BANNARI AMMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SATHYAMANGALAM DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

LAB MANUAL 07I409 - DBMS LABORATORY

BANNARI AMMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SATHYAMANGALAM DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

LAB MANUAL 07I409 - DBMS LABORATORY

Faculty In -Charg

!OD - IT

IND"# 2

S$N%$ 1 2 3

Na& Syllabus Hardware and software Requirements List of Experiments

'ag N%$ 3 4 5 - 35

07I409 DBMS LABORATORY 00()

3

1 !reatin" a database# simple queries 2 $ses of sele%t statement for queries usin" &i' ()*# +R# )+, operation &ii' $nion# -nterse%tion# .ro/e%tion and 0oin operations &iii' Sortin" and "roupin" 3 )ested queries usin" S1L 4 2uilt-in fun%tions of S1L 5 $pdate operations usin" S1L 3 $se of indexes# %reatin" 4iews and queryin" in 4iews 5 Embeddin" S1L wit6 ! 7 Library information system 8 Student e4aluation system 19 !omputeri:ed qui: 11 !omputer %enter reser4ation of %omputin" ma%6ines 12 -n%ome tax %al%ulation 13 .ay roll system 14 Ele%tion pro%essin" system

!ar*+ar an* ,%-t+ar R .u/r & nt,

+peratin" System

; <indows =.

.rimary >emory !apa%ity ; 4 ?2 R(> Se%ondary >emory !apa%ity; 599 ?2 H** @ront End *ata 2ase ; Aisual 2asi% 3 9 ; +ra%le 19?

"#$NO01 DDL COMMANDS USIN2 ORACL" 5

AIM0 ,o exe%ute queries in t6e *ata *efinition Lan"ua"e &**L' %ommands usin" ora%le 3U"RI"S0 1$ CR"AT"0 'UR'OS"0 ,o %reate table in t6e database SYNTA#0 !RE(,E ,(2LE BtablenameB&B%olumn 1B BdataCtypeCforC%olumnC1B#B%olumn 2B BdataCtypeCforC%olumnC2B#D'E )$ ALT"R0 'UR'OS"0 ,o %6an"e t6e table definition SYNTA#0 (L,ER ,(2LE BtablenameBFalter spe%ifi%ationGE A4 ADD0 'UR'OS"0 ,o add a %olumn definition to a table SYNTA#0 (L,ER table BtablenameB (** B%olumn nameB datatypeE B4 DRO'0 'UR'OS"0 ,o drop a %olumn from a table SYNTA#0 (L,ER ,(2LE BtablenameB *R+. H%olumn nameIE C4 C!AN2"0 'UR'OS"0 ,o %6an"e t6e default 4alue for a %olumn SYNTA#0 (L,ER ,(2LE tablename !H()?E Hnew %olumn nameI Hold !olumn nameI data typeE D4 MODIFY0 6

'UR'OS"; ,o %6an"e t6e data type of t6e fieldname SYNTA#0 (L,ER ,(2LE BtablenameB >+*-@J H%olumn nameI data typeE (4 DRO'0 'UR'OS"0 ,o drop t6e table SYNTA#0 *R+. table BtablenameBE 44 R"NAM"0 'UR'OS"0 ,o %6an"e t6e table name SYNTA#0 RE)(>E Hold table nameI to Hnew table nameIE 54 TRUNCAT"0 'UR'OS"0 ,o "et rid of t6e data but not t6e table itself SYNTA#0 ,R$)!(,E ,(2LE BtablenameBE

"#$NO0) DDL COMMANDS USIN2 ORACL" AIM0 7

,o exe%ute queries in t6e data manipulation lan"ua"e &*>L' (nd data %ontrol lan"ua"e &*!L' %ommands usin" ora%le 3U"IR"S0 DML COMMANDS0 1$ INS"RT0 'UR'OS"0 @or addin" data to t6e database A4 SIN2L"-RO6 7INS"RT8 STAT"M"NT0 'UR'OS"0 (dds a new row to t6e table SYNTA#0 -nsert into table name & H%olumnname1I#I%olumnname2ID' 4alues &H4alue1I#I4alue2ID'E B4 MULTI-RO6 7INS"RT8 STAT"M"NT0 'UR'OS"0 (dds multiple rows of data SYNTA#0 insert into tablename1 &H%olumnname1I#I%olumnname2ID' sele%t &H%olumnname1I#I%olumnname2ID' from tablename2 <6ere H%olumnnameI %onditionE )$ S"L"CT0 'UR'OS"0 -t lists t6e data items from t6e database A4 FROM0 'UR'OS"0 -t lists t6e tables t6at %ontain t6e data to be retrie4ed by t6e query SYNTA#0 sele%t K from tablenameE sele%t H%olumnnameI from HtablenameIE B4 6!"R"0 'UR'OS"0 8

-t is used to spe%ify t6e desired rows SYNTA#0 sele%t H%olumnnameI from HtablenameI w6ere H%olumnnameI%onditionE ($ U'DAT"0 'UR'OS"0 >odifies existin" data in t6e database SYNTA#0 A4 SIN2L"-RO60 update HtablenameI set H%olumnnameIL F4alue1G#I %olumnname2IL F4alue2G w6ere M%onditionNE B4 MULTI-RO60 update HtablenameI setI%olumnnameIL Fnew 4alueG w6ere M%onditionNE 4$ D"L"T"0 'UR'OS"0 ,o "et rid of re%ords from a table SYNTA#; *elete from tablename w6ere M%onditionNE

