Douglas al.

: et Criminal Pro ling from Crime Scene Analysis

victim, to! commit additional with acts body, the and ! to dispose theof body.time The day of night or that the crimecommitted was also important, is asmay it provide information the lifestyle onand occupation of the suspect and also relates to the offender factor!. risk example, For longer the offender an stays his with victim, the more likely isithe will be apprehended the crime at
with his victim therefore must select a location to preclude observation, one or
with which he is familiar.
Location Factors

$4 2.3 .

scene. the incase of the New York murder Kitty of Genovese, the killer carried on his murderousto the assault point where many people heard witnessed or the crime, leading to his eventual prosecution. A killer who intends to spend time

crime occurred, andthe if crime and death scenes differ-provide yet additional
data about the offender. For example, such information provides details about whether murderer the a vehicle used to transport the victim from the death scene
or if the victim died at her point of abduction.
3. Crime Assessment Stage

lnforrnation locationabout where victim the was rst approached, where the

The Crime Assessment Stage in generating criminal a pro involves le the reconstruction the sequence of of events and the behavior both of the offender stnrction how of things happened, people how behaved, and how they planned
and victim. Basedthe on various decisions the ofprevious stage, this recon-

and organized the encounter provides information about speci characteristics c to be generated thefor criminal pro le. Assessments are made aboutclasthe

si cation the ofcrime, its organized/disorganized aspects, offender's the selection of a victim, strategies usedcontrol to victim, the sequence the crime, of the

staging not! or the of crime, the offender's motivation the for crime, and crime
outlined in the rst decision process model. The classi cation of a crime as
The classi cation of the crime is determined through the decision process

scene dynamics.

organized disorganized, or introduced rst classi ascation Lust of murder Ha-

zelwood Douglas, & 1980!, but since broadly expanded, includes factors such as victim selection, strategies to control the victim, and sequence of the crime.

An organized murderer is one who appears to plan his murders, target victims, his display control at the crime scene, and out act violent a fantasy against victim the sex, dismemberment, torture!. example, For Bundy Ted s planning was noted through successful his abduction of young women highly from visible areas
important the indevelopment ofa desired fantasy victim. ln contrast, the disorganized murderer less is apt to plan his crime in detail,
BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW

beaches, e.g., campuses, a skilodge!.selected He victims who were young, attractive, similar and appearance. in control His the of victim was initially through clever manipulation later and physical force. These dynamics were

18

Douglas al.; etCriminal Pro ling from Crime Scene Analysis

obtains victims by chance. and behaves haphazardly the during crime. For ex-

ample, Herben Mullin of Santa Cruz, California. who killed I4 people of varying types g.,e. an elderlya man. young girl, a priest!a over four-month period. did not display speci any c planning or targeting of victims; rather, victims the were people who happened to cross his path,their and killings were based on
psychotic impulses as well ason fantasy.

The determination of whether or notthe crime was staged i.e., if the subject was truly careless or disorganized. orif hemadecrime the appear that way to distract or mislead the police! helps direct the investigative pro ler the to killer's motivation. oneIn case. a I6-year-old high school junior livingain small town failed to retum home from school.Police, responding to the father's of report

his missing daughter, their began investigation and located the victim's scattered clothing a remote in area outside the town. A crude map also was found at the
father. bank a executive, for the sum of $80,000, indicating a that kidnap was
the basis of the abduction.demands The wamed police in detailnot to use
electronic monitoring devices during their investigative efforts.

scene which seemingly a implied premeditated plan of kidnaping. The police followed map the to a location which indicated a body may have been disposed of in a nearby river. Written and telephoned extortion demands were to sent the
Was this crime staged? The question was answered in two ways. details The

in one aspect of thecrime scattered clothing tire tracks! and indicated that subject purposely was a crime staging whiledetails the the inother extortion! led the pro lers speculate to thewho subject was; speci that cally had helaw a enforcement background and therefore had knowledge of police procedures conceming crimes of kidnaping, hidingprimary the of intent sexual assault and
that communication continue between the suspect and the police, with the hy-

possibleWith murder. information, this investigative the recommended pro lers

pothesis the that behavior would escalate and subject the become bolder.
While further communications the family with were being monitored, pro lers from the FBl s Behavioral Sciencetheorized Unit the that subject of the case waswhite male a who was single, in his late 20's to early 30 s, unemployed, and who had been employed a law as enforcementwithin of certhe past year. He would be a macho outdoors type person who drove a late model, well
maintained vehicle with a CBradio. The car would have the overall appearance
of a police vehicle.

telephone made calls to thefamily the by subject. The investigation, based on the pro narrowed le, two local men, to both of whom were former police of cers. One suspect was eliminated, but the FBI became very interested the other in
sincethe the general previously pro le developed. This individual was placed under surveillance. He tumed out to be a single, white male who was previously employedas locally police a ofHe cer. was now unemployed and drove a car
consistent with the FBI proHe le. was observed making a call from a telephone booth, after and hanging up, he taped a note under the telephone. call The was traced to theresidence theof victim's family. caller The had given instructions
VOL. 4 NO 4 -1986

As the pro le was developed. FBI the continued to monitor the extortion

19

. ll Htilblli t |.

. .rAtlillt um

It t_HMlllril

..,.t... -r

_ -..

.-

Douglas et al.: Criminal Pro ling from CrimeScene Analysis

for the family to proceed the to phone booth the suspect had been observed in.
The instructions will be taped there, stated the caller.

"staged" crime scene, and the extortion calls were a diversion to intentionally
lead the police investigation away from the sexually motivated crime of rapemurder. The subject never intended collect to the ransom money, but he feltthat
the diversion wouldthrow the
this crime. Motivation

The body of the victim was actually found a considerable distance from the

police off and take him from the focus of the

rape-murder inquiry. The subject was subsequently arrested and convicted of

Motivation is a dif cult factor to judge because it requires dealing with the inner thoughts and behavior of the offender. Motivation is more easily determined in theorganized offender who premeditates, plans, and has the ability tocarry out aplan ofaction that is logicaland complete. On theother hand, the disorganized offender carries out his crimes by motivations that frequently are derived from mental illnesses and accompanying distorted thinking resulting from delusions and hallucinations!. Drugs and alcohol, as well as panic and
must be considered in the overall assessment of the crime scene. Crime Scene Dynamics

stress

resulting from disruptions during the execution of thecrime, are factors which

Crimescene dynamics are thenumerous elements common to every crime scene which must be interpreted by investigating of cers and are at times easily misunderstood. Examples include location of crime scene, cause of death, method of killing, positioning of body, excessive trauma, and location of wounds. The investigative pro ler reads the dynamics of a crime scene and interprets them based on hisexperience with similar cases where the outcome is known. Extensive research by theBehavioral Science Unit atthe FBIAcademy and in-

depth interviews with incarcerated felons who have committed such crimes have of some police investigators is to assess a particularlybrutal lust-mutilation
murder as the work of a sex end and to direct the investigation toward known
ff sexo enders when such crimes are commonly perpetrated by youthful individuals with no criminal record.

