ACADEMIC LEGAL WRITING IN ENGLISH

Department of Law University of Eastern Finland

February 2013

TABLE OF CONTENTS
I INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................1 II HOW TO WRITE AN ACADEMIC PAPER? GENERAL GUIDANCE ...................................2 A. THE WRITING PROCESS ................................................................................................................2 B. GENERAL FORMATTING ................................................................................................................3 C. TITLE PAGE .................................................................................................................................3 D. INTRODUCTORY PAGES (FRONT MATTER) .......................................................................................3 III FORMATING AN ACADEMIC PAPER: SPECIFIC GUIDANCE .........................................4 A. HEADINGS AND SUBHEADINGS ......................................................................................................4 B. SPELLING ....................................................................................................................................4 C. ITALICS .......................................................................................................................................4 D. ABBREVIATIONS ...........................................................................................................................6 E. PUNCTUATION .............................................................................................................................7 F. USE OF PARENTHESES..................................................................................................................8 G. USE OF CAPITAL LETTERS ............................................................................................................8 H. LATIN TERMS USED IN LEGAL WRITING A SMALL GLOSSARY ...........................................................9 IV CITATION OF BOOKS, ARTICLES AND OTHER MATERIALS ......................................10 A. BOOKS ...................................................................................................................................... 10 B. ARTICLES .................................................................................................................................. 10 C. ARTICLES IN BOOKS ................................................................................................................... 10 D. UNPUBLISHED THESES AND PRESENTATIONS............................................................................... 11 E. SUBSEQUENT REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 11 V CITATION OF EUROPEAN UNION DOCUMENTS AND CASE LAW ...............................11 A. COUNCIL, COMMISSION AND EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT DOCUMENTS ............................................. 11 B. EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE CASES ........................................................................................ 12 VI CITATION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW DOCUMENTS AND CASE LAW ......................13 A. INTERNATIONAL TREATIES .......................................................................................................... 13 B. UNITED NATIONS DOCUMENTS ................................................................................................... 13 VII INTERNET SOURCES ...........................................................................................................16 VIII USE OF SPECIFIC WORDS IN FOOTNOTES ...................................................................16 A. SEE ........................................................................................................................................... 16 B. E.G............................................................................................................................................ 16 C. REFERENCE MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE ........................................................................................ 16

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I INTRODUCTION
Academic writing is different from high school writing. Legal academic writing is different from generic academic writing. If one were to single out one aspect of academic legal writing where most law students have difficulties, it would be referencing material and using citations properly. In academic legal writing, it essential to reference everything you state as a fact with sufficient detail to allow for double-checking. This means that all your references have to identify the author, the work and the exact page numbers where the relevant information can be found (and not, for example, books or book chapters in general). Crucially, you must provide a reference every time you are using facts or ideas inspired by somebody elses work; if you use material without disclosing it, you will be guilty of plagiarism. Plagiarism can be deliberate (copying or buying papers) but very often it is accidental forgetting to put quotation marks around phrases copied from others or to identify where the fact or idea came from. In both instances it is a very serious matter that will result in disciplinary action. You can avoid plagiarism by asking yourself: Is this information something I knew before taking this course? Is this argument something I invented? If not, the source of information or inspiration must be referenced in the text. While you are expected to develop your own argument, it is also expected - and normal - that most facts and ideas in your paper originate from other sources (books, articles, lecture notes, internet sources etc.). In academic writing, citing others with similar views is considered to strengthen your argument rather than the other way around. However, it is essential that for every piece of information that you learned from someone else, the source is clearly and carefully identified in your paper. This Writing Guide has been designed to assist you in writing academic papers in law and using appropriate citations. It will explain the technical aspects of writing a structured, wellreferenced and clear paper. The rest is up to you.