DCL9TCL COMMANDS0 1$ COMMIT0 'UR'OS"0 !ommit &maOe persistent' all %6an"es for t6e %urrent transa%tion# %ommit may %ause a %on%urrent transa%tion %onfli%t ex%eption to be t6rown -t is used to %ommit t6e database SYNTA#0 %ommitE )$ ROLLBAC:0 'UR'OS"0 Rollba%O &res%ind' all %6an"es for t6e %urrent 9

transa%tion Rollba%O option is used to rollba%O any worO sin%e t6e last %ommit SYNTA#0 (' rollba%OE 2' rollba%O to sa4epoint Fsa4epointCnameGE ($ SA;"'OINT0 'UR'OS"0 ,6e sa4epoint statement sets a named transa%tion sa4epoint wit6 a name of identifier -f t6e %urrent transa%tion 6as a sa4epoint wit6 t6e same name# t6e old sa4epoint is deleted SYNTA#0 sa4epoint sa4epointCnameE 4$2RANT0 'UR'OS"0 ,6e "rant statement enables system administrators to %reate my S1L user a%%ounts and "rant ri"6ts to a%%ounts -t "i4es pri4ile"es to users SYNTA#0 "rant pri4ile"e on tablename to usernameE &@or parti%ular field' "rant all on tablename to usernameE &@or all' 5$ R";O:"0 'UR'OS"0 ,6e re4oOe statement is to remo4e pri4ile"e from t6e user SYNTA#; re4oOe pri4ile"e on tablename from usernameE &@or parti%ular field' re4oOe all on tablename from usernameE &@or all' CR"AT" US"R0 'UR'OS"0 ,o %reate user a%%ounts S1L SYNTA#0 !reate user username identified by passwordE 10

"#$NO 0 ( SORTIN2 AND 2ROU'IN2 AIM0 ,o perform t6e ?roupin" and Sortin"&(s%endin" and *e%endin"' usin" S1L %ommands 11

SORTIN20 1$ ASC"NDIN2 +ra%le is t6e basi%ally display t6e 4alues on (s%endin" order w6i%6 is used to display t6e 4alues Synta<0 sele%t sele%t-list from from-list w6ere qualifi%ation "roup by %ol order by %olE

)$ D"C"NDIN2 -t display t6e attributes in des%endin" order Synta<0 sele%t sele%t-list from from-list w6ere qualifi%ation "roup by %ol order by %ol des%E

2ROU'IN20 -t display t6e attributes by "roup t6e %olomn based on t6e "roup fun%tions liOe Sum&' # (4"&'# >ax&'# >in&'# !ount&' Synta<0 sele%t sele%t-list from from-list w6ere qualifi%ation "roup by %ol 6a4in" qualifi%ation "<a&=l 10 S1LP sele%t s ratin"#min&s a"e' as minimuma"e from sailors s w6ere s a"e PL 17 "roup by s ratin" 6a4in" %ount&K'P1E

"<a&=l )0 S1LP sele%t b bid#!+$),&b bid' as noofreser4ations from boats b#reser4es r w6ere b %olorLQredQ ()* b bidLr bid "roup by b bid 6a4in" %ount&K'P9E

"<a&=l (0 S1LP sele%t s ratin"#(A?&s a"e' as a4era"ea"e from sailors s w6ere s a"eP9 "roup by s ratin" 6a4in" %ount&K'P9E "<a&=l 40 12

S1LP sele%t s ratin"#(A?&s a"e' as a4era"ea"e from sailors s w6ere s a"eP9 "roup by s ratin" 6a4in" %ount&K' P 1E "<a&=l 50 S1LP sele%t s ratin"#a4"&a"e' from sailors s "roup by s ratin" 6a4in" a4"&a"e'P35E

CONSTRAINTS AIM0 ,o perform types of %onstraints liOe *omain %onstraints# Entity inte"rity %onstraints# Referential inte"rity %onstraints usin" S1L %ommands CONSTRAINTS0 !onstraints ensure t6at %6an"es made to t6e database by aut6orised user do not result in a loss of data %onsisten%y$ ,6ere are 3 types of inte"rity %onstraints; *omain inte"rity %onstraint Entity inte"rity %onstraint Referential inte"rity %onstraint

1$ DOMAIN INT"2RITY CONSTRAINT; -t 4erifies w6et6er t6e data entered is in a properR%orre%t from is also set t6e ran"e foe input data ,6ere are 2 types of domain inte"rity %onstraints )ot null %onstraint !6e%O %onstraint

1 a$NOT NULL CONSTRAINT; D"FINITION0 ,6e not null spe%ifi%ation pro6ibits t6e insertion of a null 4alue for t6is attribute (ny database modifi%ation t6at would %ause a null to be inserted in an attribute de%lared to be not null "enerates error dia"nosti% SYNTA#0 %reate table tableCname&attribute1 datatype&si:e'%onstraint %onstCname not null#attribute2 datatype&si:e'#D 'E "#; 13

