dan ISPA Indikator dini infeksi dengue: - Demam tinggi
- Wajah kemerahan - Tidak tampak fokal infeksi - Uji Tourniquet positif - Trombositopenia atau ( Ht naik )
What Not to Do ?
Pada fase awal awal/demam /demam
Pemeriksaan NS1 bukan untuk mengetahui berat ringannya penyakit Foto thoraks RLD jangan dilakukan pada semua kasus tersangka DBD Tidak boleh memberikan obat penurun panas jenis Aspirin atau Ibuprofen Jangan memberikan antibiotik, kecuali terdapat infeksi penyerta dengan fokus yang jelas
Pada ensefalopaty / ensefalitis diberikan antibiotik
Hindari pemberian kortikosteroid tanpa indikasi jelas, tidak menunjukkan adanya manfaat
What Not to Do ?
Pada fase awal / demam
Tidak boleh memberikan obat penurun panas jenis Aspirin atau Ibuprofen Jangan memberikan antibiotik, kecuali terdapat infeksi penyerta dengan fokus yang jelas
Pada ensefalopaty / ensefalitis diberikan antibiotik
Hindari pemberian kortikosteroid tanpa indikasi jelas, tidak menunjukkan adanya manfaat
hanya diberikan pada kasus ensefalopaty tanpa perdarahan
Ringkasan
Saat ini belum tersedia vaksin dan obat anti virus Dengue manajemen kasus bertumpu pada tatalaksana cairan Mengenali gejala dan tanda, tanda peringatan seawal mungkin akan mengurangi risiko terjadinya kegawatan Ketepatan dan kecepatan pemberian pada kasus berat ( DSS) menentukan outcome penderita