.

2011.

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02.15.04

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2011.



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 1

1.1.
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1.2.
20- -
. ,

. , 1876.
, 1907. 1910.
.
1900., 1916.
165.
.

.
.
Bancroft (1885)
[13] Christie (1899) [36].

.
1934. (ACI).
ACI307-08 [6][7] EN13084
[49][50]. CICIND [40][41].
1.3.
,
.1.1.

.1.1. [86]

1.4.
. -
,
,
(GLC) ,
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:
-

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1:50 1:100, .
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1.5.
1.5.1.
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5

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1.5.1.2.
,
.
.
. -
Vickery [131][132][133][134][135][137], Basu [15][16], Kareem [71][72][73][74][75] Holmes [64].

EN1991-1-4 [52], .
,
.
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, Reynolds
Strouhal, , , . -
Scruton Vickery. - ,
, , Vickery
Basu,
(CICIND, ACI307). ,
25%-30% [10].
7


. , ,
Raynolds, ,
[138].
,
.
1.5.1.3.
1.5.1.3.1.
,
, .
.
, , ,
.
,
.
. , EN1998-6 [56] .5.4

,
.
1.5.1.3.2.

EN1998-1 [55] .4.3.3 :
-

(modal response spectrum

analysis);

(non-linear pushover analysis);

(non-linear time history analysis).

EN1998-6 [56] .4.3.1

, EN1998-1 [55] .3.2.2. ,
-
. EN1998-1 [55] .3.2.2.2. (6)
,
, EN1998-1 [55] Annex A.
,
, ,
EN1998-1 [55] .3.2.2.5. EN1998-6 [56] .3.3(2)
8

 q = 1,5 .
, EN1998-6 [56] .5.2
q = 2,5 .
:
- D ;
- D ;
- D , .
D .

.
1.5.1.4.
1.5.1.4.1.
.
.

.


. ,
. , ,
. ,
, ,
.
EN1991-5 [53]
:
- (.1.3);
- (.1.3).
(.1.3.b,d)
.

.1.3. N1991-5 [53]

.
9


,

..
1.5.1.4.2.

.

, . ,
- ,

(.1.4). M T

.1.4.

CICIND [41] .4
(.1.5):
- 0

MT =

T T .Ecm I I

t
- 1
M T = W I f ct

(1.1)

(1.2)

,
.
- 2
,
I m ,

MT =

10

T TEcm I m
t

(1.3)

MT
Ecm I

MT
Ecm I

II

0,5M 1

Ecm I I

(1.4)

, ,
.

.
.
, ,
CICIND [41] .6.
, .

.1.5. CICIND [41]

1.5.2.
1.5.2.1.
,
,
.
,
, . ,
, ,
() .
,
.
1.5.2.2.
,
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11

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R 20 .
t

, .
.

.
, -
. :
- ;
- ;
- ;
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Isada [66],
.
,
, :
- () Euler-Bernouli,
/ ;
- () Timoshenko,
, .
- ,
Timoshenko, ,

[43][78][83].

.
, - .

. - ,
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, .
, .

(.1.6):
- ;
- ;

12

 .
.
.
- - .

,
.
,
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.1.6.

, .
.

, [90]:
- Raylegh-Ritz , - ,
;
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.
.
1.5.2.3. ,

1.5.2.3.1. -

.
13

 ,
.
.
:
,
;
-
.

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.
1.5.2.3.2.

,
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( 300).
,
-.

1.5.3.
1.5.3.1. .
:
-

, ;
,
.
:

- ;
- .
:
-

14

,
;

1.5.3.2. .
,
,
. ,

. .
EN1992-1 .3.1.7 [54] (.1.7)
:

c = 1000 c 1 250 c2 f cd 0 c c 2

(1.5)

c = f cd c 2 c cu 2

(1.6)

EN1992-1 .3.1.7 [54] (.1.8)

:

s = E s s 0 s sy

(1.8)

s = f yd sy s uk

(1.9)

.1.7. [54]

.1.8. [54]

15

 CICIND .6.1.2, .6.2.6 [40] c 2 sy

0,2%.
:

cu 2 = 0,003 ;

(1.11)

cu 2 = 0,0035 ;

(1.12)

uk = 0,04 ;

(1.13)

uk = 0,01 .

(1.14)

1.5.3.3.
EN1990 .6.4.2
[51] :

E d Rd

(1.15)

E d ;
Rd .
,
CICIND .8.2 [40].
cu 2 ,
100 ( .1.5.1.4.1). (1.11).
,
(.1.5.1.4.2).
1.5.3.4.
:
- ;
- .
wk EN13084-2 Annex B [50]

0,88 d
s ,cr s
wk = 3,5
f 0,67
cm

0,89

s ,eff 0,4 s ,cr

Es

(1.16)

. ,
.
1.6.

-
.
.
.
16

, .
,
.
,
.

.
.
.

. -

.
EN1992-1
.
, .
,
.
.
.

