Chapter 13 Life in the Ocean

Energy use of energy to sustain life Ultimate source of energy to planet sun 1:2000 captured by organisms Light energy to chemical energy-photosynthesis Chemosynthesis

photosythesizers are producers

Primary Productivity synthesis of organic matter from inorganic constituents by photo or chemosynthesis Primary Consumers Feed on Primary Producers

diatoms are photosynthesizers take carbon from the water and combining it with water to make glucose other organism eat diatoms because of glucose

Diatom - Coscinodiscus

where you see clorophyll high is where they have the most photosynthesizers the open ocean will have green because of upwelling open ocean doesnt have any photosynthesis nutrients scarce

productive photosynthetic areas coast has a lot of photosynthesis

land has more productivity than marine more recycling in the marine environment

C6H12O6
glucose

CO2
electrons

Aerobic organisms
Electron donor - Simple Carbon Compound (Glucose)

C6H12O6 + 6H2O

6CO2 + 24H+ + 24 e-

Glucose molecule makes ~ 30 ATP

Stored Chemical energy transferred to electron potential

The electron potential then is used to charge up ATP

Electron acceptor Oxygen

ATP is the battery of the cell when breaking glucose by oxygen electrons are release charge ATP

Energy is then lost to space, by heat, movement

when break down glucose it energizes your cells but any excess that body can not keep is released as heat

Autotrophs can make their own food Heterotrophs must consume other organisms

Where does a whale eat on the foodchain ?

150-170 tons, 27 m

1 ton of Blue Whale

10 tons of fish

? ?
300,000 1966 nearly extinct Today 8,000

100 tons of small fish

1,000 tons of zooplankton

need more things at the bottom of the food chain than the top when you eat higher on the food chain then you get less of the energy that is at the bottom each step you lose energy from food

10,000 tons of phytoplankton

Life is composed of 23 of the 107 known elements C, H, O, N make up 99% of mass of all living things 9 other make up most everything else Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Remarkable amount of recycling, transformations of elements between living and non living compartments.

Biogeochemistry
Limiting nutrient how does this limit productivity ?
if you dont have nutrients then its going to limit the primary foods

Carbon is the largest of the cycles

carbon goes into making cells and cell function : movement breathe small particles that are dissolved in the water

Incorporated for growth respiration for energy dissolved organic C

45% 45% 10%

carbon is a nutrient showing carbon cycle all the different spots where carbon comes from rocks, dead bodies, burning fossil fuels, peat, water

Release of C stores, burning fossil fuels peat mining

Peat Mining in Florida Release of Carbon Stores

peat is partially decomposed plant matter happens in really specific areas without oxygen can mine peat because it contains carbon

Peat Mining in Ireland Release of Carbon Stores

Peat Mining in Ireland Release of Carbon Stores

Nitrogen Cycle

N2 gas

Nitrogen fixation Organic N

needs to be transformed before it can be taken up by primary consumers

NH4 NO3 N2 gas

nitrogen in the ocean tends to limit primary productivity in the ocean

Peat Mining in the Netherlands Release of Carbon Stores

you can burn peat but it releases carbon back into environment

nitrogen cycle

Phosphorus and Silica

Organic P, Si PO4 silicate ATP, bones, nucleic acids skeletons
ATP is organic phosphorus phosphorus comes from natural from rocks and not natural fertilizer animals that contained phosphorus will release it when they die silica used to make shells nutrients organisms have to take up

Physical Factors
photosynthesis to happen

Three loops for P and Si Short term days (in surface waters) Long term few hundred years (in deep waters) Geologic millions of years (in sediments, rocks)
cycling of phosphate and silica in the water

Light autotrophs Light penetration depends on suns angle Particles Photic Zone 100 meters at the coast 150 meters at mid latitude 590 meters- deepest 1% Euphotic zone good Disphotic zone - difficult

not enoughlight for photosynthesis

no sunlight

shorter wavelengths get absorbed first

Open ocean is blue-green

Temperature
temperature changes in depth
Depth, latitude Narrow range Metabolic rate doubles with each 10 C Child falls through the ice

Coastal ocean is green

Two tanks of fish, one heated, one unheated Fish in warmer tank will eat more, grow faster,

temperature affects how things grow things grow faster in warm water

Salinity
broken down dead things Dissolved Nutrients photosynthesizers use this photosynthesizes have this ratio:
Salt balance = water balance for most organisms

16 atoms of N for 1 atom of P Ocean water has 1/10,000 availability of N than soil.

Dissolved Gases
CO2 and O2 50 ppt vs 6 ppt ocean has more C than air

ocean has a lot more CO2 than air because CO2 disolves in water

A B low high

water moves both in and out

Acid Base Balance

7.5 vs 8.5 High productivity raises pH

Diffusion solutes Osmosis - water

Diffusion through a membrane = osmosis

water coming in

water leaving

equal

same water and solute

Isotonic same in and ouside the cell Hypertonic more solute than water hypotonic more water in this area

Hydrostatic Pressure
Pressure in = pressure out Deep sea trawls

isotonic

water goes from high to low diffusions movement of any particle mostly solutes or salts osmosis only for water osmosis is just the diffusion of water the pores of your cells only let certain things in and water can go in more freely solutes this is the reason for difference between diffusion and osmosis wants everything to be balanced and the only is for water to move

top layer of water euphote zone is where photosynthesis happens during the day so area is more basic but at night plants stop photosynthesizing so CO2 goes into water and more acidic the lower PH more acidic

Classification of the Marine Environment Surface to volume ratio

Surface area increases as the square of the diameter Volume increases as the cube of the diameter

no cell can be too big because osmosis cant happen evenly need bigger surface are than inside/ volume

benethic zone is the floor of the ocean pelagic means open ocean

photic zone broken down by how much sunlight received

meteros cause extinctions meteroid hits one side of earth but it affects whole earth when they hit smoke clouds appear hindering photosynthesis

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Taxonomy

What kingdoms exist in classification of organisms ?

2 domains: {pro (before nucleus) karyote (kernal- nucleus)} prokaryotes and eukaryotes know members of both

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know main groups

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