provided a vast body ofknowledge of common threads that link crimescene dynamics to speci c criminal personality pattems. For example, a commonerror

4. Criminal

Pro le Stage organization with

The fourth stage in generating a criminalpro le deals with the type of person
who committed the crime and that individual s behavioral

relation to the crime. Once this description is generated, the strategy of inves-

tigation can be formulated, as this strategy requires a basic understanding of

how an individual willrespond to a variety of investigative efforts. Included in the criminal pro le arebackground information demographics!,
BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES8- THE LAW

2O

Douglas al.: etCriminal Pro ling from Crime Scene Analysis

to the crime, and post-offense behavior. It may also include investigative rec ommendations interrogating for or interviewing, identifying, apprehending and
the offender.

physical characteristics, habits, beliefs and values, pre offense behavior leading
This fourth stage has an important meansvalidating of criminal the pro le Feedbackl.No. The pro le must t with the earlier reconstruction the crime, of with the evidence, with and the key decision process models. In addition, the in terms of the expected response pattems the of offender. If there is a lack of Poirot observed, To know isto have all of the evidence and facts t into place."
5. Investigation Stage

investigative procedure developedthe from recommendations must make sense

congruence, investigative the pro review lers available all data. As Hercule
Once the congruence of the criminal pro is le determined, a written report is

provided to therequesting agency and added to its ongoing investigative efforts.

The investigative recommendations generated in Stage 4 are applied, and suspects

matching pro the le are evaluated. identi If cation, apprehension, and a confesuation occurs via Feedback No. 2. The information is reexamined and the pro le
revalidated.

sion result, the goal of the pro le effort has been met. new If evidence is generated

e.g., by another murder! and/or there is no identi cation a suspect, of reeval6. Apprehension Stage

Once a suspect is apprehended, the agreement between the outcome and the various stages in the pro le-generating-process examined. are When an apprehended suspect admits guilt, it isimportant conduct to a detailed interview to
check the total pro ling process for validity.
CASE EXAMPLE

A young woman s body nudewas discovered 3:00 atp.m. on the roof landing of the apartment building where lived. she She had been badly beaten about the
face and strangled the with strap of her purse. Her nipples had been cut off after death and placed on her chest. Scrawled in ink on the inside her of thigh was, You can't stop me." The words Fuck you" were scrawled on her abdomen. A pendant in the form of a Jewish sign Chai!, which she usually wore asa

good luck piece around her neck, was missing and presumed taken the by

murderer. underpants Her been hadpulled over her face; her nylons were removed

had placedsymmetrically on eitherside the of victim head s the pierced earrings -she had been wearing. An umbrella and inkpen had been forced into the vagina and a haircomb was placedher in pubic hair. The woman s and jaw nose had

and very loosely around tied wrists her and ankles near a railing. The murderer
been broken and her molars loosened. She suffered multiple face fractures caused
VOL 4. NO 4 -1956

bya blunt force. Cause ofdeath was asphyxia ligature by pocketbook strap!

21

Douglas al.; et Criminal Pro ling from Crime Scene Analysis

as contusions, hemorrhages, lacerations and the to body. The killer also defecated
on the roof landing and covered it with the victim's clothing.

strangulation. were There post-mortem bite marks on the victim's as well thighs,
The following discussion this of case in the contextthe of six stagesthe of criminal-pro le-generating illustrates process this howprocess works.
Pro ling Inputs

scene belonged to the victim. Even the comb and the felt-tip pen used write to on her body came from her purse. The offender apparently did not plan this crime; he had no gun, ropes, tape or for the victim's mouth. He probably did not even plan to encounter that moming her at that location. The crime scene indicated a spontaneous event; other in words, the killer did not stalk or wait
for the victim. The crime scene differs from the death scene. The initial abduction
wason the stairwell; then the victimwas taken to a more remote area.

In terms of crime scene evidence, everything offender the used at the crime

s .5 $2 we is Sc. '1 ii: iiz:

*5 Z.
2% t

female awoke around 6:30 a.m. She dressed, a had breakfast of coffee and juice, and left her apartment for work at a nearby day care center, where she was
take the elevator or walk down the stairs, depending on her mood. The victim

Investigation the victim of revealedthe that 26-year-old, 90-pound, l" 4'1 white

employed a group as teacherhandicapped for children. She resided with her

mother and father. When she would leave for work in the morning, she would

xii

was aquiet young woman who had a slight curvature the ofspine kyhoscoliosis!.
and whether evidencesexual of assault was present or absent.No semen was

The forensic information the in medical examiner's report was important in determining extent the the of wounds, as well as how the victim was assaulted noted the in vagina, but semen was found on the body. appeared It the that
murderer stood directly over the victim and masturbated.were There visible bite marks the on victim's thighs and knee area. He cut off her nipples with a knife after she was dead and wrote on the body. Cause of death was strangulation. rst manual, then ligature, with the strap of her purse. The fact that the murderer

used a weapon of opportunity indicateshe did thatnot prepare to commit this crime. probably He his used st to render her unconscious, which may be the
reasonone no heard any screams. There were no deep stab wounds and the knife used to mutilate victim's the apparently breast not was big, probably a penknife that the offender nonnally carried. The killer used the victim's belts to tie her

right arm and right leg, but he apparently untied them in order to position the

body before he left.

building, a white male, aged l5, discovered the victim's wallet a instairwell
between third the and fourth oors at approximately 8:20 a.m. He retained the wallet until he retumed home from school for lunch that aftemoon.that At time,

The preliminary police report revealed another that resident of the apartment

he gave the wallet to his father, a white male, aged 40. The father went to the
victim s apartment at 2:50p.m. and gave the wallet the to victim's mother.
BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THELAW

When the mother called the day care center to ll'lf0 her daughter Tl about the

and.. 22

Douglas al.: etCriminal Pro ling from Crime Scene Analysis

The mother, the victim's sister, a and neighbor began a search of the building and discovered the body. The neighbor called police. the Police at the scene found no witnesses who saw victim the after she left her apartment that morning.
Decision Process

wallet, she leamed her that daughter had not appeared for work that moming.

making a sexually it motivated of type crime. There a was degree of planning indicated theby organization and sophistication of the crime scene. The idea of murderprobably had occupied the killer for a long periodtime. of The sexual fantasies have may started through use the and collecting sadistic of pomography
depicting torture and violent sexual acts.