.
:
.
:
1.
;
2.
;
3.
;
4.

;
5.
;
6.
.

17

2.1.

,
-
,
,
.
, , :
1.
.
( ) ,
.
2. .
3.
(, ) t
, .
4. ,
,
,
.
-

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, -
.
-
.
2.2.

,
. :
- ;
- ;
- ;
- .
.
.

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18


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.

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, ,
.
2.3.

2.3.1.
,
.
EI ( x) m( x) ,
L . v
x t , .. v = v( x, t ) .


19

 q( x, t ) .
,
(.2.1).

.
dAlambert
(, ),
(.2.2).
N (x) c(x) , [43]:
2
2 v ( x, t )
v( x, t )
v( x, t )
2 v ( x, t )

EI
(
x
)
N
(
x
)
+
c
(
x
)
+
m
(
x
)
= q ( x, t )

x
t
x 2
x 2 x
t 2

(2.1)

(2.1),
:

2
2 v ( x, t )
v( x, t )
v( x, t )
2 v ( x, t )
+ m( x )
=0
+ c( x)
EI ( x)
N ( x)
2
2
x
t
x
x
t 2
x

(2.2)

.2.1. [43]

:
v(0, t ) = 0

(2.3)

v (0, t )
=0
x

(2.4)

2v( H , t )
x 2
3v( H , t )
x 3

=0

(2.5)

=0

(2.6)

(2.4) :

20

Kf

v(0, t )
2 v(0, t )
= EI (0)
x
x 2

(2.7)

K f .
,

K f = ks I f

(2.8)

k s , I f

.
(2.4) (2.7) K f = .
(2.2) [43].
:
d2
d 2 f ( x)
d 2 f ( x) dN ( x) df ( x)

2 m( x ) f ( x ) = 0
EI ( x)
N ( x)
2
2
dx
dx
dx
dx
dx 2

(2.14)

(2.14)
(2.3)-(2.7),
v(0, t ) = 0 f (0) = 0

(2.15)

d f
v(0, t )
v(0, t )
df
= EI (0) 2
Kf
= EI (0)
x
x 2
dx x =0
dx
2

Kf

d2 f
2 v( H , t )
= 0 2
2
x
dx
3 v( H , t )
x

d3 f
= 0 3
dx

x =0

=0

x =L

=0

x =L

(2.16)
(2.17)
(2.18)

Z (t ) :
d 2 Z (t )
dt 2

c( x) dZ (t )
+ 2 Z (t ) = 0
m( x) dt

(2.19)

(2.19) x :

c( x)
= const
m( x )

(2.20)

c( x) m( x) ,
,
, , .
, - ,
. ,
- c( x) .
Z (t ) ,
[21][38][43][77].

21

2.3.2.

.
D t

[D( x) + t ( x)]2 [D( x) t ( x)]2 = D( x)t ( x)

4

A( x) =

I ( x) =

{[D( x) + t ( x)]
64

[D( x) t ( x)]4

D( x) 3 t ( x)
8

(2.30)

(2.31)

:
m( x) = A( x) = D( x)t ( x)

(2.32)

.
D0 , t0 , A0 , I 0 m0 , , ,
, D1 t1
.

x
(2.44)
L
:

A( ) = A0 (1 )(1 )

(2.45)

I ( ) = I 0 (1 )3 (1 )

(2.46)

m( ) = m0 (1 )(1 )

(2.47)

1
N ( ) = gm0 L 1 3 ( + ) 1 2 + 1
2
3

(2.48)

dN ( )
= gm0 L(1 )(1 )
d

(2.49)

D0 D1 D
=
-
D0
D0

(2.50)

t 0 t1 t
-
=
t0
t0

(2.51)

(2.45)-(2.49) (2.14)
d2
d 2 f ( )
d 2 f ( )
df ( )
n0 q( )
2 q( ) f ( ) = 0
p( )
+ n0 r ( )
2
2
d
d
d 2
d

(2.55)

:
p ( ) = (1 )3 (1 )

q ( ) = (1 )(1 )

22

(2.56)
(2.57)

1
1
r ( ) = 1 3 ( + ) 1 2 + 1
2
3
n0 =

gm0 L3
-
EI 0

m0 L4
EI 0

(2.58)
(2.59)

(2.60)

f (0) = 0
d2 f
df
K f
= EI 0 2
d
d =0

(2.62)

=0

(2.63)

d2 f

d 2

=0

=1

(2.64)

d3 f

d 3

=0

=1

(2.65)

2.3.3. DTM
(2.55) .
. a
(2.14) [67][88][89][90][117].

(DTM) [144][78],
Taylor-Maclaurin.
,
.
DTM , Taylor-Maclaurin
.
, ,
.
, ,
-
.
2.3.3.1. DTM
DTM f ( x)

f ( x) =

F (k )( x x0 ) k

(2.66)

k =0

23

1 d k f ( x)
k! dx k

F (k ) =

(2.67)
x = x0

F (k )

f ( x) . f ( x)
N

f ( x) =

F (k )( x x0 ) k

(2.68)

k =0

N ,

F (k )( x x0 ) k

(2.69)

k = N +1

.
(2.44) (2.68)
(2.61) x0 = 0
f ( ) =

F (k ) k

(2.70)

k =0

F (k ) =

1 d k f ( )
k! d k

(2.71)
=0

P(k ) , Q(k ) R(k ) p( ) , q( ) r ( ) .

