Storm Water Drainage System

(Subject area: Environmental Engineering)

Prepared by: Guided by: Name: Ankit Balyan Khabete B. Tech IV !i"il# Pr$%& !'(& )VNIT&)urat *$ll n$:+,-!',-. /ear: 0,,123, Mrs. Anjali

!IVI4 'NGIN''*ING ('PA*TM'NT ).V.NATI5NA4 IN)TIT+T' 56 T'!7N545G/&

)+*AT281.,,9

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Ankit Balyan of B Tech IV semester 7th has satisfactory completed his seminar report on Storm Water Draina e System in S!rat d!rin academic year "##$ % "#&#.

Si nat!re of !ide'

Si nat!re of' (ead of Department

DATE: 11/11/09

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT S.V.NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,

SURAT-395007

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take opport!nity to e)press my deep sense of ratit!de and inde*tedness to +rof. An,ali -ham*ete in .i/il 0n ineerin department1 S.V.2.I.T1 S!rat for her /al!a*le !idance1 !sef!l comments and co3operation 4ith kind and enco!ra in attit!de at all sta es of the e)perimental 4ork for the s!ccessf!l completion of this 4ork. I am also thankf!l to S.V.2.I.T1 S!rat and its staff for pro/idin this opport!nity 4hich helped in ainin kno4led e and to make this 5rad!ate report s!ccessf!l.

Thank 6o! A !"# $%&'% U0(CE0(5

T%)&* +, C+ #* #-

Abstract .1 Introduction W at is Storm!ater 1 Storm!ater "ollution .# Storm Drain # Ancient $istory % Storm!ater &anagement Site Analysis ..' Adjoining (ro(erties ' "ublic sa)ety .' Estimating Storm!ater *uno)).+ Storm!ater Drainage System in Surat, -ase Study: Increasing t e Storm Water Drainage -a(acity o) &it i *iver in &umbai .. -onclusion 11

*e)erences.. 11

A$STRACT
STORM .ATER DRAINAGE REFERS TO THE NET.OR/ OF THE DRAINS LAID FOR THE PURPOSE OF CARRYING A.AY THE E0CESS RAIN .ATER, STREET .ASHINGS AND ROOF .ASHINGS, SO AS TO CLEAN THE ROADS OF THE STATIONARY STAGNANT .ATER. IN THE $AC/DROP OF THE RECENT UR$AN FLOODS E0PERIENCED IN SURAT, MUM$AI AND OTHER INDIAN CITIES THE ROLE OF THE STORM .ATER DRAINS HAS ASSUMED A VERY CRITICAL ROLE IN THE UR$AN LANDSCAPE. A LOT MORE ATTENTION IS $EING GIVEN TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROPER DRAINAGE NET.OR/S CAPA$LE OF MEETING NATURE1S .ORST POSSI$LE DEMANDS. IT IS A DEVELOPING AREA IN THE FIELD OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING TODAY AND A LOT OF .OR/ IS $EING DONE IN DEVELOPING SUSTAINA$LE UR$AN DRAINAGE.

INT*5(+!TI5N
.HAT IS STORM .ATER2 Storm4ater is a term !sed to descri*e 4ater that ori inates d!rin precipitation e/ents. It may also *e !sed to apply to 4ater that ori inates 4ith sno4melt or r!noff 4ater from o/er4aterin that enters the storm4ater system. Storm4ater that does not soak into the ro!nd *ecomes s!rface r!noff1 4hich either flo4s directly into s!rface 4ater4ays or is channeled into storm se4ers1 4hich e/ent!ally dischar e to s!rface 4aters. Storm4ater is of concern for t4o main iss!es'

one related to the /ol!me and timin s!pplies81 and

of r!noff 4ater 7flood control and 4ater

The other related to potential contaminants that the 4ater is carryin 1 i.e. 4ater poll!tion.

A storm draina e system is a net4ork of str!ct!res1 channels and !nder ro!nd pipes that carry storm 4ater 7rain 4ater8 to ponds1 lakes1 streams and ri/ers. The net4ork consists of *oth p!*lic and pri/ate systems.