II HOW TO WRITE AN ACADEMIC PAPER? GENERAL GUIDANCE

A. The Writing Process

When writing an academic paper, it is important to keep in mind the following general considerations: Planning and research are crucial for academic writing. Do enough research and familiarize yourself with the key facts and arguments before starting to write your paper; this will help you to focus on the main issues and develop an interesting viewpoint that contributes to the relevant academic debate. A good paper demonstrates that you are familiar with the relevant primary (legal) sources as well as the relevant academic debate. You are expected to rely on respected sources of academic authority in your work. This means that you should use the University library (including the electronic collections) and familiarize yourself with the relevant books and academic articles in peer-reviewed journals. You are not to rely on Internet sources only bear in mind that many Internet sources are not reliable enough to be used for academic purposes. (Academic e-books and e-journals, however, are as valid as the paper versions.) Choose topic that is interesting and make sure that the contents of your paper corresponds to its title; avoid discussing irrelevant issues. Pay attention to the structure: a good structure will make it easier for you to write the paper and for readers to follow your argument. Use the introduction to identify your main research questions and explain how you plan to study them in the paper. You should try to make the introduction interesting: Why did you choose your research question(s) and what is important and interesting about it (them)? How are you going to approach them and what materials are you going to be using? In the subsequent sections of your paper, you should develop a clear argument and make it as convincing as possible. You should also anticipate possible challenges to your argument and rebut them. Your paper must end with clear conclusions that are supported by your research. How did you answer your research questions? What new questions arise from your conclusions for further research? It may be a good idea to write the first draft of your paper without worrying too much about style and language. Be careful, however, to note down citations for direct quotations as well as for facts and ideas from the very first draft onwards this will help you to avoid accidental plagiarism. Academic writing is a process your argument is likely to evolve as you work from the first draft towards the final version. Published academic works are normally preceded by several draft versions; they have been developed and rethought after critical comments from colleagues and peer-reviewers. Editing is crucial once you reach the final stages of the writing process. Read through the paper at least twice, modifying the structure and argument as needed, and paying careful attention to the style, language and formatting. Observe specific guidance on issues, such as maximum length and submission format.

B. General Formatting

While essays, book reviews, learning diaries, LL.M dissertations etc. each have their particular features, you can apply the formatting guidance provided in this Writing Guide to all of them. This will allow you to focus on the contents, rather than the formatting. And in the end, it is the contents of your paper that counts. In terms of general formatting of your academic paper, try to use the following guidance: Font: The paper should use the font Times New Roman, 12 pt, or equivalent. The font should be easy to read and not too fancy. This also applies to headings. Line spacing: Line spacing should be 1.5 to make the text easily readable. Page numbering: For introductory pages (front matter), use lower-case Roman numerals (i, ii, iii etc.). For the main text, use Arab numerals (1, 2, 3 etc.). Footnotes: Your paper should use footnotes rather than end notes. Use the font Times New Roman 10 pt, or equivalent for footnotes, and align them with the left-hand margin. Detailed guidance on how to format footnotes and subsequent citations will be given below.

C. Title Page

The title page should contain the following information: title and subtitle of the paper name and student number of the author name of department, followed by name of the university date of handing in the paper name of supervisor / course name and code Do not number the title page. You can find a sample title page in Appendix I of this Writing Guide.

D. Introductory pages (front matter)

The introductory pages consist of: Bibliography List of Abbreviations Bibliography A bibliography is an alphabetical list of the sources of information that you have used in researching your paper. Be careful when compiling your bibliography; those marking your 3

paper will look at the bibliography to assess whether you have done enough research and found the key materials. However, a long bibliography will not by itself guarantee a high grade. You must also show that you have read and understood the materials listed in your bibliography, and are able to critically analyse and assess them. When compiling the bibliography, you can use the style guidance for citations provided in this Writing Guide. You should distinguish between books, journal articles and other secondary sources. You should also distinguish between primary legal sources (international treaties, European and national laws and regulations), judicial and administrative decisions and other official material. List of abbreviations Your paper should also include a list of all the abbreviations that you have used in the text. You can, for example, abbreviate journal titles, like ELRev, CMLRev and treaties like TEU or TFEU. Detailed guidance on abbreviations will be provided below.