DTM, (2.55)
,
k

P(k i)(i + 1)(i + 2)(i + 3)(i + 4) F (i + 4) +

i =0

(k i + 1)P(k i + 1)(i + 1)(i + 2)(i + 3) F (i + 3) +

+2

i =0
k

(k i + 1)(k i + 2)P(k i + 2)(i + 1)(i + 2) F (i + 2) +

(2.84)

i =0

+ n0

R(k i)(i + 1)(i + 2) F (i + 2)

i =0
k

n0

Q(k i )(i + 1) F (i + 1) 2

i =0

Q(k i) F (i) = 0
i =0

P(k ) , Q(k ) R(k ) (2.67).

.2.2.
P (k ) , Q (k ) R (k )

P (k )

24

5..N

3 ( + )

( + 3 )

Q(k )

R (k )

-1

+
2

2.3.3.2.

(2.62)-(2.65)
f (0) = 0 F (0) = 0

(2.94)

d f
df
= EI 0 2
K f
d

d
=0

F (1) 2k 0 F (2) = 0

=0

(2.95)

d2 f

d 2

=0
k (k 1) F (k ) = 0

=1
k =2

(2.96)

d3 f

d 3

=0
k (k 1)(k 2) F (k ) = 0

=1
k =3

(2.97)

k0 =

EI 0
LK f

(2.98)

, .
k 0 = 0 .

2.3.4.
F (0) Taylor-Maclaurin (2.94).
(2.94)-(2.97) ,

F (1)..F ( N ) .

( N 3) (2.84) k = 0..( N 4) .
( N 1) ,
2 .

.
2 ,
(2.60),

j = j

EI 0

m0 L4

(2.101)

, .
.

25

2.3.5.
j , (2.101),
F (1)..F ( N ) .
,
. F ( N ) = const .
F (1)..F ( N 1) F ( N ) -
. (2.68).

2.3.6.

,
, (FEM)
. :
-

1: L = 200 m , D0 = 14,0m ,

t 0 = 0,6m , D0 = 6,0m , t 0 = 0,2m ,

25/30;
-

2: L = 400 m , D0 = 25,0m ,

t 0 = 1,0m , D0 = 9,0m , t 0 = 0,2m ,

25/30.
1 2 .2.3.
.2.3. DTM FEM

1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6

DTM
2.264
8.571
20.520
38.256
61.851
91.326
1.145
3.892
8.930
16.367
26.244
38.582

FEM
2.284
8.612
20.536
38.127
61.384
89.214
1.157
3.930
9.006
16.485
26.395
38.740

0.9%
0.5%
0.1%
-0.3%
-0.8%
-2.4%
1.0%
1.0%
0.8%
0.7%
0.6%
0.4%

,
. DTM,
,
, .

.
, DTM
26

 .
.
DTM 3,
,
.
2.4.

2.4.1.
N Taylor-Maclaurin.
,
. -
. = = 0 .
.2.4.

15

20

25

30

35

40

3.516015

3.516015

3.516015

3.516015

3.516015

3.516015

3.516015

22.03449

21.99346

22.03424

22.03449

22.03449

22.03449

22.03449

61.69721

61.80604

61.69679

61.69721

61.69721

. ,
.

20 .
-
30 Taylor-Maclaurin. ,
F (4i ) F (4i + 1) (i = 0.. N ) .
4
.
.

2.4.2. .

. N m ,
.
.
EN1998-1 [55] .4.3.3.3.1(3)
0,90 .
, j -

m( ). f j ( )d
0

MM j = 1

m( ). f j ( )

(2.109)

27

 , 3 4
.
0,90
6 7 . ,
.
EN1998-1 [55] .4.3.3.3.1(3)
- 5% .
.
[88] , ,
3 .

2.4.3. .
, ,
,
. II , P .

, ,
.
, , ,
.
(2.55)

n0 , (2.59), (2.31)

n0 =

gm0 L3
EI 0

8 gL L
E D0

(2.110)

L
D0

.
,
. -, -
- . -
,
.
,
.
,

.
28


. ,
250,
-.
L

D0

= 10 25 . -

n0 - .
(2.110) n0 0,20 2,00.

(2.101).
1 ,
, .2.6. n0 = 0
, . .
.2.6.

