RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

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Reference: 1 Da!"on# Cat$erine# %&&%# Practical Research Methods, 'e! Del$i# ()S Pu*li"$er"+Di"tri*utor" % ,ot$ari# C R #1-./# Research Methodology- Methods and Techniques, 'e! Del$i# 0iley Ea"tern Li1ite2 3 ,u1ar# Ran4it# %&&/# Research Methodology-A n2 Beginners#(% e2 )#Sin5a6ore# Pear"on E2ucation Step-by-Step Guide for

RESEARCH7 a way of e a!ining your practice"

Re"earc$ i" un2erta8en !it$in 1o"t 6ro9e""ion" More t$an a "et o9 "8ill"# it i" a !ay o9 t$in8in57 e:a1inin5 critically t$e variou" a"6ect" o9 your 6ro9e""ional !or8 ;t i" a $a*it o9 <ue"tionin5 !$at you 2o# an2 a "y"te1atic e:a1ination o9 t$e o*"erve2 in9or1ation to 9in2 an"!er" !it$ a vie! to in"titutin5 a66ro6riate c$an5e" 9or a 1ore e99ective 6ro9e""ional "ervice DEFINITION OF RESEARCH 0$en you "ay t$at you are un2erta8in5 a re"earc$ "tu2y to 9in2 an"!er" to a <ue"tion# you are i16lyin5 t$at t$e 6roce""= 1 % 3 i" *ein5 un2erta8en !it$in a 9ra1e!or8 o9 a "et o9 6$ilo"o6$ie" ( a66roac$e")= u"e" 6roce2ure"# 1et$o2" an2 tec$ni<ue" t$at $ave *een te"te2 9or t$eir vali2ity an2 relia*ility= i" 2e"i5ne2 to *e un*ia"e2 an2 o*4ective

Philosophies 1ean" a66roac$e" e 5 <ualitative# <uantitative an2 t$e aca2e1ic 2i"ci6line in !$ic$ you $ave *een traine2 #alidity 1ean" t$at correct 6roce2ure" $ave *een a66lie2 to 9in2 an"!er" to a <ue"tion Reliability re9er" to t$e <uality o9 a 1ea"ure1ent 6roce2ure t$at 6rovi2e" re6eata*ility an2 accuracy $nbiased and ob%ecti&e 1ean" t$at you $ave ta8en eac$ "te6 in an un*ia"e2 1anner an2 2ra!n eac$ conclu"ion to t$e *e"t o9 your a*ility an2 !it$out intro2ucin5 your o!n ve"te2 intere"t 'Bias is a deliberate atte!pt to either conceal or highlight so!ething() A2$erence to t$e t$ree criteria 1entione2 a*ove ena*le" t$e 6roce"" to *e calle2 >re"earc$+ Ho!ever# t$e 2e5ree to !$ic$ t$e"e criteria are e:6ecte2 to *e 9ul9ille2 varie" 9ro1 2i"ci6line to 2i"ci6line an2 "o t$e 1eanin5 o9 >re"earc$+ 2i99er" 9ro1 one aca2e1ic 2i"ci6line to anot$er

T$e 2i99erence *et!een re"earc$ an2 non?re"earc$ activity i"# in t$e !ay !e 9in2 an"!er"7 t$e 6roce"" 1u"t !eet certain require!ents to be called research) 0e can i2enti9y t$e"e re<uire1ent" *y e:a1inin5 "o1e 2e9inition" o9 re"earc$ T$e !or2 re"earc$ i" co16o"e2 o9 t!o "ylla*le"# re an2 search) re i" a 6re9i: 1eanin5 a5ain# ane! or over a5ain search i" a ver* 1eanin5 to e:a1ine clo"ely an2 care9ully# to te"t an2 try# or to 6ro*e To5et$er t$ey 9or1 a noun describing a careful, syste!atic, patient study and in&estigation in so!e field of *nowledge, underta*en to establish facts or principles) Re"earc$ i" a structured enquiry that utili+es acceptable scientific !ethodology to sol&e proble!s and create new *nowledge that is generally applicable) Scienti9ic 1et$o2" con"i"t o9 "y"te1atic o*"ervation# cla""i9ication an2 inter6retation o9 2ata Alt$ou5$ !e en5a5e in "uc$ 6roce"" in our 2aily li9e# t$e 2i99erence *et!een our ca"ual 2ay? to?2ay 5enerali"ation an2 t$e conclu"ion" u"ually reco5ni@e2 a" "cienti9ic 1et$o2 lie" in t$e 2e5ree o9 9or1ality# ri5orou"ne""# veri9ia*ility an2 5eneral vali2ity o9 latter CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH: Re"earc$ i" a 6roce"" o9 collectin5# analy@in5 an2 inter6retin5 in9or1ation to an"!er <ue"tion" )ut to <uali9y a" re"earc$# t$e 6roce"" 1u"t $ave certain c$aracteri"tic"7 it 1u"t# a" 9ar a" 6o""i*le# *e controlle2# ri5orou"# "y"te1atic# vali2 an2 veri9ia*le# e16irical an2 critical ?Controlled? in real li9e t$ere are 1any 9actor" t$at a99ect an outco1e T$e conce6t o9 control i16lie" t$at# in e:6lorin5 cau"ality in relation to t!o varia*le" (9actor")# you "et u6 your "tu2y in a !ay t$at 1ini1i@e" t$e e99ect" o9 ot$er 9actor" a99ectin5 t$e relation"$i6 T$i" can *e ac$ieve2 to a lar5e e:tent in t$e 6$y"ical "cience" (coo8ery# *a8ery)# a" 1o"t o9 t$e re"earc$ i" 2one in a la*oratory Ho!ever# in t$e "ocial "cience" (Ho"6itality an2 Touri"1) it i" e:tre1ely 2i99icult a" re"earc$ i" carrie2 out on i""ue" relate2 to $u1an *ein5" livin5 in "ociety# !$ere "uc$ control" are not 6o""i*le T$ere9ore in Ho"6itality an2 Touri"1# a" you cannot control e:ternal 9actor"# you atte16t to <uanti9y t$eir i16act