This crime style s a is single homicide the withmurderer's primary intent

Victim risk assessmentthat revealed the victim was known be to very selfconsciousher about physical handicap size and and she was a plain-looking womandid who not date. She led a reclusive life and was not the type of victim that would or could ght an assailant scream or yell. She and wouldeasily be
dominatedcontrolled, and particularly in view of her small stature.

victim living in an area that was low at risk for violent crimes. The apartment

Based the upon information on occupation and lifestyle, we have a low-risk buildingpart was a of 23-building public housing project which in racial the

mixture residents of 50% was black, 40% white, and 10% Hispanic. lt was located the inconof nes major a police precinct. had There been no other similar crimes reported in the victim's nearoy orcomplexes. The crime was considered very high risk for the offender. He committed the
crimebroad in daylight, and there waspossibility a other that people who were

up early mighthim. see There wasset no pattem of the victim taking the stairway
or the elevator. appeared It that the victim happened tocross the path the of offender. There no was escalation factor present in this crime scene. The time for the crime considerable. was amount The time of the murdererwith spent his victim increased risk his of being apprehended. All his activities the with victimsubstantial amount of time.

removing earrings, her off cutting her nipples, masturbating over her a took
The location of the crime suggested that the offender comfortable felt the in area.had He been here before, and felt he that no one would interrupt the murder.
Crime Assessment

The crime scene indicated the murder was one event, not one of a series of events. also It appeared to be arst-time killing, and the subject was not a
organization; offender the might fall into a mixed category.
VOL. 4, NO 4 ~19B6

typical organized offender.were There elements of both disorganization and

A reconstruction of the crime/deathprovides scene overall an picture of the

23

Douglas er al.: Criminal Pro ling from Crime Scene Analysis

3%-

crime. To begin with, thevictim was not necessarily stalked but instead confronted. What was her reaction? Did she recognize her assailant, ght him off, on knownterritory and thus had a reason to be

2: ms b>~ ta.

or try to get away? The subject had to killher to carry out his sexually violent
fantasies. The murderer was
particular complex.

there at 6:30 in the moming: either he resided there or he was employed at this
The killer's control of the victimwas through the use of bluntforce trauma, with theblow toher face the rst indication of his intention. It is probable the

victim was selected because she posed little or no threat to the offender. Because

she didn't ght,run, or scream, it appears that she did not perceive abductor her
asa threat. Either she knew him, had seen him before, or helooked nonthrea-

tening ,i.c. he was dressed as janitor, a a postman, or businessman! and therefore

his presence in the apartment would not alarm his victim.

In the sequence the of crime, the killer rst rendered the victim unconscious and possibly dead; he could easily pick her up because of her small size. He took her up to the roof landing and had time to manipulate her body while she
was unconscious. He positioned the body, undressed her, acted out certain
fantasies which led tomasturbation. The killer tookhis timeat thescene, and

early moming since he was familiar with the area and had been there many times
in the past.

he probably knew that no one would come to the roof and disturb him in the
The crime scene was not staged. Sadistic ritualistic fantasy generated the sexual

motivation for murder. The murderer displayed total domination of thevictim.

ln addition, he placed the victim in adegrading posture,

i

which re ected his lack

of remorseabout thekilling.

Thecrime scene

dynamics the of covering of the killer's and feces his posi-

i E i l
2 3 X

of a long-standing murderous fantasy. Once the killer had victim, a he had set a plan about killing and abusing the body. However, within the context of the
crime, the pro lers note a paradox: the covered feces. Defecation was not part of theritual fantasy and thus it wascovered. The presence the of feces also over the victim her unconscious state!, and the knowledge he would not be
interrupted.

described, crime the was opportunistic. The crime scene portrayed the intricacies

tioning the of body are incongruent and need to be interpreted. First, as previously

supports the length of time taken for the crime, the control the murderer had The positioning of the victim suggested the offender was acting out something

he had seen before, perhaps a in fantasy or in a sado-masochistic pomographic

magazine. Because the victim was unconscious, the killer did not need to tie

her hands. Yet he continued to tie herneck and strangle her. He positioned her

earrings in a ritualisticmanner, and he wrote on her body. This re ects some sort of imagery that he probably had repeated over and over in his mind. He
woman s missing Jewish symbol.
BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES& THE LAW

took her necklace a as souvenir; perhaps carry to around in his pocket. The investigative pronoted that lers the body was positioned in the form of the

24

Douglas et al.:Criminal Pro from ling Crime Scene Analysis

Criminal Pro le

of the murderer generated. was a physical First, description the suspect of stated thatwould he a white bemale, between 25 and 35, the or same general asage the victim, andaverage of appearance. The murderer would look notof out
context thein area. He would be average of intelligence and would be a highschool college or dropout. He would not have a military history may andbe
did not assume a major role,the as crime occurred in the early morning.

Based the on information derivedthe during previous stages, a criminal pro le

unemployed. occupation Hisbe would blue-collar or skilled. Alcohol drugs or

shipswomen. with he dated, Ifhe would date women younger himself, than as
tution. sexual The showed acts controlled aggression, rage hatred but or women of was obviously present. murderer The not was reacting to rejection from women
as much asto morbid curiosity.

The suspect would dif have culty maintaining any kind of personal relation-

he would have to beabledominate to control and the inrelationships. He would be sexually inexperienced, inadequate, sexually never and married.