0.0

0.4

0.8

n0

n0
0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

0.0

3.516

3.402

3.285

3.163

3.036

0.4

4.097

4.014

3.930

3.844

3.756

0.8

5.399

5.374

5.350

5.328

5.307

0.0

3.737

3.650

3.562

3.472

3.380

0.4

4.319

4.281

4.246

4.212

4.181

0.8

5.627

5.693

5.767

5.850

5.942

0.0

4.314

4.384

4.469

4.573

4.697

0.4

4.907

5.131

5.391

5.689

6.027

0.8

6.233

6.821

7.447

8.099

8.709

:
-

;
-

;
;

2.4.4.
.
k 0
(2.98),
29

k0 =

EI 0
LK f

E I0

(2.111)

Lk s I f

.
, .

,
.
- ,
.
.

. -
. ,

. ,

, .
.

I0

If

0,05 0,15.
- - ,

k 0 = 0,5 k 0 = 2,0
L = 150 m .
,

- . .2.8. .2.9.

.
.2.8.

0.4

30

0.4

k 0

n0 = 0

k0

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

4.319

2.729

2.149

1.829

1.619

20.049

15.314

14.580

14.287

14.129

51.337

42.745

41.926

41.620

41.462

98.004

85.561

84.713

84.412

84.264

160.209

143.919

143.042

142.773

142.544

232.834

216.310

215.723

215.312

215.333

.2.9.

0.4

0.4

k 0

n0 = 0,5

k0

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

4.281

2.629

1.996

1.631

1.380

19.873

15.111

14.370

14.073

13.913

51.113

42.503

41.679

41.373

41.213

97.760

85.299

84.447

84.149

83.998

159.936

143.621

142.788

142.448

142.271

232.683

216.230

215.354

215.157

215.089

:
-

( n0 = 0,5 )

;
;
-
, 3
. ,
10% .

2.4.5. .
,
,
1 .
n0 k 0 1 = 0 ,
. .
= 0 .
.2.10. k 0 ,

0.0

0.4

0.8

n0
0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

0.0

3.80

1.79

1.13

0.79

0.4

5.30

2.57

1.66

1.21

0.8

8.55

4.27

2.84

2.13

0.0

5.29

2.56

1.65

1.20

0.4

7.28

3.62

2.41

1.80

0.8

11.34

5.80

3.96

3.05

0.0

8.83

4.55

3.14

2.45

0.4

11.76

6.23

4.40

3.50

0.8

17.08

9.15

6.49

5.15

31

 ,
k 0 < 1,0 .
- .
.
2.5. .

:
- ;
-
;
-
;
-
.
:
-
.
;
-
, ,

( 50-
101000 ). ,
, .
, DTM
,
- .
2.6.

.
. ,
DTM
(2.14), .
,
, .
.

.
32



, n0 0,5 . -
.
,
k 0 . ,
300%.

, .

n0 1 .
15% .
7%.
,
n 1 .
, n0 < 1

.

3


3.1.

(2.2)
,
.

2 v ( x, t )

= EI ( x) ( x, t )
(3.1)
x 2
I ( x) , E
M ( x, t ) = EI ( x)

, ( x, t ) .
() ,
.
,
,
t, ( x, t ) .

,
,
33

 .
, .
(3.1)
M ( x, t ) = EI [x, ( x, t )]

2 v ( x, t )
= EI [x, ( x, t )] ( x, t )
x 2

(3.3)

I [x, ( x, t )]
. (2.1)

2 v ( x, t )
v( x, t )
v( x, t )
2
2 v ( x, t )
[
]
,

(
,
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
m
x
c
x
N
x
EI
x
x
t
= q ( x, t ) (3.4)
+
+

t
x
t 2
x 2
x 2 x
(3.4) .
( x, t ) =

2 v ( x, t )
x 2

, , I [x, ( x, t )] q ( x, t )
( x, t ) . , (3.4) .

. ,
, 2.
- -:
1. I [x, ( x, t )]
I [x, ( x, t )] = ( x) I red ( x)

(3.5)

(x) ,
, I red (x)
,

I red ( x) = ( x) I ( x)

(3.6)

(x) I (x)
(2.31) I red (x) .
2.
.
.
3. , x , t ,
. red (x) .
4. red (x)
. (3.4)
.
- ,
(3.4)
34

2
2 v ( x, t )
E red ( x) ( x) I (x )

x 2
x 2

v( x, t )
v( x, t )
2 v ( x, t )
+ c( x)
N ( x)
+ m( x )
= q ( x, t )

x
x
t
t 2

(3.7)

v( x, t ) , red (x) (x) .
(2.1). ,
I (x) , (2.1), (3.7)
red ( x) ( x) I ( x) .
(3.7) , 2.
(2.14)
d 2 f ( x)
d 2 f ( x) dN ( x) df ( x)
d2

2 m( x ) f ( x ) = 0
E red ( x) ( x) I ( x)
N ( x)
2
2
dx
dx
dx 2
dx
dx

(3.9)

(3.9) (2.55)
d2
d 2 f ( )
d 2 f ( )
df ( )
n0 q( )
2 q( ) f ( ) = 0
p ( )
+ n0 r ( )
2
2
d
d
d 2
d

(3.10)

:
p ( ) = red ( ) ( ) p( )

(3.11)

(3.10) DTM
red (x) (x) .
3.2.