)T5*M :AT'* P544+TI5N Beca!se imper/io!s s!rfaces 7parkin lots1 roads1 *!ildin s1 compacted soil8 do not allo4 rain to infiltrate into the ro!nd1 more r!noff is enerated than in the !nde/eloped condition. This additional r!noff can erode 4aterco!rses 7streams and ri/ers8 as 4ell as ca!se floodin 4hen the storm4ater collection system is o/er4helmed *y the additional flo4. Beca!se the 4ater is fl!shed o!t of the 4atershed d!rin the storm e/ent1 little infiltrates the soil1 replenishes ro!nd4ater1 or s!pplies stream *aseflo4 in dry 4eather. +oll!tants enterin s!rface 4aters d!rin precipitation e/ents are termed as poll!ted r!noff. Daily h!man acti/ities res!lt in deposition of poll!tants on roads1 la4ns1 roofs1 farm fields1 etc. When it rains or there is irri ation1 4ater r!ns off and !ltimately makes its 4ay to a ri/er1 lake1 or the ocean. While there is some atten!ation of these poll!tants *efore enterin the recei/in 4aters1 the 9!antity of h!man acti/ity res!lts in lar e eno! h 9!antities of poll!tants to impair these recei/in 4aters. +oll!ted r!noff from roads and hi h4ays is the lar est so!rce of 4ater poll!tion in coastal areas today.

/ig 1 *elations i( bet!een im(ervious sur)aces and sur)ace runo))

STORM DRAIN A storm drain1 storm se4er 7:.S.81 storm4ater drain1 drain 7A!stralia and 2e4 ;ealand8 or draina e 4ell system 7:-8 is desi ned to drain e)cess rain and ro!nd 4ater from pa/ed streets1 parkin lots1 side4alks1 and roofs. Storm drains /ary in desi n from small residential dry 4ells to lar e m!nicipal systems. They are fed *y street !tters on most motor4ays1 free4ays and other *!sy roads1 as 4ell as to4ns in areas 4hich e)perience hea/y rainfall1 floodin and coastal to4ns 4hich e)perience re !lar storms.

/ig #. Di))erent ty(es o) storm !ater drains

ANCIENT HISTORY Since the era that h!mans *e an li/in in concentrated /illa e or !r*an settin s1 storm4ater r!noff has presented itself as an iss!e. S!ch d4ellin styles can *e enerally related to the Bron<e A e 4hen considera*le amo!nts of imper/io!s s!rface emer ed as a factor in the desi n of early h!man settlements. Some of the early incorporation of storm4ater en ineerin is e/idenced in ancient 5reece. Archaeolo ical st!dies ha/e re/ealed !se of rather sophisticated storm4ater r!noff systems in ancient c!lt!res. =or e)ample1 in Minoan .rete appro)imately >### years *efore present cities s!ch as +haistos 4ere desi ned to ha/e storm drains and channels to collect precipitation r!noff. At .retan -nossos storm drains incl!de stone lined str!ct!res lar e eno! h for a person to cra4l thro! h. An early specific e)ample of storm4ater r!noff system desi n is fo!nd in the archaeolo ical reco/ery at Minoan +haistos on .rete. ?ther e)amples of early ci/ili<ations 4ith elements of storm4ater drain systems incl!de early people of Mainland ?rkney s!ch as 5!rness and the Bro! h of Birsay in Scotland.

STORM .ATER MANAGEMENT

Storm4ater mana ement is a f!ndamental consideration in the plannin and desi n of !r*an de/elopment. By considerin storm4ater mana ement at the initial desi n phase it is possi*le to ens!re /ia*le storm4ater mana ement sol!tions that are compati*le 4ith other desi n o*,ecti/es for the site. SITE ANALYSIS The site@s topo raphy 4ill ha/e a si nificant impact on the layo!t desi n. This is *eca!se storm4ater draina e systems almost al4ays rely on ra/ity. The layo!t of the de/elopment m!st *e confi !red so as to allo4 e)cess storm4ater to *e ra/ity3drained to a draina e system. Topo raphy 4ill also affect r!noff onto the site from s!rro!ndin properties. 0)istin o/erland flo4 paths sho!ld *e identified and retained. Where modifications to these are !na/oida*le1 they sho!ld *e desi ned so as to maintain e)istin hydrolo ical conditions. Draina e easements1 nat!ral 4aterco!rses and flood prone land sho!ld also *e identified and considered in the desi n process. It needs to *e *orne in mind that draina e easements containin !nder ro!nd pipes can operate as o/erland flo4 paths d!rin intense rainfall e/ents. B!ildin s m!st *e kept clear of draina e easements to ens!re p!*lic safety and to allo4 maintenance access. .onsideration also needs to *e i/en to local soil conditions. Aele/ant factors incl!de a*sorption capacity1 erosion potential1 soil salinity and the possi*ility of soil contamination from past acti/ities AD3OINING PROPERTIES ?ne of the *asic principles of storm4ater mana ement is to a/oid ad/erse storm4ater impacts on other properties. .aref!l consideration m!st *e i/en to controllin s!rface r!noff and s!*soil draina e to ad,oinin properties. The redirection and concentration of storm4ater flo4s onto nei h*orin properties may constit!te a Bn!isance@ at common la41 i/in affected o4ners a le al ri ht of redress. PU$LIC SAFETY Storm4ater r!noff from rare and intense storm e/ents can pose serio!s risks to life and property. It is essential that the desi n of o/erland flo4 paths1 on3site detention stora es and other storm4ater mana ement meas!res meet rele/ant safety criteria for pedestrians1 /ehicles and property dama e. =encin and landscapin sho!ld *e desi ned so as to minimi<e the potential for o/erland flo4 paths to *e o*str!cted d!rin rare and intense storm e/ents.

