Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Protection 2014
Protection 2014
Protection 2014
Why do we need protection systems How do we protect concepts of protection system design Protection Schemes Overcurrent Distance Dierential etc.
Udaya Annakkage
Examples of abnormal conditions Large currents Large voltages, low voltages Presence of negative and zero sequence currents What is the problem with abnormal conditions ? Damage to equipment and people Interruption to power supply
Udaya Annakkage
Objectives
Prevent or at least minimize damage when abnormal conditions arise Isolate only the directly aected part of the system
Udaya Annakkage
Design Criteria
Udaya Annakkage
Protection Zones
Each protection scheme is mainly responsible for clearing faults within its zone Some schemes provide backup protection to neighbouring zones Some schemes do not provide backup protection (unit protection schemes) Zones are overlapped to avoid unprotected areas.
Udaya Annakkage
CT
Udaya Annakkage
Transducers
Current Transformers (CT) Electromagnetic type (most common) MagnetoOptical type Voltage Transformers (VT) Capacitor divider type Electromagnetic type
Udaya Annakkage
Burden on a CT
The load on a current transformer is called the burden This can be expressed either as a VA load or as an impedance . Example . 5 VA burden on a 1 A current transformer means: I=1A VI = 5 VA Therefore, V=5 V i.e. . R = 5 ohm What is the equivalent load in ohms of a 5 A burden on a 5 VA CT?
. . . . . .
Udaya Annakkage
Standard CT ratios: 50:5, 100:5,150:5, 200:5, 250:5, 300:5, 400:5, 450:5, 500:5, 600:5, 800:5, 900:5, 1000:5, 1200:5
Udaya Annakkage
Relays
Electromechanical: attracted armature, induction disc unit, induction cup unit etc. Static: logic units (AND,OR,NOT), time delay units, magnitude comparators, phase comparators, phase shift units, amplication units. Numerical Relays: Sampling, A/D conversion, ltering, signal processing (computation of peak, average, rms, fundamental component, dc oset etc)
Udaya Annakkage
Circuit Breakers
Duties: . Carry full load current 1 . Withstand normal voltages 2 . Open and close the circuit on no load 3 . Make and break normal operating currents 4 . Make short circuit currents 5 . Break short circuit currents 6 13 Isolators 15 Switches 16 Circuit Breakers Types: Oil, Air, Air blast, Vacuum, SF6
. . . . . .
Udaya Annakkage
. . 2 . 3 . 4
1
Magnitude Relays (example: overcurrent relays) Directional Relays (example: mho relays) Ratio Relays (example: distance relays) Dierential Relays (example: generator or transformer internal fault protection)
Udaya Annakkage
Overcurrent Relays
.
Operating time (s) .
Udaya Annakkage
Udaya Annakkage
Example 1
CT:400/5 . Relay The operatng time of the relay is given by: t= Ir0.02 0.14 TMS 1 If
where, Ir = IIfs is the ratio between the fault current If and the current setting Is of the relay. If the current setting and TMS have been chosen to be 6A and 1.0 respectively, determine the operating time of the relay for a fault current of 800A.
. . . . . .
Udaya Annakkage
Example 2
The following information is given: CT Ratio: 400/5 Current setting (pick up current) = 5.0 A TMS = 0.2 TMS t = 3log( Ir ) Determine the operating time of the relay for a fault current of 500A.
Udaya Annakkage
Example 3
The following information is given: CT Ratio: 200/5 Current setting (pick up current) = 6.0 A Fault current If is 1200A TMS t = 3log( Ir ) Determine the TMS to get an operating time of 1.4 s for this fault.
Udaya Annakkage
CT:400/5
CT:400/5
R1
R2
Current settings of R1 and R2 are at 6A and TMS of R2 is 0.1. R1 is required to provide back up protection to R2 for a fault current of 1200A (a fault near bus A). Allow 0.3 seconds for backing up and determine the TMS of R1. The fault current for a fault near bus B is 1800A. What is the operating time of R1 for this fault.
. . . . . .
Udaya Annakkage
j 5.0 . j 5.0
Bus 1
B1
Bus 2
B2
Bus 3
B3
Bus 4
B4
Bus 5 j 12.8
j 9.6
j 6.4
j 8.0
Grounded Y-Y
. Fault Currents: . Bus # Max. Fault Current (A) Min. Falut Current (A) . Max. Load Current (A)
1 3187 1380
Udaya Annakkage
Udaya Annakkage
Udaya Annakkage
Udaya Annakkage
R4
Udaya Annakkage
0.3 s
0.3 s
R3
R2
Directional Relay
I12
V I12
min V
max
I12
TRIP BLOCK
Udaya Annakkage
Zr
TRIP BLOCK
. . . . . .
TRIP BLOCK
Udaya Annakkage
TRIP BLOCK
Udaya Annakkage
Distance Protection
. B1 . . R1:Zone 1 R1:Zone 2 . . Operating time (s) R1:Zone 3 B2 B3
R1:Zone 1
R3:Zone 2
Impedance
. . . . . .
Udaya Annakkage
Udaya Annakkage
Example 7
Determine the Zone 1 and Zone 2 settings for the relay in Example 6. . Zone 1 setting . Line Impedance seen by the relay = 0.4 + j 7.2 Zone 1 setting is 80 % of the line impedance = 0 . 8 0.42 + 7.22 = 0.8 7.21 = 5.77 . . Zone 2 setting . Zone 2 setting is 120 % of the line impedance = 1 . .2 7.21 = 8.65
Udaya Annakkage
Example 8
Determine the Zone 3 setting for the relay in Examples 6 and 7 to provide back up protection to the next line having an impedance of 10 + j100 . . Zone 3 setting . Impedance of the second line as seen by the relay = 400 (10 + j 100) 1000 = 0.8 + j 8 5 Zone 3 setting is 7.21 + 1.2 . 0.82 + 82 = 9.65
Udaya Annakkage
Dierential Protection
The principle of discrimination is by comparison of currents entering and leaving the protected zone. Dierential protection (also known as unit protection) schemes have absolute selectivity, fast operation and high sensitivity. They provide protection only to a specied unit and do not provide back up protection to other units of the system. This is in contrast to all other schemes that operate on the principle of time discrimination.
Udaya Annakkage
Dierential Protection
Udaya Annakkage
. Non-ideal situation CTs are not identical Leads connecting the CTs to the relay are not identical Therefore, the magnetizing currents are dierent.
. . . . . .
Udaya Annakkage
. Stabilizing Resistance Rs is chosen to prevent relay operation for external faults under worst case scenario where only one CT is saturated.
Udaya Annakkage
Udaya Annakkage
State whether the following statements are True or False and explain your answer
. Inverse time overurrent relays can be used for back up protection . Dierential protection can provide primary protection to a 2 transformer and back up protection to a nearby bus bar. . Overlapping zones are used for providing back up 3 protection. . Impedance relay characteristics are not suitable for 4 distance protection. . An overcurrent relay is expected to operate under 5 maximum loading conditions. . There will be no spill current in a dierential protection 6 scheme if the CTs are identical.
1
. . . . . .
Udaya Annakkage