He would have pomography a The collection. subject wouldsadistic have tendencies; umbrella the the and masturbation act clearly are of acts sexual substiIn addressing the habits of the murderer, pro the le revealed there would be reason the for killer to be at the crime at scene 6:30 in the morning. could He Although offender the have might preferred his victim conscious, had tohe

e a

be employed in the apartment be complex, the in complex on business, or reside

in the complex.

render unconscious her hebecause did not want to get caught. did He not want the woman screaming for help. The murderer in iction sexual, s of sadistic actsan oninanimate body suggests

he was disorganized. probably Hebe would very a confused person, possibly

with previous mental problems. If he had carried out such acts on a living victim,

he would have a different typepersonality. of factThe that he in icted acts on a dead or unconscious person indicated his inability to function withlive a or conscious person. The crime scene re that ected killer the justi felt ed his inactions and that he felt no remorse. He was not subtle. He left the victim ina provocative,
subject might well kill again.

humiliating exactly position, way the wanted he to be her found. challenged He the police in his message onwritten the victim; messages the indicated also the
The crime receivedcoverage intense the by local media because it was such an extraordinary homicide. local The police responded a radio call to a of
Investigation

homicide. in They tum noti ed detective the which bureau, noti theed forensic crime scene unit, medical examiner's and county theof ce, district attomey s
VOL. 4, NO. 4 -1986

25

Douglas al.: et Criminal Pro ling from Crime Scene Analysis

of ce. Atask force was immediately assembledapproximately of detectives 26

and supervisors.

pare with the writing on the body. Mental hospitals the in area were checked
for people who might fit thepro le ofthis type killer.

viewing, over 2,000 people. Records checks of known sex offenders in the area proved fruitless. Hand writing samples were taken of possible suspects to comThe FBl s Behavioral Science Unit was contacted to compile a pro le. In the

An intensive investigation resulted, which included speaking to, and inter-

pro le, the investigation recommendation included that the offender knew that the police sooner or later would contact him because he either worked or lived in the building. The killer would somehow inject himself into the investigation, and although he might appear cooperative to the extreme, would he really be seeking information. ln addition,he might try to contact the victim s family.
Apprehension

The outcome of the investigation was apprehension of a suspect l3 months

out. This suspect s father lived down the hall in the same apartment building as the victim. Police originally had interviewed his father, who told them his son had been absent without permission from the hospital the day and evening prior
to the murder.

following the discovery the of victim's body. After receiving criminal the pro le, police reviewed their les of 22 suspects they had interviewed. One man stood was a patient at the local psychiatric hospital. Police leamed later that the son
They also learned he was an unemployed actor wholived alone; his mother

had died of a stroke when he was 19 years oldl lyears previous!. He had had

academic problems of repeatinga grade and dropped out of school. He was a white, 30-year-old, never-married male who was an only child. His father was
a blue-collar worker who also was an ex-prizeghter. Thesuspect reportedly
had his amt in a cast at the time of the crime. A searchof his room revealed a

pomography collection. He had never been in themilitary, had no girlfriends, and was describedbeing as insecure with women. The man suffered from depression and was receiving psychiatric treatment and hospitalization. He had a history of repeated suicidal attempts hanging/asphyxiation!before both and after the
offense.

The suspect was tried, found guilty,

and is serving sentence a from 25 years

to life for this mutilation murder. He deniescommitting themurder andstates

he did not know the victim. Police proved that security was lax at the psychiatric

hospital in which the suspect was con ned and that he could literally come and goas he pleased. However, the most conclusive evidence against him at his trial
were his teeth impressions. Three separate forensic dentists, prominent in their

eld, conducted independent tests and all agreed that the suspect s teeth impressions matched the bite marks found on the victim s body.

BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES8- THE LAW

26

Douglas al.: etCriminal Pro ling from Crime Scene Analysis

CONCLUSION

in solving violent, apparently motiveless The crimes. process has aided signif-

Criminal personality pro lingproven has be a to useful tool law to enforcement

icantly the in solution of many cases the over past decade. It is believed that through research the of efforts personnel in the FBI National s Center the for Analysis of Violent Crimeprofessionals and otherin the eld,proprocess ling
will continue to be re ned and be a viable investigative to law aid enforcement.
Brussel. J. S.

Casey-Owens. I984!.anonymous M. The letter-writer psychological Journal a pro Forensic le? of Sciences.
Christie. A. I963!.The clock: pp. 227-228!. New York: Pocket Books.
29, BI6-819.

REFERENCES I968! ofa crime prvchirurirr New York" . Casebook _ . . . Grove

Geberth. J. V. I981. September!. Psychological pro ling.and LawOrder. pp. 46-49.

Hazelwood, R. R. I983. September!. behavior-oriented The of rape victims: interview key 'I'he pro to ling. FBI
Law Enforcement Bulletin. pp. I-8. I-Iazlewood. R. R. 8i Douglas. I.E. I980. April!. The murderer. lust Law FBI Enforcement Bulletin. Lunde. T.D. I976!. Murdermadness. and Francisco, San San CA: Francisco Book Co. Miron. S.. M. 8: Douglas. J. E. I979. September!. Threat analysis: The psycltolinguistic approach. Law FBI
Enforcement Bulletin. pp. 5-9. I960! Study ofmurder Thomas Crowell Palmer. S. . A ..New York" .

Reiser. I982. M. March!. Crime-speci c psychological consultation. Police The Chief. pp. 53-56. ' ' h on homicide
Ressler. R. K.. Burgess. A. W.. Douglas. E.. & Depue. J. R. L. I985!. Cnminal pro ling rescue .
6-I3.

is Rider.

In AW Burgess EdRape ! sexual and A assault: research handbook 343-349!. pp. York: New Garland.
A. 0.9 mo. June!. rm m=s=it=r= A psychological pro le. I. pan FBI Law Enforcement Blllltllll, pp.

Rizzo. D.N. I982!. Murder Boston: in and Killers their victims. liueriiarional Journal O eiider of and Therapy
Comparative Criniinolagy. Z6 I!. 36-42. Rossi I982. D. January!. Crime scene behavioralAnother analysis: for tool the law enforcement investigator. Df ci proceedings of the88th Annual IACP Conference. The Police Chief. I52-I55. pp. a Vorpagel. R. E. I982. Painting January!. pro psychological les: Charlatanism. charisma. new science or Of cial proceedings of the88th Annual IACP Conference. The Police Chief.I56-I59. pp.

VOL. 4, NO. 4 -198$

27

i*

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t il >~/12;; i!k&#39;r<&#39;"/

~c2z~%s>;:.

whether incarcerated offenders would

The questionremained asto

E;

~: mi. vm

> ./=

"

cooperate in such research.order In to determine the feasibility of the intended study, a pilot proiect was undertaken. Crimes in which the FBI either has

primary jurisdiction or has traditionally

assisted local agencies byproviding technical assistance and specialex-

pertise, such as hostage/terrorism,

skyjacking, extortionlkidnaping, assassination, andmass/multiple murder, were targetedfor study. Guidelines were formulated in conjunctionwith the
emy.