-Rigorous?you 1u"t *e "cru6ulou" in en"urin5 t$at t$e 6roce2ure" 9ollo!e2 to 9in2 an"!er" to <ue"tion" are rele&ant, appropriate and %ustified) A5ain# t$e 2e5ree o9 ri5or varie" 1ar8e2ly *et!een t$e 6$y"ical an2 "ocial "cience" an2 !it$in t$e "ocial "cience" -Systematic?t$i" i16lie" t$at t$e 6roce2ure a2o6te2 to un2erta8e an inve"ti5ation 9ollo! a certain lo5ical "e<uence T$e 2i99erent "te6" cannot *e ta8en in a $a6$a@ar2 !ay So1e 6roce2ure" 1u"t 9ollo! ot$er" - alid and !erifia"le?t$i" conce6t i16lie" t$at !$atever you conclu2e on t$e *a"i" o9 your 9in2in5" i" correct an2 can *e veri9ie2 *y you an2 ot$er" -Em#irical?t$i" 1ean" t$at any conclu"ion 2ra!n are *a"e2 u6on $ar2 evi2ence 5at$ere2 9ro1 in9or1ation collecte2 9ro1 real li9e e:6erience" or o*"ervation" -Critical?critical "crutiny o9 t$e 6roce2ure" u"e2 an2 t$e 1et$o2" e16loye2 i" crucial to a re"earc$ en<uiry T$e 6roce"" o9 inve"ti5ation 1u"t *e 9ool6roo9 an2 9ree 9ro1 2ra!*ac8" T$e 6roce"" a2o6te2 an2 t$e 6roce2ure" u"e2 1u"t *e a*le to !it$"tan2 critical "crutiny ,or a process to be called research, it is i!perati&e that it has the abo&e characteristics) T$%ES OF RESEARCH Re"earc$ can *e cla""i9ie2 9ro1 t$ree 6er"6ective"7 1 application o9 re"earc$ "tu2y % ob%ecti&es in underta*ing t$e re"earc$ 3 inquiry !ode e16loye2 A##lication: Fro1 t$e 6oint o9 vie! o9 a66lication# t$ere are t!o *roa2 cate5orie" o9 re"earc$7 ? pure research an2 ? applied research) Pure research involve" 2evelo6in5 an2 te"tin5 t$eorie" an2 $y6ot$e"e" t$at are intellectually c$allen5in5 to t$e re"earc$er *ut 1ay or 1ay not $ave 6ractical a66lication at t$e 6re"ent ti1e or in t$e 9uture The *nowledge produced through pure research is sought in order to add to the e isting body of research !ethods) Applied research i" 2one to "olve "6eci9ic# 6ractical <ue"tion"= 9or 6olicy 9or1ulation# a21ini"tration an2 un2er"tan2in5 o9 a 6$eno1enon ;t can *e e ploratory# *ut i" u"ually descripti&e ;t i" al1o"t al!ay" 2one on t$e *a"i" o9

*a"ic re"earc$ A66lie2 re"earc$ can *e carrie2 out *y aca2e1ic or in2u"trial

in"titution" O9ten# an aca2e1ic in"titution "uc$ a" a univer"ity !ill $ave a "6eci9ic a66lie2 re"earc$ 6ro5ra1 9un2e2 *y an in2u"trial 6artner intere"te2 in t$at 6ro5ra1 O"&ecti!es7 Fro1 t$e vie!6oint o9 o*4ective"# a re"earc$ can *e cla""i9ie2 a" ?descripti&e -correlational -e planatory -e ploratory -escripti&e research atte16t" to 2e"cri*e "y"te1atically a "ituation# 6ro*le1# 6$eno1enon# "ervice or 6ro5ra11e# or 6rovi2e" in9or1ation a*out # "ay# livin5 con2ition o9 a co11unity# or 2e"cri*e" attitu2e" to!ar2" an i""ue .orrelational research atte16t" to 2i"cover or e"ta*li"$ t$e e:i"tence o9 a relation"$i6A inter2e6en2ence *et!een t!o or 1ore a"6ect" o9 a "ituation / planatory research atte16t" to clari9y !$y an2 $o! t$ere i" a relation"$i6 *et!een t!o or 1ore a"6ect" o9 a "ituation or 6$eno1enon / ploratory research i" un2erta8en to e:6lore an area !$ere little i" 8no!n or to inve"ti5ate t$e 6o""i*ilitie" o9 un2erta8in5 a 6articular re"earc$ "tu2y (feasibility study 0 pilot study() 1n practice !ost studies are a co!bination of the first three categories) In'uiry (ode7 Fro1 t$e 6roce"" a2o6te2 to 9in2 an"!er to re"earc$ <ue"tion" B t$e t!o a66roac$e" are7 - Structured approach - $nstructured approach Structured approach2 T$e "tructure2 a66roac$ to in<uiry i" u"ually cla""i9ie2 a" quantitati&e research) Here everyt$in5 t$at 9or1" t$e re"earc$ 6roce""? o*4ective"# 2e"i5n# "a16le# an2 t$e <ue"tion" t$at you 6lan to a"8 o9 re"6on2ent"? i" 6re2eter1ine2

;t i" 1ore a66ro6riate to 2eter1ine t$e e tent o9 a 6ro*le1# i""ue or 6$eno1enon *y

<uanti9yin5 t$e variation e 5 $o! 1any 6eo6le $ave a 6articular 6ro*le1C Ho! 1any 6eo6le $ol2 a 6articular attitu2eC $nstructured approach2 T$e un"tructure2 a66roac$ to in<uiry i" u"ually cla""i9ie2 a" qualitati&e research) T$i" a66roac$ allo!" 9le:i*ility in all a"6ect" o9 t$e re"earc$ 6roce"" ;t i" 1ore a66ro6riate to e:6lore t$e nature o9 a 6ro*le1# i""ue or 6$eno1enon without quantifying it) Main o*4ective i" to 2e"cri*e t$e &ariation in a 6$eno1enon# "ituation or attitu2e e#5# 2e"cri6tion o9 an o*"erve2 "ituation# t$e $i"torical enu1eration o9 event"# an account o9 2i99erent o6inion" 2i99erent 6eo6le $ave a*out an i""ue# 2e"cri6tion o9 !or8in5 con2ition in a 6articular in2u"try Both approaches ha&e their place in research) Both ha&e their strengths and wea*nesses) ;n 1any "tu2ie" you $ave to co1*ine *ot$ <ualitative an2 <uantitative a66roac$e" For e:a16le# "u66o"e you $ave to 9in2 t$e ty6e" o9 cui"ine A acco11o2ation availa*le in a city an2 t$e e:tent o9 t$eir 6o6ularity Types of cuisine i" t$e <ualitative a"6ect o9 t$e "tu2y a" 9in2in5 out a*out t$e1 entail" 2e"cri6tion o9 t$e culture an2 cui"ine T$e e tent of their popularity i" t$e <uantitative a"6ect a" it involve" e"ti1atin5 t$e nu1*er o9 6eo6le !$o vi"it re"taurant "ervin5 "uc$ cui"ine an2 calculatin5 t$e ot$er in2icator" t$at re9lect t$e e:tent o9 6o6ularity

