GPS Tracking System Project Report

GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
(1)INTRODUCTION
(1.1) WHAT IS GPS TRACKING SYSTEM?
A GPS tracking unit is a device that uses the Global Positioning System to determine the precise location of a vehicle, person, or other asset to which it is attached and to record the position of the asset at regular intervals. The recorded location data can be stored within the tracking unit, or it may be transmitted to a central location data base, or internet-connected computer, using a cellular GP!S", radio, or satellite modem embedded in the unit. This allows the asset#s location to be displayed against a map backdrop either in real-time or when analysing the track later, using customi$ed software. A GPS tracking system uses the G%SS Global %avigation Satellite System" network. This network incorporates a range of satellites that use microwave signals which are transmitted to GPS devices to give information on location, vehicle speed, time and direction. So, a GPS tracking system can potentially give both real-time and historic navigation data on any kind of &ourney. A GPS tracking system can work in various ways. 'rom a commercial perspective, GPS devices are generally used to record the position of vehicles as they make their &ourneys. Some systems will store the data within the GPS tracking system itself known as passive tracking" and some send the information to a centrali$ed database or system via a modem within the GPS system unit on a regular basis known as active tracking". A PASSIVE GPS TRACKING SYSTEM will monitor location and will store its data on &ourneys based on certain types of events. So, for e(ample, this kind of GPS system may log data such as turning the ignition on
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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
or off or opening and closing doors. The data stored on this kind of GPS tracking system is usually stored in internal memory or on a memory card which can then be downloaded to a computer at a later date for analysis. )n some cases the data can be sent automatically for wireless download at predetermined points*times or can be re+uested at specific points during the &ourney. AN ACTIVE GPS TRACKING SYSTEM is also known as a real-time system as this method automatically sends the information on the GPS system to a central computer or system in real-time as it happens. This kind of system is usually a better option for commercial purposes such as fleet tracking and individual vehicle tracking as it allows the company to know e(actly where their vehicles are, whether they are on time and whether they are where they are supposed to be during a &ourney. This is also a useful way of monitoring the behavior of employees as they carry out their work and of streamlining internal processes and procedures for delivery fleets.
(1.2) WHAT IS GPS?

The Global Positioning System GPS" is actually a constellation of ,- .arth-orbiting satellites ,/ in operation and three e(tras in case one fails". The 0.S. military developed and implemented this satellite network as a military navigation system, but soon opened it up to everybody else. .ach of these 1,222- to /,222-pound solar-powered satellites circles the globe at about 3,,222 miles 34,122 km", making two complete rotations every day. The orbits are arranged so that at any time, anywhere on .arth, there are at least four satellites 5visible5 in the sky.
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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
A GPS receiver#s &ob is to locate four or more of these satellites, figure out the distance to each, and use this information to deduce its own location. This operation is based on a simple mathematical principle called trilateration.
(P !"! #!$%"e&' U.S. De(a%")e*" !+ De+e*&e A%",&"-& #!*#e(" !+ " e GPS &a"e..,"e #!*&"e..a",!*)
/,g$%e (1.2.1) )n order to make the simple calculation of the location, then, the GPS receiver has to know two things6 The location of at least three satellites above you The distance between you and each of those satellites
(P !"! #!$%"e&' Ga%),* T e S"%ee" P,.!" II, a GPS %e#e,0e% 1," 2$,."3,* )a(& +!% 4%,0e%&)
/,g$%e (1.2.2)
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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
The GPS receiver figures both of these things out by analy$ing high-fre+uency, lowpower radio signals from the GPS satellites. 7etter units have multiple receivers, so they can pick up signals from several satellites simultaneously. 8ou can use maps stored in the receiver#s memory, connect the receiver to a computer that can hold more detailed maps in its memory, or simply buy a detailed map of your area and find your way using the receiver#s latitude and longitude readouts. Some receivers let you download detailed maps into memory or supply detailed maps with plug-in map cartridges. A standard GPS receiver will not only place you on a map at any particular location, but will also trace your path across a map as you move. )f you leave your receiver on, it can stay in constant communication with GPS satellites to see how your location is changing. 9ith this information and its built-in clock, the receiver can give you several pieces of valuable information6 :ow far you#ve traveled odometer" :ow long you#ve been traveling 8our current speed speedometer" 8our average speed A 5bread crumb5 trail showing you e(actly where you have traveled on the map The estimated time of arrival at your destination if you maintain your current speed
(1.5) TYPES O/ GPS TRACKING SYSTEM6

Three Types of GPS Tracking 0nits are there. There are currently three categories of GPS tracking units. The categories are split into how GPS data is logged and retrieved.
Da"a L!gge%&
GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
;ata loggers are usually the most basic type of GPS tracking< a GPS data logger simply logs the position of the ob&ect at regular intervals and retains it in an internal memory. 0sually, GPS loggers have flash memory on board to record data that is logged. The flash memory can then be transferred and accessed using 0S7 or accessed on the device itself. 0sually data loggers are devices used for sports and hobby activities. They might include devices that help log location for hikers, bikers and &oggers.
Da"a P$& e%&

;ata Pushers are GPS tracking units that are mainly used for security purposes. A data pusher GPS tracking unit sends data from the device to a central database at regular intervals, updating location, direction, speed and distance. ;ata pushers are common in fleet control to manage trucks and other vehicles. 'or instance, delivery vehicles can be located instantly and their progress can be tracked. =ther uses include the ability to track valuable assets. )f valuable goods are being transported or even if they reside in a specific location, they can constantly be monitored to avoid theft. ;ata pushers are also common for espionage type tasks. )t is e(tremely easy to watch the movements of an individual or valuable asset. This particular use of GPS tracking has become an important issue in the field of GPS tracking, because of its potential for abuse.
Da"a P$..e%&
The last category of GPS tracking units is the data pusher units. These types of units push data or send data when the unit reach a specific location or at specific intervals. These GPS units are usually always on and constantly monitoring their location. >ost, if not all data puller unit also allow data pushing the ability to +uery a location and other data from a GPS tracking unit".
(1.7) /EATURES O/ THE GPS TRACKING SYSTEM6

GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
Generally all of the GPS Tracking System has some of the common features that are listed below6 GSM9G(%& M!4$.e 3 )t is used to send the location to the user online. )n some case, if the user wants the location through the internet then this module is very useful. 7y the help of the GS>*GP!S module, we can send data real time. )t can be seen on the internet enabled any device as a P?, mobile phone, P;A etc. T%a#: P.a'2a#: 3 Animates your driver#s daily driven route so that you can follow every move. The track animation line is color coded to indicate the speed your driver was traveling during his route. I4.e T,)e Re(!%"3 Gives you an accurate report detailing when your driver was stopped and has left the engine running on the vehicle. This report was designed with input from our e(isting customers who were concerned about high fuel bills. T%a#: De"a,. 3 Provides you with a split screen view when reviewing your driver#s route. Stop and transit times, as well as speed information, are displayed in the bottom pane. 8ou can easily toggle between stops by clicking the stop number on the track detail pane.
(1.8) GPS POSITION LOCATION PRINCIPLE6

