Running head: NVT AND PBR/EPR

NVT and PBR/EPR An Assignment Submitted by Name of Student Name of Establishment Class XXXX, Section XXXX, Fall 2012

NVT AND PBR/EPR NVT and PBR/EPR Since choosing a crop variety is a crucial factor for high-yield grain production, the choice must be based on the complex analysis of both positive and negative factors of each variety as well as peculiarities of locations where they are grown. In order to research and compare the behaviour of different varieties in certain districts, National Variety Trials (NVT, web-site http://nvtonline.com.au/home.htm) provide crop-related information based on each trial sight across Australia. This paper aims to: 1) highlight most significant traits in choosing certain crop variety; 2) disclose influence of plant breeders rights (PBR) and end point royalties (EPR) on grain production of Australia. In the first part, let us analyze whether Jindalee Narrow Leafed Lupin can be chosen as a variety suitable for main season sowing in the North East region of New South Wales. Its typical time for sowing is end of April - mid May (Walker et al., 2011). First, the yield assessment will be conducted, then the variety limitations determined, and finally, breeding, ownership, and marketing variety characteristics will be qualified. After inputting the postcode of Wellington district, the Variety Testing program has prepared reports of trial results of the Wellington nearest trial sites. Having compared the results of Wellington Narrow Leafed Lupin trials in 2001 with those of 2008, we can see that the mean yield in 2011 was 2.60 tonnes/ha, compared to 1.34 tonnes/ha in 2008. In 2010, the trial mean yield of Lupin Narrow Leafed was 2.56 tonnes/ha in Wongarbon and in 2009, it comprised 1.32 tonnes/ha in Curban trial. So, the performance of Narrow Leafed Lupin is inconsistent across years. Appendix A provides the comparison of the average yield of Jindalee variety with other varieties of Narrow Leafed Lupin in the date range 2000 20009, compiled from many trial sites in the North East of New South

NVT AND PBR/EPR Wales. Jindalees average yield 1. 466 tonnes/ha is followed only by Danja and Moonah varieties. It must be noted that Jenabillup with its average yield 1.640 tonnes/ha shows the highest indexes of Narrow leafed lupins in North East region of NSW (see Appendix A). According to the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (2011), in 20062011, New South Wales has, generally, produced. 87 kt of lupins. The best indexes of production, supply, and disposal of lupins were in 2011 (DAFF, 2011). However, the information of a single year does not provide the general picture because yields of separate years may be influenced by different factors and conditions that must be taken into consideration. For example, in 2008, the sowing date of Narrow Leafed Lupin was 30.05, which is too late for this variety. In 2009, CV (coefficient of variation) was very high almost 15% (NVT, 2012), which makes the data not fully reliable. In 2011, the trial was effected by water logging because of ground seepage (DAFF, 2011). Thus, in order to make a proper decision about which variety to grow, it is necessary to discover information based on several years, rather than a single year. The next step of variety research is defining potential deceases and other limitations of Jindalee variety. Jindalee Narrow Leafed Lupin is susceptible to Anthracnose decease (see Appendix B). Because there are quarantine restrictions of seed import into NSW due to Anthracnose decease (Walker et al., 2011), anthracnose freedom must be identified with anthracnose grain tests (Ware & Hawthorne, 2012). If comparing Jindalee with Jenabillup and Mandelup varieties, we must say that they are more resistant to Anthracnose decease. However, Jindalee has lodging resistance, when there is a medium risk of lodging Jenabillup and Mandelup. Jindalee is also susceptible to Cucumber Mosaic Virus and Brown Leaf Spot.

NVT AND PBR/EPR To form active root nodules, lupins need specific rhizobium. So, the inoculation must be adequate, as there is a risk of non-survival because of improper inoculation (Walker et al., 2011). Since Jindalee flowers and matures later than early varieties, it suits to higher rainfall territories not to flower too early. The variety is resistant to Phomopsis Stem Infection and Pleiochaeta Root Rot, hence, it can be sawn on medium to highrainfall areas without negative consequences and deceases (Ware & Hawthorne, 2012). Additionally, Jindalee has vernalisation (cold) requirement Next, average maximum and minimum temperatures were analyzed with the help of CropMate (2012), which enables preseason planning. Summer indexes of maximum and minimum temperatures in 2012 reflect warmer than average day and night-time. However, because of cold requirement, Jindalee variety favours cooler daytime temperatures. For Jindalee, timing is crucial, so it cannot be sown much early or much later than sowing time. The reasons for it are first of all heat and frost risks. Appendix C reflects analysis of frost and heat risk in Wellington based on the silo data from 1900 to 2012 with the acceptable level of risk 10%. Besides, if after maturing, pods are left and harvest is delayed, pods may shatter (Walker et al., 2011). Thus, due to yield potential for the chosen territory and resistance to diseases, we can make a conclusion that Jindalee in not the best variety. According to the statistics, Jenabillup is much higher yuilding variety than Jindalee, and, hence, a better alternative. Jindalee variety is protected by PBR and EPR rate is $1.25/ tonne. The variety is owned by NSW Dill (Variety Central, 2011). The royalty manager is SeedNet. Total End Point Royalty for Jindalee variety (including GST) is $ 1.38 per mt (GST is $ 0.13). Breeder royalty is $0.95 per mt, management fee is 0.30 per mt (SeedNet, 2012). Jindalee