Legal Instruction Unit of the FBI Acadthen approached and asked if they
Eight convictedoffenders were During the 1.979 Fiesta Parade in San Antonio.
Tex., a sniper, who was a former mental patient, sniper. Insight into the psychological

2 persons and injured 51 others, including would be willing to be interviewed killed 13 children and6 policemen. Photos depict about theircrimes. They were long- shooting scene and arsenal used by the term incarcerated felons lodgedin varof involved in such crimes is ious Stateand Federal penitentiaries behavior persons

s a e

and were selected for the gravity of

their violent crimes. The results were

the overall goal of this research program.

very encouraging. Based on this response, plans were developed for an

30

/as

DI. Burgess

Dr. Gro rh

Special Agent Hess/er

extended, ongoing systematic study of convicted offenders in order to better understand the patterns anddynamics of criminalbehavior. Sexualhomicide was selected as the initial area of primary focus and concentration because it isa lethal type ofcrime thatattractsa great deal of publicattention. Background of FBI Profiling For the past few years, effortsat developing psychologicalprofiles of

with a large number ofcases. No formal data bank, however, has been developed against which new cases can
there is little or no followup once an

This instrument

provided not

only

guidelines for interviewing subjects but ysis and retrieval. This protocol which
continues to undergo revision and refinement! is divided into five sections:

also a system of recordingand coding relevant data to permit computer analsystematically becompared. Also,
offender has been successfully apprehended and convicted. Consequently,

there is very little subsequent input of

information which would serve to

! Physical characteristics of the offender, ! background development,

sharpen and refine theexisting body of

knowledge. Given the opportunity to interview identified offenders and realizing the need to develop a protocol to insure

! offense data, ! victim data, and ! crime scene data.lt encompasses

the offender&#39;s physical description,

medicall psychiatric history, early home life and upbringing, schooling, military assaultl homicide have been undertakhistory, of pertinent data, service, occupation/vocational en by members ofthe BehavioralSci- systematic retrieval sexual development and maritalhistothe Training Division engaged the servence Unit. These cases were referred interests, criminal histoices of Dr. A. Nicholas Groth and Dr. ry, recreational to the unit bylocal police departments. ry, the characteristics of his offense, Ann Wolbert Burgess, two experts in From the available evidence and inforoperandi, victim selection,and the field of sexual assault who had modus

suspects for individual cases of sexual

mation, unit

members developed

psychological compositeof the suspect. The approach is one of brainstorming, intuition, and educated guesswork. The product was the result of years of accumulated investigative experience inthe field and familiarity

been conducting

specialized police

the scene

of his crime.

for law enforcement agents at the FBI had been designed, it was adminisAcademy. Thisprofessional affiliation tered to three groupsof sexualoffendprovided a multidisciplinary approach ers sex murderers, rapists and child to the study ofthe sex murderer, com- molesters, and sex offenders confined bining contributions from both law en- to a mental health facility. During the first year 979! of the study,interviews forcement and the behavioral
sciences.

schoolson rape

and child molestation

Once the

assessment schedule

with 26 men who were convicted of a

From a review of the pertinent literature and from the direct, firsthand

field experience and prior work

of the

researchers, this team proceeded to

developa data schedule forinvestigative inquiry and offender assessment.

31

ti;
Special Agent Doug/as Edmund E. Kemper, a mass murderer, is interviewed by SA Doug/as.

sex-related homicide and were incarcerated in various institutions across

the countrywere completed. The secand theoffenders ond group rapists and childmolesters investigation efforts,
incarcerated in a maximum security themselves have been very receptive
to our solicitation for denied or their help and minimized their with the known

Interestingly, institution have been supportive of the

officials research

-=95

prison consisted of These subjects

between those who saulted adults and

approximately

125 adult male offenders who were administered the interview schedule.

participation inthis study. Although a

few have

were equally divided

had sexually asthose who had sex-

culpability, themajority haveprovided

information consistent facts of the case.

ually assaulted
committed to viction but 1O0 men
child molesters.

children. Sex offenders

a security treatment comagain prior to disposition were interviewed,

What prompts convicted offenders

to cooperate those troubled with law by what enforcement they have
Selected inmates of the Oregon Stale Penitentiary participated in the research program.

reasons exist. For mental health! facility following con- agents? Avarietyof

prised thethird group. Approximatelydone, cooperation may be an effort to

gain some perspective and undertheir behavior oran effort equally divided between rapists and standingof to compensate and makesome typeof Computer programs were then restitution. Others, especially if they written to process the data. lt is antici- feel forgotten or ignored,may respond pated that as this body of data accu- to the fact that someone is paying mulates, it will provide information attention and showing some interest in
about a number of issues
the sexual offender.

pertaining to

them. A

selected number

of multiple

murderers appear to be fascinated with law enforcement, as evidenced by their attempts to become identified with the

profession, i.e., posing as law enforcement officers, holding positions

etc. These offenders welcome

such
an op-

as security guards or auxiliary police, portunity to again associate

in favors or benefits; others may

themfeel

selves with investigative efforts. Some

may expectthat cooperation will result

32

will be developed based on is unique in that it represents the comnothing to lose, since all profiles identifiable behaviors, traits, and char- bined approaches of law enforceapp83lS been have exhausted acteristics. profiles, The turn, in will aid ment/criminal justice and bQh3VlOf8l realistic hope for paroleor local law enforcement agencies in the science/mental health professionals, exists. Finally, others may par- investigation the ofcrime and the iden- as well as active participation diand in the study because it pro- tification and apprehensionoffendof rect contribution from convicted felons, an opportunity to dwell on and ers. in addition, such profiles and to combat this major type ofserious the fantasies, memories, and related information will sen/e to im- crime. FBI feelings ofthe original prove interrogation techniquesinand Whatever their reasons, noble terviewing skills and toidentify those healthy pathological, or each Footnote techniques which will be most producFiichard Ault, L. Jr. and James T. Fieese. A own way contributes something tive with each type of offender. Psychological Assessment of Crime: Profiling." Law FBI understanding variety the and vol. 49, No. 3, March 1980, pp. Knowledge gleaned from this re- Enforcement Bulletin, of thiscategory of crime. 22-25. search will have important implications
Procedure

study, which addresses sexual assault,

The reliability and the validity of data retrieved from the study of
offenders will ultimately be test-

. . . an extended,

study of convicted by the accuracy which with predecoffender profiles! derived from offenders [was to this data pool are fulfilled. is lt from initiated] in order
er profiles are beginning to emerge.

ongoing systematic

these data that various types of offend- better understand the individual differences found among of-

patterns and dynamics Although two no offenders are exactly of criminal behavior alike, and there is a wide range of
fenders who commit similar offenses,for crime prevention by identifying im-

they also share some similarities portant or biopsychosocial factors of an

common traits. it will be boththese offender. lt will assist by attempting to

important differences and the impor-provide answers to such questions as:

tant similarities that serve to differenti1! What leads a person to become ate and identify different kinds or a sexual offender and what are the

specific types of offenders within theearly warning signals?

same offense category.