The Global Positioning System is comprised of three segments6 Satellite constellation ground control* monitoring network and user receiving e+uipment. 'ormal GPS &oint program office @P=" programmatic terms for these components are space, operational control and user e+uipment segments, respectively. The satellite constellation contains the satellites in orbit that provide the ranging signals and data messages to the user e+uipment.
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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
/,g$%e 1.8.1 The operational control segment =?S" tracks and maintains the satellites in space. The =?S monitors satellite health and signal integrity and maintains the orbital configuration of the satellite. 'urthermore, the =?S updates the satellite clock corrections and ephemerides as well as numerous other parameters essential to determining user position, velocity and time PAT". The user receiver e+uipment performs the navigation, timing or other related notation.
(1.;) GPS SIGNALS6

B The satellites of the G.!2a. P!&,",!*,*g S'&"e) GPS" broadcast radio signals to enable GPS receivers on or near the .arth#s surface to determine location and synchroni$ed time. The GPS system itself is operated by the 0.S. ;epartment of ;efense for both military use and use by the general public. B GPS signals include ranging signals, used to measure the distance to the satellite, and navigation messages. The navigation messages include e( e)e%,& data, used to calculate the position of each satellite in orbit, and
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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
information about the time and status of the entire satellite constellation, called the a.)a*a#.
Basic GPS signals:

The original GPS design contains two ranging codes6 the ?oarse*Ac+uisition ?*A" code, which is freely available to the public, and the restricted Precision P" code, usually reserved for military applications.
C!a%&e9A#=$,&,",!* #!4e6
The ?*A code is a 3,2,1 2," deterministic se+uence called (&e$4!%a*4!) *!,&e also (&e$4!%a*4!) 2,*a%' &e=$e*#e" P% or P!% code" which, when transmitted at 3.2,1 )ega2,"& (e% &e#!*4 >bit*s", repeats every ),..,&e#!*4. These se+uences only match up, or strongly #!%%e.a"e, when they are e(actly aligned. .ach satellite transmits a uni+ue P!% code, which does not correlate well with any other satellite#s P!% code. )n other words, the P!% codes are highly !%" !g!*a. to one another. This is a form of #!4e 4,0,&,!* )$.",(.e a##e&& ?;>A", which allows the receiver to recogni$e multiple satellites on the same fre+uency.
P%e#,&,!* #!4e6
The P-code is also a P!%< however, each satellite#s P-code P!% code is C.3D-3 E 323, bits long C,3D-,322,222,222 bits, F-,2.,31 gigabytes" and only repeats once a week it is transmitted at 32.,1 >bit*s". The e(treme length of the Pcode increases its correlation gain and eliminates any range ambiguity within the Solar System. :owever, the code is so long and comple( it was believed that a receiver could not directly ac+uire and synchroni$e with this signal alone. )t was e(pected that the receiver would first lock onto the relatively
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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
simple ?*A code and then, after obtaining the current time and appro(imate position, synchroni$e with the P-code. 9hereas the ?*A P!%s are uni+ue for each satellite, the P-code P!% is actually a small segment of a master P-code appro(imately ,.1G E 323/ bits in length ,1G,222,222,222,222 bits, F,C.-3C terabytes" and each satellite repeatedly transmits its assigned segment of the master code. To prevent unauthori$ed users from using or potentially interfering with the military signal through a process called spoofing, it was decided to encrypt the P-code. To that end the P-code was modulated with the 9-code, a special encryption se+uence, to generate the 8-code. The 8-code is what the satellites have been transmitting since the anti-spoofing module was set to the 5on5 state. The encrypted signal is referred to as the P 8"-code. The details of the 9-code are kept secret, but it is known that it is applied to the P-code at appro(imately G22 k:$, which is a slower rate than that of the Pcode itself by a factor of appro(imately ,2. This has allowed companies to develop semi-codeless approaches for tracking the P 8" signal, without knowledge of the 9-code itself.
(1.<)/RE?UENCIES USED @Y GPS SIGNALS6

All satellites broadcast at the same two fre+uencies, 3.G-G/, G:$ H3 signal" and 3.,,-C G:$ H, signal". The satellite network uses a ?;>A spreadspectrum techni+ue where the low-bitrate message data is encoded with a highrate pseudo-random P!%" se+uence that is different for each satellite. The receiver must be aware of the P!% codes for each satellite to reconstruct the actual message data. The ?*A code, for civilian use, transmits data at 3.2,1 million chips per second, whereas the P code, for 0.S. military use, transmits at 32.,1 million chips per second. The H3 carrier is modulated by both the ?*A and P codes,
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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
while the H, carrier is only modulated by the P code. The P code can be encrypted as a so-called P 8" code which is only available to military e+uipment with a proper decryption key. 7oth the ?*A and P 8" codes impart the precise time-of-day to the user. Ta2.e 1.<.16 GPS /%e=$e*#' O0e%0,e1
.ach composite signal in-phase and +uadrature phase" becomes6
where data
and .
represent signal powers<
and
represent codes with*without
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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
(1.>) GPS CALCULATIONS6

