BOOKLET Xi

,,

/"

IRRIGATION SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT RESEARCH (ISMIR) PROJECT

FINAL REPORT

PHYSICAL HYDRAULIC MODELING OF IRRIGATION FACILITIES AND MONITORING OF IRRIGATION WATER 0 0 0 Effect of Downstream Glacis Slope on Scour Study of Sediment Excluders/Ejectors Collection of Hydrological Data and Monitoring of Irrigation Water in the Province of Sindh

Directorate of Hydrology and Research in Sindh Sindh Irrigation Department Hyderabad May 1993

GOVERNMENT OF SINDII IRRIGATION AND POWER DEPARTMENT

TECHNICAL REPORT ON EFFECT OF DOWNSTREAM GLACIS SLOPE ON SCOUR

DIRECTORATE

OF

HYDROLOGY & RESEARCH IN SINDI IYDERABAD

USAID GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN IRRIGATION SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT RESEARCH PROJECT WITH "ECHNICAL ASSISTANCE FROM THE INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT INSTITTUTE

MAY, 1993

E N

Page Introduction Objectives Material and Methods Results and Discussions Conclusions 1 2 3 4 7

Suggestions for future Research

Acknowledge-nents

Notations

References

I0

LZT

OF TABLES Page

Table 1 Model Observations LIST OF FIGURES Fig: 1 Design details of Channel Dimensions of scour for different downsLream glacis slope Empirical relations LIST OF PIR GRAPHS

11-13

Fig:2-6

Fig:7-14

Photo

1 Flow Pattern 2 Bed Configuration 3 Flow Pattern 4

5

Bed Configuration
Flow Pattern

6 Bed Configuration

7 Flow Pattern 8 Bed Configuration. 9 Flow Pattern

10 11 12 Bed Configuration Flow Pattern Bed Configuration

INTRODUCTION Research work on the design of weir and Canal falls

developed other and Pakistan countries for many yiars. One of the important causes of the development of failure of Hydraulic sLructures is scour below the downstream pavement. For a good design, it has been toii1ud td in is essential that scour depth is minimized. The following factors affect the rate of scour
- discharge intensity - Glacis Slope - Cistern design

A brief summary of formulae for quantum of scour investigated by various authors, is as below ; 1. 2. 3.
4.

Blench Lacey Lane

Mushtaque

Ds Ds Tc
Ds

0.9

(1
Fb
2

/ 3

Fb

Fbo (1+0.12c)

1./ 3 .

0.9 "=
=

R Sin e
1.7 q

The
effect high of hydraulic downstream hydraulic dissipate pavement.

main

objective
The

of

this
has to

study
on to

is

to know
below water impact. slope of

the
a of A to the

downstream structure. level of jump the is at

glacis glacis the crest to

slope the

scour

conduct lower

energy

energy

level

the weir energy

smoothly and without any form on a the glacis length within short

allowed

The quantum is

of

scour below

a hydraulic

structure

dependant on the following factors: type of hydraulic jump: The type of hydraulic

jump is classified as per upstream Froude number. F1 = 1.7 to 2.5 and For a weak hydraulic -jump, for a strong jump, F I is greater than 9.0.

- efficiency of hydraulic jump: Tle best efficiency when the value of downstream Froude number, F2 is about 8. length of jump : For a given downstream sequent denth, the maximum length of jump occurs when the value of fI is

about 6. - median size of bed material: The larger the median size of material, the greater cohesive force. Naturally, the coarser bed material can withstand relatively more tractive force. T7he permissible tractive stress for a bed material having a median size of 0.1 mm is about 0.05 lb/ft. - length of cistern and downstream pavement - Additional measures for dissipation of energy such as cistern, friction blocks, chute blocks, baffle walls, etc. OPAIBCTIVES It is desired to determine I. the relationship: between scour depth and discharge intensity between scour depth and downstream froude number between scour depth and specific energy among scour depth, length of jump and discharge intensity.

2. the effect of -

Second row of friction blocks on downstream scour concentration of flow on the left and right side of the fall on lowering of crest level at the side bays. extension of floor on downstream scour. downstream curtain wall on downstream scour,

MATERIAL AND ME' IODS A cement concrete weir of various profiles with upstream glacis in all cases and different downstream glacis slopes was A channel length of 300 ft. was moulded

slope

1:1

constructed on the model (FIG:l).

with sand (D5 0 " 0.1 rm). The sand was thoroughly compacted and levelled to attain a bed slope of approximately I/fOoo. The design of the experimental channel is given below Discharge Top width Bottom depth of flow Downstream depth of flow Free Board Bottom slope Channel length U/S of fall Channel Length D/S of fall Length of crest Width of crest Full supply level Crest level Cistern depth Length of loose Stone apron U/S and D/S
D5 0 (mm)
=

(Cfs) (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft)

= =

5-6.5 6.0 1.5 1.0 and 0.8 1.0 1 in 1000 150

= = = = = = =

(ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft)

150 3.5 1.0 average bed level + 1.5 1.0 0.75 and 5 ft. 0.5

0.1

The following parameters were adopted on the model - Discharge intensity - Cut - off (cusecs/ft) = 1.1, 1.22, 1.33 and 1.44 = 1:1, 1:3, 1:5 and 1:7 = 0.5 and 0.7

- Downstream glacis slope

Observations
section of the channel profile depth on water surface conditions(scour etc, were

consisting
(position and length

of velocity distribution
as well as of and of length scour), juil)) ,

along bed

horizontally

long.iLudinally

flow~bed

profile,

recorded

the model. are reproduced in Table I.

The model observations RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Initially glacis glacis has slope slope 1:1 from in 1:1 tests all to (1-32) the 1:7.

were

carried

out with the of

upstream

cases The

and

varying value

downstreai slope

optimum

glacis

been found as 1:5. Further tests to were 1:5 and carried out by other fixing the

downst rean ,lacis such as cistern,

slope friction

incorporating extension of

parameters, lowering

blocks,

f.loor and

of side bays. In ft and 0.5 ft. The case of were change tests (33-40), on the two cistern model the for depths different of of 0.75 test cistern

provided was

conditions. seemed to

made to on

because the the

depth

be more in he

comparison based

downstream depth of flow. model observations are as

.findings

under : 1. WATER SURFACE PROFILE The have 6. been water surface all profile tests and shown slope from being hydraulic in figure grad[ent /qo.2,3,4,5& from 2.0 to C%In.[ but the

observed

for

the

The ft.

length for the

of trough for glacis glacis slope of jump 1:5, is

of 1:I varies 3.5 to 6.5 on

3.75 all

Fig.(2 the glacis

cases

hydraulic slope of

formed

with a flater down-stream of side as bays

1:7, the as

position shown in

of jump shifts Fig.5. In is case

towards of

end by

of glacis 0.5 ft.

lowering identical

the

po-ition

of

jump

almost 6.

compared

to the central

bay

as shown in

Fig.

2. BED CONDITIONS The the dimensions and 1:7 longitudinal of have scour been section for tests in along with Fig. the structure, slope The ft. showing of 1:1,

glacis 2,3,4

1:3,1:5

plotted

& 5.

maximum and for of about I:1 is a

scour depth (average) for glacis glacis 20%. 17.25 of The ft 1:5 is 0.5 of ft showing

slope of 1:1 a percentage for 1:5

is 0.68

decrease slope ft.

length and

scour glacis

(average) slope of

glacis is 9.4

of

for

showing

percentage decrease of about 45%. The upto a flatness glacis scour slope depth of 1:5 slope appears but to be inversely reverses proportional with further

the position -1). friction below

of the glacis Provision

(Table and the

of cistern reduced

blocks the

(size

0.4'

0.1'xO.12') in Tabl.e I.

further

scour

pavement

as given

3.

FLOW PATTERN / BED PROFILE

Flow for jump glacis, g1acis. In logarithmic relationships intensity (q), different is being the

pattern

and I

bed to

profile 12). In

are all

recorded cases, in

pictorially

tests

(Photos on of the

the hydraulic of f.l'i ter of

formed

glac:is. shifts

However, to the

case

position

jump

down- stream

order plotting between Froude

to was total No.(F in

obtain done. depth

2

quantitative The of specific and

relationships, following empirical d i scharge (EL/El) were

scour

()s),

and

energy 10.

established and (i) Ds Ds Ds Ds Ds Ds

are shown
=

Fig.

7,8,9 Glacis

1.45 q 1.35 q 2 1.30 q 1.55 q 2.1 2.0 (F 2 )

(1:1/1:1)

=
=

Glacis (1:1/1:3) Glacis (1:1/1:5) Glacis (1:1/1:7) (1:1/1:7) (1:1/1:3)

(ii)

(F.250 2 Glacis Glacis

Ds Ds

= =

1.9 2.2

(F 2 )0.2 Glacis (1:1/1:5) (F 2 )0.2 Glacis (1:1/1:7)

(iii)

ds
L.s ds ds bLs
ds

= = =

0.04 q0.84 0.03 q 0Glacis

84 0.045q 0 .

acis

(1:1/1:1) (1:1/1.:3)

Glacis Glacis

(].:1/1:5) (1:1/1:7) (1:1/1:1 and 1:3) (1:1/1:5)

Ls (iv) Ds Ds Ds In glacis plotting 14.