ESTIMATING STORM-.ATER RUNOFF

.alc!lation of the rate of storm34ater r!noff is important in determinin the si<e of inlets1 drains1 se4ers1 etc. All portions of the storm draina e system m!st *e desi ned to handle the peak flo4 anticipated !nder certain desi n conditions. The most 4idely !sed method for estimatin peak storm34ater r!noff is called the rationalformula method. This form!la ass!mes 7a8 that the rate of storm34ater r!n3off from an area is a direct f!nction of the a/era e rainfall rate d!rin the time that it takes the r!noff to tra/el from the most remote point of the tri*!tary area to the inlet or drain1 7b8 that the a/era e fre9!ency of occ!rrence of the peak r!noff e9!als the a/era e fre9!ency of occ!rrence of the rainfall rate1 and 7c8 that the 9!antity of storm 4ater lost d!e to e/aporation1 infiltration1 and s!rface depressions remains constant thro! ho!t the rainfall. The coefficient of runoff is a coefficient 4hich acco!nts for storm34ater losses attri*!ted to e/aporation1 infiltration1 and s!rface depressions. The peak /al!e of the flo4 rate Q of storm3 4ater r!noff is estimated !sin the follo4in e9!ations' Q = CIA ftCDs EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE..e9n 7&8 Q= mCDh EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE....e9n 7"8

Where C F coefficient of r!noff I F rainfall rate for a specified rainfall d!ration and a/era e fre9!ency of occ!rrence1 inDh 7cmDh8 A F tri*!tary area to the inlet or drain1 acres 7m"8 CHARACTER OF SURFACE COEFFICIENT OF RUNOFF +a/ement' Asphaltic and concrete #.7# % #.$G Brick #.7# % #.HG Aoofs #.7G % #.$G Ia4ns And Sandy Soil' =lat1 " percent #.#G % #.&# A/era e1 " to 7 percent #.&# % #.&G Steep1 7 percent #.&G % #."# Ia4ns1 hea/y soil' =lat1 " percent #.&C % #.&7 A/era e1 " to 7 percent #.&H % #."" Steep1 7 percent #."G % #.CG Table 3 Typical "alues %$r the c$e%%icient $% run$%% A i/en site may ha/e areas 4ith different coefficients of r!noff all drainin to a common point. It is desira*le to !se a sin le coefficient of r!noff for the entire area. S!ch a dimensionless coefficient 7termed a wei !te" coefficient of runoff# Cw1 can *e calc!lated !sin

.4 F

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

e9n 7C8

4here A&$ A"$ and An are the area in acres 7m"81 and C& $ C" $ and Cn are the correspondin coefficients of r!noff of the indi/id!al tri*!tary areas to a common point. A 4ei hted coefficient of r!noff m!st *e calc!lated for each se ment of the storm4ater draina e system. In the desi n of a storm34ater draina e system1 r!noff m!st *e transported as fast as it is recei/ed1 !nless specific pro/isions are made for pondin of the e)cess r!noff 4hich the storm34ater draina e system cannot handle. Determination of the rainfall rate to *e !sed for desi n p!rposes in/ol/es an e/al!ation of the potential dama e 4hich co!ld occ!r as a res!lt of floodin . If the potential dama e from floodin is hi h1 the selection of an a/era e fre9!ency of occ!rrence of G# or &## years may *e 4arranted. If the potential dama e from floodin is rather sli ht1 the selection of an a/era e fre9!ency of occ!rrence of G1 &#1 or "G years may *e appropriate. In many cases1 the local a!thority ha/in draina e systems. ,!risdiction 4ill determine the a/era e fre9!ency of occ!rrence to *e !sed in the desi n of storm34ater