III FORMATING AN ACADEMIC PAPER: SPECIFIC GUIDANCE

A. Headings and Subheadings In order to produce a clear and consistent academic style paper, you should use a consistent system of headings. Avoid using CAPITALS in headings. 1 Part One A First Subheading 1 Second Subheading (a) Third subheading i) Fourth subheading B. Spelling Spelling should preferably follow the Oxford English Dictionary or the Concise Oxford Dictionary. Where there is a choice, prefer the endings -ise and -isation as opposed to -ize or -ization. Should you use US spelling thats fine, too: again, simply be consistent. C. Italics The following parts of the text should be emphasized by italics: 1. The names of cases, e.g. Defrenne v. Sabena Watson & Belmann case 4

Rutili judgment Golder case Case concerning Pulp Mills on the River of Uruguay Canada Certain Measures Affecting the Renewable Energy Sector 2. The titles of published books, e.g. Robertson's book Human Rights in the World 3. The titles of periodicals, e.g. European Journal of International Law 4. Short foreign phrases or individual words, e.g. Cour de Cassation sui generis However, words that have become part of the English language should not be italicized, such as: ad hoc, de facto, ex officio, per se 5. Words or phrases which the author wishes to emphasize. Emphasis by the author in a quoted passage should be explained in the corresponding footnote: (emphasis added) Emphasizing by the use of bold is to be avoided as far as possible. Exceptions may apply for quoted passages where the original already contains certain emphasized passages in italics and the author wishes to add (other) emphasis. The corresponding footnote should then contain the explanation: (italic emphasis in the original, bold emphasis added) An analogous rule applies for the opposite case. Where the author wishes to omit an emphasis in a quoted passage, this should be explained in the corresponding footnote: (emphasis omitted) If these rules are followed it is normally not necessary to include the phrase emphasis in the original' in a corresponding footnote, if the author does not change the text of a quote. However, this may be done for clarification where necessary. As far as citations in footnotes are concerned, please see Parts II-VII. 5

D. Abbreviations Generally, abbreviations should be followed by a full stop e.g. Applic. Doc. No. Cf.

unless the abbreviation includes the last letter of the word, e.g. eds However where the shortened form is in an acronym in CAPITALS no full stops are required, e.g. EU ECHR WHO UN SPUC WTO UNFCCC The abbreviated titles of periodicals should be italicized, (underlined where italics cannot be printed), e.g. RECIEL YEEL EELR However, abbreviated law reports are not italicized, e.g. ECR WLR CMLR 6

Acronyms should be in introduced when first appearing, e.g. American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) or Community Charter of the Fundamental Social Rights of Workers (hereinafter the Social Charter) E. Punctuation Quotations: quotations should be put in italic; single inverted commas should be used throughout with double inverted commas being reserved for quotations within quotations, e.g.: The European Court of Justice declared that by adopting administrative decrees instead of formal legislation, Germany has failed to comply with its obligations under Community law. Commenting on the decision, John Smith later suggested t hat the Court, in applying the Dassonville-doctrine, seriously erred in its legal analysis and would likely change its position in future jurisprudence. Passages of more than five lines should be printed as a separate paragraph, not put in italic and indented without quotation marks, e.g.: The Panel went on to state that: the EC had not provided any definition of the term commercial risk, nor had it explained how commercial risk was calculated for purposes of allocating licences among the three activity functions. In fact, it was unclear how much of the commercial risk was ever borne by secondary importers, whose task involved the largely administrative function of clearing the bananas through customs, and ripeners, who merely ripened the bananas for sale to retailers. Moreover, the actual investment of resources needed to perform the secondary importer or ripener functions was relatively minor compared to the investment required to perform the primary importer function. Footnote numbers should appear after the punctuation mark. E.g. This was stated by the Court in Defrenne.1 Hyphens which join composite words should be short and without space before and after the hyphen, whereas dashes which are used as commas should be long and with a space before and after the dash. Authors should print a dash with a double hyphen if necessary. Omission of words in quotations: this should be done by using three full stops, the first full stop being preceded by a space. For example, the Court stated: There is no suggestion in the present case ... that the father is in any way unfit to have access. 7