S1LP %reate table erno&rno number&2' not null' S1LP R ,able %reated S1LP des% ernoE )ame )ullS ,ype ----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------R)+ )+, )$LL )$>2ER&2' S1LP insert into erno 4alues&Trno'E Enter 4alue for rno; 2 old 1; insert into erno 4alues&Trno' new 1; insert into erno 4alues&2' 1 row %reated S1LP R Enter 4alue for rno; old 1; insert into erno 4alues&Trno' new 1; insert into erno 4alues&' insert into erno 4alues&' K ERR+R at line 1; +R(-99833; missin" expression 1$>$C!"C: CONSTRAINT0 D"FINITION0 ,6e %6e%O %lause in S1L %an be applied to relation de%larations as well as to domain de%laration# t6e %lause %6e%O&.' spe%ifies a predi%ate p t6at must be spe%ified by e4ery tuple is a relation SYNTA#; !reate table tableCname&attribute1 datatype&si:e'%onstraint %onstCname %6e%O&%ondition'#attribute2 datatype&si:e'#D 'E "<; S+LP%reate table st&salary number&5' %onstraint sa %6e%O&salaryP5999''E ,able %reated S1LP insert into st 4alues&Tsalary'E Enter 4alue for salary; 3999 old 1; insert into st 4alues&Tsalary' new 1; insert into st 4alues&3999' 1 row %reated S1LP R Enter 4alue for salary; 3999 old 1; insert into st 4alues&Tsalary' new 1; insert into st 4alues&3999' insert into st 4alues&3999' 14

K ERR+R at line 1; +R(-92289; %6e%O %onstraint &-,179 S(' 4iolated

)$ "NTITY INT"2RITY CONSTRAINT0 -t is used to enfor%e t6e %onsisten%y of our database ,6ere are 2 types entity inte"rity %onstraints; $nique %onstraint .rimary Uey %onstraint )$ a$ UNI3U" CONSTRAINT0 D"FINITION0 ,6e unique spe%ifi%ation says t6at attributes (/1# (/2D (/m form a %andidate Oey t6at is no two tuples in t6e relation %an be equal on all primary Oey attributes are permitted to be null unless t6ey 6a4e expli%itly been de%lared to be not null SYNTA#; !reate table tableCname&attribute1 domain&si:e' %onstraint %onsCname unique attribute2#D 'E "<; S1LP %reate table stu&sid number&2' %onstraint s unique'E ,able %reated S1LP insert into stu 4alues&Tsid'E Enter 4alue for sid; 1 old 1; insert into stu 4alues&Tsid' new 1; insert into stu 4alues&1' 1 row %reated S1LP R Enter 4alue for sid; 2 old 1; insert into stu 4alues&Tsid' new 1; insert into stu 4alues&2' 1 row %reated S1LP R Enter 4alue for sid; 1 old 1; insert into stu 4alues&Tsid' new 1; insert into stu 4alues&1' insert into stu 4alues&1' K ERR+R at line 1; +R(-99991; unique %onstraint &-,179 S' 4iolated 15

)$ >$'RIMARY :"Y CONSTRAINT; ,6e primary Oey spe%ifi%ation say t6e attributes (/1#(/2DD(/m form t6e primary Oey for t6e relation ,6e primary Oey attributes are required tobe null and uniqueE t6at is no tuple %an be equal on all t6e primary Oey attributes CR"AT" A TABL" 6IT! 'RIMARY :"Y CONSTRAIN0 SYNTA#0 !reate table tablename&attribute1 datatype&si:e' %onstraint %onstraint Cname primary Oey# attribute2 datatype&si:e'#D 'E "#; S1LP %reate table stud&rno number&3'#name 4ar%6ar2&15'#%onstraint %m primary Oey&rno''E ,able %reated S1LP des% studE )ame )ullS ,ype ----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------R)+ )+, )$LL )$>2ER&3' )(>E A(R!H(R2&15' INS"RT T!" ;ALU"S INTO T!" 'AR"NT TABL"0 "#0 S1LP insert into stud 4alues&Trno#QTnameQ'E Enter 4alue for rno; 1 Enter 4alue for name; sandeep old 1; insert into stud 4alues&Trno#QTnameQ' new 1; insert into stud 4alues&1#QsandeepQ' 1 row %reated S1LP R Enter 4alue for rno; 2 Enter 4alue for name; sent6il old 1; insert into stud 4alues&Trno#QTnameQ' new 1; insert into stud 4alues&2#Qsent6ilQ' 1 row %reated S1LP R Enter 4alue for rno; 3 Enter 4alue for name; sidu old 1; insert into stud 4alues&Trno#QTnameQ' new 1; insert into stud 4alues&3#QsiduQ' 1 row %reated S1LP R Enter 4alue for rno; 4 Enter 4alue for name; ran/i 16

old 1; insert into stud 4alues&Trno#QTnameQ' new 1; insert into stud 4alues&4#Qran/iQ' 1 row %reated S1LP sele%t Kfrom studE R)+ )(>E ---------- --------------1 sandeep 2 sent6il 3 sidu 4 ran/i ($ R"F"R"NTIAL INT"2RITY CONSTRAINT0 -t is used to enfor%e relation between t6e tables