THE RESEARCH %ROCESS T$e re"earc$ 6roce"" i" "i1ilar to un2erta8in5 a 4ourney For a re"earc$ 4ourney t$ere are t!o i16ortant 2eci"ion" to 1a8e? 1) 3hat you want to find out about or !$at re"earc$ <ue"tion" (6ro*le1") you !ant to 9in2 an"!er" to= %) 4ow to go about finding their answers) T$ere are 6ractical "te6" t$rou5$ !$ic$ you 1u"t 6a"" in your re"earc$ 4ourney in or2er to 9in2 an"!er" to your re"earc$ <ue"tion" T$e 6at$ to 9in2in5 an"!er" to your re"earc$ <ue"tion" con"titute" research !ethodology) At eac$ o6erational "te6 in t$e re"earc$ 6roce"" you are re<uire2 to c$oo"e 9ro1 a 1ulti6licity o9 !ethods, procedures and !odels o9 re"earc$ 1et$o2olo5y !$ic$ !ill $el6 you to *e"t ac$ieve your o*4ective" This is where your *nowledge base of research !ethodology plays a crucial role) Ste6" in Re"earc$ Proce""7 1 For1ulatin5 t$e Re"earc$ Pro*le1 % E:ten"ive Literature Revie! 3 Develo6in5 t$e o*4ective" D Pre6arin5 t$e Re"earc$ De"i5n inclu2in5 Sa16le De"i5n / Collectin5 t$e Data E Analy"i" o9 Data F Generali"ation an2 ;nter6retation . Pre6aration o9 t$e Re6ort or Pre"entation o9 Re"ult"?For1al !rite u6" o9 conclu"ion" reac$e2

Ste#)* Formulating t+e researc+ #ro"lem:

;t i" t$e 9ir"t an2 !ost crucial step in t$e re"earc$ 6roce"" ? Main 9unction i" to 2eci2e what you !ant to 9in2 out about) ? T$e !ay you 9or1ulate a 6ro*le1 2eter1ine" al1o"t every "te6 t$at 9ollo!" Source" o9 re"earc$ 6ro*le1" Re"earc$ in "ocial "cience" revolve" aroun2 9our P"7 Peo6le? a 5rou6 o9 in2ivi2ual" Pro*le1"? e:a1ine t$e e:i"tence o9 certain i""ue" or 6ro*le1" relatin5 to t$eir live"= to a"certain attitu2e o9 a 5rou6 o9 6eo6le to!ar2" an i""ue Pro5ra1"? to evaluate t$e e99ectivene"" o9 an intervention P$eno1ena? to e"ta*li"$ t$e e:i"tence o9 a re5ularity

G G

G G

;n 6ractice 1o"t re"earc$ "tu2ie" are *a"e2 u6on at lea"t a co1*ination o9 t!o Ps)

Every re"earc$ "tu2y $a" t!o a"6ect"7 1 Study #o#ulation? G Peo6le7 in2ivi2ual"# or5ani@ation"# 5rou6"# co11unitie" ( they pro&ide you with the infor!ation or you collect infor!ation about the!( ,* Su"&ect areaG Pro*le1"7 i""ue"# "ituation"# a""ociation"# nee2"# 6ro9ile" G Pro5ra1 7 content# "tructure# outco1e"# attri*ute"# "ati"9action"# con"u1er"# Service 6rovi2er"# etc G P$eno1enon7 cau"e?an2?e99ect relation"$i6"# t$e "tu2y o9 a 6$eno1enon it"el9 (1nfor!ation that you need to collect to find answers to your research questions( 5ou can e a!ine the professional field of your choice in the conte t of the four Ps in order to identify anything that loo*s interesting)

Considerations in selecting a researc+ #ro"lem7

T$e"e $el6 to en"ure t$at your "tu2y !ill re1ain 1ana5ea*le an2 t$at you !ill re1ain 1otivate2 1 Interest7 a re"earc$ en2eavour i" u"ually ti1e con"u1in5# an2 involve" $ar2 !or8 an2 6o""i*ly un9ore"een 6ro*le1" One "$oul2 "elect to6ic o9 5reat intere"t to "u"tain t$e re<uire2 1otivation % (agnitude: ;t i" e:tre1ely i16ortant to "elect a to6ic t$at you can 1ana5e !it$in t$e ti1e an2 re"ource" at your 2i"6o"al 'arro! t$e to6ic 2o!n to "o1et$in5 1ana5ea*le# "6eci9ic an2 clear 3 (easurement of conce#ts7 Ma8e "ure t$at you are clear a*out t$e in2icator" an2 1ea"ure1ent o9 conce6t" (i9 u"e2) in your "tu2y D -e!el of e.#ertise7 Ma8e "ure t$at you $ave a2e<uate level o9 e:6erti"e 9or t$e ta"8 you are 6ro6o"in5 "ince you nee2 to 2o t$e !or8 your"el9 / Rele!ance7 En"ure t$at your "tu2y a22" to t$e e:i"tin5 *o2y o9 8no!le25e# *ri25e" current 5a6" an2 i" u"e9ul in 6olicy 9or1ulation T$i" !ill $el6 you to "u"tain intere"t in t$e "tu2y E A!aila"ility of data7 )e9ore 9inali@in5 t$e to6ic# 1a8e "ure t$at 2ata are availa*le F Et+ical issues7 Ho! et$ical i""ue" can a99ect t$e "tu2y 6o6ulation an2 $o! et$ical 6ro*le1" can *e overco1e "$oul2 *e t$orou5$ly e:a1ine2 at t$e 6ro*le1 9or1ulatin5 "ta5e Ste#s in formulation of a researc+ #ro"lem 7 0or8in5 t$rou5$ t$e"e "te6" 6re"u66o"e" a rea"ona*le level o9 8no!le25e in t$e *roa2 "u*4ect area !it$in !$ic$ t$e "tu2y i" to *e un2erta8en 0it$out "uc$ 8no!le25e it i" 2i99icult to clearly an2 a2e<uately >2i""ect+ a "u*4ect area Ste6 1 ;2enti9y a *roa2 9iel2 or "u*4ect area o9 interest to you Ste6 %