(i) DS

0.84

0.05 q 0.37
=

(EL/El,acis (EL/El1 (EL/E15

0.45 0.49

acis

Glacis (1:1/1:7) the and downstream logarithmic 12, 13 and

the was

next has

series been and

of experiments, fixed as

slope

1:5
in

evolved

are shown

FIG:1I,

1.3 q
= =

Glacis

(1:1/1:5)

Ds Ds Ds (ii) Ds Ds Ds Ds (iii) ds
ds L-

1.1 q 2 1.15q 1 A 1.20q2 1.9 (F2) 0 .2 1.65

Without cistern Cistern depth = 0.75 ft. Cistern depth = 0.50 ft. With friction blocks Glacis (1:1/1:5)

= =

(F 2 )0'2 Cistern depth = 0.75 ft.

2

1'.70 (F
= =

2 Cistern depth = 0.5

ft.

1..80 (F 2 ) 0.045 q
0.035 q 08

2 With

friction blocks

Glacis (1:1/1:5) without cistern

Cistern depth = 0.75 ft.

Ls ds Ls
=

0.025 q

0.84 With friction blocks

(iv)

DS

0.37 (EL/El) 1.5 1.5

(glacis (1:1/1:5) Without Cistern Cistern depth = 0.75 ft Cistern depth = 0.05 With friction blocks ft

Ds Ds CONCLUSIONS The glacis. The length

0.31

(EL/El)1.5

0.33 (EL/El.) 1.5

of

trough

increases as evolved

with

the

flatness that

of

empirical

relations

indicated

scour

depth decreases with the increase of glacis slope. In other words, tile dimensions of scour length and depth decrease with the increase observed slope. Provision (size=O.4'x0.1'xO.12') reduce of cistern for and two sets :ows of friction blocks further different of experiments of glacis with a slope. However, to 1:7. 1:5, the position seems reverses the when the glacis slope was increased glacis slope The minimum scour depth is to be optimum

which

the scour below the pavement. The effect

of variation of floor length on scour depth has been studied by many scientists. It is established that the downstream floor length should be seven times of specific energy (7 Ef 2 ). In the present case, the downstream specific energy is 1.03 ft. tile and the of 7Ef length of ft. has tile floor been kept should on be about model. 7 ft. The while values length 6.5
2

tile

greater than The

will not give further scour reduction. scour depth, length of jumlp and

relationship among

discharge intensity requires further verification. From provision extent be as of the economic considerations, 1:5 will It is it appears the cost also to that have adopt the to an

glacis length at the

slope of

increase

to some

of downstream structure.

pavement will advisable

increased

intermediate glacis slope of 1:3. SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH from model experiments could be incorporated with data on different prototype hydraulic structures in the Sindh which could provide safeguards against breakdowns and frequent In maintenance on coutrol 7 points of the Irrigation Canals. to the tile meantime, efforts are being made to arrange visits The results obtained

Irrigation the

sites,

to collect of the

the

data and consequently empirical formulae

to check
already

authenticity

evol ved/es Lablished. ACKNOWIEDGEMENTS The Government Irrigation of authors Pakistan Technical expresses and USAII) ( IJMI) their for appreciation the the financia.l to the

through

Internat ional support Baghi AJi.

Management

InsLiLute

of this study.

Shahid Principal

assistance from IIMI through Dr. Irrigation Engineer is also appreciated.

NOTATIONS q discharge intensity (cusecs/ft)

Upstream depth of flow (t)

-

I)2 I)S
(is Ls V2
F2

Downstream depth of flow (ft) (downstream depth of flow +depth of scour) (ft)

in

ft

Maximum depth of scour Length of scour (ft)

Velocity of flow on the downstream

Froude Number (N.D)

(ft/sec)

Upstream

specific

energy

(ft)

Specific energy loss (ft)

f
Fbo Fbo

Silt factor (Nm)

Bed factor (ft/sec

Zero bed factor (ft/sec 2

R
Tc Q

Hydraulic mean radius (ft)

Critical shear stress Angle of repose (lb/ft
2

(radan).

REFEIENCE

1-1 channels

Ahmed

Hushtaq

Relman

Ahlur.

1962.

Design

or

Alluvial.

as influenced by Sediment Charge Proc. West Lahore. Paper 351 aspects of the design of

Pakistan Engg:

Congress.

Aihmed Mushtaq, Some relations to scour.

weirs on

Canals

in

Allen, J. 1947 Scale models in Hydraulic Engineering Longmans. Blench. T. 1957. Disc. of Sediment Channels, in Journ. Iyd. Dn. ASCE. Transport capability in erodible

Blench T. 1951 Scales for moving bed models. Dock lJarb Author. Blench T. London 1957. Regime Behaviour od Canals and Rivers. futter Worths

Kinrani, S.S. 1963. Design of Silt stable Canals. and Power Development Authority, Pbn. 92 Lahore. King C. 1943 Practical design formula for Channels. Tech: Report contd: Pd: Irrigation .

West Pakistan

Water

stable

Irrigation

Lindley, E.S. 1919. Regime channels. Proc: Punjab Engg: Cong: 7. Lacey, C.1934 Civil Engrs. Uniform flow in alluvial river and canals Proc,lnst.

Lacey C. 1930 Stable Channels

in Alluvial. Proc. Inst.Civi. Engrs: incoherent alluvium. Publ. cent. 3Id.

LIacey, C. 1939. Regime flow in Irrigation India, No. 20 Simla

Lacey C. 1932 Regime diagrams for the distributions Tech. Paper U.P. publ. WKS. Branch) No.]. Lacey C. 1948. A general Fngrs. Paper 5515, 27 theory of

design of Dep. India

Canals andf (Irrigation

flow iii alluvial J. lnstn.

Civil.

LIacey G. 1956 l.ow in alluvial channels with Sandy mobile Proc. Civ. Engrs. Vol, 9 PP 145 - 164 Qureshi M.S. 1962 Regime relations in a gravel reach River, Alberta. University of Alberta M.Sc. thesis.

beds. Mii.

of the Red Deer

Qtreshi M.S. 1972 Annual Report on Some Basic Studies on Ilydraulic Problems, Technical Report No. IIYD.DTE/39/6 of 1972

Ifo

TABLE

1.

RESULTS OF MODEL TEST ON TIHE EFFECT OF D/S GLACIS SLOPE ON SCOUR

sTr 10.

q 1/s D/S cusecs DeL)th of IDepth

flow flowm

Cut

Max

Scour

off
in

Scour
Depth

Length
in ft.

1)s= 1)2 +Velocity flow (is f 'of L6fi

1) ft .
1 2 3

D2 ft.
4

ftL.
5

L (Is ft
6 Fl u 'STRI 7 GUT-5 CS 8 PE = 9

1)/S Froude Number D/S *t/sec F2=V2

10

ELI N.1)

(1n;
IT;---' 1.. D

11

12

DOWNSTREAM GLACIS SLOPF j:1 1.11 2 3

4

15 1.5 1.5
1.5

1.0 1.0 1.0

1.0

0.5 0.5 0.5

0.5

0.55 0.60 0.65

0.65

15 15.5 16.0
16.5

1.55 1.60 1.65

1.65

1.05 1.15 1.25

1.3/4

0.185 0.020 0.022

0.235

0.328 0.327

0.036 0.038

1.22 1.33
1.44

0.3254 0.040
0.3247 0.040

1.11 1.22

1.5 1.5 1.5

1.5

0.8 0.8 0.8

0.8

0.7 0.7 0.7

0.7

0.70 0.75 0.80

0.75

17.0 18 19
21

1.53 1.55 1.60

1.60

1.35 1.40 1.62

1.68

0.266 0.276 0.32

0.33

0.453 0.452 0.446

0.442

0.041 0.042 0.042

0.036

7
3.

1.33
1.44

UPSTREAM GLACIS SLOPE = DOWNSTREAM GLACIS SlOPE= 1.11 .0 '1 ,2 3 4 5 6 1.22 1.33 1.44 1.11 1.22 1.33 1.44 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.40 0.5 0.55 0.65 0.55 0.65 0.70 0.75 10 11 12 14 12 14 14.5 15.5 1.40 1.05 1.55 1.65 1.35 1.45 1.50 1.55

.: ! 1:3 0.98 1.11 1.02 1.30 1.28 1.38 1.60 1.65 0.1.7 0.19 0.21 0.23 0.25 0.27 0.315 0.325 0.329 0.327 0.326 0.325 0.455 0.453 0.447 0.446 0.004 0.045 0.045 0.046 0.045 0.046 0.048 -

11

UPSTREAM GLACIS SLOPE = i?1 DOWNSTREAM GLACIS SLOPE = 1:5 2 17 18 19 20 1.11 1.22 t.33 1.44 1.11 1.22
1.33 1.44

3 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50

1.50 1.50

4 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.8

0.8 0.8

5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.7

0.7 0.7

6 0.35 0.48 0.52 0.55 0.52 0.60

0.65 0.70

7 7.0 8.0 8.5 10 8.5 10

11 12

8 1.35 1.48 1.52 1.55 1.32 1.40

1.45 1.50

9 0.97 1.05 1.15 1.28 1.26 1.35

1.55 1.60

10 O.17 0.185 0.20 0.22 0.248 0.260

0.305 0.315

it 0.329

12 0.050

0.32835 0.060 0.328 0.326 0.455 0.453

0.449 0.448

0.061 0.055 0.061 0.060

0.059 0.058

21
22
23 24

UPSTREAM 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 1.11 1.22 1.33 1.44 1.11 1.22 1.33 1.44 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.3 0.8
UPSTREAM CISTERN

GLACIS 0.5 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.72 0.65 0.85 0.85 0.78

SLOPE 10 11

=
=

1:1
1:7

DOWNSTREAM GLAC[S SLOPE

1.6 1.65 1.70 1.72 1.55 1.60 1.65 1.70

1:I

1.10 1.20 1.36 1.50 1.32 1.48 1.58 1.71

0.194 0.212 0.024 0.264 0.260 0.029 0.031 0.034

0.327 0.325 0.322 0.320 0.453 0.449 0.447 0.444

0.060 0.059 0.061 0.060 0.068 0.060 0.665 0.065

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

1.1.5 12.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 1.3.5

GLACIS )EPTII =

SLOPE

DOWNSTREAM GLACIS SIOPE 3 4 5 6 1.11. 1.22 1.33 1.44 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.15 0.02 0.25 0.30 5.0 5.5 6.0 7.0

= 1:5 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30 0.93 1.02 1.23 1.33 0.164 0.217 0.234 0.330 0.326 0.325 0.030 0.036 0.042 0.043

0.75 ft.