At a particular time let#s say midnight", the satellite begins transmitting a long, digital pattern called a (&e$4!3%a*4!) #!4e. The receiver begins running the same digital pattern also e(actly at midnight. 9hen the satellite#s signal reaches the receiver, its transmission of the pattern will lag a bit behind the receiver#s playing of the pattern.The length of the delay is e+ual to the signal#s travel time. The receiver multiplies this time by the speed of light to determine how far the signal traveled. Assuming the signal traveled in a straight line, this is the distance from receiver to satellite.
/,g$%e 1.>.16 (A GPS &a"e..,"e,P !"! #!$%"e&' U.S. A%)') )n order to make this measurement, the receiver and satellite both need clocks that can be synchroni$ed down to the nanosecond. To make a satellite positioning system using only synchroni$ed clocks, you would need to have atomic clocks not only on all the satellites, but also in the receiver itself. 7ut atomic clocks cost somewhere between IG2,222 and I322,222, which makes them a &ust a bit too e(pensive for everyday consumer use.
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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
The Global Positioning System has a clever, effective solution to this problem. .very satellite contains an e(pensive atomic clock, but the receiver itself uses an ordinary +uart$ clock, which it constantly resets. )n a nutshell, the receiver looks at incoming signals from four or more satellites and gauges its own inaccuracy. )n other words, there is only one value for the 5current time5 that the receiver can use. The correct time value will cause all of the signals that the receiver is receiving to align at a single point in space. That time value is the time value held by the atomic clocks in all of the satellites. So the receiver sets its clock to that time value, and it then has the same time value that all the atomic clocks in all of the satellites have. The GPS receiver gets atomic clock accuracy 5for free.5 9hen you measure the distance to four located satellites, you can draw four spheres that all intersect at one point. Three spheres will intersect even if your numbers are way off, but four spheres will not intersect at one point if you#ve measured incorrectly. Since the receiver makes all its distance measurements using its own built-in clock, the distances will all be (%!(!%",!*a..' ,*#!%%e#". The receiver can easily calculate the necessary ad&ustment that will cause the four spheres to intersect at one point. 7ased on this, it resets its clock to be in sync with the satellite#s atomic clock. The receiver does this constantly whenever it#s on, which means it is nearly as accurate as the e(pensive atomic clocks in the satellites. )n order for the distance information to be of any use, the receiver also has to know where the satellites actually are. This isn#t particularly difficult because the satellites travel in very high and predictable orbits. The GPS receiver simply stores an a.)a*a# that tells it where every satellite should be at any given time. Things like the pull of the moon and the sun do change the satellites# orbits very slightly, but the ;epartment of ;efense constantly monitors their e(act positions and transmits any ad&ustments to all GPS receivers as part of the satellites# signals.
GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
(1.A)GPS ACCURACY6
The accuracy of a position determined with GPS depends on the type of receiver. >ost hand-held GPS units have about 32-,2 meter accuracy. =ther types of receivers use a method called ;ifferential GPS ;GPS" to obtain much higher accuracy. ;GPS re+uires an additional receiver fi(ed at a known location nearby. =bservations made by the stationary receiver are used to correct positions recorded by the roving units, producing an accuracy greater than 3 meter. 9hen the system was created, timing errors were inserted into GPS transmissions to limit the accuracy of non-military GPS receivers to about 322 meters. This part of GPS operations, called Selective Availability, was eliminated in >ay ,222.
(1.1B) O@CECTIVE6
To locate the position of the any ob&ect or person attached with GPS receiver.
(2) LITERATURE REVIEW

(2.1) THEORY6
The GPS system belongs to the ;epartment of ;efense ;=;" and is officially known as the %AASTA! System %avigation Satellite Timing and !anging". )ts primary mission is to provide the 0.S. Government and the ;epartment of ;efense the ability
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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
to accurately determine oneJs position at any point on the earthJs surface, at any time of the day or night, and in any weather condition. Sounds simple, but it took a number of years and a commitment of over 3, billion dollars before the first GPS satellite was deployed. As originally envisioned, a minimum constellation of ,/ satellites would be re+uired to meet the ob&ectives of the GPS program. >ore than ,/ would provide redundancy and additional accuracy. Satellites would have a design life of 32 to 31 years, and would be replaced as needed. The full complement of ,/ operational satellites was finally reali$ed in 344/, more than ,2 years after the system was originally proposed. (C!*&"e..a",!* !+ 27 GPS &a"e..,"e&) /,g$%e 2.1.1 Although GPS was originally envisioned for military use, it soon became obvious that there would be numerous civilian applications as well. The first two ma&or civilian applications were marine navigation and surveying. Since then, a myriad of applications have emerged, from personal positioning for scientific, commercial, and recreational uses, to truck fleet management, map-based navigation aids for automobiles and hand held computers, landing aids for aircraft, control of construction and agricultural machinery and, in the near future, reporting of e(act cell-phone locations for emergency response purposes. As with many technologies, the uses of GPS e(tend far beyond what the original designers envisioned. As receivers have shrunk in si$e and weight and costs continue to drop, the number of users and applications has grown rapidly.
(2.2) C!)(!*e*"& !+ " e GPS S'&"e)6

There are 1 main components to the GPS system. These components are known as Segments, as follows6 Space Segment - the satellites, also known as space vehicles or SAs ?ontrol Segment - ground stations run by the ;=; 0ser Segment - all users and their GPS receivers
GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
These three segments are illustrated schematically below.
/,g$%e 2.2.1 S(a#e Seg)e*"6 Twenty four separate individual satellites situated in their own orbit above 33,222 nautical miles from the earth consists space segment. C!*"%!. Seg)e*"6 ?ontrol segment component is the control station which works to check out the functions of satellite, whether these are properly working or not. There are only five control stations situated in the entire world. U&e% Seg)e*"6 This component is made for the user. 0ser can hold it in its hand or it can be mounted in the car. )t works as a receiver.
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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
/,g$%e 2.2.2
(5) PROPOSED METHODOLOGY

(5.1) COMPLETE @LOCK DIAGRAM6
ON @OARD @LOCK DIAGRAM6
GPS TD
ATMEGA > MICROCONTROLLER
POWER SUPPLY
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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
GPS MODULE
LCD
/,g$%e 5.1.1
O// @OARD @LOCK DIAGRAM6
GPS RD
ATMEGA > MICROCONTROLLER
POWER SUPPLY
LCD
/,g$%e 5.1.2
(5.2) DESCRIPTION6
GPS T%a#:,*g S'&"e) works on the principle of satellite communication. )n O* 2!a%4 2.!#: 4,ag%a), there is GPS module. )ntially, it takes the signal from the satellite then it sends the command to AT>.GA D microcontroller. Then this microcontroller, sends a signal to GPS transmitter that signal will also be displayed on H?; screen, connected in on board diagram.
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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
Transmitted signal by GPS transmitter will be received by GPS receiver connected in O++ 2!a%4 2.!#: 4,ag%a). Then AT>.GA D microcontroller, sends the signal to H?;, which will display the position of the receiver. Two H?;Js are used in our pro&ect for matching purpose, accuracy if the position of receiver is changed, then the new position can also be find.
S.NO 3"
SPECI/ICATIONS GPS >=;0H.
RATINGS
?UANTITY 3
(7) SO/TWARE9HARDWARE GA
," AT >.GA D GA , RE?UIREMENTS AND SPECI/ICATIONS >)?!=?=%T!=HH.! 1" /" G" Ta2.e 7.16 C!)(!*e*"& U&e4 ?APA?)T=!S 32 K' !.S)STA%?.S H?; N3CO,P /11 >:$ /11 >:$ G-3D A /.- LM C 3D , 3 3 , 1
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GPS T!A%S>)TT.! ENC" DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW -" D" 4" GPS !.?.)A.! )? -D2G H.;
GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
/.3" DESCRIPTIONS O/ EACH COMPONENT6