FOR"I2N :"Y CONSTRAINTS0 ,6e forei"n Oey de%laration spe%ifi% t6at for ea%6 a%%ount tuple t6e bran%6 name spe%ified in t6e tuple must exist in t6e bran%6 relation ( relation s%6ema say r1#may in%lude amon" its attributes t6e primary Oey of anot6er relation s%6ema# say r2 ,6is attribute is %alled a forei"n Oey from r1#refern%in" r2

1$CR"AT" C!ILD TABL"0 SYNTA#; !reate table tablename&attribute1 datatype&si:e'# attribute datatype&si:e'#D 'E "#0 S1LP %reate table studt&sid number&3'#%ourse 4ar%6ar2&5'#%onstraint ff forei"n Oey&sid' referen%es stud&rno''E ,able %reated S1LP des% studtE )ame )ullS ,ype ----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------S-* )$>2ER&3' !+$RSE A(R!H(R2&5'

)$INS"RT ;ALU"S INTO C!ILD TABL"; SYNTA#; -nsert into tablename 4alues&VTattribute1W#WTattribute2W'E "#0 S1LP insert into studt 4alues&Tsid#QT%ourseQ'E Enter 4alue for sid; 1 Enter 4alue for %ourse; it old 1; insert into studt 4alues&Tsid#QT%ourseQ' new 1; insert into studt 4alues&1#QitQ' 17

1 row %reated S1LP R Enter 4alue for sid; 3 Enter 4alue for %ourse; it old 1; insert into studt 4alues&Tsid#QT%ourseQ' new 1; insert into studt 4alues&3#QitQ' insert into studt 4alues&3#QitQ' K ERR+R at line 1; +R(-92281; inte"rity %onstraint &-,179 @@' 4iolated - parent Oey not found ($CR"AT" ANOT!"R C!ILD TABL"0 "#; S1LP %reate table stude&a"e number&1'E ,able %reated

4$ALT"R T!" TABL" AS 6IT! FOR"I2N :"Y0 "#0 S1LP alter table stude add %onstraint dp forei"n Oey&a"e'referen%es stud&sid'on delete %as%adeE ,able altered 5$INS"RT T!" ;ALU"S INTO T!" C!ILD TABL"; S1LP insert into stude 4alues&Ta"e'E Enter 4alue for a"e; 29 old 1; insert into stude 4alues&Ta"e'E new 1; insert into stude 4alues&29'E 1 row %reated Sele%t K from stude a"e --------29 ?$ D"L"T" T!" ;ALU"S IN 1,t C!ILD TABL"0 SYNTA#; delete from tablename w6ere %onditionE "#0 S1LP delete from stud w6ere sidL3E 1 row deleted S1LP sele%t K from studE R)+ )(>E 18

---------- --------------1 sandeep 2 sent6il 4 ran/i 7$ D"L"T" T!" ;ALU"S IN )n* C!ILD TABL"; SYNTA#; "<0 S1LP delete from stude w6ere a"eL29E 1 row deleted

@OINS AIM0 ,o perform /oins operations !artesian /oin# !ross /oin# Equality /oin# )on-Equality /oin# Self /oin and +uter /oin usin" sql %ommands 1$ Cart ,/an A%/n0 -t is also %ross /oin or !artesian produ%t -t %reates a /oin between tables by displayin" ea%6 possible re%ord %ombination and it repli%ates ea%6 row from t6e first table wit6 se%ond table Synta<0 sele%t K from fromlistE "<a&=l 0 S1LP sele%t K from sailor#reser4eE S-* S)(>E ---------- ---------22 ram 39 /a%O 53 4i%tor 22 ram 39 /a%O 53 4i%tor 22 ram 39 /a%O 53 4i%tor 22 ram 39 /a%O 53 4i%tor 12 rows sele%ted 19 R(,-)? (?E S-* 2-* *(J ---------- ---------- ---------- -----------------5 45 22 191 94-*E!-78 7 22 5 22 191 94-*E!-78 19 49 22 191 94-*E!-78 5 45 53 193 95-@E2-73 7 22 5 53 193 95-@E2-73 19 49 53 193 95-@E2-73 5 45 39 193 19-+!,-75 7 22 5 39 193 19-+!,-75 19 49 39 193 19-+!,-75 5 45 22 194 22-*E!-74 7 22 5 22 194 22-*E!-74 19 49 22 194 22-*E!-74

)$ Cr%,, A%/n Synta<0 sele%t sele%tlist from relation1 !R+SS 0+-) relation2 "<a&=l 0 S1LP sele%t s sid#bid from sailor s %ross /oin reser4eE

S-* 2-* ---------- ---------22 191 39 191 53 191 22 193 39 193 53 193 22 193 39 193 53 193 22 194 39 194 53 194 12 rows sele%ted ($ "3UALITY @OIN0 -t is also Onown as eqii /oin -t %an be %reated by two met6ods usin" w6ere %lause a $Tra*/t/%nal M th%*0 Synta<0 sele%t Kfrom from list w6ere X%onditionP "<a&=l 0 S1LP sele%t K from reser4e r#sailor s w6ere s sidLr sidE

S-* 2-* ---------- ---------22 191 22 194 39 193 53 193 4 rows sele%ted >$ Natural @%/n Synta<0

*(J S-* S)(>E R(,-)? (?E -------------- ---------- ---------- ------------- ---------94-*E!-78 22 ram 5 45 22-*E!-74 22 ram 5 45 19-+!,-75 39 /a%O 7 22 5 95-@E2-73 53 4i%tor 19 49