0.180 0.329

7 3 )

1.11 1.22 1.33 1.44

1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

UPSTREAM GLACIS SLOPE = 1:1 DOWNSTREAM GACIS SLOPE = 1:5 CISTERN DEPTH = 0.5 ft. 1.0 0.5 0.20 5.5 1.20 1.0 0.5 0.25 6.5 1.25 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.30 0.35 7.0 8.0 1.30 1.35

1..10 1.25 1.34 1.44

0.194 0.020 0.236 0.254

0.326 0.324 0.323 0.321

0.036 0.038 0.043 0.044

12

UPSTREAI GLACIS SLOPE = 1:1 DOWNSTREAM GLACIS SLOPE = 1:5 TWO ROWS OF FRICTION BLOCKS (SIZE = 0.4'xO.1'x12') 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1.0 11 12

41 42 43
44

1.11 1.22 1.33

1.44

1.50 1.50 1.50

1.50

1.0 1.0 1.0

1.0

0.5 0.5 0.5

0.5

0.20 0.25 0.30

0.35

8.0 8.5 9.0

10.0

1.20 1.25 1.30

1.35

1.09 1.23 1.30

1.38

0.192 0.217 0.229

0.243

0.327 0.325 0.324

0.323

0.025 0.29 0.033

0.035

UPSTREAM GLACIS SLOPE = 1:1 DOWNSTREAM GLACIS SLOPE = 1:5 END BAYS LOWERED BY 0.5 ft. 45 46 1.11 1.44 1.50 1.50

1.0 1.0

0.5 0.5

0.25 0.4

3.0 3.5

1.25 1.40

1.24 1.43

0.219 0.252

0.323 0.321

0.08 0.11

13

FIG .1 DESIGN DETAILS OF AN EXPERIMENTAL CHANNEL. WITH A FALL

AA

PLAN

4-5

0000000

Ioooooooc
_ .
7'

.0000000 0_'0 CD000.c

I.

pooooooq

.. A CROSS SECTION-AA S1 '

j :

.:.

16

{.-__S'

_.

LONGI TUDINAL SECTON UI /.L W"1 2 0 15 1 5 4 '5 1-5 1-5 2 0 0-51-0 05 16' 5

SCALE. I 5"0 FT.

EFFECT OF D/S GLACIS SLOPE ON SCOUR

DIMENSIONS OF SCOUR WITH GLACIS (1:1/1:1)

FIG 2

*TEST U/S WL:1.504 -- H.L--.w

NO-1

U/SWL=1 50

'EHSTG.L

SD/S WL=1-0

U/SWL=.5+-

HGL

---------.

TEST N5
D/SWL O-8

JL\ U/S WL=I-50

I

fO

p - L..o

"...... ...............

..

.......

,.

..

.GL -DS WL:O-8

TEST NO-8

"<; ..".:."......: ..--. : ::.

SCALE: HOR. I"= 5.OFT VER - I= 2-SFT

EFFECT

OF D/S GLACIS SLOPE ON SCOUR

(1 :1/ 1:3)

FIG: 3

DIMENSIONS OF SCOUR WITH GLACTS

WL:150

TEST NO: 9 F D/S WL: 1.0

< U/ S WL:I50 I

HG .L

LJ D/S W.L: 10

TE T NO:12 N "1 TEST

L..
(01

.L- D/S W.:0

TEST NO :13

iL
U/S WL 1-50-

--

G.L

TEST NO:16 D/S WL 0-8

SCALE t HOR. 1'-. 5'0 FT. VER 2 5 FT.

FIG:4 EFFECT OF D/S GLACIS SLOPE ON SCOUR

DIMENSIONS OF SCOUR WITH GLACIS (1:1/1:5)

-- -- Li U/SWLI-S 'ID/S WL 1-0 TEST NOA17

U/S WL1-5
-7DIS

H GL

W'L 1-0

TEST NO:20

J ........

.L

, -, o-0

-L -- --,

U/S W-L 15

~D/S

H-GL W-L 0-8 TEST NO:24

SCALE HOR- 1=5 OFT. VER. 1=2-5FT.

FIG:5 EFFECT OF DIS GLACIS SLOPE ON SCOUR

OF SCOUR WITH GLACIS (I1/1:7) DIMENSIONS

U/SWL 1-

H GLJ1 tD/S W-L 1-0 TEST: NO - 2 5

*.-LJ LD/S W-L 1-0

TESTrNO - 2 8

_ U/S~HR1 HG

/S

W-L 0-8

TEST--NO : 29 OF1T

... . ,D/S

WL

0-8

TEST 1NO - 32

SCALE HOR.I-" 5 OFT. VER-I"-*-2-5 F T-

SCOUR EFFECT OF D/S GLACIS SLOPE ON

END BAYS LOWERED BY 05 FT DIMENTION OF SCOUR GLACIS(1:1/1:5) U/S W.L 1-5 k-LJ _-H L .. D/SW-L 1-0

FIG:- 6

TEST NO. 4,6

LEFT

U /S W.L 1- 5

H< G L

>1D

S W-L 1.0

000-0o-o0o

-CENTRE

U/S W-L 1-5

HGL

-_

D/SW.L 1.0

RIGHT EXPERIMENTAL CHANN 4L

0 0
0 0 0 o 0

0
o 0

L
0o "

0 0 0 0 00

SCALE
HORVER1" 5"0 FT 1= 2.5FT

EFFEC
2-0

OF D/S GLA IS SLOPE

:N. ."7

RELATION BETWEEN Ds AND DISCHARCE' INTENSITY:(s.)

DOs=1-5

1i/2

DS=I-50

1/2

Ds

to
LEGENDS GLACIS (1:1/ 1:1) 1 -

0-4.

GLACIS 1:11 1:3) GLACIS (1:1/ 1:5) 0 GLACIS (1:1/1 :7)

0-2

0 .