). ATMEGA > MICROCONTROLLER 6
a) /EATURES6
H,g 3(e%+!%)a*#e, L!13(!1e% A")e.EAVRE >32," M,#%!#!*"%!..e% A40a*#e4 RISC A%# ,"e#"$%e
312 Powerful )nstructions B >ost Single-clock ?ycle .(ecution 1, E D General Purpose 9orking 'ully Static =peration 0p to 3C >)PS Throughput at 3C>:$ =n-chip ,-cycle >ultiplier
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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
H,g E*4$%a*#e N!*30!.a",.e Me)!%' &eg)e*"&
DLbytes of )n-System Self-programmable 'lash program memory G3,7ytes ..P!=> 3Lbyte )nternal S!A> 9rite*.rase ?ycles6 32,222 'lash*322,222 ..P!=> ;ata retention6 ,2 years at DGQ?*322 years at ,GQ? =ptional 7oot ?ode Section with )ndependent Hock 7its )n-System Programming by =n-chip 7oot Program True !ead-9hile-9rite =peration Programming Hock for Software Security Pe%,( e%a. /ea"$%e&
Two D-bit Timer*?ounters with Separate Prescaler, one ?ompare >ode =ne 3C-bit Timer*?ounter with Separate Prescaler, ?ompare >ode, and ?apture mode !eal Time ?ounter with Separate =scillator Three P9> ?hannels D-channel A;? in TR'P and R'%*>H' package .ight ?hannels 32-bit Accuracy C-channel A;? in P;)P package Si( ?hannels 32-bit Accuracy
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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
7yte-oriented Two-wire Serial )nterface Programmable Serial 0SA!T >aster*Slave SP) Serial )nterface Programmable 9atchdog Timer with Separate =n-chip =scillator =n-chip Analog ?omparator S(e#,a. M,#%!#!*"%!..e% /ea"$%e&
Power-on !eset and Programmable 7rown-out ;etection )nternal ?alibrated !? =scillator .(ternal and )nternal )nterrupt Sources 'ive Sleep >odes6 )dle, A;? %oise !eduction, Power-save, Power-down, and Standby I9O a*4 Pa#:age&
,1 Programmable )*= Hines ,D-lead P;)P, 1,-lead TR'P, and 1,-pad R'%*>H' O(e%a",*g V!."age&
/.GA - G.GA ATmegaD" S(ee4 G%a4e&
2 - 3C>:$ ATmegaD" P!1e% C!*&$)(",!* a" 7M F, 5V, 28GC
Active6 1.CmA )dle >ode6 3.2mA Power-down >ode6 2.GSa
b" PIN DESCRIPTIONS6
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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
VCC6 ;igital supply voltage. GND6 Ground. P!%" @ (P@<3P@B) HTAL19HTAL29TOSC19TOSC26 Port 7 is an D-bit bi-directional )*= port with internal pull-up resistors selected for each bit". The Port 7 output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port 7 pins that are e(ternally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port 7 pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
;epending on the clock selection fuse settings, P7C can be used as input to the inverting =scillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. ;epending on the clock selection fuse settings, P7- can be used as output from the inverting =scillator amplifier.
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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
)f the )nternal ?alibrated !? =scillator is used as chip clock source, P7-..C is used as T=S?,.3 input for the Asynchronous Timer*?ounter, if the AS, bit in ASS! is set. P!%" C (PC83PCB)6 Port ? is a --bit bi-directional )*= port with internal pull-up resistors selected for each bit". The Port ? output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability.
As inputs, Port ? pins that are e(ternally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port ? pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. PC;9RESET6 )f the !ST;)S7H 'use is programmed, P?C is used as an )*= pin. %ote that the electrical characteristics of P?C differ from those of the other pins of Port ?. )f the !ST;)S7H 'use is unprogrammed, P?C is used as a !eset input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a !eset, even if the clock is not running. P!%" D (PD<3PDB)6 Port ; is an D-bit bi-directional )*= port with internal pull-up resistors selected for each bit". The Port ; output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability.
As inputs, Port ; pins that are e(ternally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port ; pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
RESET6 !eset input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a reset, even if the clock is not running.
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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
)).
CAPACITOR6
A capacitor originally known as #!*4e*&e%" is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors separated by a dielectric insulator"
'or e(ample, one common construction consists of metal foils separated by a thin layer of insulating film. ?apacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices.
))). RESISTANCE6 The electrical resistance of an electrical element is the opposition to the passage of an electric current through that element< the inverse +uantity is electrical conductance, the ease at which an electric current passes. .lectrical resistance shares some conceptual parallels with the mechanical notion of friction. The S) unit of electrical resistance is the ohm T", while electrical conductance is measured in siemens S".
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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
An ob&ect of uniform cross section has a resistance proportional to its resistivity and length and inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area. All materials show some resistance, e(cept for superconductors, which have a resistance of $ero.
)A. LCD (LI?UID CRYSTAL DISPLAY)6 H?; Hi+uid ?rystal ;isplay" screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of applications. A 3C(, H?; display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi segment H.;s.
A 3C(, H?; means it can display 3C characters per line and there are , such lines. )n this H?; each character is displayed in G(- pi(el matri(. This H?; has two registers, namely, ?ommand and ;ata.
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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
The command register stores the command instructions given to the H?;. A command is an instruction given to H?; to do a predefined task like initiali$ing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed on the H?;. The data is the AS?)) value of the character to be displayed on the H?;.
a"
PIN DESCRIPTION6 /$*#",!*

Ground 2A" Supply voltage< GA /.-A B G.1A" ?ontrast ad&ustment< through a variable resistor Selects command register when low< and data register when high How to write to the register< :igh to read from the register Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given
P,* N!
3 , 1 / G C D 4 32 33 3, 31 3/ 3G 3C
Na)e
Ground Acc A.. !egister Select !ead*write .nable ;72 ;73 ;7, ;71 ;7/ ;7G ;7C ;7HedU Hed-
D-bit data pins
7acklight A?? GA" 7acklight Ground 2A"
b"
PIN DIAGRAM6
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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
A. VOLTAGE REGULATOR(IC <>B8)6 -D2G is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. )t is a member of -D(( series of fi(ed linear voltage regulator )?s. The voltage source in a circuit may have fluctuations and would not give the fi(ed voltage output. The voltage regulator )? maintains the output voltage at a constant value.
The (( in -D(( indicates the fi(ed output voltage it is designed to provide. -D2G provides UGA regulated power supply. ?apacitors of suitable values can be connected at input and output pins depending upon the respective voltage levels.
a" PIN DIAGRAM6
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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
P,* N!.
3 , 1
/$*#",!*
)nput voltage GA-3DA" Ground 2A" !egulated output< GA /.DA-G.,A"
Na)e
)nput Ground =utput
A). LIGHT EMITTING DIODE6 A .,g "3e),"",*g 4,!4e LED" is a semiconductor light source. H.;s are used as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting. )ntroduced as a practical electronic component in 34C,, early H.;s emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness. 9hen a light-emitting diode is forward biased switched on", electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the
EN DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW Page 2>
GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
light corresponding to the energy of the photon" is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. H.;s are often small in area less than 3 mm,", and integrated optical components may be used to shape its radiation pattern.
H.;s present many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller si$e, faster switching, and greater durability and reliability.
H.;s powerful enough for room lighting are relatively e(pensive and re+uire more precise current and heat management than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output.
A)). GPS RECEIVER6 )n any satellite receiver since the input power is of the order of picowatts and the ?*% to be maintained to get demodulated S*% above the threshold fi(ed for free processing.
LOWSRMGPC, NOISE LUCKNOW EN DEPARTMENT, BLOCK CONVERTE R
DIGITAL BASEBAN D PROCESSO R
Page 2A
CPU
GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
I/O
LOCAL OSCILLATOR
EXTERNAL MEMORY
/,g$%e 7.26 (GPS Re#e,0e% 2.!#: 4,ag%a)) This block diagram shows the configuration of GPS receiver. To recover the baseband costJs loop is used with phase synchroni$ation of local oscillator or else the signal cannot be detected.
The re+uired P% code is locally generated to detect the chip of the spread spectrum received signal. This re+uires as many correlators as the visible satellites. >ost of the receivers have 3, correlators. ;iversity reception is used and the strongest signals are used for processing. The ?P0 uses software to calculate O8 and V coordinates and hence find latitude, longitude and altitude.
(8) IMPLEMENTATION
(8.1) COMPLETE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 6
ON @OARD CIRCUIT DIAGRAM6
GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
/,g$%e 8.1.1
O// @OARD CIRCUIT DIAGRAM6
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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
/,g$%e 8.1.2
(8.2)WORKING6
Since AT>.GA D microcontroller needs GA regulated supply hence we use a )? -D2G voltage regulator which converts 3,A unregulated supply into GA regulated supply. H.;Ws are used for indicate on purposes. )ntially, in =n board diagram antenna connected to the GPS module receiver takes signal from the satelliteJs and then GPS module sends a command signal to the microcontroller.
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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
The GPS transmitter connected to the microcontroller senses these signal and then transmits a signal which is received by the antenna of GPS receiver connected in the =ff board diagram then the GPS receiver sends a signal to microcontroller sends these signal to the H?; for display purpose and then we can see the e(act location*position of receiver*ob&ect on the H?; in the terms of altitude, latitude, longitude and time.
(8.5)PC@ LAYOUT O/ CIRCUIT DIAGRAM6