20

sele%t K sele%tlist from relation1 natural C/oin relation2 "<a&=l 0 S1LP sele%t K from sailor natural /oin reser4eE

S-* S)(>E R(,-)? (?E 2-* *(J ---------- ---------- ------------- ----------- ---------- ---------------22 ram 5 45 191 94-*E!-78 22 ram 5 45 194 22-*E!-74 39 /a%O 7 22 5 93 19-+!,-75 53 4i%tor 19 49 193 95-@E2-73 4 rows sele%ted c$ A%/nB%n w6en t6e table to be /oined in usin" /oin on and no need of w6ere %lause Synta<0 sele%t K sele%tlist from relation1 /oin relation2 on X%onditionP "<a&=l 0 S1LP %reate table reser&sailorid#bid#dob' as &sele%t K from reser4e'E ,able %reated S1LP sele%t K from sailor s /oin reser r on sidLr sailoridE S-* S)(>E R(,-)? (?E S(-L+R-* 2-* *+2 ---------- -------------- ------------- ---------- -------------- ---------- --------22 ram 5 45 22 191 94-*E!-78 22 ram 5 45 22 194 22-*E!-74 39 /a%O 7 22 5 39 193 19-+!,-75 53 4i%tor 19 49 53 93 95-@E2-73 4 rows sele%ted *$ A%/nBu,/ng0 Synta<0 sele%t sele%tlist from relation1 /oin relation2 usin"&%olumn1'E "<a&=l 0 S1LP sele%t sid#bid from sailor /oin reser4e usin" &sid'E S-* 2-* ---------- ---------22 191 22 194 39 193 53 193 21

4 rows sele%ted 4$ NON-"3UALITY @OIN /oin tables w6en t6ere are no equi4alent rows in t6e tables to be /oined a$ > t+ nBan*0 Synta<0 sele%t sele%tlist from fromlist w6ere %olumnCname between 4al1 to 4al2 "<a&=l 0 S1LP sele%t sname#bid from sailor#reser4e w6ere a"e between 29 and 25E S)(>E 2-* ---------- ---------/a%O 191 /a%O 193 /a%O 193 /a%O 194 4 rows sele%ted >$ A%/nB%n0 w6en t6e table to be /oined in usin" /oin on and no need of w6ere %lause Synta<0 sele%t sele%tlist from relation1 /oin relation2 on X%onditionP "<a&=l 0 S1LP sele%t sname#bid from sailor /oin reser4e on a"e between 35 and 44E S)(>E 2-* ---------- ---------4i%tor 191 4i%tor 193 4i%tor 193 4i%tor 194 4 rows sele%ted 5$ S"LF @OIN0 -t %reates a /oin between t6e same tables by displayin" ea%6 possible re%ord %ombinations and it repli%ates ea%6 row from t6e table1 and table2 on t6e Same table

Synta<0 sele%t sele%tlist from relation1 /oin relation2 on X%onditionP "<a&=l ; 22

S3LC sele%t K from sailor s /oin sailor s1 on s sidLs1 sidE S-* -----22 39 53 S)(>E R(,-)? (?E S-* S)(>E R(,-)? (?E -------------- ------------ ---------- ---------- ------------ ---------- -------ram 5 45 22 ram 5 45 /a%O 7 22 5 39 /a%O 7 22 5 4i%tor 19 49 53 4i%tor 19 49

3 rows sele%ted ?$ OUT"R @OIN0 -t in%ludes re%ords of a table in output w6ere t6ere is no mat%6in" re%ord in t6e ot6er table Tra*/t/%nal M th%* "<a&=l 0 S1LP sele%t K from sailor s#reser4e s1 w6ere s sidLs1 sid&Y'E S-* S)(>E R(,-)? (?E S-* 2-* *(J ------- ---------- ------------ ---------- ---------- ------- --------22 ram 5 45 22 191 94-*E!-78 22 ram 5 45 22 194 22-*E!-74 39 /a%O 7 22 5 39 193 19-+!,-75 53 4i%tor 19 49 53 193 95-@E2-73 4 rows sele%ted a$ L -t Out r A%/n0 Synta<0 sele%t sele%tlist from relation1 left outer /oin relation2 onX%onditionP "<a&=l 0 S1LP sele%t K from sailor s left outer /oin reser4e s1 on s sidLs1 sidE

S-* S)(>E R(,-)? (?E S-* 2-* *(J ---------- ------------ ------------ ---------- -------- -------- --------------22 ram 5 45 22 191 94-*E!-78 53 4i%tor 19 49 53 193 95-@E2-73 39 /a%O 7 22 5 39 193 19-+!,-75 22 ram 5 45 22 194 22-*E!-74 4 rows sele%ted >$R/ght Out r A%/n0 Synta<0 sele%t sele%tlist from relation1 ri"6t outer /oin relation2 onX%onditionP 23