-issect t$e *roa2 area into "u* area" Ste6 3 Select !$at i" o9 1o"t intere"t to you Ste6 D Rai"e re"earc$ <ue"tion" Ste6 / E Ste6 F For1ulate o*4ective" Ste6 A""e"" your o*4ective" Dou*le c$ec8

So 9ar !e $ave 9ocu"e2 on t$e *a"i" o9 your "tu2y# the research proble!) )ut every "tu2y in "ocial "cience" $a" a "econ2 ele1ent# the study population 9ro1 !$o1 t$e re<uire2 in9or1ation to 9in2 an"!er" to your re"earc$ <ue"tion" i" o*taine2 A" you narro! t$e re"earc$ 6ro*le1# "i1ilarly you nee2 to 2eci2e very "6eci9ically !$o con"titute" your "tu2y 6o6ulation# in or2er to "elect t$e a66ro6riate re"6on2ent" Ste# ,* Re!ie/ing t+e literature7 ?E""ential 6reli1inary ta"8 in or2er to ac<uaint your"el9 !it$ t$e availa*le body of *nowledge in your area o9 intere"t ?Literature revie! i" inte5ral 6art o9 entire re"earc$ 6roce"" an2 1a8e" valua*le contri*ution to every o6erational "te6 ?Revie!in5 literature can *e ti1e?con"u1in5# 2auntin5 an2 9ru"tratin5# *ut i" al"o re!ar2in5 ;t" 9unction" are7 a )rin5 clarity an2 9ocu" to your re"earc$ 6ro*le1= * ;16rove your 1et$o2olo5y= c )roa2en your 8no!le25e= 2 Conte:tuali"e your 9in2in5" a 0ring clarity and focus to your researc+ #ro"lem= T$e 6roce"" o9 revie!in5 t$e literature $el6" you to un2er"tan2 t$e "u*4ect area *etter an2 t$u" $el6" you to conce6tuali"e your re"earc$ 6ro*le1 clearly an2 6reci"ely ;t al"o $el6" you to un2er"tan2 t$e relation"$i6 *et!een your re"earc$ 6ro*le1 an2 t$e *o2y o9 8no!le25e in t$e area "*Im#ro!e your met+odology7 A literature revie! tell" you i9 ot$er" $ave u"e2 6roce2ure" an2 1et$o2" "i1ilar to t$e one" t$at you are 6ro6o"in5# !$ic$ 6roce2ure" an2 1et$o2" $ave !or8e2 !ell 9or t$e1# an2 !$at 6ro*le1" t$ey $ave 9ace2 !it$ t$e1 T$u" you !ill *e *etter 6o"itione2 to "elect a 1et$o2olo5y t$at i" ca6a*le o9 6rovi2in5 vali2 an"!er to your re"earc$ <ue"tion" c*0roaden your 1no/ledge "ase in your researc+ area7 ;t en"ure" you to rea2 !i2ely aroun2 t$e "u*4ect area in !$ic$ you inten2 to con2uct your re"earc$ "tu2y A" you are e:6ecte2 to *e an e:6ert in your area o9 "tu2y# it $el6" 9ul9ill t$i" e:6ectation ;t al"o $el6" you to un2er"tan2 $o! t$e 9in2in5" o9 your "tu2y 9it into t$e e:i"tin5 *o2y o9 8no!le25e d**Conte.tualise your findings7 Ho! 2o an"!er" to your re"earc$ <ue"tion" co16are !it$ !$at ot$er" $ave 9oun2C 0$at contri*ution $ave you *een a*le to 1a8e in to t$e e:i"tin5 *o2y o9 8no!le25eC Ho! are your 9in2in5" 2i99erent 9ro1 t$o"e o9 ot$er"C For you to *e a*le to an"!er t$e"e <ue"tion"# you nee2 to 5o *ac8 to your literature revie! ;t i" i16ortant to 6lace your 9in2in5" in t$e conte:t o9 !$at i" alrea2y 8no!n in your 9iel2 o9 en<uiry Proce2ure 9or revie!in5 t$e literature7

i) "earc$ 9or e:i"tin5 literature in your area o9 "tu2y= ii) revie! t$e literature "electe2= iii) 2evelo6 a t$eoretical 9ra1e!or8= iv) 2evelo6 a conce6tual 9ra1e!or8 Search for e isting literature7 ?To e99ectively "earc$ 9or literature in your 9iel2 o9 en<uiry# it i" i16erative t$at you $ave in 1in2 at lea"t "o1e i2ea o9 *roa2 "u*4ect area an2 o9 t$e 6ro*le1 you !i"$ to inve"ti5ate# in or2er to "et 6ara1eter" 9or your "earc$ ?'e:t co16ile a *i*lio5ra6$y 9or t$i" *roa2 area Source" are7 1 *oo8" % 4ournal" 0OO2S co16ri"e a central 6art o9 any *i*lio5ra6$y A2vanta5e?1aterial 6u*li"$e2 5enerally i" o9 5oo2 <uality an2 t$e 9in2in5" are inte5rate2 !it$ ot$er re"earc$ to 9or1 a co$erent *o2y o9 8no!le25e Di"a2vanta5e?1aterial i" not co16letely u6 to 2ate# a" it can ta8e a 9e! year" *et!een t$e co16letion o9 a !or8 an2 6u*lication in t$e 9or1 o9 a *oo8 Searc$ 9or *oo8" in your area o9 intere"t# 6re6are a 9inal li"t# locate t$e"e *oo8" in t$e li*rarie" or *orro! 9ro1 ot$er "ource" E:a1ine t$eir content# i9 content" are not 9oun2 to *e relevant to your to6ic# 2elete it 9ro1 your rea2in5 li"t 3O4RNA-S Hournal" 6rovi2e you !it$ t$e 1o"t u6?to?2ate in9or1ation# even t$ou5$ t$ere i" a 5a6 o9 t!o to t$ree year" *et!een t$e co16letion o9 a re"earc$ 6ro4ect an2 t$e 6u*lication in a 4ournal A" !it$ *oo8"# you nee2 to 6re6are a li"t o9 4ournal" 9or i2enti9yin5 literature relevant to your "tu2y T$i" can *e 2one a" 9ollo!"7 ?locate t$e $ar2 co6ie" o9 t$e 4ournal t$at are a66ro6riate to your "tu2y= ? u"e t$e internet ? loo8 at t$e in2e: o9 re"earc$ a*"tract" in t$e relevant 9iel2 to i2enti9y an2 rea2 t$e article" 0$ic$ever 1et$o2 you c$oo"e# 9ir"t i2enti9y t$e 4ournal" you !ant to loo8 at in 1ore 2etail 9or your revie! o9 literature Select t$e late"t i""ue# e:a1ine it" content 6a5e to "ee i9 t$ere i" an article o9 relevance to your re"earc$ to6ic ;9 you 9eel a 6articular article i" o9 relevance to you# rea2 it" a*"tract ;9 you t$in8 you are li8ely to u"e it# 6$otoco6y or 6re6are a "u11ary an2 recor2 it 9or re9erence 9or later u"e