STORM .ATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM IN SURAT

After the floods of "##J1 a lot of attention has *een i/en to the impro/isation of the storm 4ater disposal system of S!rat 4ith a oal to ens!re s!ch h! e 9!antities of 4ater can *e easily handled in the f!t!re. Till "##G1 S!rat had total storm 4ater draina e lines of "7G kms. Since "##J1 !nder the Ka4arharlal 2ehr! 2ational :r*an Aene4al Mission these ha/e *een proposed to increase !pto >$& kms to incl!de the ne4 areas that ha/e *een added to the city since. This pro,ect also incl!des impro/in the capacity of the e)istin storm 4ater drains to handle flood sit!ations *etter. The pro,ect aims to achie/e follo4in oals' ettin

There 4ill *e protection of mankind and other li/in or anisms from floodin
There 4ill *e protection of ma,or e9!ipments and infrastr!ct!re from *ein

dama ed d!e to floods.

To protect loss of man ho!rs1 *!siness ho!rs of 4orkin

people and increase

prod!cti/ity1 there*y enhancin economic ro4th in the area. To 9!ickly remo/e the sta nant 4ater as soon as possi*le so that epidemic can *e a/oided and make the pa/ement free to res!me traffic The ne4 areas 4here the 4ork of layin of ne4 storm 4ater lines is *ein carried o!t in Ves!1 +al +alanpore and the ne4 eastern areas. The total pro,ect cost of the entire 4ork in pro ress is As >G# crores 4hich ha/e *een appro/ed *y the o/ernment. The pro,ected completion date is Dec "#&#. The entire !p radation is e)pected to *e o/er *y "#&". S!rat M!nicipal .orporation has taken a ma,or initiati/e to replace secondary drain pipes 4ith &>##mm diameter pipes. Another area of concern that 4o!ld *e addressed in the ne4 !p radation process is to ha/e storm 4ater drains alon all smaller side roads 4hich pre/io!s did not ha/e these drains. This 4ill red!ce the *!rden on the main roads as pre/io!sly this 4ater 4as di/erted to the drains on the main roads leadin to o/erflo4in drains on the main roads.

Case Study: Increasing Storm Water Drainage Capacity of Mithi River and Mumbai City drains
The Mithi Ai/er flo4s thro! h the city of M!m*ai and forms a principal channel to dischar e storm 4ater and se4a e. This So!nd +ractice pertains to the 4idenin and deepenin of the Mithi ri/er and other city drains in a scientific and 4ell planned manner. This is intended not only to increase their dischar e capacity *!t also to pre/ent floodin in lo43lyin areas ad,oinin the ri/er *y red!cin radients of

the Mithi ri/er in its@ !pper reaches. The storm 4ater draina e for the Mithi ri/er catchment areas has *een disr!pted d!e to the encroachment of h!tments in lar e n!m*ers1 stora e facilities1 processin ind!stries1 4orkshops and scrap yards sit!ated alon the *anks of the Mithi Ai/er that make it diffic!lt e/en to delineate its path. Direct dischar es of !ntreated se4a e1 4aste4ater from the !na!thori<ed settlements1 and ind!strial effl!ents alon the ri/er@s co!rse are a ca!se of concern. =ollo4in the dama e ca!sed *y se/ere floods in M!m*ai in &$HG1 the BAIMST?WAD +ro,ect 4as initiated *y the M!nicipal .orporation of 5reater M!m*ai 7M.5M8.0n ineers and Aesearchers1 !nder this pro,ect1 st!died the storm 4ater draina e system of M!m*ai in detail and s!*mitted a report in &$$C to M.5M i/in s!ita*le recommendations1 *!t they lar ely remain !nimplemented. M!m*ai 4as a ain hit *y a more disastro!s flood in "##G1 4hich necessitated a fresh st!dy on increasin storm 4ater draina e capacity of the Mithi ri/er and other city drains. .entral Water and +o4er Aesearch Station 7.W+AS81 +!ne % .entral 5o/ernment@s +rincipal (ydrolo ical Aesearch Instit!te1 cond!cted &3D Mathematical Model and Desk St!dies for miti atin floods of the MIthi ri/er and s!*mitted its report4ith s!ita*le recommendations in Kan!ary1 "##J. The Storm Water Draina e 7SWD8 system of M!m*ai comprises a hierarchical net4ork of roadside s!rface drains 7a*o!t "### km len th1 mainly in the s!*!r*s81 !nder ro!nd drains and laterals 7a*o!t >># km len th in the island city area81 ma,or and minor channels 7"## km and H7 km len th1 respecti/ely8 and &HJ o!tfalls1 4hich dischar e all the s!rface r!noff into ri/ers and the Ara*ian Sea. ?f the &HJ o!tfalls1 there are &#7 ma,or o!tfalls in city1 4hich