"<a&=l 0 S1LP sele%t K from sailor s ri"6t outer /oin reser4e s1 on s sidLs1 sidE S-* S)(>E R(,-)? (?E S-* 2-* *(J ---------- ------------- ------------- ---------- ---------- -------- -------------22 ram 5 45 22 194 22-*E!-74 22 ram 5 45 22 191 94-*E!-78 39 /a%O 7 22 5 39 193 19-+!,-75 53 4i%tor 19 49 53 193 95-@E2-73 4 rows sele%ted c$ Full %ut r A%/n0 Synta<0 sele%t sele%tlist from relation1 full outer /oin relation2 onX%onditionP "<a&=l 0 S1LP sele%t K from sailor s full outer /oin reser4e s1 on s sidLs1 sidE S-* S)(>E --------- -------------22 ram 53 4i%tor 39 /a%O 22 ram 4 rows sele%ted R(,-)? (?E S-* 2-* *(J ------------- -------- ------- --------------------5 45 22 191 94-*E!-78 19 49 53 193 95-@E2-73 7 22 5 39 193 19-+!,-75 5 45 22 194 22-*E!-74

;I"6S

AIM0 ,o perform a 4iews operation liOe as insert#delete#update usin" sql %ommand D"FINITION0 ,6e 4iew me%6anism is a 4ery powerful feature of a relational *2>S -t is used for en6an%in" a%ess %ontrol#it pro4ides lo"i%al data -ndependen%e ( 4iew te%6nolo"y is a table t6at deri4er from anot6er table CR"ATION OF ;I"60 D"SCRI'TION0 24

-t is used to %reate a 4iew ( 4iew is a table w6ose rows not expli%itly stored in t6e database Synta<0 !reate 4iew 4iewname as sele%t sele%tClist from fromCtable qualifi%ation "<a&=l 0 SqlP%reate 4iew qqq as sele%t K from sailor natural full outer/oin reser4eE Aiew %reated SqlPsele%t K from qqqE S-* -----191 192 193 194 193 195 195 S)(>E --------------------amar a/ay bala rama as6oO "owt6am "uru R(,-)? -----------12 13 15 13 13 12 15 (?E -----29 21 25 17 15 21 24 2-* ----2 1 4 3 *(J ----------------19-@E2-98 11-@E2-98 12-feb-98 12-feb-98

5 rows sele%ted O= rat/%n %n D/ +,0 ,6e 4iew operations are 1 -nsert 4iew 2 Sele%t 4iew 3 $pdate 4iew 4 *rop 4iew 5 ?roup by 3 1$In, rt D/ +0 -nsert into 4alue for t6e %reated 4iew table Synta<0 -nsert into 4iewCname 4alues&%ol1#%ol2#D#%oln' "<a&=l 0 SqlPinsert into qqq 4alues&191#WamarW#12#29#2#W19-feb-98W'E 1 row %reated )$ , l ct D/ +0 Sele%t t6e 4iew table and display t6e %ontent Synta<0 Sele%t K from 4iewCname "<a&=l 0 SqlPsele%t K from qqqE S-* -----191 192 193 S)(>E -------------amar a/ay bala R(,-)? -----------12 13 15 (?E -----29 21 25 2-* ----2 1 4 25 *(J -----------------19-feb-98 11-feb-98 12-feb-98

194 193 195 195

rama as6oO "owt6am "uru

13 13 12 15

17 15 21 24

12-feb-98

5 rows sele%ted ($U=*at D/ +; $pdate t6e parti%ular 4alue in t6e parti%ular 4iew table Synta<0 $pdate 4iewCname set %olomnCnameL&4alue' w6ere qualifi%ation "<a&=l 0 SqlPupdate qqq seta"eL23 w6ere snameLWamarWE 1 row updated

SqlPsele%t K from qqqE S-* S)(>E ------ -------------191 amar 192 a/ay 193 bala 194 rama 193 as6oO 195 "owt6am 195 "uru 5 rows sele%ted

R(,-)? -----------12 13 15 13 13 12 15

(?E -----23 21 25 17 15 21 24

2-* ----2 1 4 3

*(J -----------------19-feb-9 11-feb-98 12-feb-98 12-feb-98

4$ Dr%= D/ +0 -t is used to delete t6e 4iew table and %ontents Synta<0 *rop 4iew 4iewCname "<a&=l 0 SqlPdrop 4iew qqqE Aiew dropped 5$ u,/ng gr%u= >y0 -t display t6e attributes by "roup t6e %olomn based on t6e "roup fun%tions liOe Sum&'# (4"&'# >ax&'# >in&'# !ount&' Synta<0 Sele%t sele%tClist from fromCtable "roup by qualifi%ation "<a&=l 0 SqlPsele%t ratin"#a4"&a"e' from sailor "roup by ratin"E R(,-)? -----------12 13 14 (A?&(?E' ---------------29 5 17 3 24 5 26

3 rows sele%ted S"T O'"RATIONS AIM0 ,o perform set operations $nion# -nterse%tion and Ex%ept usin" S1L %ommands 1 $UNION -t produ%es a relation t6at in%ludes all t6e tuples bot6 in R1 T R2 Synta<0 R1 $ R2 "<a&=l 0 S1LP sele%t sname from sailor s#boat b#reser4e r w6ere s sidLr sid and r bidLb bid and b %olorLQpinOQ union sele%t sname from sailor s2#boat b2#reser4e r2 w6ere s2 sidLr2 sid and r2 bidLb2 bid and b2 %olorLQblueQE S)(>E ---------4i%tor /a%O ram 3 rows sele%ted