Re&iew the literature selected2 A9ter i2enti9yin5 *oo8" an2 article" a" u"e9ul# t$e ne:t "te6 i" to "tart rea2in5 t$e1 critically to 6ull to5et$er t$e1e" an2 i""ue" t$at are a""ociate2 ;9 you 2o not $ave a t$eoretical 9ra1e!or8 o9 t$e1e" in 1in2 to "tart !it$# u"e "e6arate "$eet" o9 6a6er 9or eac$ article or *oo8 Once you 2evelo6 a rou5$ 9ra1e!or8# "lot t$e 9in2in5" 9ro1 t$e 1aterial "o 9ar revie!e2 into t$at 9ra1e!or8# u"in5 a "e6arate "$eet o9 6a6er 9or eac$ t$e1e o9 t$at 9ra1e!or8 A" you rea2 9urt$er# 5o on "lottin5 t$e in9or1ation !$ere it lo5ically *elon5" un2er t$e t$e1e "o 9ar 2evelo6e2 You 1ay nee2 to a22 1ore t$e1e" a" you 5o Rea2 critically !it$ 6articular re9erence to t$e 9ollo!in5 a"6ect"7 G 'ote !$et$er t$e 8no!le25e relevant to your t$eoretical 9ra1e!or8 i" con9ir1e2 *eyon2 2ou*t G 'ote t$e t$eorie" 6ut 9or!ar2# t$e critici"1" o9 t$e"e an2 t$eir *a"i"# t$e 1et$o2olo5ie" a2o6te2 an2 t$e critici"1" o9 t$e1 G E:a1ine to !$at e:tent t$e 9in2in5" can *e 5enerali@e2 to ot$er "ituation" A"certain t$e area" in !$ic$ little or not$in5 i" 8no!n?t$e gaps t$at e:i"t in t$e *o2y o9 8no!le25e -e&elop a theoretical fra!ewor*2 A" you $ave li1ite2 ti1e it i" i16ortant to "et 6ara1eter" *y revie!in5 t$e literature in relation to "o1e 1ain t$e1e" 6ertinent to your re"earc$ to6ic A" you "tart rea2in5 t$e literature# you !ill reali@e t$at it 2eal" !it$ a nu1*er o9 a"6ect" t$at $ave a 2irect Ian2 in2irect *earin5 on your re"earc$ to6ic ("e t$e"e a"6ect" a" a *a"i" 9or 2evelo6in5 your t$eoretical 9ra1e!or8 (ntil you 5o t$rou5$ t$e literature you cannot 2evelo6 a t$eoretical 9ra1e!or8 an2 until you $ave 2evelo6e2 a t$eoretical 9ra1e!or8# you cannot e99ectively revie! t$e literature Literature 6ertinent to your "tu2y 1ay 2eal !it$ t!o ty6e" o9 in9or1ation7 ? univer"al= ? 1ore "6eci9ic( i e local tren2" or "6eci9ic 6ro5ra1) ;n !ritin5 a*out "uc$ in9or1ation you "$oul2 "tart !it$ t$e 5eneral in9or1ation# 5ra2ually narro!in5 2o!n to t$e "6eci9ic

3riting up the literature re&iewed7

;n or2er to co16ly !it$ t$e 9ir"t 9unction o9 literature revie! i)e) to pro&ide theoretical bac*ground to your study2 ?Li"t t$e 1ain t$e1e" t$at $ave e1er5e2 !$ile rea2in5 literature ?Convert t$e1 into "u*$ea2in5" T$e"e "u*$ea2in5" "$oul2 *e 6reci"e# 2e"cri6tive o9 t$e t$e1e in <ue"tion# an2 9ollo! a lo5ical 6ro5re""ion ?'o!# un2er eac$ "u*$ea2in5# recor2 t$e 1ain 9in2in5" !it$ re"6ect to t$e t$e1e in <ue"tion# $i5$li5$tin5 t$e rea"on" 9or an2 a5ain"t an ar5u1ent i9 t$ey e:i"t# an2 i2enti9y 5a6" an2 i""ue" ;n or2er to co16ly !it$ t$e "econ2 9unction o9 literature revie! i e conte tualising the findings of your study ? re<uire" you to very "y"te1atically co16are your 9in2in5" !it$ t$o"e 1a2e *y ot$er" Juote 9ro1 t$e"e "tu2ie" to "$o! $o! your 9in2in5" contra2ict# con9ir1 or a22 to t$e1 ;t 6lace" your 9in2in5" in t$e conte:t o9 !$at ot$er" $ave 9oun2 out T$i" 9unction i" un2erta8en when writing about your findings i)e) after analysis of your data) THE 0I0-IO5RA%H$ T$e *i*lio5ra6$y "$oul2 5ive a clear# co16lete 2e"cri6tion o9 t$e "ource" t$at !ere u"e2 !$ile 6re6arin5 t$e re6ort ;t i" an al6$a*etical li"t a" 6er t$e aut$or+" "urna1e 1 For a )oo8 Surna1e o9 aut$or# na1e or t!o initial"# Title ta8en 9ro1 title6a5e?un2erline2 or in italic"# E2ition (i9 1ore t$an one)# volu1e i9 1ore t$an one# 6lace o9 6u*lication# 6u*li"$er"# 2ate on title 6a5e or co6yri5$t 2ate e5 ,ot$ari# C R # Research Methods-Methods and Techniques,1-.-#'e! Del$i 70iley Ea"tern Li1ite2#D.3/A%D An"ari Roa2# Darya5an4# 'e! Del$i 11& &&E