drain to Ara*ian Sea directly1 > at Mahim creek and > at Mah!l creek. There are "$ o!t3falls in 4estern s!*!r*s drainin directly into sea 4hile &> drain into Mithi ri/er 4hich !ltimately ,oins Mahim creek. The location of the Mithi ri/er is an important administrati/e *o!ndary that di/ides the .ity and the S!*!r*s. =loodin in the ri/er has direct or indirect implications for disr!ptin traffic on fi/e transport corridorsL .entral Aail4ay Main Iine1 .entral Aail4ay (ar*or Iine1 Western Aail4ay Iine1 Western 0)press (i h4ay1 and 0astern 0)press (i h4ay. The intensity of floodin follo4in the !nprecedented rainfall of $>> mm recorded at Santa .r!< airport on "Jth K!ly "##G led to the s!*mer ence of lar e areas ad,oinin the Mithi ri/er to an alarmin e)tent 4hich ca!sed disr!ption of the a*o/ementioned corridors of rail4ays and s!rface transport. The red!ced flood dischar e capacity of the ri/er may ha/e 4orsened the sit!ation. =ollo4in the floodin in "##G1 the MMADA asked the .W+AS1 +!ne 4as to !ndertake hydrolo ical st!dy1 4hose report 4as s!*mitted in Kan!ary "##J. R*-4&#- % 5 R*6+77* 5%#"+ - +, #8* T*68 "6%& R*9+:# -4)7"##*5 )' C.PRS, P4 * The first t4o se ments1 4hich ha/e an ori in to Ko esh4ari and Vikhroli Iink Aoad to Sir MV Aoad ha/e Steep Slopes1 they pro/ide a s4ift dischar e of 4ater eliminatin the chances of floodin . The do4nstream se ments1 ho4e/er1 ha/e flat slopes and hence may ca!se floodin . +resently1 a ma)im!m of G# mCDs dischar e can *e accommodated in the do4nstream co!rses of the ri/er 4itho!t ca!sin any spill o/er. B!t the dischar e correspondin to G# yr rainfall 7CH".G mm per ho!r8 or &## yr rainfall 7>&H.C mm per ho!r8 a/era ed thro! ho!t the stream len th 4ill ca!se a se/ere flood in the s!rro!ndin areas. In order to miti ate floods1 follo4in remedial meas!res are recommended *y .W+AS1 +!ne' 7a8 Bandra -!rla .omple) 7B-.8 area &. +ro/idin a dred ed channel of J# m 4idth from 3" m 74ith respect to Mean Sea Ie/el or MSI8 conto!r in the sea to Mahim .a!se4ay *ed le/el 7dred ed to 3& m8 and remo/in e)istin rock o/er3crops. ". Widenin of the 4ater4ay from Mahim .a!se4ay to Dhara/i Brid e to &## m. C. Widenin of the *ed 4idth from the e)istin &7G m to "## m *et4een Dhara/i Brid e and .ST Brid e. >. Widenin of Vakola 2alla from the earlier desi ned 4idth of ># m to J# m. G. Deepenin of *ed le/el at Mahim .a!se4ay to 3& m and at .ST Brid e to M#.J7

m. 7*8 :pstream of B-. area &. Widenin of e)istin *ed from .ST Brid e to MV Aoad to &## m. ". Widenin of e)istin *ed from MV Aoad to Ko esh4ari % Vikhroli Iink Aoad to J# m C. Widenin of e)istin *ed from Ko esh4ari % Vikhroli Iink Aoad to Morar,i 2a ar to ># m. >. Deepenin of e)istin *ed le/els' N N N N N N .ST Brid e 7.h. G.HH km8 from M" m to #.J7 m Air India .olony 7.h. 7.#G km8 from MC.&& m to M&.# m Airport 7.h. $.CH km8 from MJ.&G m to M> m MV Aoad 7.h. &#.>7 km8 from MH.&" m to MJ.CG m Aarey Dairy =oot ?/er Brid e 7.h. &".&H km8 from M&".7G m to M&# m Ko esh4ari3Vikhroli 7.h. &> km8 from M"#."G m to M&H m ested cross sections of Mithi Ai/er !pto .h. &#.G km need to *e pro/ided 4ith