0.6

08

1"0

1-5

2-0

RELATION

EFFECT OF D/S GLACIS SLOPE ON SCOUR

BETWEEN Ds AND D/S FROUDS NO.FG

FIGURE: 8

~~~D

0(

2)

Ds= 21 (F2) (F2) Ds= 2 Ds=1.9(F2)0

2

v'

0-8

)s

0-4. LEGENDS GLACIS(1:I: 1:)----GLACIS(1:1/1: 3 ) GLACIS(1q/I:S) -s GLACISWII/ 1:7) 0-2 -. A,

0.01

0-02

0-06

0-10 F2 ,

0.15

0-20

0-25 0-30

0-50

1-0

EFFECT OF D/S GLACIS SLOPE ON SCOUR RELATION BETWEEN ds AND DISCHAGE INTENSITY.(q,)
LS

FIG:9

0-2

0108 Ls0
0d06

0-04

.iS:oO045qAJ 8' Ls

LEGENDS: GLACIS(IW 1l1) GLACIS(I:I 1:1) GLACS(1:I1:3) GLACIS(1:I1I :7) 0.01 " 02 0-3 04 0.6 C/ 0"8 1.0 1-5

2.0

30)

EFFECT OF DS GLACIS SLOPE ON

RELATION BETWEEN DS AND EL/El

SCOUR

FIG:10

2"0

1-5

0"8

Ds

I
DSI D)S=O-49(E LI E1115 DS= 0"45(ELIE 1)1" 5 D~C S =0 -37(E L E 1)1-5 DS= 0-37(E L IEl) 5") 0 .z. x

LEGENDS: 0 2GLACIS (1:1 1:1) GLACIS (1;1 1:3) GLACIS(I /1:5) GLACIS(I:1 !1:7) ./ L

0.1

__

0-01

0-02

1___

0.03

0-04

0-06

EL E0 " 1

1__

0.2

0.3

0-4

0-5

1.0

FIGURE: 11
SCOUR
DISCHAR( E INTENSITY (q)

EFFECT OF D/S GLACIS SLOPE 01

RELATION BETWEEN Ds AN 2.0

1.0

130q SDS=

1/ 2_

__

DS
0-8
DS= DS=

1-20q
(2 1. 1 -1 1

1/
1/ /

0-6

Ds

0-4 LEGENDS: GLACIS (1:1/1:5) W/O CISTERN (D

0"2

CISTERN DEPTH=0-75FT CISTERN DEPTH=0-SFT WITH FRICTION BLOCKS

-A

0-2

0- 4

0-5

08

1-0

1-5

2-0

EFFECT OF D/S GLACIS SLOPE ON SCOUR

RELATION BETWEEN Ds AND D/S FROUDS.F
2

FIGURE: 12

2.2
DS: 1.8(F2)0-2

DS= 165(F2 )

10 0"8 Us

0.4
LEGENDS GLAC IS (1: 1/ 1: 5) -0 (WITHOUT CI. TERN) CISTERN DE TH =0"75FT CISTERN DE FTH :05FT --FRICTiCN BLOCKS-

0TWITH

0.1 0-01

0-02

0.06

0-10 F2 ---

0.20-- -25 0"30

0.50

0 1.0

FIG: 13 EFFECT OF DYS GLACIS SLOE ON SCOUR

RELATION BETW EN ds AND DISCH Ls RGE INTENSITY

O*08 /__ _----_ 0-0 Ls I

:"04 0O35q

0 "8 4

:03q 0-84 =Lbs: 0O025q, 0 8 4

03

0-03/

,,,___,,LEGENDS:

GLACIS (I-. / 15) WITHOUT CISTERN

0-

0.02

CISTERN DEPTH=0-75FT CISTERN DEPTH=0.5FT WITH FRICTION 3LOCKS-

0.01 0.1

I 0.2

0-3

0.4

0-6

0.8

10

1-5

EFFECT OF D/S GLACIS SLOPE ON SCOUR

RELATION BETWEEN DS AND EL/ El

FIGURE :14

1-5

0"8
DS

0-4
rS=0-37(E

(EL

EI)5
i '1 -

._______ \\_____

DS=0-31 l) L E 0 (E 3 " 0 DS =

02GLACI O

I ELIEl 0.10 0.06 0 04 0-03

LEGENDS: 0.30 , S SU PE (1:1, 1: 5)0 0-20 WNITHOUT CISTERN) CISTERN EPTH=(,-75FT

0.40

0.0

CISTERN [)EPTH=C.SFT WITH FRI0TION 00 KS 0

0.02 0-01

Photo

TEST NO

1,

GLACIS SLOPE =1:1 =O"5FT. CUT OFF -1./,CFS/ DISCHARGE

mw"'r p:

:'

-.

Photo

2"

TEST NO 8 GLACIS SLOPE =1:1 =0.7FT. CUT OFF : I .'/CFS DISCHARGE

Photo

TEST NO. 12 GLACIS SLOPE=1:3 =0 5FT CUT OFF DISCHARGE =1'/,CFS

Pho to

TEST NO, 12

GLACIS SLOPE =1:3

CUT OFF = 1 4CFS. DISCHARGE

"-FT

Phot o

TEST NO-16
GLACIS 3 SLOPE = 1,

CUT OFF
DISCHARGE

=O07FT.
1.4CFS

Photo

I-I

. .A..S SLOPE:.

I"

' ':"U

'

CUT OFF DISCHARGE

=0O7FT zl1/i4CFS.

Photo

" "

sun

.. DISCH A R GE.

.. ..

4CF.S.,

A IL

, -";

. .. .

. ... ...

C A DI G

44

,...

'-,

,,

Photo

TEST NO

32 1, 7 0"7FT 1.44CFS

GLACIS SLOPE CUT OFF DISCHARGE

'A V ,.

i..'

/ .

h'I

CUT O"F

, ":Or5l .

DI~SC~I--~IA
GLA.IS SLOPE :1:5 "

Fi4C
'":'

TEST NO ,44 GLACIS SLOPE =1:5 CUT OFF : 0"SFT D ISCHARGE =1"44 Cfs.

Photo

10

14" It,

'

k.k

.... . ... .

TEST NO'.'. GLACIS SLOPE= :5 =0-5FT CUT OFF =1 '.4CFS. DISCHARGE

Photo

TEST NO .45 GLACIS SLOPE CUT OFF

DISCHARGE

1--5 0 SFT
I .CFS

Photo

12

TEST NO 46 GLACIS SLOPE CUT OFF DISCHARGE = 1:5 = 0.5FT = 1 .44 CFS.

GOVER1ENT IRRIGATION AND

OF POWER

SINDII DEPARTMENT

TECHNICAL ON

REPORT

STUDY OF SEDIMENT EXCLUDERS/FJECTORS.

DIRECTORATE

OF HYDROLOGY RESEARCH HYDERABAD

IN SINDH

GOVERNMENT

OF

PAKISTAN

USAID

RESEARCH PROJECT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT WITH TECHNICAL ASSISTANT FROM THE INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE MAY, 1993

CONTENT.S

PagE Introduction 1

Layout

of

Model

2 2

Design of Vortex Tube

Calibration of Model Objectives Methodology Gate openings

4 5 6 6

Results and Discussions Conclusions

Suggestions for future Research Acknowledgements

19

19

References

11

INTRODUCTION There are serious problems of excessive silt entry :into Canals and distributories with the result that their discharge capacities are gradually reducing and causing great concern to cultivators. Research work has been carried out in Pakistan other developed minimize/silt entry to find out ways and means to into the canals. The devices of silt exclusion mainly consist of silt excluders and silt ejectors. The silt excluders are specially constructed at the head regulators of the canals off-taking from river whereas silt ejectors are constructed in Keeping in the canal at a suitable position. and countries

view the above, a study of sediment ejectors for the Jamrao Canal has been taken up at the Laboratory. The Jamrao Canal takes water from the Nara Canal at the Jamrao weir, 180 KM from Sukkur Barrage on River Indus. For the past 60 years, bed levels in the head reaches of the Jamrao Canal have reported a rise of about 8.0 ft. There is a proposal the designed discharge of the Nara Canal from 10,000 cusecs to 18,000 cusecs and of the Jamrao Canal from 4500 cusecs to 5.700 cusecs. The channels are suffering badly from sediment deposits. The Jamrao Canal is to be twintnead. The possibility of retLurning water to tile Canal system and the availability of 3.5m(11.25 ft) head of water has made the use of vortex tube sediment ejectors feasible for both the Jamrao Canal and its twin. Extracted sand will be trapped ir a settling basin and pumped out by dredger to a disposal area. The canal the canal Darcy Jamrao tube sediment of The extractors Left Bank are Out part Fall of the to increase

remodelling (PRC

component (LBOD).

the

Drain

STage-i Project criteria and (1985)

England

remodelling of canals was based on 1986) in which tile methods of Van Rijn and Hansen (1967) are used for predicting and bed and material ratios BMC of were cocentration predicted analysed to (BMC), observed the

resistance friction

respectively.

Discreprancy factor

giving Table 1.

geometric means and standard deviations as shown in

Table

Discrepency ratio analysis Mean Ratio 0.96 STD (Range) 0.83 to 1.20 0.43 to 2.32

Ratio (predicted/observed) Darcy friction factor

Bed material concentration(BMC) 0.89 The results were considered acceptable. Layout of the Model

The layout of the model is shown in figure 1. It takes into account the following design modifications :

- The need for a sediment extractor on each canal to permit flexible operation - The need for a settling basin for removal of extracted sediment, disposal of dredging aiid return of extracted water for re-use in the twin canal - The need for extended outlet pipes to pass sediment water flows from the Jamrao Canal inlet channel under the twin canal inlet channel to the settling basin Design of Vortex Tubes The design consiL.5 of a circular tube closed at one one end and placed central line slit are to its of formed carried below the canal bed and at right angles level the
of 9

to the 108) the for

of the canal, tangentially out together

in

water and sediment to the

the

entry

through a (RL by

to the tube canal bed

Y tub_. A ratio

( hori7ontal

op n end met

of the

tube

vortex formed

tube length

diameter length 3.3 ft.

was

selected

which

criterian

acceptable

distribution of flow intensity in while also limiting of The design data the

to the tube along to a maximum is summarized

tube head losses two ejectors

in Table 2.

Table 2 Data on dimensions of the Jamrao & Twin vortex tube structures Dimensions Channel width (ft) Channel capacity (Cusecs) Channel depth (ft) Vortex tube capacity (Cusecs) Maximum head (ft) Number of tubes Tube diameter (ft) Tube length (ft) Slit opening (ft) Oulet pipe diameter (ft) Ds0 bed materIal (mm) Trapping efficiency (%) Return flow cusecs Extraction ratio (%) Jamrao Canal 150 3095 7.0 607 11.25 3 5 45 1.5 5.5 0.20 79.0 20 Twin canal 150 2605 7.0 250 11.25 3 5 45 1.5 5.5 .0.20 65.0 857 10