Ste# 6 T+e formulation of o"&ecti!es:

?O*4ective" are t$e 5oal" you "et out to attain in your "tu2y ?T$ey in9or1 a rea2er !$at you !ant to attain t$rou5$ t$e "tu2y ?;t i" e:tre1ely i16ortant to !or2 t$e1 clearly an2 "6eci9ically O*4ective" "$oul2 *e li"te2 un2er t!o $ea2in5"7 a) 1ain o*4ective" ( ai1")= *) "u*?o*4ective" G T$e !ain ob%ecti&e i" an overall "tate1ent o9 t$e t$ru"t o9 your "tu2y ;t i" al"o a "tate1ent o9 t$e 1ain a""ociation" an2 relation"$i6" t$at you "ee8 to 2i"cover or e"ta*li"$

T$e sub-ob%ecti&es are t$e "6eci9ic a"6ect" o9 t$e to6ic t$at you !ant to inve"ti5ate !it$in t$e 1ain 9ra1e!or8 o9 your "tu2y ?T$ey "$oul2 *e nu1erically li"te2 ?0or2in5 "$oul2 clearly# co16letely an2 "6eci9ically Co11unicate to your rea2er" your intention ?Eac$ o*4ective "$oul2 contain only one a"6ect o9 t$e Stu2y ?("e action oriente2 !or2" or ver*" !$en !ritin5 o*4ective"

T$e o*4ective" "$oul2 "tart !it$ !or2" "uc$ a" >to 2eter1ine+# >to 9in2 out+# >to a"certain+# >to 1ea"ure+# >to e:6lore+ etc T$e !or2in5 o9 o*4ective" 2eter1ine" t$e ty6e o9 re"earc$ (2e"cri6tive# correlational an2 e:6eri1ental) an2 t$e ty6e o9 re"earc$ 2e"i5n you nee2 to a2o6t to ac$ieve t$e1 e5 De"cri6tive "tu2ie"7 -To describe the types of incenti&es pro&ides by 4otel 657 to e!ployees in Mu!bai) -To find out the opinion of the e!ployees about the !edical facilities pro&ided by fi&e star hotels in Mu!bai) Correlatinal "tu2ie"7 ?To a"certain t$e i!pact of training on e!ployee retention) -To co!pare the effecti&enesss of different loyalty progra!!es on repeat clientele) Hy6ot$e"i" Bte"tin5 "tu2ie"7 -To ascertain if an increase in wor*ing hours !ill increase the incidence of drug0alchohol abuse) -To de!onstrate that the pro&ision of co!pany acco!!odation to e!ployees in Mu!bai hotels will reduce staff turno&er)

CHARACTERISTICS OF O03ECTI ES Clear KCo16lete KS6eci9ic K ;2enti9y 1ain K ;2enti9y t$e varia*le" to 2irection o9 *e correlate2 relation"$i6

;LL-escripti&e StudiesLLLL; ; .orrelational Studies 'e peri!ental and non-e peri!ental(L); ;LLLL 4ypothesis testing studiesLLLLLLLLLL ;

Identifying aria"les7 ;n a re"earc$ "tu2y it i" i16ortant t$at t$e conce6t" u"e2 "$oul2 *e o6erationali"e2 in 1ea"ura*le ter1" "o t$at t$e e:tent o9 variation" in re"6on2ent"+ un2er"tan2in5 i" re2uce2 i9 not eli1inate2 Tec$ni<ue" a*out $o! to o6erationali"e conce6t"# an2 8no!le25e a*out varia*le"# 6lay an i16ortant role in re2ucin5 t$i" varia*ility T$eir 8no!le25e# t$ere9ore i" i16ortant in >9ine tunin5+ your re"earc$ 6ro*le1 For e:a16le7

?>Het Air!ay"+ i" a 6er9ect e:a16le o9 quality ca*in "ervice

? Foo2 in t$i" re"taurant i" e cellent) - T$e 1i22le cla"" in ;n2ia i" 5ettin5 1ore prosperous)

3hen people e press these feelings or preferences, they do so on the basis of certain criteria in their !inds) Their %udge!ent is based upon indicators that lead the! to conclude and e press that opinion) T$e"e are %udge!ents t$at re<uire a "oun2 *a"i" on !$ic$ to 6roclai1 T$i" !arrant" t$e u"e o9 a 1ea"urin5 1ec$ani"1 an2 it i" in t$e 6roce"" o9 1ea"ure1ent t$at 8no!le25e a*out &ariables 6lay" an i16ortant role T+e definition of a !aria"le7 An i1a5e# 6erce6tion or conce6t t$at can *e 1ea"ure2 B hence capable of ta*ing on different &alues? i" calle2 a &ariable) T+e difference "et/een a conce#t and a !aria"le7 Conce6t" are 1ental i1a5e" or 6erce6tion" an2 t$ere9ore t$eir 1eanin5 varie" 1ar8e2ly 9ro1 in2ivi2ual to in2ivi2ual A conce6t cannot *e 1ea"ure2 !$erea" a varia*le can *e "u*4ecte2 to 1ea"ure1ent *y cru2eAre9ine2 or "u*4ectiveAo*4ective unit" o9 1ea"ure1ent ;t i" t$ere9ore i16ortant 9or t$e conce6t to *e converte2 into varia*le"

Conce#t ?Su*4ective i16re""ion ?'o uni9or1ity a" to it" (n2er"tan2in5 a1on5 Di99erent 6eo6le

aria"le ? Mea"ura*le t$ou5$ t$e 2e5ree o9 6reci"ion varie" 9ro1 "cale to "cale an2 varia*le to varia*le

?A" "uc$ cannot *e 1ea"ure2 e5 G E:cellent G Hi5$ ac$iever G Ric$ G Sati"9action G Do1e"tic violence

e5 ? 5en2er (1aleA9e1ale) ?a5e (: year" y 1ont$") ?!ei5$t ( ??85) ? $ei5$t ( ?? c1") ? reli5ion (Cat$olic# Hin2u) ?;nco1e ( R" ???6er year)