Goals andPurposes of Program

2! What sen/es to encourageto or inhibit the commissionhis of offense?

what type of sexual program is designed to contribute to successful with

3! What types of response or coping strategies by an intended victim are This criminal personality research

advancesthe in study of sexual homi- offender avoiding in victimization ? 4! What are the implications his for cide a subject about which little deavailable -by establishing a national and modeof treatment?
is on the rapedata bank from which reliable informa- Current emphasis the Training Division tion canbe retrieved. From the data murderer, since close to 100 underived from this research, offender receives annually solved, sex-related homicides for re-

disposition, pendable information is currently dangerousness, prognosis,

view and analysis. This research

program envisioned is ultimately as ex-

panding encompass to a broader variety of felony crimes to include

hostagetaking and techniques to im-

prove hostage negotiation. further A

and espionage matters. The present

benefit will be the improvement of

techniques of interviewing, interroga-

tion, and informant targeting in criminal

33

2 Teelblmicgmes

A Psychological Assessment of Crime

PRO FILING
Editor&#39;s As Note: an adjunct to its _ FBlAcademy, Ouantico, Va. By RICHARD L. AULT, JR. and JAMESREESE T. programs in abnormal ~the Behavioral Science Special Agents Behavioral Science Unit

FBI Academy, Ouantico, Va., has woman The incidentreports, together with in a suburban city on the east transcripts of interviews withthe victo assist the /aw coast reported to the police that she tims, were forwarded to the FBI Trainenforcement community in the had been raped. After learning the ing Division of psychological pro les in with a request from the facts of this case,the investigating offiunsolved criminal cases. A police department that a psychological realized that thiswas theseventh Psychological Assessment of Crime." cer le of the suspect or suspects be rape within the past 2 years wherein pro Profiling"the is introductory article in a provided. After careful examination of same modus operandi was used. the submitted materials by the FBI three-part series of reports on the use the There were no investigativeleads reAcademy s Behavioral Science Unit, a at psychological criminal analysis as articles will feature the speci c
murderer and arson-for-profit
investigations.

During the

summer of 1979, a

maining any in of these incidents. The was constructed an investigative technique. Subsequent investigation conducted thus farhad psychological profile application of this technique to lust yielded nosuspect.
and provided to therequesting agency.
The BehavioralScience Unit advised that these rapes were probably com-

lmu! W -....
I

mitted bythe sameperson anddescribed himas a white male, 25to 35

years of age most likely late 20&#39;s or

,/-..

A-i..

Published the by Federal Bureau Investigation, of Department U.S.. Justice! of

Dr92rvr92in?DI" theFrnm FRI Law Enforcement Bulletin, March,1980

early 30 s!, divorced or separated, working at marginal employment laborer, etc.!, high school education, poor self-image, living in the immediate area of the rapes, and being involved

As the crime rate grows in this biography briefly outlining the most of the sub. country and the criminals become outstanding characteristics ject. The goal of the profiler isto more sophisticated,the investigative tools of the police officer must also direct their investigations. For example,

become more sophisticated. One such sophisticated tool does exist and may in crimes of voyeurism peeping tom!. help answer the question commonly It was likely that the police had talked to therapist inthe pastdue tohis being voiced by police and others at the
on the streets in the neighborhood in the early morning hours. Three days after receiving the proscene of a violent crime, Who would

provide enough information to lnvesti. gators to enable them to limitor better

in one case, a profile provided enough
information that officers recalled an in. dividual whom they had already ques. tioned that fit the profile description.

do a thing like
The solution

this?" This tool is the

of crimes is the most

psychological assessment of crime-

When they returned to the individual

he confessed. The officer must bear in mind that

file provided to them, the requesting profiling.

agency developed approximately 40

suspects in the neighborhood who met difficult task for the police. The officer

the age criteria. Using additional infor-must arrive at the scene of a crime,
mation in the profile, they narrowed work backward in an effort to reconhypoththeir investigation to oneindividual and struct that crime, formulate a
focused their investigation on him. He
was arrested within a week. This case

the profileis not an exact science and a suspect who fits the descriptionis
not automatically guilty. The use of

,.,. Q ,,".; .=,= -vzm $1

profiling does not replace sound inves---= it =5? ,1

tigative procedures. Profiling is not a new concept.

esis of what

occurred, and then launch

an orderlyand logical investigation to demonstrates how psychological profil- determine theidentity of the criminal. During thisprocess, items of evidence ing can be of assistance. The role of the police officer in are carefully collected, identified,iniAmerican society has never been ac- tialed, logged,and packagedfor later curately defined. Daily, itseems, police examination, perhaps under laboratory
are burdened with new responsibilities
conditions.

During World War ll, the Office of Strategic Services OSS! employed a psychiatrist, William Langer, to profile

Q8 &#39; $1
ss, .92

Adolf Hitler.Langer assembled all that

was known about Hitler at the time,

and are required to be experts in rethem. There has, in recent years,

well as some predictions2. police officer with the fact agnosis," as sponsibilities alreadyassigned to acquaint the about how Hitler would react to 2*
that there are certain clues at a crime been an increase in the public s awareness of the nature of police work. This

The purpose of this

article is to

and based upon the information he received, attempted a long-range di-

scene which,by their very nature, do

defeat.

not lend themselves to being collected familiarize the offiadditional insight has been provided or examined, and to cer with the concepts of profiling. primarily through the use of the media Clues left at a crime scene may be of TV, books, newspapers!; however, this awareness is largely focused upon inestimable value in leading to the so-

Police officers are often carefully trained in the techniques of crime scene searches. Forensic scientists

constantly provide law enforcement

which enable officers to maintain and

personnel with the results of research update skills in gathering physical evidence. The concept of profiling works

the police function of investigating

crimes. Studies have indicated that criminal investigations actually occupy

lution of

the crime;

however, they

are

not necessarilyitems of physical

evi-

dence. For example, how does a police

rage, hatred, fear,love, less than 15 percentof the police de- officer collect partment&#39;s The time. ironyof this is irrationality, or other intangibles? may be present at the that the function of investigating and These aspects but the untrained officer solving crimesis extremely important crime scene to the public at large and is a major will miss them. Nothing can take the of a well-executed investigation; gage by which departments are rated place
psychology to asby city officials who provide funding. however, the use of a crime is an This is especially true when a crime is sist in the assessment of additional tool which the police officer committed which is so bizarre and shocking to the community that the should use in solving crimes.

in harmony with the search for physical

evidence. Behavioral scientists are

busy in their attempts to research and

catalog nonphysical items ofevidence, such as rage, hatred, fear, and love.
However, these attempts are usually oriented toward therapy rather than fo-

rensic applications?Nonetheless, the results maybe appliedto teach police officers to recognize theexistence of
traits in a crime scene. Once recog-

public demandsswift and positive

action.