The outlet pipes for the tubes of both structures var in length according to their position. The longest tube has a length according to their position. The Ionges'ttube has a length of 386 ft. The slits of the vortex tubes have opening of 1.5 ft. Gates were located at the pipe out-le for control of flow. In addition, gates were also located on the vortex of the outlet pipes for tubes to enable the isolation maintenance. Maintenance access was provided at wells located in the piers and common embankment between the inlet canals. The head losses were minimised by providing covers to the openings in the outlet pipes at the access wells and transitions for the change in the diameter between the vortex tube and outlet pipes. The 1/15. model was constructed to an tindistorted scale of

two channels, the Jamrao Canal and Twin Canal length of each being equal to 90 ft. corresponding to a protype length of 1350 ft. Three vortex tubes for each canal It consists of length equal to 45 ft. and a tube diameter of 5.0 't. were installed with the top of slit at RL 108,00. The exact diameters of PVC pipes for the vortex tubes and outlet pipe diameters were not available so pipes of slightly different diameters were used as follows

Required diameter (mm) Available diameter (mm) PVC the model. pipes have a thickness

71 70 values of 1/10

102 99 mm in

112 112 the in

inner surface

which make

them appropriate

for application

A transition structure located between the outlet pipes and the settling basin serves as an energy dissipator, and a diffuser to reduce velocities and to spread flows the various outlets Calibration of to the settling basin. a bend from

the Model

The bed reoughness and sediment transport for the model and prototype have also been calculated by means of five appropriate prediction methods. Methods VREI[ EIIEII AWW PB B KK The following Bed Roughness Van Rijin Engelund & Hansen White,Paris Brownlie Karim & Kennedy is predicted and measured values for bed Sediment Engelund transport & Hansen

Engelund & Hansen

& Fetters Ackers & White

roughness and sediment transport. Table 3 Predicted and Measured Model characteristics Bed Roughness
(m2/s)

Canal

Discharge Cusecs

MetIiod

Water depth
(in)

Velocity (m/s)

Slope

Jamrao Inlet

3095

TWin Inlet

2605

VRE[I EIIEIT AWW PB KK B Model Values VROI EIE ANU PB KK B Model value

0.1.2 0.15 0.12 0.20 0.15 0.14 0.11 0.13 OI 0.11 0.18 0.14 0.14 4

0.27 0.21 0.28 0.16 0.21 0.22 0.26 0.21 0.27 0.16 0.21 0.20

62 45 67 30 45 50 62 46 67 30 45 45

6792 6879 6792 6792 7116 6747 6340 6347 6347 6800

Table 4

Prototype & model Estimates for Sediment

Transport

Canal

Discharge
(Cusecs)

Method

Bed Roughness fm /s) Prototype !Model

Sediment pp' Prototype 187

80 210

Sediment ppm (Model 27

9 -

Transport Transport

Jamrao Inilet

3095

VRE1[
EIIEII AWW PB

44
53 43

50
-

KK
B

49
48

Twin Canal

2605

VREII EIIEI
AWW PB

43 51
43

45
-

187 88
-

27 9
-

KK
B

47
47

From the above, it appears that prototype and model values are similar to the VROI method and the same was adopted on the model. Estimation of Sediment Transport on the Model. The apparent valume of sediment equivalent to 27 ppm has been calculated as under :Discharge
_

3100

87.8

m3/S

15 2.5 Sediment Transport

=

152.5 27 ppm 87.8 5m 3, IS X 3600

Apparent Volume= 2650kg/m 27.10-3 3 xO.6 kg/m 3 = 0.0062 m3 /h

= 6.2 litre/hour Tle apparent volume of sediment equivalent to 27 ppm has been calculated as 6.2 liters/hour which was injected during the running of the md6s. OBJECTIVES The objectives of the test programme are 1. To examine the following flow related problems without sediment: the relationship between discharge and gate openings of the outlet gate of different water levels in the Jnmrao and Win canals and the settling basin, and the relationship ion the model between the head loss accross the slit and discharge.

2. 3. METHODOLGY

To study the performance of the diffusers at the enterance of the settling basin To study the performance of vortex tubes, self cleaning of possible deposits in the tubes, etc.

The relationship in the model between discharge and gate openings of the outlet can be used in the field in determining the gate opening needed to provide a required discharge through the tubes. The head loss accross the slits was detenined by calculating the total energy head (the sum of the velocity head and pressure head minus the water level in the settling basin). For proper functioning of the diffusers, gates is to be examined as the discharge through controlled at differnt points, i.e at the location of the the tubes can be pier gates and

the outlet gates,

central access well gates. Gate Openings/Total Energy HIead Gate openings for various gate locations were fixed so as to correspond to 20,40,60,80 and 100 percent in all cases. Measurements were made for the total energy head, i.e the difference between the water level in the canal and in the settling basin. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) 115.0 115.0 111.5 11.5 103.75 105.50 103.75 105.50
= =

11.25 ft. 9.25 ft 7.75 ft 6.00 ft

)
) Kharif )

) Rabi )

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS i) Relationship discharge/Gate opening The relationship between discharge and gate opening was determined for all vortex tubes for different locations of the gates. In each case, five different openings linearly distributed upto a full opening were locations of tested. the The relationships were found for vortex tubes for different identical. The gates to be linear and

relationship for vortex tube no.3 for gate locations at the outlet, CAW I and Pier I is shown in FIG: 2, 3 and 4.

Relationship discliarge/Ifead loss across slit llhe relationship between the head across the slit (, II) and for the nr: vortex tubes 2, 3,4 and 6 proved to be linear in both observed and estimated values (FIG: ). 'Tihe estimated head loss equation is based oil (ii) tle following equations :

(Vo) 2
hslit Vo
=

1
2g

--

nd

4Q 2

Wlhere CV h
It
=

=
=

0.721 tan h (0.2422 I/d)

1

for

0.3d

T -

lo

h + V2 /2g Pressure head in the vortex tubes Tube dischgarge Tube slit length Slit width

1o Q

I
t d CV (iii)

= = =

Tube diameter
0.7028 for I = 45, t = 1.5 and d = 5.0

Functioning of vortex Tube/Self cleaning operation 'ests for self cleaning performance of vortex tube were caried the tests were restricted to vortex tube nr:3, being the

out.

Initially,

longest tube and the problem of self cleaning as compared to other tubes will be somewhat more complex. Thie vortex tube was artifically choked by filling the sand by 50% and then IC'1%. Ilie gate openings were maintained at outlet gate 3, central access well and at pier nr: 1. The following details are as follows

TABLE

TEST FOR SELF CLEANING

OF VORTEX

TUBE

Test NO:

Test Conditions

Gate

opening

Discharge (cusecs)

Time four

Results

Vortex tube nr: 3 choked by 50%

Outlet

75

2-30 From Left side 0-15 15-26 25-34 34-45 ft. ft. ft. ft. 100% remiove d 60% removed 25% removed 10% removed

2 3

Vortex tube nr: 3 choked by 50% Vortex tube nr: 3 choked by 50% Vortex tube nr: choked by 100% 3

CAW 1 Pier 1

203 203

2-0

All cleared

2-30 All cleared

Outlet

203

2-0

All cleared

(iv)Functioning of diffuser channel For proper functioning of diffuser channels, the gate openings

were tested for different locations, giving satisfactory results. However, proper energy dissipation is there is no other alternative not taking place in of gate location. diffuser nr; I because In order to improve the

conditions, channel nr:1

the design of crest level at RL 101.5 at the end of diffuser has been raised to RL 102 and 102.5 for different tests

carried out on the model.

Besides that baffle wall of height 0,75ft. was the diffuser channel 1.

also fixed to reduce the velocities in

A comparison of velocities observed along longitudinal section of diffuser is given below :

TABLE 4 VELOCITY MEASURMENTS

Test No:
1. 2 3 4 (i) (ii)

Test
Cest

conditions
at RL 101.5 102.0 102.5 102.0

Velocities

(Maximum
25 22.5 20 16

=-

ft/sec

Crest at RL Crest at RL Crest at RL

A baffle wall of height of 0.75 ft. fixed at a distance of 20 ft.from outlet gate

The profile of velocity distribution along longitudinal section

of the diffuser for different tests is also plotted in FIG:6. With