:
- ,
;
-
.
, -
.
.
.
EN1992-1 [55] .7.4.3
M eff

eff = u + (1 ) cr

(3.12)

cr u
, eff () .
eff

35

M
= 1 cr
M eff

(3.13)

I eff =

M eff

(3.14)

Ecm eff

[22][23][28][97][99][102].
. Branson [28],

I eff

M
= cr
M eff

I cr + 1 cr

M eff

Iu

(3.15)

Bischoff [22], EN1992-1-1 Error! Reference source not

found.,

1
I eff

M
= cr
M eff

1 + M cr
1

M
I
cr eff

Iu

(3.16)

[24][60], Branson
, Bischoff
, .

.3.2. -

.
, -
.3.2.
,
.
.3.1 red ( x) ( x) .
36


.
3.3.

.
.
,
.
, .

3.3.1. .
3.3.1.1. .

, .
, , ,

, .
- ,
.

:
- Bernoulli ;
- ;
-
;
- ;
- ,
;
- EN1992-1-1 3.1.7. [54]
(.1.5.3.2) ;
- ;
- .3.3.1.2.
3.3.1.2. .
f ctm EN13084-2 .5 [50]
:

f ctm = cc .c .cv .c . f cm 2 / 3

(3.17)

:
cc = 0,4 + 0,6

2200

1,0 - ;

c = 0,45 - ;

(3.18)

(3.19)
37

cv = 0,85 0,2t - ;

(3.20)

c =

0,6 + 6.ct .
- ;
1,0 + 6.

(3.21)

ct =

2,6 + 24t
- ;
1,0 + 40t

(3.22)

f cm = f ck + 8 - ;

(3.23)

- .
Nt
t .

(3.24)

(3.21) ,
c ct .

, 1 . ,
,

ct

0,95 1.00 . , c = ct .
:
f ctm = 0,45(0,85 0,2t )

2,6 + 24t
f cm 2 / 3
1,0 + 40t

(3.25)

, EN13084-2 Error! Reference source not found., EN1992-1-1 [54] t 0,40m .

.
Ectm ,
, Cho [37],
Ectm = 3000 f ck

(3.26)

3.3.1.3.
,
.3.5.

38

.3.5.

- :
:

m =
=

2 + 1

(3.27)

2 1

2R
:

sx = x

f yk

(3.28)

(3.29)

f ck

m = R cos

(3.32)

( ) = m R cos = (cos cos )R

(3.33)

:
- 0

c ( ) = E ctm ( ) = (cos cos )RE ctm = 3000 (cos cos )R f ck

(3.34)

c ( ) = 1000 (cos cos )[1 250 R (cos cos )]Rf ck

(3.35)

s ( ) = E s ( ) =

f yk

(cos cos )R = 500(cos cos )Rf yk

(3.36)

6
( cos sin ) + 2( )cos + 2 sin

N = 1000 R tf ck f ck

2
250 R ( ) 2 cos + 1 + 3 sin cos + sx cos
2

(3.43)

39


6
( sin cos ) + 2( ) + sin 2

M = 500 R 3 tf ck ck

1000
2
(
)

R
3

cos

2
sin

sin

cos

+
+
+
sx

(3.44)

:
np =
mp =

(3.45)

2Rtf ck

(3.46)

2R 2tf ck

n p m p
,
6

( cos sin ) + 2( )cos + 2 sin

R f ck
np =

2
250 R ( ) 2 cos + 1 + 3 sin cos + sx cos

(3.47)

( sin cos ) + 2( ) + sin 2

250 f ck

mp =
R

1000

2
(
)

+
+
+

R
3

cos

2
sin

sin

cos

sx

(3.48)

500

(3.47) (3.48)
R .
M cr

1 = ct =

f ctm
Ectm

f ctm

(3.49)

3000 f ck

cr R

m p,cr

(3.47) (3.48)
.
,
.3.6.
:
K p ( R) = ( R) K p,0

(3.50)

K p ,0 ,
K p ,0 = lim K p (R )
R0

(3.51)

m p = K p ( R) R = ( R ) K p ,0 R
40

(3.52)

.3.6. -

,
,

. ( R) = 1 .

I cr =

M cr

(3.53)

E cr

(3.46) (3.52) (3.53)

I cr = 2

m p ,cr f ck

cr R E

I = 2 K p ,0

f ck
E

I = 0 I

(3.54)

I , (2.31).
0

:

0 = 2 K p ,0

f ck
E

(3.55)

cr R , m p,cr K p ,0 25/30 ,
, .
3.3.1.4. .
I u
(.3.7).

41

.3.7.