However where the sentence is complete the closing full stop is set close up followed by three full stops. For example, the Court stated: We are only concerned here with the welfare of the child.... We uphold the appeal. F. Use of Parentheses Generally, authors should use single (parentheses) for all remarks and explanations in the text and in footnotes, e.g. (emphasis added) However, [brackets] should be used in the following cases: 1. For the year of law reports, e.g. [1987] ECR 855 2. For modifications and explanatory remarks within quoted passages, e.g. The Court continued by stating that: ... [t]here is no suggestion in the present case that he [the father] is in any way unfit... 3. If used in quoted passages, they may be retained. {Braces} should be avoided as far as possible. They may, however, be retained if included in quoted passages. The same applies for . G. Use of Capital Letters 1. In Headings A. The Origins of the Draft Treaty 2. In Acronyms EFTA NATO 3. In Quoted Titles of Books, Articles and Legal Materials the Equal Treatment Directive 4. In Other Cases, when speaking of specified acts, organs etc. Directive 76/206 Article 174 ... in the Treaty of Rome ... 8

.... the Court of Justice went on ... ... the Industrial Relations Tribunals, in its judgment of ... the Tribunal went on by saying ... but ... as decided by a tribunal the year before ... Otherwise, standard British rules should be applied. H. Latin terms used in legal writing a small glossary When reading cases of international courts or legal academic articles you may frequently encounter words or short sentences in ancient Latin. They are often used to define unambiguously a typical situation or a general principle. The use of such terminology has roots in the history of law and for various reasons it has become a tradition. Some Latin expressions have become a universal language in different legal fields (e.g. public international law, criminal law, civil law etc.) and they are still strictly connected with academic English. Therefore, the knowledge of these expressions remains a necessity for legal scholars, students or lawyers with an international vocation. A small glossary of most common Latin terms and official translations has been created by the United Kingdoms Ministry of Justice. Listed below are the most common ones:
Actus Reus - Guilty act Ad Hoc - For this purpose Ante -Before Bona Fide - In good faith Cor (Coram) - In the presence of De Facto - In fact - "As a matter of fact" De Lege Ferenda 1 - With a view to the future law; How the law should be De Lege Lata2 - The law as it exists De Jure - By right Erratum - An error Ex Officio - By virtue of his office Ex Parte - By a party Ex Post Facto - By a subsequent act Forum Conveniens - At a convenient place - A Court having jurisdiction in a particular case Ignorantia Juris non excusat - Ignorance of the law is no excuse Inter Alia - Among other things Intra - Within Intra Vires - Within the power of Ipso Facto - By the fact
1 2

K. Tuori: Lakimieslatinan ksikirja (Helsinki: Edita, 2007), p. 40. Ibid.

Locus in quo - The place in which Mens Rea - Guilty mind Nota Bene - Note well Pro Forma - A matter of form Pro Tempore (Pro Tem) - For the time being Quasi - As if Res Judicata - A thing ajudged Sub Judice - In the course of trial Videlicet (Viz) - Namely

To see the entire glossary of the Ministry of Justice visit the following website: http://www.justice.gov.uk/courts/glossary-of-terms For other resources, you can find useful legal glossary containing both words and definitions in the following website: http://dictionary.law.com/ For Finnish students, see also Latimieslatinan Ksikirja (Kaius Tuori, toim. Kalle Krkkinen, Edita 2007)