introduction of a baffle wall, the maximum velocity reduces to 16 ft/sec. which shows that energy dissipation in the diffuser is adequate and the flow conditions improve satisfactorily. (v) Flow Pattern Flow pattern recorded pictorially in the Jamrao and TWin Canals separately and at the transition structure located between the outlet pipes and settling basin is shown in Photo 1,2 3 and 4. 'lle flow is uniform in both channels. CONCUI'UIONS TMe following conclusions are drawn lle relationship between discharge and gate opening can be used in the field for proper functioning of sediment ejectors. An empirical relationship in terms of head loss across slit ( A 11) and Q 2(discharge through tube) was compared with the estimated values and found to be linear and identical. lie functioning/self cleaning operation for vortex tube NO.3 is achieved when the maximum discharge of 203 cusecs is passed through it. In case of less discharge, partial clearance of the tube is achieved. For proper functioning of diffuser channel 1, the introduction

of a baffle wall of height 0.75 ft. and fixed at a distance of 20 ft. from the outlet gate, gives satisfactory results. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURE RESEARCH lhe design of vortex tube sediment ejectors for the Jamrao Canal is based on the methods developed by the Hydraulic Research Wallingford, U.K. 'T'he design and working of the system are to be vel.ified at the prototype before application to other canals. lle construction of Vortex Tube sediment ejectors at the Jamrao site is underway and] it will take some time for its operation.

The design of Vortex Tubes also requires verification with the conventimnal methods being used in Pakistan which ate based on the Froude number with maximum trapping efficiency is to be attained at 0.8.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors Government of

express and

their USAID

appreciation through for the

to

the

Pakistan

International financial from IIMI

Irrigation Management support of this

Institute

(IIMI)

study.

Technical

assistance

through Dr. Bagh Ali Shahid, Principal Irrigation Engineer is also appreciated.

10

Referemce ACOP, 1979. Baseline Data Including prel.iinary Evaluation of JzuiIrao (Ex-Nara) Canal. Al.luvia. Channel Observation Project (ACOP). Waler and Power Developnent Authority. Ackers, P.1984.Sediment Transport in Sewers and Design ImiplicaLions. Operatlion and Construction, International Conference on Planning, Maintenance of Sewerage Systems held at the University of Reading UK. EI1IRA Granfield and 'Lie Water Rescarch Centre UK.

Fulgelund, F. and E.1lansen. 1967. Teknish Forlag, Copelhagen Denmark.

A Monograph

of SedimenL

Transport.

Lawrance,

P.1989 Canal I)esign Friction and Transport Predictors. for Canal sediment extractors.

procedures Design P. l.Twrenco. ilydrau[ics Research Wallingford.

MLA. Brett, CJN Davey and Shamiiuddin Ahmed 1992 Design of Vortex Tube Sand Extractors For the Jamrao Canal. Milhmood et. al. 19814, X,X[,XII, and XIII. 1.986 and 1987. ACOP Canal Rxu.[librium Data Volume

Surnary of 1974-1984 Data. Envireental and Water Resources Programm Reports MYR-84-2, EIM-86-1., 2 and 3, and International Water Resources Institute Reports IWR.-87-1, 2 and 3. School. of Engineering and Applied Science. 'lice George Washington University, Washington, D.C. UK and Government of Punjab Hydrau.ics Research Ltd. Walingford, aihore Pakistan Measurement and Control., Irrigation & Power Department, and kes~igii of Irrigati-on Cana.]s. Left Bank Outfal.1 Drain Stage I Project, Irrigation )evel.opment in

Sindh . 1.990,
Model Studies.

RIemode .ing

or Nara Canal,

Report on Jamrao Ilead works

in Left Bank Outfall Drain Stage 1 Project, Irrigation Deveiopment Ileadworks 1990, Remodelling of Nara Canal, Report on Jamrao Sindh. Model Studi.es volume VI.
MNP. Ltd. 1981. Chatra Main Canal restoration. Sir M.MacDonald and Partners

11

Reference PWD 1934. Completion Report of the Liod Barrage and Canals Construction Scheme, Sindh 1923, 1933 Volume VI. Government of Bombay Public Works Department (PWD). PRC. 1986. Study of Establish Hydraulic Design Criteria for Pakistan Irrigation System. Goverzment of Pakistan, United States Agency for International System Management Project. PRC Engineering/Cheechi. Rijin, L.C. Van. 1985. Sediment Transport, Part 3: Bed forms and Alluvial Roughness. Publication No.334. Delft Hydraulic Laboratory, Netherlands. Singh, P.N. 1983. Vortex Tube Field Measurements. 55. ydraulic Research, Wallingford, UK. White, S.1981. I)esign Vortex tubes Slit extractors. Hydraulic, Wallingford. Report OD.

OD.

37

12

,,i

'-

H"

:t; ,'

. "., "-

.'.

. -.

,"

FIGURE I

F" i.

.;

" .

*,)'"'

'

.~ .

.:..

TEMPORARY JAMRAO INLET CIIANNEI

'/

,, ,

.JAMRAO
...

CANAL.".

)..

.,

'

-.4'

'IPROPOSED ~~%

TWIN CANAL

LOWER NARA CANAL

4"

,.

"

,I'

T.''

V"

"

Ci

"

S'P.

AJ'N'OING ,' BCAN . N/ , VORT EX ITUBE SAN!)EXTIRAC'I'OR!S

'."

.,-.

JAMIRAO INLET*CHANNEIL

: ..

:.,,,

:,'".,

,\.A;.

...

...

, .',.,:',;0".'
NARA CANAL,,/

". .

SETTLING

:
TWIN

"

\"/

"

BASIN

CHIANNEL."
-.- -- -- -. '1,,/' li

.,r'.

i~~ it

',

'

"~t.!

UU",C

P.'.U

-*"';;'
2 ..... .

,
-

'.- ',.S
...... /

I.R. UC
',

"'U / \
r'/ "

JAIA

fl( :TUB II
",:

... .

~
. .

RANSITION
. ...... . STRUCTURE.....

LET FAK B 'urAiL onAl ISTXQE, .,P

6
... - !"' '

- ---------

IT AN . .

. ......

!: .

.. .

. -' .-.--. --

I-.

..

""-

'

,-',"

SECTION VORTEX TUBE SAND EXTRACTORS

FIGURE: 2

DISCHARGE

VORTEX TUBE NO-3 DIA

5-5'

11-2 w w(6 L L , 9 5

(6)23

19

20

(6 _2

o7-75:
-0

(118)
q6) 55 (110

.(169(1 4
(160)(7(10

205Y

50

100 DISCHARGE

150 IN CUSECS

2d0

250 M. M.A.NARAI

FIGURE:3 DISCHARGE CAW 1 DIA- 5-5'

1125

(50) (48) 4z 0

(112) (108) (172)

(182)v (210)

(222)

(240)-

LL

(0

(154)9

((48)

S75
-r0

6-0

(35)

((99),v

(138)

(165)

50

100 DISCHARGE

150 IN CUSECS

260

250

M.A-NARA[

DISCHARGE PIER

NO 1

DIA

5 .0

11-25

52)

(128

(180

(211)

(228)

LL 9

122)
ILn
LI.Iu .

__

_ _

_
(.5

(170)

.(/-,8 ,

(195)

21

..

7.A 7 ( 7 )203

(1

6 (14) (162 (180)

o~lu

7.5(4)/,

5100

50 N__A_ A IEC

,M-ANA RAI

FIGURE: 5 HEAD LOSS SLIT

VORTEX TUBE NO3 DIAMETER 5"

VORTEX TUBE NO DIAMETER 5-5"

4" 11-25' . 9-25 0 7,75 - 6-0 '

:

1125'
9-5' 7-75 6-0'

4-

oo

150 DISCHARGE

200 IN CUSECS

50

00

150 DISCHARGE IN CUSECS

2'00

LlA

%IADAI

FIG: 6 VELOCITY
CHANNEL 105

PROFILE
NO I

THROUGH

DIFF-J8ER

TEST:NO04

100BAFFLE W#ALL HEIGHT=0-75FT 105 0 20 4,t0 6'0 80 DIFFUSER NO.1 CREST R-L 102-0 TEST:3 d0 103-75

1000 80000

o0

i'
DIFFUSER

4 0

'0
103-75

1 00

NO1 CREST R.L.102-5

TEST :NO:2

0 105"

20 DIFFUSER

4.0

6.0 R-L 102.0

80

100lo TEST:NO:l 103.75

NO1 CREST

V E 1-0 Cs Tr-. SCAE5CALE-

26-

2'0 DIFFUSER

O NO

60

80100 101-5

1 CREST RL

VORTI.X TUIFS

TRANS ITION SIR U(TU RI1/15 SCALE MOlUl

Photo. 2

FLOW PATTERN IN TWIN CNALS

Photo

FLOW PATTERN IN DIFFUSER

CHANNEL

Photo: 4

- P

FLOW PATTERN

IN SETTLING BASIN

GOVERNMENT IRRIGATION AND

OF POWER

SIND[ DEPARTMENT

TECIANICAL ON

REPORT

COLLECTION OF HYDROLOGICAL DATA AND MONITORING OF IRRIGATION WATER IN THE PROVINCE OF SINDI1

DIRECTORATE

OF

HYDROLOGY

&

RESEARCH

IN

SINDI[

HYDERABAD

GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN - USAID IRRIGATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT RESEARCH PROJECT WITH TECILANICAL ASSISTANCE FROM THE INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE.

MAY, 1993

CONTENTS

Page Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Objectives 3 Methodology 4 Result and Discussions Index Map Hydrological Data Hiral Canal System Water quality Analysis Report Hiral Canal System Hydrological Data Samarjo Branch System Water Quality Analysis Report of Samarjo Branch System Hydrological Data Khipro Canal System Water Quality Analysis Report Khipro Canal System Hydrological Data Nara Canal System Water Quality Analysis Report Nara Canal System Hydrological Data Thar Canal System Water Quality Analysis Report Thar Canal System Conclusions 18 References 19 Recommendations 19 Acknowledgements 19 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 15 16 17

COLLECTION IRRIGATION

OF WATER

HYDROLOGICAL IN TIE

DATA OF

AND

NONITORING

CF

PROVINCE

SINDI.

MUHAMMAD KHAN MEMON

&

MUHAMMAD

YOUNIS

KIHOKJIAR.