NVT AND PBR/EPR was released by NSW DPI in 2000 (Wheeler & McCormack, 2012). According to SeedNet license (2012) one must pay to the organization or to their EPR collectors the EPR for all grain other than farm saved seed. In return, the receiver of license gets the right to produce or reproduce the seed, to grow the seed, and to sell the grown grain. But, farmers cannot sell, trade, or give away the variety for seed without authorization of the owner (SeedNet, 2012). Moreover, the farmers, who trade seed without owners authorisation, are liable to prosecution (Wheeler & McCormack, 2012). Plant breeders rights in crop varieties were introduced in 1994 in order to stimulate grain production. The previous legislation was ineffective because it was spread only on sales of seed to farmers. Consequently, farmers bought a small amount of seed and then multiplied it without paying any royalties to the developers (Kingwell & Watson, 1998). Plant breeders right, being similar to copyright or patent, gives breeders of varieties the ownership right and an opportunity to get commercial benefit from it by collecting royalties on grain (Wheeler & McCormack, 2012; GRDC, 2011). However, some negative consequences of PBR and EPR must be outlined as well. Since EPR motivates development and introduction of new varieties, it can simultaneously lead to occupying market with new varieties while neglecting the niche market varieties. The further suggestion is that it prevents the sharing of knowledge, breeding techniques and materials among developers. And at last, because of EPR, too much attention is paid to promotion and packaging and too little to substance. Moreover, Cook and Watson (as cited in Kingwell & Watson, 1998) argue that there is no guarantee that EPR revenue would support grain breeding. Overall, EPR is a significant source of income for Australians grain production.

NVT AND PBR/EPR References CropMate. (2012). Preseason planning. Retrieved from http://cropmate.agriculture.nsw.gov.au/ASPX/HomePreseasonPlan.aspx? STNAME=Wellington Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. (2011). Australian crop report. ( 160). Canberra: ABARES. GRDC (2011). End point royalyies simplifying the system: Fact sheet. Barton: Tourism house. Kingwell R. & Watson A. (1998). End-point royalties for plant breeding in Australia. Agenda, 5 (3), 323-334. National Variety Trials. (2012). Trial results and reports. Retrieved from http://nvtonline.com.au/ google-maps/year2_v2.htm SeedNet (2012). Industry standard PBR License 2012 agreement. Available from http://varietycentral.com.au/licensing/licensing-agreements Variety Central. (2011). Pulse varieties. Retrieved from http://varietycentral.com.au/ varieties-and-rates/2011-2/pulse Walker, J., Richards, M., Lindbeck K., Wood J., Hertel K., & Luckett D. (2011) Lupin. Agfact, 99-104. Ware A. & Hawthorne W. (2012). Lupin variety sowing guide 2012. SARDI Sowing Guide 2012, 24-26. Wheeler R. & McCormack P. (2012). Plant breeders rights information and variety update for 2012. SARDI Sowing Guide 2012, 4-8.

NVT AND PBR/EPR Appendix A Long Term Yield Report - Lupin - Narrow Leafed - N/E
Report Date: Date Range: Comments: 15/09/2012 2000 to 2009 State: NSW Region Name: Series Name: N/E Narrow Leafed

Source: NVT

Variety Name

Predicted Avg Yield (t/ha) 1.640 1.559 1.526 1.507 1.487

Total No. Trials

Jenabillup Mandelup Coromup Quilinock Tanjil

3 8 6 8 3

NVT AND PBR/EPR

Wonga Belara Jindalee Danja Moonah 1.481 1.471 1.466 1.460 1.437 8 3 8 5 6

NVT AND PBR/EPR Appendix B

NVT AND PBR/EPR Appendix C

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