All the s! s!

slopes of & ' &.G. =!rther !pstream !pto Morar,i 2a ar1 the re9!ired slope is & ' ". All the ested meas!res taken to ether 4o!ld ro! hly do!*le the dischar e capacity the Ai/er. *ends. +ro/idin 2on3ret!rn /al/es for cross drains. +ro/idin Ae !lar maintenance and dred in . +ro/idin smooth transition for 4ater4ays near *rid es. Moderatin the ri/er co!rse *y replacin e)istin sharp *ends 4ith lon er entler A55"#"+ %& R*6+77* 5%#"+ -

A6#"+ #%!* )' #8* C"#' A57" "-#:%#"+ + #8*-* :*6+77* 5%#"+ The .ity Administration actin s4iftly on recommendations accepted most of them and directed M!m*ai Metropolitan Ae ion De/elopment A!thority 7MMADA8 and M!nicipal .orporation of 5reater M!m*ai 7M.5M8 to take the necessary action. The 4ork 4as di/ided in t4o parts. The &&.H> km !pstream stretch from Vihar Iake to .ST Brid e 4as i/en to M.5M and the critical do4nstream part of the remainin J km 4as !ndertaken *y MMADA. The do4nstream stretch 4as more critical d!e to flat slopes and nearness to sea and 4as f!rther di/ided into t4o phases *y MMADA'

P8%-* 1: It in/ol/es de3siltin and 4idenin of the stretch. The time frame decided for this 4as & March "##J to C# K!ne "##J and is no4 finished. The amo!nt sanctioned for the 4ork 4as As. C# crores.

P8%-* ;: It is planned for the post3monsoon period from & ?ct "##J to C# K!ne "##7 4ith a *!d et of As. &## crores 7s!*,ect to /ariation after post monsoon st!dy8. It 4ill in/ol/e dred in 1 4idenin 1 constr!ction of retainin 4all1 *ea!tification and *!ildin of ser/ice roads.

CONCLUSION
S!rat is one of the fastest ro4in cities in the co!ntry today. With its rapidly chan in !r*an infrastr!ct!re1 it is a city on the rise. (o4e/er1 S!rat has al4ays faced the pro*lem of floodin o/er the period of time in recent history 4ith the 4orst flood e/er comin in "##J. Iessons need to *e learned from the past e)periences and they ha/e to *e learned fast. A ood storm disposal system has to *e p!t in place to match the rapid strides in !r*an de/elopment that S!rat has made o/er the years. The attention has shifted to this /ery critical area and the 4ork of re*!ildin it has already *e !n. A ood and efficient storm 4ater draina e system is *eneficial is more 4ays than one. It not only sa/es a lot of life and property on the day of the floods *!t also pre/ents epidemics ca!sed d!e to the lon standin sta nant 4ater 4hich *ecomes a *reedin ro!nd for mos9!itoes and insects. S!rat lost a lot of money in the "##J floods1 a *etter and more efficient storm 4ater draina e system can sa/e another s!ch sit!ation from arisin in the f!t!re.

REFRENCES
&. Stanley W. Trim*le 7"##78 Enc%c&o'e"ia of Water (cience1 .A. +ress1 &GHJ pa es ISB2 #H>$C$J"7& ". (o an .. Michael1 O+haistos =ieldnotes.O T!e Mo"ern Anti)uarian 7"##78 C. Sch!eler1 Thomas A. OThe Importance of Imper/io!sness.O Aeprinted in T!e *ractice of Water+!e" *rotection. "###. .enter for Watershed +rotection. 0llicott .ity1 MD. >. +eter .oom*es1 Water Sensiti/e !r*an desi n in the Sydney Ae ion1 Io4er (!nter and .entral .oast Ae ional 0n/ironmental Mana ement Strate y1 "##" G. (iedeman I. Da/id1+01.I+01 Storm3Water Draina e Systems in +ractical +l!m*in 0n ineerin 1 American Society of +l!m*in 0n ineers1 &$$H J. S!rat M!nicipal .orporation1 Draina e Department1 S!rat 7. http'DDen.4ikipedia.or D4ikiDStorm4ater