IV CITATION OF BOOKS, ARTICLES AND OTHER MATERIALS

The rules for italics and punctuation set out above are the same for text in footnotes. References should be cited in the following form: A. Books L. KRMER, E.C. Environmental Law, 4th ed. (London: Sweet & Maxwell, 2000), p. 17-68. European Environment Agency, Europes Environment: The Third Assessment (Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2003), p. 231. B. Articles K. TALUS, Energy Security, 3 (2) Environmental review (2009), p. 209 In this case the (2) refers to the volume and 3 to the number in the series. J. LEFEVERE, Greenhouse Gas Emissions Allowance Trading in the EU: A Background, 3 Yearbook of European Environmental Law (2002), p. 156. B. ACKERMAN and R. STEWART, Reforming Environmental Law, 37 Stanford Law Review (1985), p. 1333. The volume number of the periodical should precede the title of the periodical. C. Articles in Books 10

L. H. GOULDER and B. NADREAU, International Approaches to Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, in S. H. SCHNEIDER, A. ROSENCRANZ and J. O. NILES (eds), Climate Change Policy: A Survey (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2002), p. 122. D. Unpublished Theses and Presentations K. OTT, The Objective of a Sustainable Energy Policy from an Ethical Perspective, presentation held at the Summer Academy Energy and the Environment, Greifswald, 5 July 2004. E. Subsequent references Subsequent references to a source already given in full should take a shortened form. A shortened reference includes only the last name of the author, followed by a cross-reference below or above to the location of the full reference and the page number of the reference: L. KRMER, note 3 above, p. 17-68. If the same reference is cited many times it may be referred to as a short title. In this case, the abbreviation should be cited at the first reference, namely (hereinafter European Convention). Thereafter: European Convention, note 3 above. Op. cit. should be avoided. Ibid is used where there are two or more consecutive references to the same work. Use the cross-reference function available in the Word for Windows software, to allow for automatic updates of your cross-references.

V CITATION OF EUROPEAN UNION DOCUMENTS AND CASE LAW

A. Council, Commission and European Parliament Documents All regulations, directives and decisions should be cited with their number and their publication in the OJ. The date of their adoption and their full or abbreviated title (if a commonly used abbreviation exists) should be added where possible. The title should be capitalized as described above under Ch. I G. Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 2003 establishing a Scheme for Greenhouse Gas Emission Allowance Trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61, OJ 25.10.2003 L 275/32. Decision 1230/2003/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2003 adopting a Multiannual Programme for Action in the Field of Energy: Intelligent Energy Europe' (2003-2006), OJ 15.07.2003 L176/29. Subsequent citations may use a shortened form: 11

Directive 2003/87/EC, note * above, . Communications and legislative proposals of the Commission should be quoted with number and date. The full title of the Communication should be included. Commission Proposal for a Directive amending the Directive Establishing a Scheme for Greenhouse Gas Emission Allowance Trading within the Community, in Respect of the Kyoto Protocol's Project Mechanisms, COM (2003) 403, 23 July 2003. Subsequent citations may use a shortened form: COM (2003) 403, note * above, at .

B. European Court of Justice Cases European Union cases are numbered as they are registered at one of the two European courts the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and the General Court (GC, established in 1989). Since that date, CJEU cases are prefixed by C- and GC cases are prefixed by T-. Before the establishment of the CFI (now GC), ECJ (CJEU) numbers had no prefix. The case name can either be the full name as published in the ECR or an abbreviated version of the full name if it is commonly used and unequivocal. It should be printed in italics. References to specific passages should be made by recital (Rec.) for the judgment, by paragraph (para.) for the AG opinion if it has numbered paragraphs and by page (at ... ) in all other cases. Case 43/75, Gabrielle Defrenne v. Socit anonyme belge de navigation arienne SABENA, [1976] ECR 455, at 465. or Advocate General ... in Case ..., [1976] ECR 455, at 459, alternatively Van Gerven AG in Case CJEU judgments should never be quoted from other sources than the ECR unless they have not yet been published in the ECR. In this exceptional case, sources such as CMLR may be quoted. In case of very recent judgments, authors may also refer themselves to the page numbers, recitals and paragraph numbers of the French version of ECR, which appears several months earlier than the English one. This information is usually identical for all language versions. Examples for quotations of very recent judgments: Case C-292/89, ..., judgment of 18 December 1992, not yet published. or Case ..., judgment of (date), [1992] 3 CMLR 1072 (not yet published in the ECR). 12