)$ INT"RS"CT0 -t produ%es a relation t6at in%ludes all t6e tuples bot6 R1 and R2 Synta<0 R1 Z R2 "<a&=l 0 S1LP sele%t sname from sailor s#boat b#reser4e r w6ere s sidLr sid and r bidLb bid and b %olorLQpinOQ interse%t sele%t sname from sailor s2#boat b2#reser4e r2 w6ere s2 sidLr2 sid and r2 bidLb2 bid and b2 %olorLQblueQE

S)(>E ---------ram 27

1 rows sele%ted ($"#C"'T0 -t will display tuples in R1 t6at are not in R2 Synta<0 R1 [ R2 "<a&=l 0 S1LP sele%t sname from sailor s#boat b#reser4e r w6ere s sidLr sid and r bidLb bid and b %olorLQpinOQ minus sele%t sname from sailor s2#boat b2#reser4e r2 w6ere s2 sidLr2 sid and r2 bidLb2 bid and b2 %olorLQblueQE

S)(>E ---------4i%tor /a%O 2 rows sele%ted

LO2ICAL O'"RATIONS

AIM0 ,o perform lo"i%al operations liOe ()*#+R and )+, usin" S1L %ommands 1$ AND %= rat/%n; -t %6e%Os t6e %ondition and display t6e %ommand if it satisfies bot6 t6e %ondition Synta<0 sele%t sele%tlist from from list <6ere qualifi%ation1 ()* qualifi%ation2 "<a&=l 0 S1LP sele%t sname from sailor s#boat b#reser4e r 2 w6ere s sidLr sid and r bidLb bid and b %olorLQpinOQE 28

S)(>E ---------ram /a%O 4i%tor 3 rows sele%ted )$ OR-%= rat/%n0 -t %6e%Os bot6 t6e %ondition atleast if it satifies one and display t6e Sele%t terms in bot6 fields Synta<0 sele%t sele%tlist from from list <6ere qualifi%ation1 +R qualifi%ation2 "<a&=l 0 S1LP sele%t sname from sailor s#reser4e r w6ere s sidLr sid and r bidL191 or r bidL193E S)(>E ---------ram 1 rows sele%ted ($ NOT %= rat/%n0 -t %6e%Os t6e %ondition t6at must satisfy only one %ondition and *isplay t6e term Synta<0 sele%t sele%tlist from from list <6ere qualifi%ation1 )+, qualifi%ation2 "<a&=l 0 S1LP sele%t sname from sailor s#reser4e r#boat b w6ere s sidLr sid and r bidLb bid and b %olorLQpinOQ and b %olor\LQblueQE S)(>E ---------ram /a%O 4i%tor 3 rows sele%ted A22R"2AT" O'"RATORS A/&0 29

,o perform operations of some a""re"ate operators liOe !+$),#(A?# S$># >-)# >(= usin" S1L %ommads 1 C%unt0 Synta<; sele%t !+$),& %olumn name' from relation1 "<=lanat/%n0 -t displays t6e no of rows in t6at parti%ular %olumn "<a&=l 0S1LP sele%t %ount&a"e' from sailorsE Out=ut0 !+$),&(?E' ---------8 )$ ADg0 Synta<; sele%t (A?& %olumn name' from relation1 "<=lanat/%n0 -t displays t6e a4era"e 4alue of t6at parti%ular %olumn "<a&=l 0S1LP sele%t a4"&a"e' from sailorsE Out=ut0 (A?&(?E' ---------35 1111111

($ Su&0 Synta<0 sele%t S$>& %olumn name' from relation1 "<=lanat/%n; -t displays sum of t6at %olumn "<a&=l 0S1LP sele%t sum&ratin"' from sailorsE OUT'UT0 S$>&R(,-)?' ----------55 4$ M/n0 Synta<; sele%t >-)&%olumn name'from relation2 "<=lanat/%n0 -t displays a row t6at 6as t6e minimum 4alue of t6at parti%ular %olumn 30

"<a&=l 0 S1LP sele%t min&a"e' from sailorsE OUT'UT0 >-)&(?E' ---------13 5 $ Ma<0 Synta<0 sele%t >(=&%olumn name'from relation2 "<=lanat/%n; -t displays a row t6at 6as t6e maximum 4alue of t6at parti%ular %olumn "<a&=l 0 S1LP sele%t max&ratin"' from sailorsE OUT'UT0 >(=&R(,-)?' ----------19

TRI22"RS AIM0 ,o start %ertain tasOs automati%ally w6en %ertain %onditions are met usin" tri""er in ora%le D"FINITION0 ( tri""er is a statement t6at t6e system exe%utes automati%ally as a side effe%t of a modifi%ation to t6e database 'ROC"DUR"0 1 !reate a table itemCmaster wit6 t6e fields itemCid# itemCdes% and balCsto%O 2 !reate a tri""er named as tri"1 to perform its a%tion w6ene4er a 4alue is inserted into t6e table itemCmaster 3 $se t6e HdbmsCoutput putClineI statement to display t6e tri""er 31