ABSTRACT The main task of the collection of the Hydrological data and Monitoring of Irrigation Water in the Province of Sindh in Hydrology to provide information of the Irrigation water to the farmers as well as Irrigation Engineers. At present, surface water from River Insus Basin through Canal distributries and Minors, and ground water through tube wells are co ion Irrigation sources in the Province of Si.ndh for cultivation of the crops. The quality of water being used is not known to the farmers as well as to Irrigation Engineers. 'le reason of this is that the Chemical testing of Irrigation water has not been carried out by any agencies in the Province of Sindh. The main objective of this study is control efforts and use. Directorate at Hyderabad, is

to help in the quality

As we all know, the professional knowledge about the water characteristics is quite important otherwise fertile lands will loose their fertiligy with the addition of salts. Irrigation To start with Research Study of Nara Canal Circle of Sukkur Barrage has been taken in hand for monitoring of Irrigation water. Director, Hydrology & Re-narch in Sndh Hyderabad and Research Officer (Soil & Water), Soil Mech.-. 1 ics & Hydraulics Field P., Research Station, Hyderabad Sindh, Irrigation & Power Department, Govcrnment of Sindh respectively.

I.

INTRODUCTION.

Colloction of Hydrological Data of Monitoring of Irrigation Water Complete Canal the chemical and in the study Province of Sindh is a systematic for determining and has Research the quality of

water

ground at

water, Field

been carried Station, the

out in

Chemical

Section Officer,

Iyderabad supervision

by Research

(Soil

& Water)

under

of Deputy Director, Soil Mechanics & Hydraulics Laboratory, Karachi during, 1992-93.

The the by Ground Hunting

last

such study was

carried out and

in

1954 by

Water

Developmen:

Organization The

there-after of

Techanical Water in

Services. are not

composition and

Irrigation

detail

available

neither

such study has been compiled so far tor quality monitoring purpose.

This Research Study will guide to the Irrigation Engineers application and serves of good as useful penpose to to their the Farmers in land with the

quality water

aim to increase agricultural productivity.

II

OBJECTIVES

Irrigation with good q,.ality water acids some salts to Soil, Water evnporates in 1urestate lc.avig l.chin, the salts, nas in remaining soil solution and become 4 to 10 times that of the Irrigation Water within 3 to 7 days. The qiality of salt added depends purely upon the quntum of the water [oodcd on lrid (Sd I ) and the ;oa1tri concentration available in water. This study is therefore vital and is being taken in hand. soou As Water is al)sorbed by evapo-transpiration, salts concentrates

Even

After conducting this Basic Research Study, the suitablity of Irrigation Water will be offered to Irrigation Engineers and farmers. Any hazards found during the testing would be informed to the concerned in the best interest of crop productivity, so that Government would be able to take tinely action. III RESEARCH STUDY The following Chemical tests
-

were performed:

Determination of Cations (i,e Ca, Mg. Na, K) Determination of Anions (i,e C03, 11CC0 3 , CL, so4 ) Determination of T.D.S. Determination of PIf 171:,II. value Determination or Salinity status/

Determination of Residual sodium carbonate m.eq./liter, (RSC m.eq/liter)

Determination of Sodium absorption ration (i.e SAR)

IV

METHODOLOGY

Water samples of the Irrigation Minors, Distributries and Canals have been collected
Plastic bottles, completely cleaned and

channels, in 500 ml

rinsed

with

Irrigation

Water.

These

samples

were

brought

to

the

Laboratory for Chemical analysis to evaluate its suitability.

The detected by

total the

soluable Laboratory per

salts,

11 P

value

have

been and by

instruments. have i.e been

Cations determined method

Anions/milliequivalent quanta tivelytri tation

litre

method

versinate

),

Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) and Sodium Absorption ration (SAR) have been calculated arithmatically.

Suitability have been checked

of

the

Water

for

Irrigation

purpose The,

by International

Irrigation method.

data regarding the private and public Sectors Tube Well water in this regard are not available, hence suitability has been limited to the Canal Water only so far this Research Study is concerned.

V.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The results show that of the chemical of of the Analysis water of the is is Ist not Nara class more

Canal Water than

Circle as 1000,

quality

Electrical SAR

conductivity and RSC

this Water also within

value

are

permissible

limits. The determined on conductivity Residual parameters water, 2nd: chemical

quality

of

Irrigation i.e.

water

is

the basis of three (EC), Sodium

Parameters,

Electrical (SAR), of and

Absorption (RSC). The

Ratio limit

Sodium used

Carbonate for

various

classification water

of water as and 3rd:

Ist:/usable

Class/Marginal

class/Hazardous

water are given below : SUITABILITY Ist: Class/usable water

PARAMETERS EC in p.p.m. RSC.m.eq/litre SAR 0-25 2.5-5.0 Above 5.0 0-10 10-18 Above 18 1000 p.p.m

2nd: Class/Marginal Water 3rd: Class/Hazardous water There is

1500 p.p.m More than 1500 p.p.m

due

some slightly variation in readings, that is only to the impurities being thrown by the peoples in canal water, as

common routines. 48 Water samples have been collected from the Minors

Channels and distributories of the Thar Division, which were Analysed for Monitoring of Irrigation Water. form. 33 Water samples have been collected from channels/Minors of Mtithrao and Jamrao Divisions. The testing of these are in Progre3s and could not be incorporated in this report due to shortage of time. 1he The results are g.ven below in tabular

sulpplementary report would be published later on, would be completed, keeping in view financial aspects.

as and when testing

L INDEXINDEX MINOR L-THAR

SUB:DIV:N DR :
0

PLAN
DIVISION
SCALE 1:8' MILES

LOCATION OF WATER SAMPLE=

/
r1
0
-

S
00

It

to,'

TRACED BY MUNEER NARA! CHECKED BY MOIID ABIll KHAN 6

TABLE

HYDROLOGICAL OF CANAL

DATA

HIRAL

SYSTEH

Designed' Name of Channel R.D Total Mileage Discharge Cusecs

Area Settled Acres Modules

1. Iiral Canal

70+000

14+000

222+92

25646

29

2. Boilo

MR:

9+000

1+4000

1.3.66

3,753

3. Ahur

M11:

22+500

4+2500

21.46

2,259

4. Kangni

MR:

15+000

3+000

24.87

4,745

5. Kandiaro

MR:

7+300

1+2300

24.60

2,738

MR:

= Minor.

TABLE 2

WANhIR QUALI LY ANAYSIS REPORT l11-AL CANAL SYSTPI'S

S. No. NAME OF TEST

IIRAL CANAL

BOILO MINOR

AIlUll MINOR

KANGNI MINOR

KANDIARO MINOR

I 2 3

Ca/* Mg/" Na/"

1.9 1.2 1.8

1.8 1.2 1.8

1.0 2.0 1.4

1.0 1.8 1.2

1.6 1.6 1.4

4 5

Total cations CO 3 * 11CO 3 CL *

4.9 0.0 1.7 1.9

4.8 0.0

4.4 0.0 1.4 1.5

4.3 0.0 1.2 1.3

4.6 0.0

6 7

1.7

1.5 1.6

[.8 1.3 4.8 276

460 7.6 0.0 1.4

8 9 10
11 12 13 14

sO 4. Total Anions T.D.S

ECx1O 6 @ 25C
t Value Pi

1.3 4.9 284

470 7.5 0.0 1.4

1.5 4.4 256

420 7.4 0.0 1.1

1.8 4.3 248

410 7.4 0.0 0.9

1.5 4.6 268

440 7.5 0.0 1.1

RSC. * SAR

m.eq/litre

TABLE 3

IYDROLOGICAL SAMARJO BRANCh

DATA SYSTEM

S.No:

Name of Channel

R.D

Total Mileage

Designed Area Discharge Settled lodules Cusecs Acres

1.

Samarjo

MR:

74+450

14+4450

223.07

64,700

28

2.

Santore

MI:

33+900

6+3900

19+54

6,274

13

3.

Darobazar

MR:

39+600

7+4600

43.63

13,107

22

4.

Girhore

MR:

56+900

11+1900

77.78

22,204

40

5.

Tigusar

MR:

15+500

3+0500

18.18

3,627

MR: =

Minor

TABLE

WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS REPORT SAMARO BRANCH SYSTEM

S.No:

NAME OF TEST

SAMARJO BRANCH

SANTORE MINOR

DARO BAZAR MINOR

GIRIJORE MINOR

TIGUSAR MINOR

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

CA/* Mg/ " Na/

2.2 1.2 1.7 4.9 0.0 1.6 1.9 1.4 4.9 200 470 7.4 0.0 1.3

1.7 1.3 1.8 4.8 0.0 1.7 1.7 1.4 4.8 272 460 7.5 0.0 1.4
'

1.6 1.5 1.6 4.7 0.0 1.5 1.9 1.3 4.7 268 450 7.5 0.0 1.2

1.7 1.3 1.9 4.9 0.0 1.8 2.0 1.1 4.9 280 470 7.4 0.0 1.5

2.0 1.2 1.8 5.0 0.0 1.6 2.2 1.2 5.0 292 480 7.6 0.0 1.4

"

Total cations C0 3 /* 1CO CL. SO4 . Total Anions T.D.S ECxlO 5 @ 2.5C p Value
3

' *

RSC. SAR