GPS TRANSMITTER6
/,g$%e 8.5.1 GPS RECEIVER6
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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
/,g$%e 8.5.2
(8.7) PICTURE O/ HARDWARE LAYOUT6
ON @OARD6
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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
/,g$%e 8.7.1
O// @OARD6
/,g$%e 8.7.2
(8.8) P%!g%a) "! ge" .a","$4e a*4 .!*g,"$4e 0a.$e +%!) GPS )!4e) a*4 4,&(.a' ," !* LCD6
GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
*X H?; ;ATA port----P=!T A signal port------P=!T 7 rs-------P72 rw-------P73 en-------P7, X* Ydefine 'Z?P0 3,2222220H Yinclude[avr*io.h\ Yinclude[util*delay.h\ Ydefine 0SA!TZ7A0;!AT. /D22 Ydefine 7A0;ZP!.S?AH. Ydefine H?;Z;ATA P=!TA Ydefine ctrl P=!T7 Ydefine en P7, Ydefine rw P73 Ydefine rs P72 void H?;Zcmd unsigned char cmd"< void initZH?; void"< void H?;Zwrite unsigned char data"< void H?;ZwriteZstring unsigned char Xstr"< void usartZinit "< unsigned int usartZgetch "< unsigned char value,i,latiZvalue]3G^,latiZdir, longiZvalue]3G^, longiZdir, alti]G^ < int main void" N ;;!A_2(ff< ;;!7_2(2-< initZH?; "
EN DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW Page 5;
'Z?P0 * 0SA!TZ7A0;!AT. X 3C0H""" - 3"
GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
ZdelayZms G2"< H?;ZwriteZstring 5we at5"< H?;Zcmd 2(?2"< usartZinit "< while 3" N value_usartZgetch "< if value__#I#" N value_usartZgetch "< if value__#G#" N value_usartZgetch "< if value__#P#" N value_usartZgetch "< if value__#G#" N value_usartZgetch "< if value__#G#" N value_usartZgetch "< if value__#A#" N value_usartZgetch "< if value__#,#" N value_usartZgetch "< while value`_#,#"
EN DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW Page 5<
GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
N value_usartZgetch "< P latiZvalue]2^_usartZgetch "< value_latiZvalue]2^< for i_3<value`_#,#<iUU" N latiZvalue]i^_usartZgetch "< value_latiZvalue]i^< P latiZdir_usartZgetch "< value_usartZgetch "< while value`_#,#" N value_usartZgetch "< P longiZvalue]2^_usartZgetch "< value_longiZvalue]2^< for i_3<value`_#,#<iUU" N longiZvalue]i^_usartZgetch "< value_longiZvalue]i^< P longiZdir_usartZgetch "< H?;Zcmd 2(23"< ZdelayZms 3"< H?;Zcmd 2(D2"< ZdelayZms 3222"< i_2<
GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
while latiZvalue]i^`_#a2#" N H?;Zwrite latiZvalue]&^"< &UU< P H?;Zwrite latiZdir"< H?;Zcmd 2(?2"< ZdelayZms 3222"< i_2< while longiZvalue]i^`_#a2#" N H?;Zwrite longiZvalue]i^"< iUU< P H?;Zwrite longiZdir"< ZdelayZms 3222" P P P P P P P P P void initZH?; void" N H?;Zcmd 2(1D"< ZdelayZms 3"<
GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
H?;Zcmd 2(23" ZdelayZms 3"< H?;Zcmd 2(2."< ZdelayZms 3" H?;Zcmd 2(D2"< ZdelayZms 3"< return< P void H?;Zcmd unsigned char cmd" N H?;Z;ATA_cmd< ctrl _ 2[[rs"b 2[[rw"b 3[[en"< ZdelayZus /2"< ctrl _ 2[[rs"b 2[[rw"b 2[[en"< **ZdelayZms G2"< return< P void H?;Zwrite unsigned char data" N H?;Z;ATA_ data< ctrl _ 3[[rs"b 2[[rw"b 3[[en"< ZdelayZus /2"< ctrl _ 3[[rs"b 2[[rw"b 2[[en"< **ZdelayZms G2"< return < P void usartZinit "
GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
N 0?S!7 b_ 3[[!O?)." b 3 [[ !O.%" b 3 [[ TO.%"< 0?S!? b_ 3 [[ 0!S.H" b 3 [[ 0?SV2" b 3 [[ 0?SV3"< 07!!H _ 7A0;ZP!.S?AH.< 07!!: _ 7A0;ZP!.S?AH. \\ D"< unsigned int usartZgetch " N while 0?S!A c 3 [[ !O?"" __ 2"< return 0;!"< P void H?;ZwriteZstring unsigned char Xstr" N int i_2< while str]i^`_#a2#" N H?;Zwrite str]i^"< iUU< P return< P ?on'igure Hcd _ 3C X , ?on'igure Hcdpin _ Pin , !s _ Portb.- , . _ Portb.C , ;b/ _ Portb.G , ;bG _ Portb./ , ;bC _ Portb.1 , ;b- _ Portb., ?on'igure Portb _ =utput ?on'igure Leyboard _ Pind.C , ;ata _ Pinb.2 , Leydata _ Leydata #IGPGGA,23,,33.D1,/334.C3-3,%,2--12.2C1C,9,3,21,1.C,22G,,,>,,,,X1C ;im Gps As 7yte , O As 7yte , Hont 3," As 7yte ;im 'lag As 7it ;im Place 3C" As 7yte
GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
;im Temp As 7yte ;im >ydata 3," As 7yte ;im >yplace 3C" As 7yte ;im .epromdata 3," As .ram 7yte At c:23 ;im .epromplace 3C" As .ram 7yte At c:32 #7u$$er Alias Pinb.3 >ark Alias Pind., ?on'igure >ark _ )nput #Set Pinb.3 Portb _ c72222222 'or O _ 3 To 3, >ydata (" _ .epromdata (" %e(t 'or O _ 3 To 3C >yplace (" _ .epromplace (" %e(t 'lag _ 2 Hooploops6 ?ls ?ursor =ff Hooploop6 :ome 0pperline Startloop6 )f >ark _ 2 Then Goto >arkZplace Gps _ 9aitkey " )f Gps [\ 5I5 Then Goto Startloop Gps _ 9aitkey " )f Gps [\ 5G5 Then Goto Startloop
GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