VI Citation of International Law Documents and Case Law

A. International Treaties Whenever a treaty is referred to, the first citation within each chapter ought to give (as a footnote) its full title, its place of signature, its date of signature, the date (where applicable) it came into force, and a citation for where the material can be consulted (e.g., International Legal Materials, United Nations Treaty Series, European Treaty Series, etc.). Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Kyoto, 10 December 1997, in force 16 February 2005, 37 International Legal Materials (1998) 22. (Kyoto Protocol). Subsequently, in the same chapter, this can be referred to simply as: Article 2 of the Kyoto Protocol. Use the full word Article in the text, but you can abbreviate it to Art. (plural Arts) in the footnotes. An Article of an international treat y will conventionally have a capital A. B. United Nations Documents 1. General Assembly Resolutions GA Res. 832 (IX), 18 December 1954. From the 31st session the session number is cited in Arabic numbers GA Res. 41/133, 4 December 1986. 2. Security Council SC Res. 181, 7 August 1963.

or SC Res. 181 (1963).

3. ECOSOC First and second session ECOSOC Res. 1/8, 15 February 1946. ECOSOC Res. 2/24. 13

Afterwards until 1978 (63rd session) ECOSOC Res. 801 (XXX), 21 December 1966. From 1978 ECOSOC Res. 3, 4 May 1981. or if no date is indicated ECOSOC Res. 1981/3.

4. Decisions by treaty bodies, such as the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC Decision 2/CP.15, The Copenhagen Accord, UN Doc. FCCC/CP/2009/7/Add.1, 30 March 2010. Decision 1/CP.13, The Bali Action Plan, UN Doc. FCCC/CP/2007/6/Add.1, 14 March 2008. Decision 1/CMP.1, Consideration of commitments for subsequent periods for Parties included in Annex I to the Convention under Article 3, paragraph 9, of the Kyoto Protocol UN Doc. FCCC/KP/CMP/2005/8/Add.1, 30 March 2006.

5. Other UN documents (including documents of all the UN subsidiary bodies) should be given their full UN Doc. reference number on first citation. Annual Report of the Secretary-General on the Work of the Organization, UN Doc. A/45/870 (1990), Annex, 10. Renewing the United Nations: A Programme for Reform, Report of the SecretaryGeneral, UN Doc. A/51/950 (14 July 1997), paras 170 and 172. Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of Its Fifty-second Session, UN GAOR, 55th Sess., Supp. No. 10, ch. IV, UN Doc. A/55/10 (2000). Alain Pellet, First Report on the Law and Practice Relating to Reservations to Treaties, UN Doc., A/CN.4/470 (30 May 1995), para. 109. Mpandanjila v. Zaire (No. 138/83), Selected Decisions of the Human Rights Committee under the Optional Protocol, UN Doc. CCPR/C/OP/2 (1983) Vol. II, 164. C. Cases Cite a case before the International Court of Justice (ICJ) or the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) or the Permanent Court of Arbitration by the case name (as it appears in the official report). If an official report of a recent case before the ICJ is not available, materials may be cited to the Courts official website <www.icj-cij.org>. Give a date of access for these reports. 1. International Court of Justice 14

Case concerning Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina/Uruguay), Judgement, ICJ Reports (2010), p. 14. Case concerning Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina/Uruguay), Provisional Measures, Order of 13 July 2006, ICJ Reports (2006), p. 113. Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons (Advisory Opinion), ICJ Reports (1996), p. 266. Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua/Costa Rica), Pending, ICJ Press Release 26 January 2012, < http://www.icjcij.org/docket/files/152/16865.pdf>, accessed 12 November 2012.