m.eq/litre

10

TABLE

IrYDROLOGYCAL KIIlPRO CANAL

DATA SYSTEM

S.NO:

NAME OF THE CHANNEL

R.D

TOTAL MILEAGE

DISGNED DISCHARGE CUSECS 973+84 90.38 15+43 25+11 15+42 14v26 26+60 55+72 60.24 7.26 14+50 9.80 84+14 24.04 76+56 11+18 101+15 15+45

AREA SETTLED ACRS 269960 14069 4940 8391 11711 4705 7567 14155 15552 1921 4747 3164 27460 7040 13290 3550 26761 4662

MODULES

1. 2. 3.

Khipro Canal Chotiary Gharo Dhorojanib Sadhano.4 Jagir Rohro Khori Lal Khan Kamaro Shah Bux Hathango Sarhal Thebo Juman Sigh Khahi Pithoro Dy. MR. MR. MR. MR. MR. DY. DY. MR. MR. MR. DY. MR. DY. MR. DY. MR.

245+000 49.148 22+800 314000 10+000 22+100 34+037 391300 49+100 7+000 15+400 15+600 51+900 29+000 44+900 21+900 53+600 18+600

49+000 9+4148 4+2800 641000 2+0000 4+2100 6+4037 7+4300 9+4100 1+2600 3+0400 3+0600 11F2900 5+4000 84-4900 4+1900 10+3600 3+3600

43 29 11 14 10 10 16 20 25 3 12 8 40 12 27 6 42 6

4.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15 16. 17. 18.

DY. MR.

= =

Distributory. Minor

11

TABLE

WATER

QUALITY

ANALYSIS

REPORT

KIIIPRO

CANAL

SYSTEM

S.NO. NAME OF TEST

KIIIPRO
CANAL

CIIOTIARI
DISTRY

GIIORO
HINOR

DIIORO
JANIB

SADRO JAGIR
NO. ' MINOR

ROIIRO
MINOR

KIIORI
DY.

LAL KMIAN
DISTRY

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Ca/ * Mg/ Na/ Total cations Co3 . * IICo 3 . CL. So4 . Total Anions T.D.S ECx1O 6 @ 25 C P1 Value RSC. * SAR "

2.1 1.1 1.6 4.8 0.0 1.7 1.5 1.6 4.8 280 460 7.5 0.0 1.2

1.4 1.6 1.5 4.5 0.0 1.7 1.0 2.0 4.5 260 430 7.5 0.0 1.2

1.5 1.6 1.3 4.4 0.0 1.4 1.2 1.8 4.4 252 420 7.6 0.0 1.0

1.6 1.4 1.3 4.3 0.0 1.4 1.1 1.8 4.3 248 410 7.6 0.0 1.0

2.0 1.3 1.5 4.8 0.0 1.6 1.1 2.1 4.8 276 460 7.4 0.0 1.1

2.0 1.2 1.7 4.9 0.0 1.6 1.2 2.1 4.9 280 470 7.4 0.0 1.3

1.9 1.4 1.5 4.8 0.0 1.7 1.3 1.8 4.8 276 460 7.5 0.0 1.1

1.6 1.4 1.4 4.4 0.0 1.3 1.2 1.9 4.4 256 420 7.4 0.0 1.1

1.7 1.3 1.3 4.3 0.0 1.5 1.2 1.6 4.3 248 410 7.4 0.0 1.1

nm.eq/litre

12

TABLE 6

WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS KIlPRO CANAL SYST

REPORT

SNO.

NATE, OD TEST

MAMARO MINOR

SHAHl BUX MINOR

IATIHANGO MINOR

SARIJAL DISTRY

TIFEBO JUMAN SIGH KI[AHI PITIORO MINOR DITRY:MINR DIST: MINOR

1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Ca/ * Mg/ * Na!

Total cations Co 3 ICo 3 CL. So Total Anions T.D.S ECxIO 6 @250C Pi Value RSC. * SAR
*

2.0 1.2 1.6

4.8 0.0 1.6 1.3 1.9 4.8 284 460 7.5 0.0 1.2

1.9 1.2 1.5

4.6 0.0 1.2 1.0 2.4 4.6 264 440 7.6 0.0 1.2

1.4 1.8 1.1

4.3 0.0 1.3 1.1 1.9 4.3 244 410 7.4 0.0 0.8

1.4 1.9 1.2

4.5 0.0 1.7 1.0 1.8 4.5 260 430 7.5 0.0 0.9

2.0 1.1 1.8

4.9 0.0 1.5 1.4 2.0 4.9 284 470 7.6 0.0 1.4

1.9 1.1 1.4

4.4 0.0 1.3 1.3 1..8 4.4 256 420 7.4 0.n 1.1

1.8 1.2 1.3

4.3 0.0 1.4 1.2 1.7 4.4 248 410 7.4 0.0 1.0

1.6 1.6 1.0

4.2 0.0 1.2 1.5 1.5 4.2 244 400 7.3 0.0 0.7

1.8 1.2 1.8

4.8 0.0 1.7 1.8 1.3 4.8 276 460 7.5 0.0 1.4

' =m.eq/litre

13

TABLE 8

HYDROLOGICAL NARA CANAL

DATA SYSTEM

S.No:

NAME OFCHANNEL

R.D

TOTAL MILEAGE

DESIGNED SETTLED DISCHARGE

MODULE

I!,-

Nara Canal

531+850

106+1850

7888 D/S 2189 D/S

6,33,680

156

Smathri Minor

65+000

13+0000

68.37

22,192

40

Bughdad Minor Iferan Distry Khadwari Minor Bakar Distry: Junejo Minor Farash Distry: Sarhari Distry:

10+400

4+0400

12.00

4,427

27+000

5+2000

62.39

12,278

23

5 6 7 8.

17+000 44+390 11+500 75+500

3+2000 8+4039 2+1500 15+0500

10.61 44.12 11.62 130.11

2,689 9,430 5,613 12,995

6 1.6 7 41

64+500

12+4500

171.09

16,565

33

10

Soofi Distry:

65+000

13+0000

77.30

18,502

38

14

TABLE

WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS REPORT OF NARA CANAL SYSTEM

NARA M Utll C:tF,1, MINE

llfU)VJ) IIN I[.0VT IAKAR MM NJ KNJ DISJY: M[NE DISY: Mt'U]

FlASIW I)TSIY:

SAI[AfI D.fSY:

,I DISEY:

1 2 3
4

Ca/

1.4 1.6 1.5

4.5

1.9 1.3 1.7

4.9

1.6 1.6 1.5

4.7

1.2 1.9 1.8

4.9

1.8 1.2 1.4

4.4

1.9 1.3 1.7

4.9

2.0 1.3 1.5

4.8

1.5 1.6 1.4

4.5

1.9 1.4 1.6

4.9

1.6 1.4 1.6

4.6

Mg/ *
Na. *

Total cations

Co3 IICO 3

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

1.4

1.6

1.5

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.5

1.6

1.5

1.5

CL.

1.4.

1.3

1.7

1.5

1.3

1.6

1.2

1.0

1.2

1.3

So4

2.7

2.0

1.5

2.1

1.7

1.8

2.1

1.9

2.2

1.8

Total Anions

4.5

4.9

4.7

4.9

4.4

4.9

4.8

4.5

4.9

4.6

10

T.D.S
6

260

284

272

284

256

280

276

260

284

268

11

FECxO

@ 25C

430

470

450

470

420

470

460

430

470

440

12

Value

7.5

7.4

7.4

7.5

7.4

7.5

7.6

7.5

7.5

7.4

13

RSC.*

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

14

SAR

1.2

1.3

1.1

1.4

1.1

1.3

1.].

1.2

1.3

1.3

m.eq/litre

15

TABLE

10

HYDROLOGICAL OF THAR CANAL

DATA

SYSTEM

S. No:

NAME

OF

CHANNEL

R.D

MILE

DESIGNED DISCHARGE

AREA SETTLED

MODULES

1.

Thar Canal

66+750

13+1750

1715+00

1,36,894

12

2.

Dhoronaro Canal

39+000

7+4000

112486

9,013

26

3.

Attai Distry:

23+1000

4+3100

67+70

5,475

4.

Gamoor Distry:

29+000

5+400

81.67

6,354

14

5.

Karna

Minor

10+800

2+0800

35.80

2,820

6.

Thar tail Disry:

58+000

11+3000

231..00

19,955

45

7.

Chhor

Wah

83+200

15+3200

349.63

23,290

38

8.

Mandhal Distry:

24+500

4+4500

123+60

,069

15

9.

Kotwah

50+000

10+000

370+23

29,194

54

10.

Noor

Wah

81+000

16+1.000

332+24

27,642

74

,, 1;6

TABLE

11

WAThR QUALITY ANALYSIS REPORT TIIAR CANAL SYSTEM

V.

IPE OF

11

rUI, 1An

ifrAI

URiXI2 N1
NII{R

CWL CR, L

DISIRY: DIJ

TIAR TAIL

CrnZ
IN I

MtMU-L
DLII:

In

i I' N1
WINtf

Ca/ * ig/" Na.

Total cations

1.4 1.6 1.4

4.4

1.7 1.6 1.5

4.8

1.7

1.7 1.4 1.3

4.4

1.8 1.5 1.i

4.7

1.4 1.5 1.5

4.4

1.5 1.6 1.4

4.5

1.6 1.4 1.4

4.4

1.9 1.3 1.6

4.8

1.4 1.6 1.4

4.4

1.5
1.4
4.6

Co IrCO 3 CL. So 4

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

1.3 1.4

1.8 1.9 1.1 4.8

1.4 1.9

1.4 1.3

1.5 1.6

1.4 1.8

1.5 1.7

1.3 1.7

1.7 2.0 1.1 4.8

1.2 1.2

1.7

1.3

1.7

1.6

1.2,

1.3

1.4

2.0

otal Anions T.D.S IICxlO 6 @ 25'C * ' Value

4.4

4.6

4.4

4.7

4.4

4.5

4.4

4.4

252

276

264

252

268

256

260

252

280

256

420 7.6

460 7.5

440 7.5

420 7.5

450 7.5

420 7.4

430 7.6

420 7.6

460 7.4

420 7.5

RSC. * SAR.

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0 1.1

0.0 1.1

0.0

0.0

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.0

1.0

2.2

1.2

1.0

m.eq/litre

17

CONCLUSSIONS

Keeping

in view

the

Laboratory report,

the

following results are concluded.

(i)

Irrigation Water being used by Sindh Farmers through of this study Minors, Channels,

Distributries is Ist Class Water.

(ii) There is no Chemical hazards in Irrigation

Water for the time being. variation in Cations/Anions is of due and to of etc. the

(iii)

Slight

Electrical characteries

conductivity the Soil

embankment

canals/distributries and impurities

channels/Minors thrown into

being

Irrigation Water. (iv) Turbidity impurities Water and of Irrigation thrown silt Water into and is the clay, due to

being due to

channel remains

suspended as sedinient transport phenomena.

18

RECOMMENDATIONS Contlnous Water quality testing on annual

i)

basis over canal supplies and tube well water should be made to monitor the result of the study. Funds may be made available to continue this study on regular basis in the best interest of Irrigation and Agricultural productivity. The report on this issued may be published so that information may be sent to the users, planners Projects. and designers of the Irrigation

ii)

iii)

REFERENCES techanical Service 1965, Lower Indus

i)

Hunting Report.

ii) iii)

Supplement 22 Sir M.Macdonal and partners. SCARP Minitoring Organization (South) WAPDA,

Water quality report published yearly. Hand Book No: and 60 United States of of America, and

iv)

Diagnosis

improvement

saline

Alkaline Soils. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Government Irrigation support Mr. Management Faqir (South) help in for of Managerent this Research Muhammad auther expresses USAID (IIMI) the auther his for appreciation their to

Pakistan study

and

through

International financial System to WAPDA

Institute Project. The

through Senior

Irrigation also Officer, for

appreciate

Jumani,

Research Ilydorabad

SCARP Monitoring

Laboratory

providing

the testing of Water Samples. 19