Gps _ 9aitkey " )f Gps [\ 5P5 Then Goto Startloop Gps _ 9aitkey " )f Gps [\ 5G5 Then Goto Startloop Gps _ 9aitkey " )f Gps [\ 5G5 Then Goto Startloop Gps _ 9aitkey " )f Gps [\ 5A5 Then Goto Startloop Gps _ 9aitkey " )f Gps [\ 5,5 Then Goto Startloop 'or O _ 3 To C Gps _ 9aitkey " %e(t O Timlop6 Gps _ 9aitkey " )f Gps _ 5,5 Then Goto Getlat Goto Timlop Getlat6 'or O _ 3 To C Getlat36 Gps _ 9aitkey " )f Gps _ 5.5 Then Goto Getlat3 Hont (" _ Gps Hcd ?hr gps"< )f O _ , Then Hcd 5.5< )f O _ / Then Hcd 5.5< %e(t O Getlat,6 Gps _ 9aitkey "
GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
)f Gps [\ 5,5 Then Goto Getlat, Gps _ 9aitkey " Hcd ?hr gps" < 5 5< Gps _ 9aitkey " Gps _ 9aitkey " Howerline 'or O _ - To 3, Getlon6 Gps _ 9aitkey " )f Gps _ 5.5 Then Goto Getlon Hont (" _ Gps Hcd ?hr gps"< )f O _ D Then Hcd 5.5< )f O _ 32 Then Hcd 5.5< %e(t O Getlon36 Gps _ 9aitkey " )f Gps [\ 5,5 Then Goto Getlon3 Gps _ 9aitkey " Hcd ?hr gps"< )f >ydata 1" _ Hont 1" Then )f >ydata /" _ Hont /" Then )f >ydata G" _ Hont G" Then )f >ydata C" _ Hont C" Then )f 'lag _ 2 Then ?ls Portb _ c72222232 'or O _ 3 To 3C Hcd ?hr myplace (""
GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
%e(t 9ait 32 ?ls 'lag _ 3 Portb _ c72222222 .nd )f .lse 'lag _ 2 .nd )f .nd )f .nd )f .nd )f Goto Hooploop .nd >arkZplace6 ?ls Hcd 5 .nter the %ame5 Howerline ?ursor =n 7link 'or O _ 3 To 3C Place (" _ c:,2 %e(t O_3 >arkZplaces6 Gps _ Getatkbd " )f Gps _ 3,G Then Goto Hooploops )f Gps _ 31 Then )f O _ 2 Then Goto >arkZplace
GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
.lse 'or O _ 3 To 3, .epromdata (" _ Hont (" >ydata (" _ Hont (" %e(t 'or O _ 3 To 3C .epromplace (" _ Place (" >yplace (" _ Place (" %e(t ?ls Hcd 5Place >arked5 'lag _ 3 9ait , Goto Hooploops .nd )f .lseif Gps \ 2 Then )f O [\ 3- Then Hcd ?hr gps" Place (" _ Gps O_OU3 .nd )f .nd )f Goto >arkZplaces Leydata6 #normal keys lower case ;ata 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , ,22 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , c:G. , 2 ;ata 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 331 , /4 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 3,, , 33G , 4- , 334 , G2 , 2 ;ata 2 , 44 , 3,2 , 322 , 323 , G, , G3 , 2 , 2 , 1, , 33D , 32, , 33C , 33/ , G1 , 2 ;ata 2 , 332 , 4D , 32/ , 321 , 3,3 , G/ , - , D , // , 324 , 32C , 33- , GG , GC , 2
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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
;ata 2 , // , 32- , 32G , 333 , /D , G- , 2 , 2 , /C , /G , 32D , /D , 33, , /1 , 2 ;ata 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 4, , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 31 , 2 , 2 , 4, , 2 , 2 ;ata 2 , C2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , D , 2 , 2 , /4 , 2 , G, , GG , 2 , 2 , 2 ;ata /D , // , G2 , G1 , G/ , GC , 3,G , 2 , 2 , /1 , G3 , /G , /, , G- , 2 , 2 #shifted keys 0PP.! case ;ata 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 ;ata 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , D3 , 11 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 42 , D1 , CG , D- , 1/ , 2 ;ata 2 , C- , DD , CD , C4 , 2 , 1G , 2 , 2 , 1, , DC , -2 , D/ , D, , 1- , 2 ;ata 2 , -D , CC , -, , -3 , D4 , 1D , 2 , 2 , -C , -- , -/ , DG , /- , /2 , 2 ;ata 2 , G4 , -G , -1 , -4 , C3 , /3 , 2 , 2 , GD , 4G , -C , /D , D2 , C1 , 2 ;ata 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 4C , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 31 , 4/ , 2 , /, , 2 , 2 ;ata 2 , C, , 2 , 2 , 2 , D , 2 , 2 , /4 , 2 , G, , GG , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 ;ata /D , // , G2 , G1 , G/ , GC , 2 , 2 , 2 , /1 , G3 , /G , /, , G- , 2 , 2 :.O ?=;. G.%.!AT.; 6322222222A?23D4G3D4G3D4G3D4G3D4G3D4G3D4GC7 6322232223D4G3D4G3D4GD'.;D;7'?2.?.D.7/.,.3C 63222,222;;,-G;,....-'2.2A2.C72.2DD,-D;417632221222134-.4'-D'.,D474DD.3DA74.A;,CC,/-1 63222/222D'.'D-777D4DD.4DDA4DD2.2DD77D3.2G/ 63222G222D241C3222243C3222?1232'224'233?21/ 63222C222.3.C'2.2A342.2.2'2.2.A2;A3.CA;42-; 63222-222A'.-AA2;A4;1A3.CD?43D'G'D?412D'/2A 63222D222.4?'D3.2D241C3222243C322221332'2?2 63222422224'233?2.3.C'2.2A342.'.2'2.2.A2;1D 63222A222A3.CA;42A7.DAA2;D';1A3.CD?43D'G'/. 632227222D?412D'/.4?'D243C.22D'--D241C.22C63222?2224-;,D?.2..;,D.;,4D;,22,-A2.1D?432A 63222;222D,'72.'/23.2/2.22/3-24'223?2G3?374
EN DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW Page 7<
GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
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GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
(;) TESTING ( TEST DATA)