Conce#ts7 indicators and !aria"les7 ;9 you are u"in5 a conce6t in your "tu2y# you nee2 to con"i2er it" o6erationali"ation? t$at i"# $o! it !ill *e 1ea"ure2 For t$i"# you nee2 to i2enti9y indicators? a set of criteria reflecti&e of the concept? !$ic$ can t$en *e converte2 into varia*le" T$e c$oice o9 in2icator" 9or a conce6t 1i5$t vary !it$ re"earc$er"# *ut t$o"e "electe2 1u"t $ave a lo5ical lin8 !it$ t$e conce6t

.oncepts .oncepts
Rich

81ndicators 1ndicators
1 ;nco1e % A""et"

8#ariables #ariables
1 ;nco1e % Total value ho!e,car, in&est!ents) 1 'o o9 5ue"t" an2 a9ter level" Mont$Ayear

3or*ing definition
1 ;9MR"1&&&&& % ;9MR"%/&&&& o9

/ffecti&eness

1 'o o9 "erve2 in

2i99 in *e9ore 5ue"t"

% C$an5e" % 'o o9 e:cellent Ratin5" 6er 1&& 9ee2*ac8 a ( e tent of b( pattern of

? 2o ? in

Ty#es of measurement scales: Measure!ent is central to any enquiry) T$e 5reater t$e re9ine1ent in t$e unit o9 1ea"ure1ent o9 a varia*le# t$e 5reater t$e con9i2ence# other things being equal# one can 6lace in t$e 9in2in5" S S Steven" $a" cla""i9ie2 t$e 2i99erent ty6e" o9 into 9our cate5orie"7 G 'o1inal or cla""i9icatory "cale G Or2inal or ran8in5 "cale G ;nterval "cale G Ratio "cale

T+e nominal or classificatory scale7 A no1inal "cale ena*le" t$e cla""i9ication o9 in2ivi2ual"# o*4ect" or re"6on"e" into "u*5rou6" *a"e2 on a co11onA"$are2 6ro6erty or c$aracteri"tic A varia*le 1ea"ure2 on a no1inal "cale 1ay $ave one# t!o or 1ore "u*cate5orie" 2e6en2in5 u6on t$e e:tent o9 variation For e:a16le# +water+ or >tree+ $ave only one "u*5rou6# !$erea" t$e varia*le NgenderO can *e cla""i9ie2 into t!o "u*?cate5orie"7 !ale and fe!ale) >4otels+ can *e cla""i9ie2 into ???? "u*?cate5orie" T$e "e<uence in !$ic$ "u*5rou6" are li"te2 1a8e" no 2i99erence a" t$ere i" no relation"$i6 a1on5 "u*5rou6" T+e ordinal or ran1ing scale7 )e"i2e" cate5ori@in5 in2ivi2ual"# o*4ect"# re"6on"e" or a 6ro6erty into "u*5rou6" on t$e *a"i" o9 co11on c$aracteri"tic# it ran8" t$e "u*5rou6" in a certain or2er They are arranged either in ascending or descending order according to the e tent a subcategory reflects the !agnitude of &ariation in the &ariable) ,or e a!ple# >inco1e+ can *e 1ea"ure2 eit$er <uantitatively (in ru6ee" an2 6ai"e) or <ualitatively u"in5 "u*cate5orie" >a*ove avera5e+# >avera5e+ an2 >*elo! avera5e+ The 9distance: between these subcategories are not equal as there is no quantitati&e unit of !easure!ent) >Socioecono1ic "tatu"+ an2 >attitu2e+ are ot$er varia*le" t$at can *e 1ea"ure2 on or2inal "cale T+e inter!al scale7 An interval "cale $a" all t$e c$aracteri"tic" o9 an or2inal "cale ;n a22ition# it u"e" a unit o9 1ea"ure1ent !it$ an ar*itrary "tartin5 an2 ter1inatin5 6oint" ,or e a!ple# Cel"iu" "cale7 &PC to 1&&PC Fa$ren$eit "cale7 3%PF to %1%PF

Attitu2inal "cale"7 1&?%& %1?3&

31?D& etc T+e ratio scale7 A ratio "cale $a" all t$e 6ro6ertie" o9 no1inal# or2inal an2 interval "cale" 6lu" it" o!n 6ro6erty7 the +ero point of a ratio scale is fi ed, which !eans it has a fi ed starting point) Since t$e 2i99erence *et!een interval" i" al!ay" 1ea"ure2 9ro1 a @ero 6oint# t$i" "cale can *e u"e2 9or 1at$e1atical o6eration" T$e 1ea"ure1ent o9 varia*le" li8e inco1e# a5e# $ei5$t an2 !ei5$t are e:a16le" o9 t$i" "cale A 6er"on !$o i" D& year ol2 i" twice a" ol2 a" one !$o i" %& year ol2
Constructing +y#ot+eses: A" a re"earc$er you do not *now a*out a 6$eno1enon# *ut you do ha&e a hunch to 9or1 t$e *a"i" o9 certain assu!ption or guesses) You te"t t$e"e *y collectin5 in9or1ation t$at !ill ena*le you to conclu2e i9 your $unc$ !a" ri5$t T$e veri9ication 6roce"" can $ave one o9 t$e t$ree outco1e" Your $unc$ 1ay 6rove to *e7 1 ri5$t= % 6artially ri5$t= or 3 !ron5 0it$out t$i" 6roce"" o9 veri9ication# you cannot conclu2e anyt$in5 a*out t$e vali2ity o9 your a""u16tion Hence# a hypotheses is a hunch, assu!ption, suspicion, assertion or an idea about a pheno!enon, relationship or situation, the reality or truth of which you do not *now) A re"earc$er call" t$e"e a""u16tion"A $unc$e" $y6ot$e"e" an2 t$ey *eco1e t$e *a"i" o9 an en<uiry ;n 1o"t "tu2ie" t$e $y6ot$e"e" !ill *e *a"e2 u6on your o!n or "o1eone el"e+" o*"ervation Hy6ot$e"e" *rin5 clarity# "6eci9icity an2 9ocu" to a re"earc$ 6ro*le1# *ut are not essential 9or a "tu2y) You can con2uct a vali2 inve"ti5ation !it$out con"tructin5 9or1al $y6ot$e"e" T+e functions of +y#ot+eses7 G T$e 9or1ulation o9 $y6ot$e"i" 6rovi2e" a "tu2y !it$ 9ocu" ;t tell" you !$at "6eci9ic a"6ect" o9 a re"earc$ 6ro*le1 to inve"ti5ate G A $y6ot$e"i" tell" you !$at 2ata to collect an2 !$at not to collect# t$ere*y 6rovi2in5 9ocu" to t$e "tu2y G A" it 6rovi2e" a 9ocu"# t$e con"truction o9 a $y6ot$e"i" en$ance" o*4ectivity in a "tu2y G A $y6ot$e"i" 1ay ena*le you to a22 to t$e 9or1ulation o9 a t$eory ;t ena*le" you to "6eci9ically conclu2e !$at i" true or !$at i" 9al"e