The purposeof the psychological these emotions and other personality

scene is to

assessment of a crime

may thenconstructa proproduce a profile; that is, to identify nized, police and interpret certain itemsof evidence
at the crime scene which would be indicative of the personality type of the individual or individuals committing the sonality traits.

file of the type of person who might possess these emotions and/or per-

crime. The term profile is defined in

Webster&#39;s Dictionary of the American

Language U968!as a short, vivid

36

The basis for profiling is nothing than theunderstanding of current

of behavioral sciences, such

A crime scene is
to the area in

usually confined
crime was

The entire basis for a good profile

which the

committed. For the purposes of this

term crime scene includes
as in the case the victim of the crime,

is agood crime scene examination and adequate inten/iews of victims and witnesses. When cal evaluations should be officers find of crime individuals scenes, they

article, the psychology, sociology, criminology,

political science. Behaviorial science is, at best, an

science. lt is often referred to

attempt psychologithe following:The sceneof the crime; who are willing to

of rape; andallother locations

one location

involved often ask the profiler what materials

sent to him. Necessary

the crime, including such areas as as an art form."6However, its use in homicide is does have validity in law enforcement.the recovery site when a

items for
include:

a psychological

profile

1! Complete photographs of the in another. to classify, yet attempts are often body deposited crime scene, including photographs of The victim is one of the most immade to do sowith the hope that such the victim if it is a homicide. Also helpof the psychological a vastly complicated system can be portant aspects ful is some means of determining the profile. ln cases involving a surviving brought into some control. The Diagangle from which the photographs victim, particularly a rape victim, the nostic andStatistic Manualof Mental were taken and a general description perpetrators exact conversation with Disorders DSM ll!, used by mental
the immediate area. One enterprisutmost importance and of health professionals, is oneexampleof the victim is of ing police officer developed the excelcan play a very large role in the conthis attempt. While attempts to neatly lent technique of photocopying his struction of an accurate profile. classify behavior are mostly unsucsketch, attaching one The profileis not all inclusiveand crime scene cessful, one must remember why these each photo, and then outlining the same in- copy to attempts are made. There are many does not always provide

Human behavior is much too complex committed in

and the

types ofnormal and "abnormal" be- formation from one profile to another. It
havior. Many of these behaviors may have a label attached to them by behavioral scientists. It is most important to bear in mind that such a label is
is based on what was or was not left at the crime scene. Since the amount of

in red the area

which was

included in

the photograph. 2! The completed autopsy proto-

if possible,any resultsof psychological evidence varies, asdoes col including, which were done on the physical evidence, the profilemay also lab tests victim. vary. The profile information may merely an abbreviated way to describe 3! A complete report of the incia behavior pattern. lt is nothing more include:
than a convenience by which professionals communicate. The important 1! The perpetrator s race,
2! Sex, 3! Age range, 4! Marital status,

dent to include such standard details as date and time of offense, location

aspect is the specificcharacteristics or symptoms ofeach person.The symptoms are revealed in the way the individual acts out" and in the responses

by townas wellas by actual site of

incident!, weaponused if known!, in-

5! General employment, 6! Fteaction to questioning

police,

vestigative officers reconstruction of

by

the sequenceof events if any!, and a

detailed interview of any surviving victims or witnesses. These items are

which the individual may make to the

professional. The labels may differ

from doctor to doctor because they the symptom. are

simply eachdoctor s interpretation of A symptom, then, is the visible

evidence of a disease or disturbas

part of all investigations and 8! Whether the individual might usuallya do not generally requireextra report strike again, writing or extra written material. Also 9! The possibility that he/she has
committed a similar offense in the past,
and

7! Degree of sexual maturity,

included in most investigative reports is

ance," and a crime, particularly a bizarre crime, is as much a symptom

10! Possible police record.

background information on the victim s!. Yet, this seems to be the area
where the least amount of information is available to the profiler. Usually, this is because the investigative officer

any other type of acting out by an individual. A crime may reflect the personality characteristics of the per-

These profiles are notthe resultof magical incantationsand are not always accurate.lt is the applicationof
behavioral science theory and re-

petrator inmuch the same fashionas

the way we keep and decorate our
homes reflects personality. something about our

cannot possiblywrite down all of the search to the profiler s knowledge of many details concerning the victim
patterns which may be present at various crime scenes. lt is important that the profiler have wide exposure to crime scenes so that he may see that
which he the crime. collects while investigating

these patterns may exist. lt is also important that the individual attempting to profilecrime sceneshave someexposure to those criminals who have
committed similar crimes.

37

When the investigator provides filer, some items which should include are: 1! Occupation ent!, 2! Residence ent!, 3! Reputation, at work and in former and the officer

in-

formation concerning a victim to a pro-

Profiling is a valuable investigative tool but is not a magical process.