4 End t6e tri"1 5 )ow t6e tri"1 is %reated 3 !reate tri""er named as tri"2 to perform its a%tion w6ene4er t6e 4alues are inserted in to t6e table itemCmaster by "i4in" a parti%ular %ondition 5 $se t6e if statement to %6e%O t6e 4alues in t6e table itemCmaster 7 $se t6e error statement to display t6e error messa"e 8 End t6e tri""er tri"2 19 !6e%O t6e worOin" of tri""ers tri"1 and tri"2 by insertin" t6e 4alues into t6e table itemCmaster 11 !reate a tri""er named as tri"3 to perform its a%tion w6ene4rer %6an"es are made to t6e table itemCmaster 12 -f t6e balCsto%O 4alue is less t6an 19 t6en t6e error messa"e is displayed usin" t6e error statement 13 !reate a tri""er named as tri"5 to perform its a%tion w6ene4er a 4alue is deleted from t6e table itemCmaster 14 -f t6e 4alue of oldCitem is i995 t6en s6ow t6e error messa"e 15 !6e%O t6e worOin" of tri""er tri"5 by deletin" t6e 4alue from t6e table itemCmaster 13 Stop t6e pro"ram

OUT'UT0 1$ Cr at a tr/gg r that +/ll */,=lay u, r ha, cr at * a r%+ a-t r D ry /n, rt %n /t &E&a,t r ta>l $ S3LC des% itemCmaster

S3LC %reate or repla%e tri""er tri1 after insert on item for ea%6 row de%lare be"in dbmsCoutput putCline&QKKK$SER H(S -)SER,* ( R+<KKKQ'E 32

endE ,ri""er %reated S3LC set ser4eroutput onE S3LC insert into itemCmaster 4alues&Q95Q#Qpen%ilQ#19'E KKK$SER H(S -)SER,* ( R+<KKK 1 row&s' inserted )$ Cr at a tr/gg r that +/ll n%t /n, rt an /t & /nt% th /t &E&a,t r$ I- th /t &E/* /, 7/0018 %r th /t &E* ,c /, 7la=t%=8$ S3LC %reate or repla%e tri""er tri1 after insert on item for ea%6 row de%lare be"in if&;new itemCidLQi991Q or ;new itemCdes%LQlaptopQ't6en raiseCappli%ationCerror&Q-29991Q#QJ+$ !(), -)SER, ,H-S A(L$EQ'E end ifE endE ,ri""er %reated S3LC insert into itemCmaster 4alues&Qi991Q#QlaptopQ#59999'E ORA-)00010 FFFYOU CANT INS"RT T!IS ;ALU"FFF ORA-0?51)0 at Gtr/g$TRI2)GH l/n 4 ORA-040II0 rr%r *ur/ng < cut/%n %- tr/gg r Jtr/g$TRI2)J

S3LC insert into itemCmaster 4alues&Vi993W#W%int6olW#222' KKK$SER H(S !RE(,E* ( R+<KKK 1 row %reated ($ Cr at a tr/gg r that +/ll n%t th /t &E&a,t r /- th >alE,t%cK /, L10$ S3LC ed <rote file afiedt buf S3LC %reate or repla%e tri""er tri3 before update on item for ea%6 row de%lare be"in if&;new balCsto%OX19' t6en raiseCappli%ationCerror&Q-29992Q#QJ+$ !(), update ,H-S A(L$EQ'E end ifE endE ,ri""er %reated S3LC update itemCmaster set balCsto%O L 5 w6ere itemCdes%LW6amamW S3LC update itemCmaster set balCsto%O-5 w6ere itemCdes%LW6amamW ORA-)000)0 YOU CANT U'DAT" T!IS ;ALU" 33

ORA-0?51)0 at Gtr/gg r$TRI(GH l/n 4 ORA-040II0 rr%r *ur/ng < cut/%n %- tr/gg r Jt/rgg r$TRI(J S3LC update itemCmaster set balCsto%OL11 w6ere itemCdes%LW6amamW 1 row updated 4$ Cr at a tr/gg r that +/ll n%t * l t an /t & /- /t &E/* /, 710058$ S3LC ed <rote file afiedt buf %reate or repla%e tri""er tri4 before delete on item for ea%6 row w6en&old itemCidLQ91Q' de%lare be"in raiseCappli%ationCerror&Q-29993Q#QJ+$ !(), *ELE,E ,H-S A(L$EQ'E endE ,ri""er %reated S3LC delete from itemC w6ere itemCidLQ91QE S3LC delete from itemCmaster w6ere itemCidLWi993W ORA-)000(0 YOU CANT D"L"T" T!IS ;ALU" ORA-0?51)0 at G tr/gg r$TRI4GH l/n ( ORA-040II0 rr%r *ur/ng < cut/%n %- tr/gg r Jtr/gg r$TRI4J S3LC delete from itemCmaster w6ere itemCidLWi993W 1 row deleted DRO'IN2 A TRI22"R0 S3LC drop tri""er tri"4 ,ri""er dropped S3LC sele%t K from itemCmaster IT"MEID 1 2 3 4 4 IT"MED"SC 6amam %ol"ate powder li:ol li:ol BALESTOC: 138 474 239 12 12

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"&> ** * S3L 'r%A ct, U,/ng ;B Student e4aluation system !omputeri:ed qui: !omputer %enter reser4ation of %omputin" ma%6ines -n%ome tax %al%ulation .ay roll system Ele%tion pro%essin" system Library >ana"ement System .ayroll .ro%essin" System 2anOin" System

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