2. Permanent Court of International Justice Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions, 1924 PCIJ Series A, No. 2. 3. Permanent Court of Arbitration MOX Plant Arbitration (Ireland/United Kingdom), Jurisdiction, (2003) PCA. 4. World Trade Organization WTO Panel Report, European Communities Measures Affecting the Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products, WT/DS291/R, WT/DS292/R, WT/DS293/R, Add.1 to Add.9, and Corr.1, 21 November 2006. ( Biotech Panel Report). WTO Appellate Body Report, European Communities Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products, WT/DS135/AB/R, 5 April 2001. (Asbestos Appellate Body Report). Award of the Arbitrator, Brazil Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres Arbitration under Article 21.3(c) of the DSU, WT/DS332/16, 29 August 2008. Canada Certain Measures Affecting the Renewable Energy Sector, Request for Consultations by Japan, WT/DS412/1, 16 September 2010. 5. International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea MOX Plant case (Ireland/United Kingdom), Provisional Measures, Order of 3 December 2001, ITLOS No. 10. 6. Other sources of international judicial decisions The International Law Reports is a key source of international court and tribunal decisions and arbitral awards. 15

Rainbow Warrior (New Zealand/France) (Arbitration Tribunal) 82 ILR, p. 499, 30 April 1990. Other sources include International Legal Materials, International and Comparative Law Quarterly and Reports of International Arbitral Awards. Tinoco Arbitration (Great Britain/Costa Rica) RIAA(1923), p. 369. International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes Marvin Feldman v Mexico 42 ILM (2003), p. 625.

VII INTERNET SOURCES

To document a file available for viewing and downloading via the World Wide Web, provide the following information: J.-J. GUILLET,Energie et gopolitique, Rapport dinformation n. 3468 de lAssemble nationale franaise, 8 fvrier 2006, p. 109, available at: http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/12/rap-info/i3468.asp, (accessed in May 2009).

VIII USE OF SPECIFIC WORDS IN FOOTNOTES

A. See See should not be followed by a comma when beginning the footnote See K. TALUS, ....... See should be preceded by a comma when introductory words precede it In this case, see K. TALUS ....... On this specific issue, see K. TALUS About this topic, see K. TALUS

B. e.g.

e.g. should be placed between comas On this, e.g., Directive 3003/55/EC ......

C. Reference management software 16

Organising references is a time-consuming and onerous business especially if you write a major work like dissertation. There is a number of software packages which can help you import citations from databases and organise them, known as reference management software, or citation managers. They also integrate with Word (or other word processing software you use) and save time in inserting and formatting your citations. You can for instance easily change the reference style across your entire paper instead of doing it manually. You can also insert sources manually into a citation manager, write your own comments, and link PDFs. Some of these citation managers are free to download, others are available for a price. You should consider several factors before choosing one or another software package for managing your references: compatibility with your computers operating system (Mac or PC); costs; opportunity to download citations straight from research databases like Google Scholar or JSTOR; compatibility with your word processing software; how easy it is to start using a programme; and other factors. There is plenty of information on choosing a citation manager on the web, including comparison tables and how-to-use guides. Any large university library offers this information online, for instance, MIT libraries at http://libguides.mit.edu/content.php?pid=55486&sid=406385 Among citation managers, EndNote is perhaps the most popular although it takes time to learn how to use it. Zotero is free and offers saving citations from sources available on internet at one click. The UEF library has a subscription for RefWorks for students and staff, which is valid even after you leave the University. Please consult the UEF library for further information http://www.uef.fi/kirjasto/ref-works

17

Appendix I

Sample Title Page

THE PERFECT STUDENT PAPER: HOW I WROTE IT

John M. Doe, 123456 Department of Law University of Eastern Finland 1 January 2013 Supervisor: Prof. Kim Talus

18