.3.7 :

R cos sy cos

R (1 + cos )

R cos + cos cy
R(1 + cos )

)= y

(3.56)

)= y

(3.57)

2
2

:
cos sy =
cos cy =

m + y
R
y m
R

=
=

R cos + y
R
y R cos
R

= cos +
=

y
R

y
R

cos

(3.58)
(3.59)

:
- cy

c ( ) = 1000 (cos cos )[1 250 R (cos cos )]Rf ck

(3.1)

- cy

c ( ) = f ck

(3.2)

:
- 0 sy

s ( ) = f yk

(3.3)

- sy cy

s ( ) = E s ( ) =

f yk

(cos cos )R = 500(cos cos )Rf yk

(3.4)

- cy

s ( ) = f yk

(3.5)

(3.45) (3.46) :

42

[(

cy + 1000 R cy cos + sin sin cy

1 + 2 cos 2 + 3 sin cos

1
cy
+
n p = 125000 2 R 2
sin cy cos cy 4 cos sin cy

500

cos

sin

+
sx cy
sy
sx
cy
sy
sy sin cy

)(

[(

(3.71)

cy + sin cos

sin cy + 500 R

2 cos sin cy sin cy cos cy

3 cy cos + 2 sin sin cy +

250000

+
2 R 2 + cos 2 sin 3 sin cy
1
mp =

sin cy cos cy 3 cos + cos cy

+ sx sin cy + sin sy +

2
cos
sin
sin

cy
sy
sy
cy

+
250
R

sx

sin sy cos sy sin cy cos cy

(3.72)

u R m p,u

cu 2 y .
,
- .
.
:
Iu =

Mu

(3.73)

E u

(3.54)
I u = 2 K p,u
K p ,u =

f ck
E

I = u I

(3.74)

m p ,u

(3.75)

u R

u = 2 K p,u

f ck

(3.76)

u R , m p,u K p ,u ,
.
25/30
, u R .3.1 .3.8.
.3.1.

sv

0.0

u R

np

0.1

0.4

0.2

0.3

0.5

43

0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00

0.00115
0.00123
0.00129
0.00134
0.00139
0.00143
0.00146
0.00150
0.00152
0.00155

0.00135
0.00140
0.00145
0.00149
0.00153
0.00156
0.00159
0.00161
0.00164
0.00166

0.00154
0.00159
0.00162
0.00165
0.00168
0.00170
0.00172
0.00174
0.00176
0.00177

0.00176
0.00179
0.00181
0.00183
0.00184
0.00185
0.00186
0.00187
0.00188
0.00189

0.00205
0.00204
0.00204
0.00203
0.00203
0.00203
0.00202
0.00202
0.00202
0.00202

0.00246
0.00245
0.00239
0.00234
0.00230
0.00227
0.00225
0.00223
0.00221
0.00219

0.0025

sv
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00

0.0020

uR
0.0015

0.0010
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

np
.3.8.

u R

.3.8 , u R
.
n p = 0,38 . ,

. n p > 0,38 ,

.
3.3.2. .

.
I cr .
,
.

. ,
, .
44


.

(3.14)
(3.16). , u ,
I u ,
M eff .
(3.14) ,
.
.
, M eff
eff u .

M eff

3 u ( u cr )

M cr

= 3 1 cr

(3.77)

-

.
(3.16)
, (3.14).
, (3.16), :
1
I eff

1
Iu

+ (1 )

1
I cr

(3.78)

= u 1 cr
M eff

u =

Mu2
2

M u M cr 2

(3.79)

(3.80)

u =

Iu
I cr

eff =
eff =

I eff
I cr

eff
cr

(3.81)

(3.82)

(3.83)

45

u =
u =

u
cr

(3.84)

= u u -

(3.85)

Mu
M cr

eff =

M eff
M cr

= eff eff -

(3.86)

(3.80)

u =

u 2

(3.87)

u 2 1

(3.78)
1

eff

+1

(3.88)

= u

eff 2 1

(3.89)

eff 2

eff

eff =

M eff

(3.90)

EI eff cr

I cr I u
(3.54) (3.74).
.3.12.
- .3.14.

.3.12.

46

1
1

.3.14. -

3.4.

, eff ,

eff ,

eff . EN1998-6 .5.2 (1) [56]

q = 2,5 q = 1,0 1,5 .

q=

Me

(3.91)

M eff

M e ,
(.3.15)
M e = EI cr eff

(3.92)

.3.15. -

(3.14) (3.92) (3.91)

q=

EI cr eff
EI eff eff

I cr
I eff

eff

(3.93)
47

eff ,u =

(3.94)

eff , u (3.88).

eff ,u =

u eff ,u (1 u )

u eff ,u (1 u ) 1 eff ,u u

u (1 u )

u (1 u ) (q 1) u

(3.95)

eff ,u (3.86)

eff ,u = q eff ,u

(3.96)

3.5.
.

, .
.
,
.
. ,
,
.
,
, ..
I red =

I cr + I eff ,u

(3.97)
2
(3.82) (3.94)
red

red =

I red
I cr

1 + eff ,u
2

q +1

(3.98)

2q

red =

u red (1 u )

u red (1 u ) (1 red ) u

u (q + 1)(1 u )

u (q + 1)(1 u ) (q 1) u

(3.99)

red
,
red ( x) .
sx ( x)
. ,
.
48

3.6.