Police officers do a great deal of pro-

ples, and

all logical

leads must be
Serv.

exhausted before

requesting this

filing during the course of their

prespreshis scenes and then use

work
in

ice. This technique is usually confined to homicides, rapes, etc., in which

available evidence indicates possible

former and

days. They constantly build mental images or profiles based upon crime
these profiles

neighborhood, 4! Physical description, including dress at the time of the incident, 5! Marital status, including children and close family members, 6! Educational level, 7! Financial status, past and present,

an attempt to limit the scope of their investigations. These profiles are based upon the officer s extensive knowledge of the type of crime he is investigating. When a crime so bizarre
that it is out of the scope of the can

mental deficiency or aberration on the part of the perpetrator. Cases will be profiled on atime available basis, with the more severe cases being given priority. It should also be understood that analysis is for lead value only, and clinical opinions will not be
offered. Cases which, criteria will be returned in the opinion of to the request-

officer&#39;s experience occurs, there are

behavioral scientists available who

the Training Division, fail to meet these ing agency. Under no circumstances should physical evidence be transmitted to the Federal Bureau of Investire-

8! Information and background of

victim&#39;s family and parents, including victim s relationship with parent, 9! Medical history, both physical and mental, 10! Fears, 11! Personal habits, 12! Social habits, 13! Use of alcohol and drugs, 14! Hobbies, 15! Friends and enemies,

assist by providing these types of profiles. The FBI provides limited service in the area of profiling and these limitations are based on such profiles. Instruction is of the Behavioral the amount of time

gation, since the possibility exists that

information received turned to the agency. may not be

and manpower available to

conduct

the primary purpose Science Unit of the

FBl Training Division. Courses in applied criminology, abnormal psychology, sociology, hostage negotiations, interpersonal violence, and other
behavioral science-related areas are

An agency requesting a psychological profile should contact the Federal Bureau of Investigation field
office located within the territory of the

16! Recent
style, and 17! Recent

changes
court action.

in life-

The primary

psychological evi-

taught at the Academy to FBI Agents and police officers. ln the past, as an adjunct to its instructional programs, the Training Division has attempted to
assist law files. During profiles were enforcement agencies the initial limited to stages of with the

department and provide to them the information as requested herein. The agency should make it known to the field office that they are requesting a psychological profile from the Behavioral Science Unit, Training Division. FBI Footnotes James Q. Wilson, Varieties 0! Police Behavior Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968!, p. 30. George G. Killinger and Paul F. Cromwell, Issues in Law Enforcement Boston: l-lolbrook Press, 1975!, p. 212. Webster&#39;s New World Dictionary the of American Language New York: The World Publishing Company, 1978!, p. 1163. Walter C. Langer, The Mind of Adolph Hitler New York: Basic Books, lnc., 1972!, James C. Coleman, Abnormal Psychology and Modern Lile Glenview, lll.: Scott, Foresman and Company, 1980!. Son ol Sam: Implications Psychiatry for letter!, American Journal of Psychiatry, 135 !: 131. Jan. 1978. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Mental of Disorders, 2d ed., Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 1966! Coleman, pp. 3-23, J. V. McConnell, Understanding Human Behavior New York: Holt, Flinehart, and Wilson, lnc., 1974!, p. 25. Sherrill Whiton, Elements of interior Design and Decoration New York; J.B. Lippincott Company, 1963!, p. 751. " R.Brittain, The Sadistic Murderer, Medical Science and the Law.Vol. 10,1970, pp. 198-204; Donald Lunde, Murder and Madness San Francisco: San Francisco Book Company, lnc., 1976!. " The Encyclopedia Philosophy of New York: Macmillan Company, 1967!, Vol. 8, p. 307.

dence which the profiler is looking for is motive. After a survey of the evidence, the profiler applies an age-old rule known as ockhams razor" which,

the preparation of psychological proFBl s involvement tending the During the in profiling, these

originally stated, is "what can be done with fewer assumptions is done in vain
with more. 2 This 14th century

students at-

FBl National Academy. past year, how-

philosophy has, in investigative circles, generally come to mean that given a problem with several alternative solutions, the most obvious answer is

usually correct. An aid to the application of ockhams razor is the intangible evidence that the observer gathers from the crime scene to tell him such

ever, over 100 unsolved cases have been received by the Training Division from law enforcement officers nationwide. Due to increased instructional and research commitments, it was

necessary to implement
control measures

guidelines and

to manage and moni-

tor effectively

this investigative
that this inves-

things as whether the crime appears to be planned or whether it is the result of

an irrational thought process.

technique. lt is most important

tigative technique be confined chiefly to crimes against the person where the motive is lacking and where there is sufficient data to recognize the presence of psychopathology at the crime scene. Psychological analysis is not a substitute for basic investigative princi-

38

&#39;=|<*>|<>z<**>i=

SEXUAL HOMICIDE Sexual Homicide: A Motivational Model

Identifying Through Patterns Scene Crime Analysis

Sexual Killers and Their Victims:

The Split Reality Murder of &#39; S
of

A The
9

MurderersRape Who and Mutilate

Men Murdered Who

nes: Classifying Sexual Homicide Crime ce Interrater Reliability Crime Scene and Pro Characteristics le

Interviewing for Techniques Homicide Investigations

RapeandRap

Organized Disorganized and Murderers

The Lust Murderer e-Murder: Offender One Twelve and Victims

>!< *>i< *=!< >l< >!<

, 92 Q

THE

FORUM
significance to theeld.

iii. L 6 e: CI formulations, manuscripts or major of $2 =22 1 92 ~:?~*:1&#39;X&#39;;;; 9" zizewi? Zr ,a 1?

The Forum presents major reviews empirical of research, theoretical conceptual

The findings from this exploratory study are reported terms in the of descriptive
b oundcharacteristics 36 sexual ofmurderers, behaviors their experiences and in acIt gr
connection their with developmental stages, the and central roleAof sadistic fantasy and &#39; h motivacritical cognitive structuressupport that act the of sexual murder. five-p ase
self, and! feedbackfilter.

tional model is presented: I! ineffective SOCltll environment, ! formative events, ! critical personal traits and cognitive mapping process, action ! toward others and

Aw

Sexual Homicide
A Motivational Model
ANN W. CAROL R. BURGESS HARTMAN RESSLER

%Z~

University ofPennsylvania
32 Boston College

ROBERT K.
1

IOHN E. DOUGLAS
FBI Academy

ARLENE MCCORMACK
University of Lowell

mental health professionals Satten, Menninger, Rosen, 8c Mayman, 1960!. Motiveless killings, usually serial in nature carried by out a single individual

For many years, motiveless murder baffled has enforcement law officials and over a period of time!, leave virtually no clues about the murderer s motive or
d grants: Office of -juvenile justice and Delinquency Prevention #84-_]N-K010! an National Institute of justice #82-CX-0065!. wish We to acknowledge gratefully Allen Burgess, G. Marieanne L. Clark, and Mary Francis for ]ettcontributions to this article.

Authors Note" Preparation this ofarticle was supported by Department of justice

JOURNAL INTERPERSONAL OF VIOLENCE, Vol.No. l September 3, 251-272 I986

6 l986 Sage Publications, lnc.

39