'irst of all check the continuity and short circuit of the P?7#s. 7efore placing the )? test the power supply first. Place the power supply in the connector. >ake the black terminal of the >> common on the ground of the supply source and turn the knob to ;? voltage range. TESTING POINTS P)%-/2 of ?ontroller P)% 1 of -D2G OUTPUT UGA UGA
(;.1)Te&",*g &e),#!*4$#"!%& 1," )$.",)e"e%&6

7efore building any circuit is it a good idea to test every semiconductor you plan to use in the pro&ect. This a good practice especially when reusing components from old appliances. This short tutorial describes common procedures for testing of Si
Page 82
GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
and Ge signal and rectifier diodes, $ener diodes, H.;s for common failures like shorts, leaks and opens.
(;.2) Te&",*g &,g*a. a*4 %e#",+,e% 4,!4e I$*#",!*&6

A regular signal or rectifier diode should read a low resistance on an a*a.!g ! ))e"e% set on the low ohms scale" when forward biased negative lead on cathode, positive lead on anode" and nearly infinite ohms in the reverse bias direction. A germanium diode will show a lower resistance compared to a silicon diode in the forward direction. A bad diode will show near zero ohms shorted" or open in both directions.
B
N!"e6 often, analog multimeters have the polarity of their probes
reversed from what you would e(pect from the color coding. >any of them will have the red lead negative with respect to the black one.
B
=n a 4,g,"a. )$.",)e"e%, using the normal resistance ranges, this
test will usually show open for any semiconductor &unction since the meter does not apply enough voltage to reach the value of the forward drop.
B
'ortunately almost every digital multimeter will have a diode test
mode. 0sing this mode, a silicon diode should read a voltage drop between 2.G to 2.D A in the forward direction negative lead on cathode, positive lead on anode" and open in reverse. 'or a germanium diode, the reading will be lower, around 2., - 2./ A in the forward direction. A bad diode will read a very low voltage drop if shorted" or open in both directions.
B
N!"e6 small diode leaks in the reverse bias direction are rare, but
they will often go unnoticed when using the diode test mode on the ma&ority of digital multimeters. To make sure the diode is good, you should make one more measurement6 using a high ohm range ,>ohm or higher" on
GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
your ;>>, place the negative lead on the anode and the positive lead on the cathode. A good Si diode the most common type of diode in today#s circuits" will usually read infinite ohms. An older Ge diode may have a much higher level of reverse leakage current, so it may show a non-infinite value. 9hen in doubt, try to compare the reading with measurements done on a good diode of the same type.
(;.5) Te&",*g LEDJ&6

LED 4,!4e& usually have a forward voltage drop too high to test with most multimeters, so you should use a similar circuit as the one described above. >ake sure to use a power supply greater than 1A and a suitable current limiting series resistor. A small current of 3-32 mA will be enough to light most H.;s when connected in the circuit.
(;.7) Re&,&"!% Te&",*g6

Instructions
B ?onnect the black and red probes to the proper terminals on the face of the multimeter. The black probe is connected to the 5?=>5 terminal on the multimeter, and the red probe is connected to the terminal marked with an ohm symbol for resistance. B B B turn the multimeter dial to the resistance setting. Power off the circuit containing the resistor you wish to measure. %ever measure a resistor in a circuit with a live current running through it. ;ischarge any capacitors in the circuit by touching the leads of a spare, high wattage resistor to the leads of the capacitors. Leep the leads &umped for several seconds to fully discharge any stored power.
Page 87
GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
Touch one multimeter probe to each lead of the resistor. )f the leads are not accessible, touch the probes to the point where the lead is soldered to the circuit. Since resistors are not a directional component electricity flows freely in both directions across the component" you may connect either probe to either lead of the resistor without altering your reading.
=bserve the reading on the display. A good resistor should test within its rated range. A bad resistor will either show infinite resistance or a measurement far higher than its rated resistance. )n either case the resistor is no longer functioning properly.
(;.8) Ca(a#,"!% Te&",*g6

B Te&",*g- Testing capacitors can be tricky at best. The +uick and easy way for the average home electrician is to hook up your multimeter to the discharged leads of the capacitor. 8ou will have to find the polarity of the capacitor, and then hook up the corresponding meter leads. B 0nfortunately with most meters, unless it#s very new or e(pensive, you will only be checking if the capacitor is shorted or not. Also, in most cases, you will need to take at least one lead off the circuit card. =nce your leads are hooked up as stated above, your readings should be6 Any capacitor that measures a few ohms or less is bad. >ost should test infinite even on the highest resistance range. B 'or electrolytes in the K' range or larger, you should be able to see the cap charge when you use a high ohms scale with the proper polarity, the resistance will increase until it goes to infinity. )f the capacitor is shorted, then it will never charge. )f it is open, the resistance will be infinite immediately and won#t
GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
change. )f the polarity of the meter leads are reversed, it will not charge properly either, which is why you must determine the polarity of your meter and mark it, they are not all the same.
(<) RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

(<.1) RESULT6
The location of the ob&ect has been found.
(<.2) DISCUSSIONS6 H!1 4!e& GPS 1!%:&?

Global Positioning System satellites transmit signals to e+uipment on the ground. GPS receivers passively receive satellite signals< they do not transmit. GPS receivers re+uire an unobstructed view of the sky, so they are used only outdoors and they often do not perform well within forested areas or near tall buildings. GPS operations depend on a very accurate time reference, which is provided by atomic clocks at the 0.S. %aval =bservatory. .ach GPS satellite has atomic clocks on board.
Page 8;
GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
/,g$%e ;.2.1 .ach GPS satellite transmits data that indicates its location and the current time. All GPS satellites synchroni$e operations so that these repeating signals are transmitted at the same instant. The signals, moving at the speed of light, arrive at a GPS receiver at slightly different times because some satellites are farther away than others. The distance to the GPS satellites can be determined by estimating the amount of time it takes for their signals to reach the receiver. 9hen the receiver estimates the distance to at least four GPS satellites, it can calculate its position in three dimensions. There are at least ,/ operational GPS satellites at all times. The satellites, operated by the 0.S. Air 'orce, orbit with a period of 3, hours. Ground stations are used to precisely track each satellite#s orbit.
De"e%),*,*g P!&,",!*6
A GPS receiver 5knows5 the location of the satellites, because that information is included in satellite transmissions. 7y estimating how far away a satellite is, the receiver also 5knows5 it is located somewhere on the surface of an imaginary sphere centered at the satellite. )t then determines the si$es of several spheres, one for each satellite. The receiver is located where these spheres intersect.
Page 8<
GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
/,g$%e ;.2.2
(>) ADVANTAGES, APPLICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS

(>.1) ADVANTAGES6
I" Ca* 2e U&e4 "! L!#a"e L!&" I"e)& The crime rate keeps on increasing in every part of the world and a lot of highly valuable ob&ects have been, and will, be stolen. )t doesnJt matter how irrelevant you think an ob&ect or e+uipment is to others if it is something that is very e(pensive you should make sure you install a GPS tracking system on it< for e(ample, a I, million violin was once stolen from a cafd in Hondon and the owner had a hard time finding it, if the owner of this highly e(pensive violin had installed a GPS tracking system in her violin it will be very easy for her to locate it.)t is almost impossible to reduce the crime rate in the world because new technologies are emerging and it is new technologies that encourage crime and stealing< however, you can make it easier for you to track any valuable ob&ect you own by installing a GPS tracker in it.
GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
/,g$%e <.1.1 I" Ca* 2e U&e4 "! T%a#: T ,*g& a*4 Pe!(.e =ne great function of a GPS system is that it can be used to track anything irrespective of it being static or fle(ible, it can also be used to track people and animals depending on what you need it for. Another great feature of a GPS system that makes it better is the alarm system it has< for e(ample, you can easily install a GPS tracking system in a vault where valuable goods are so that you can be alarmed anytime someone is trying to steal them. 8ou can also use the GPS technology to ensure things are going fine with people working for you especially if theyJre doing a &ob that re+uires a high level of security and confidentiality< this will be able to track them anywhere they go and when they go there. )t ?an be 0sed Anywhere in the 9orld An added advantage of the GPS system is that it can be used anywhere in the world< it doesnJt matter whether youJre in Africa or Asia the GPS technology is
Page 8A
GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
powered by the world satellites and this means it can be accessible anywhere< all you need is a solid tracking system and a GPS receiver.
(>.2) APPLICATIONS6
GPS technology has matured into a resource that goes far beyond its original design goals. These days people from a plethora of professions are using GPS in ways that make their work more productive, safer, and sometimes even easier. There are five main uses of GPS today6 Hocation- determining a basic position. %avigation- getting from one location to another. Tracking- monitoring the movement of people and things. >apping- creating maps. Timing- providing precise timing.
T,),*g6
The first and most obvious application of any Hocation 7ased Service such as GPS is the simple determination of a epositionf or location. GPS was the first positioning system to offer highly precise location data for any point on the planet, in any weather. Lnowing the precise location of something, or someone, is especially critical when the conse+uences of inaccurate data are measured in human terms.
Na0,ga",!*6
GPS helps you determine e(actly where you are, but sometimes it is more necessary to know how to get somewhere else. !ecall that GPS was originally designed to provide navigation information for ships and planes. So itJs no surprise that
Page ;B
GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
while this technology is appropriate for navigating on water, itJs also very useful in the air and on the land.
T%a#:,*g6
GPS used in con&unction with communication links and computers can provide the backbone for systems tailored to applications in agriculture, mass transit, urban delivery, public safety and vessel and vehicle tracking. Therefore, more and more police, ambulance and fire departments are adopting systems like GPS- based AAH >anager to pinpoint both the location of the emergency and the location of the nearest response vehicle on a computer map. 9ith this kind of clear visual picture of the situation, dispatchers can react immediately and effectively.
Ma((,*g6
>apping the planet has never been an easy task, but GPS today is being used to survey and map it precisely, saving time and money in this most stringent of all applications. GPS can help generate maps and models of everything in the world, mountains, sea, rivers, cities, and help manage endangered animals, archaeological treasures, precious minerals and all sorts of resources, as well as accurately managing the effect of damage and disasters.
T,),*g6
GPS can also be used to determine precise to determine precise time, time intervals and fre+uency. There are three fundamental ways we use time6 As a universal marker, As a way to synchroni$e To provide an accurate, unambiguous sense of duration.
Page ;1
GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
(<.5) LIMITATIONS6
The following limitations are6 C!&"6 Purchasing a GPS based on price can be a ma&or disadvantage. )f you purchase a 5bargain GPS,5 you will get what you pay for, and features such as traffic and up-to-date maps could be lacking. D,%e#",!*&6 Turn-by-turn directions are not available on every type of GPS device. Some will give very little advanced notice before an upcoming turn.
A##$%a#'6 >aps on GPS devices are not updated in real time for all models. This means that it is possible a GPS device will direct you onto a road that is closed or no longer e(ists. )t could also miss new roads and businesses. @a""e%' L,+e6 GPS units that are not plugged into a power source, and rely on batteries, which can drain +uickly. This can increase the cost of owning a GPS unit significantly.
Page ;2
GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
(A) CONCLUSIONS
The technology of the Global Positioning System is allowing for huge changes in society. The applications using GPS are constantly growing. The cost of the receivers is dropping while at the same time the accuracy of the system is improving. This affects everyone with things such as faster )nternet speed and safer plane landings. .ven though the system was originally developed for military purposes, civil sales now e(ceed military sales See 'igure D.3 below".
Page ;5
GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
/,g$%e >.1
(1B) /UTURE O/ THE PROCECT

9ith GPS tracking systems popping up in cell phones, watches, and shoes, there#s no doubt that GPS tracking devices are making their way into all walks of daily life. ?onsidering the increased popularity of GPS tracking systems, what can we e(pect from the ne(t generation of these tracking devicesg
I*#%ea&e4 @$&,*e&& U&e6

.ven as businesses are rapidly turning to GPS tracking systems to help them with daily operations, such as vehicle tracking, employee monitoring, and theft
EN DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW Page ;7
GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
prevention, we can only e(pect the use of GPS tracking systems to increase in the ne(t few decades. As technology continues to evolve, GPS tracking devices will continue to decrease in si$e, increase in accuracy, and be utili$ed by even more businesses as a common, yet powerful tool. @$&,*e&& O((!%"$*,",e&6 As more businesses demand the conveniences and fiscal benefits offered by GPS tracking systems, the demand for distributors of GPS tracking e+uipment and service providers will certainly increase. GPS tracking systems represent an already profitable business opportunity that will only e(pand as demand continues to rise.
A40a*#e)e*"& ,* S!+"1a%e6
Already highly-sophisticated, GPS tracking software plays a key role in how businesses use GPS tracking systems to meet their needs. As satellite mapping and computer imagery continue to advance, so will the capabilities and applications for GPS tracking software.
Pe%&!*a. Sa+e"'6
0nfortunately, it seems that violent crimes and abduction are going to be a horrible reality for this and future generations. Personal GPS tracking systems are already being used to enhance the safety of many children and adults, and as GPS tracking systems continue to become more affordable, it#s likely that they#ll be used even more for this purpose.
Page ;8

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