(SRSS), ,
.
, 2sec, 2 [3]
,
. , , ,

. , , .
EN1998-1 [55]
, - .
, -
, (3.46)

(.3.16). ,
, - .
, .
,
.

me ff

.3.16.

(3.10)
, .
,
red mcr
49

 , .
,
.
(3.10) :
1. n0 k 0
(2.59) (2.98);
2. (.2.9).
I f ;
3. (3.10) red = 1

;
4. sx ( x)
;
5. m p,cr
n p
(3.47) (3.48).
(3.71) (3.72)
m p,u ;
6.
K p ,0 K p ,u (3.54) (3.75), u u
(3.87) (3.81);
7. red
0

red ( x) ( x) . ,
red = 1 ;
8. (3.10)

red ( x) ( x) ;
9. 4
.
3.7.

:
-
,
;
-

red ( x) ( x) ;

- .
:
50

,
,
;
-
,
;

(3.7)
.
, .

4


4.1.

,
.

.
,
.
,
.1.5.1.4.2,
, .
,

. -
, .
-
.


.
.
4.2. .

4.2.1. .

CICIND [40] (8.10)
51

M Wh ( x) = 0,09 k t

wm ( x)
D( x)
CD

(4.1)

EN 1991-1-4 [52] (2.160)

M Wh ( x) = 0,09

q p ( x)
CD

D( x)

(4.2)

:
q p EN1991-1-4 . 4.5[52].

C D

CICIND [40] (7.5).

, C D = 0,7 .

M Wh ( x) = 0,129q p ( x) D( x)

(4.4)

4.2.2. .

:
- ,
;
- , ,
.
,
, 1
i N ( x) R ( x) i D N ( x)
N 2 g ( x) = Q( x).R( x) = D
=
= i D R( x)n p ( x) f ck
(4.5)
2R( x)t ( x)
2t ( x)
n p ( x) (2.154).
1 , ,

N 2e ( x ) =

N ( x)
2R ( x)t ( x)

= n p ( x) f ck

(4.1)

Poisson . EN1992-1-1 [54] .3.1.3(4)

, = 0,20 .
,
.
. ,
.
(4.5) (4.6) ,
,

R < 0,20

R > 0,20 .

D
= 1%
= 2% R = 20 m
L
L
R = 10m . R > 10 m
52

 ( H > 300 m ) - .
R > 10 m ,
, .
.
4.3.

4.3.1.

.
1

cr M cr

.
. ,
.
,
.

.
.
, ,
, .
1

u , I u M u .

:
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- .1.5.3.2 ;
-
;
- f ctm EN13084-2 [50] .5 (. 3.3.1.2);
- .3.3.1.2.
4.3.2. .

M cr
ct ,
(.4.2), ..

53

 1 = ct =

f ctm
f ctm
=
Ectm 3000 f ck

(4.7)

.4.2.

, ..
As = As ' =

vt

(4.9)
2

sv = sv

f yk
f ck

(4.10)

x =

x
t

1 = t (1 x )

(4.11)
(4.14)

(z ) = 1 z = t (1 x z )

(4.15)

z

t
:
-

z =

(4.16)

s = (a) = 1 a = t (1 x a )

(4.17)

a

t
-

a =

(4.18)

sc = (t a' ) = 1 (t a ' ) = t ( x ' a )

(4.19)

a'

t
:

'a =

(4.20)

- ( 0 z t x )

c (z ) = Ectm ( z ) = 3000 (1 x z )t f ck
- ( t x z t )
54

(4.21)

 c (z ) = 1000 ( z )[1 250 ( z )] f ck =

= 1000 (1 x z )[1 250 t (1 x z )]tf ck

(4.22)

s = E s s = 500 f yk s = 500 t (1 x a ) f yk

(4.23)

sc = E s sc = 500 f yk sc = 500 t ( x ' a ) f yk

(4.24)

6(1 x )2
1000 3
x t
N 2 = 250 t 2 f ck
2 x 2 + (1 2 x a + ' a ) sv +

3
f ck

(4.35)

2(1 )2 (1 + 2 )

2 500
x
x
t x 3 (2 x )
+ 2 x 2 1 x +

3
M = 125 t f ck
3
3

f ck

+ [(1 x a )(1 2 a ) + ( x ' a )(1 2 ' a )] sv

(4.36)

(.3.3.1.3)

n pv =
m pv =

N2
tf ck
M
2

t f ck

(4.37)
(4.38)

(4.35) (4.36) (4.37) (4.38)

6(1 x )2
500
2 x 2 1 +
n pv = 250 t
x t + (1 2 x a + ' a ) sv

f ck

(4.39)

2(1 )2 (1 + 2 )

2 500
x
x
+ 2 x 2 1 x +

t x 3 (2 x )
= 125 t
3
3

f ck

+ [(1 x a )(1 2 a ) + ( x ' a )(1 2 ' a )] sv

(4.40)

m pv

a = a ' (4.39) (4.40)

6(1 x )2
500
2 x 2 1 +
n pv = 250 t
x t + (1 2 x ) sv

f ck

m pv

2(1 )2 (1 + 2 )

2 500
x
x

t x 3 (2 x )
+ 2 x 2 1 x +

3
3
= 125 t

f ck

+ (1 2 )2

a
sv

(4.41)

(4.42)

.4.2.2, m pv, cr
n pv,cr = 0 (4.7).

55

 ct (4.7)
- .4.1.

25/30
30/37
35/45

.4.1.
t [m]
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
2.056E-04 1.706E-04 1.532E-04 1.407E-04 1.302E-04 1.206E-04 1.117E-04
2.062E-04 1.710E-04 1.537E-04 1.411E-04 1.305E-04 1.210E-04 1.121E-04
2.073E-04 1.720E-04 1.545E-04 1.418E-04 1.312E-04 1.216E-04 1.127E-04

x,cr
.
I cr

(3.53), (4.38)
I cr =

m pv,cr t 3 f ck

cr t

Ecm

= 12

m pv,cr f ck

cr t Ecm

(4.2)

I=

t3

.
(4.3)
12
,
-
, -
. .
4.3.3. .

I eff
(3.14).
I u
.
m pv

, .. N 2 = 0 .
a = a ' (4.41) (4.42)

500
n pv = 250 t 2 x 2 1 +
x t + (1 2 x ) sv
3

(4.45)

2 500
m pv = 125 t 2 x 2 1 x +
t x 3 (2 x ) + (1 2 a )2 sv
3
3

(4.46)

m pv,u ,
, CICIND [41] .6
.

s = y = 0,002
56

(4.47)

 (4.17)

ut =

s
1 x a

0,002

(4.48)

1 x a

(4.48) (4.45) , n pv = 0 ,
x,u
:
2
3

x 3 (1 a sv ) x 2 a sv x +

(1 a ) sv = 0

(4.49)

x,u ,
, .

x,u = sv 0,085 0,646

(4.4)

2 3 -
, 10 .
I u (4.43)

I u = 12

muv,u f ck

u t Ecm

(4.51)

, 80%.
20% 50%.
4.3.4. .

, ,

t (z ) = t T (z )

(4.52)

, .

, ,

T =

t T

(4.53)
t
t
,

M T = Ecm I eff T

(4.54)
57


I eff = I cr (4.43). , ,
, (4.53) cr :
Tcr =

cr t

(4.55)

a = a' = 0,045m
25/30 .4.9.

(4.39) (4.40)
. Tu ,
.
.4.1.

0.2

sv

0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00

7.35
7.43
7.50
7.55
7.60

t [m]
0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

12.21
12.34
12.45
12.54
12.62

16.46
16.63
16.78
16.90
17.01

20.16
20.37
20.55
20.70
20.83

23.32
23.57
23.77
23.95
24.09

25.94
26.22
26.45
26.64
26.81

28.04
28.33
28.58
28.79
28.97

u > T > cr
.
(3.88), eff = T .
.3.3.2 :

( u + u ) eff 2 eff 2 u eff 2 eff

(1 u ) = 0

(4.56)

eff =

u eff + u 2 eff 2 + 4 ( u + u )(1 u )

2( u + u ) eff

(4.57)

-
- .4.12 .4.13.

58

Mu

M cr

cr

.4.12. -
u

1
1

.4.13. -

4.4. .

.
(.4.2.2) , (4.4).
(4.39) (4.40)
N 2 = 0 . (4.42).

, - ,
(3.88),

eff =

M
Ecm I eff

(4.58)

.
,
.
.3.3.2 (.3.10
.3.11) . .
:
59

;
,
.

- , T
T (4.53) -
-
.
Tw .

Tmax = Tu Tw

(4.5)

.
4.5.

-
, .4.13.
25/30
.4.15 .4.21.
4.6.

.

, 15 -
. ,
8,03 12,40
- .

9
8

sv

7
6

0.2
0.4

0.6

0.8
1.0

3
2
1
0
0

10

11 12 13

.4.1.

60

t = 0,20m

12

sv

10
8

0.2

0.4
6

0.6
0.8

1.0

2
0
0

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

.4.2.

t = 1,00m

, ,

2,70 5,30 - .

t = 0,20 1,40m .
,
.

61




, :
- -
;
-
,

.


.
.


-
.
.

:
-
n0 < 1 ;
-

;

;
-
,
;
,
,
q = 2,5 .

,
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
62


1.
.
2.
EN1991-1-4.
3. .
4. .
5.
.

1.

;
2. ,

;
3.
,
;
4.
;
5.

.
6.
;
7.

.

1. , . ,
,
, , 2008
2. , .
, ,
, 2010
63