Ste# 8* %RE%ARIN5 THE RESEARCH DESI5N Research design is the conceptual structure within which research would be conducted) T$e 9unction o9 re"earc$ 2e"i5n i" to 6rovi2e 9or t$e collection o9 relevant in9or1ation !it$ 1ini1al e:6en2iture o9 e99ort# ti1e an2 1oney T$e 6re6aration o9 re"earc$ 2e"i5n# a66ro6riate 9or a 6articular re"earc$ 6ro*le1# involve" t$e con"i2eration o9 t$e 9ollo!in5 7 1 O*4ective" o9 t$e re"earc$ "tu2y % Met$o2 o9 Data Collection to *e a2o6te2 3 Source o9 in9or1ationQSa16le De"i5n D Tool 9or Data collection / Data Analy"i"?? <ualitative an2 <uantitative 1 O"&ecti!es of t+e Researc+ Study: O*4ective" i2enti9ie2 to an"!er t$e re"earc$ <ue"tion" $ave to *e li"te2 1a8in5 "ure t$at t$ey are7 a) nu1*ere2# an2 *) "tate1ent *e5in" !it$ an action ver* % (et+ods of Data Collection: T$ere are t!o ty6e" o9 2ata Pri1ary DataQ collecte2 9or t$e 9ir"t ti1e Secon2ary DataQt$o"e !$ic$ $ave alrea2y *een collecte2 an2 analy"e2 *y "o1eone el"e

Met$o2" o9 Pri1ary Data Collection

O0SER ATION (ETHOD: Co11only u"e2 in *e$avioural "cience" ;t i" t$e 5at$erin5 o9 6ri1ary 2ata *y inve"ti5ator+" o!n 2irect o*"ervation o9 relevant people, actions and situations !it$out a"8in5 9ro1 t$e re"6on2ent e 5 G A hotel chain sends obser&ers posing as guests into its coffee shop to chec* on cleanliness and custo!er ser&ice)

G G

A food ser&ice operator sends researchers into co!peting restaurants to learn !enu ite!s prices, chec* portion si+es and consistency and obser&e point-of- purchase !erchandising) A restaurant e&aluates possible new locations by chec*ing out locations of co!peting restaurants, traffic patterns and neighborhood con2ition"

O*"ervation can yiel2 in9or1ation !$ic$ 6eo6le are nor1ally unwilling or unable to pro&ide) e 5 O*"ervin5 nu1erou" 6late" containin5 uneaten 6ortion" t$e "a1e 1enu ite1" in2icate" t$at 9oo2 i" not "ati"9actory Ty#es of O"ser!ation: 1 Structure2 B 9or 2e"cri6tive re"earc$ % (n"tructure2Q9or e:6loratory re"earc$ 3 Partici6ant O*"ervation D 'on? 6artici6ant o*"ervation / Di"5ui"e2 o*"ervation -imitations: ? 9eelin5"# *elie9" an2 attitu2e" t$at 1otivate *uyin5 *e$aviour an2 in9re<uent *e$aviour cannot *e o*"erve2 ? e:6en"ive 1et$o2 Because of these li!itations, researchers often supple!ent obser&ation with sur&ey research) S4R E$ (ETHOD A66roac$ 1o"t "uite2 9or 5at$erin5 2e"cri6tive in9or1ation Structured Sur&eys7 u"e 9or1al li"t" o9 <ue"tion" a"8e2 o9 all re"6on2ent" in t$e "a1e !ay $nstructured Sur&eys7 let t$e intervie!er 6ro*e re"6on2ent" an2 5ui2e t$e intervie! accor2in5 to t$eir an"!er" Survey re"earc$ 1ay *e Direct or ;n2irect -irect Approach7 T$e re"earc$er a"8" 2irect <ue"tion" a*out *e$aviour" an2 t$ou5$t" e 5 0$y 2on+t you eat at MacDonal2"C

1ndirect Approach7 T$e re"earc$er 1i5$t a"87 N0$at 8in2 o9 6eo6le eat at MacDonal2+"CO Fro1 t$e re"6on"e# t$e re"earc$er 1ay *e a*le to 2i"cover !$y t$e con"u1er avoi2" MacDonal2+" ;t 1ay "u55e"t 9actor" o9 !$ic$ t$e con"u1er i" not con"ciou"ly a!are AD ANTA5ES: ?can *e u"e2 to collect 1any 2i99erent 8in2" o9 in9or1ation ?Juic8 an2 lo! co"t a" co16are2 to o*"ervation an2 e:6eri1ental 1et$o2 -I(ITATIONS: ?Re"6on2ent+" reluctance to an"!er <ue"tion" a"8e2 *y un8no!n intervie!er" a*out t$in5" t$ey con"i2er 6rivate ?)u"y 6eo6le 1ay not !ant to ta8e t$e ti1e ?1ay try to $el6 *y 5ivin5 6lea"ant an"!er" ?una*le to an"!er *ecau"e t$ey cannot re1e1*er or never 5ave a t$ou5$t to !$at t$ey 2o an2 !$y ?1ay an"!er in or2er to loo8 "1art or !ell in9or1e2 CONTACT (ETHODS7 ;n9or1ation 1ay *e collecte2 *y Mail Tele6$one Per"onal intervie! (ail 9uestionnaires7 Ad&antages2 ?can *e u"e2 to collect lar5e a1ount" o9 in9or1ation at a lo! co"t 6er re"6on2ent ?re"6on2ent" 1ay 5ive 1ore $one"t an"!er" to 6er"onal <ue"tion" on a 1ail <ue"tionnaire ?no intervie!er i" involve2 to *ia" t$e re"6on2ent+" an"!er" ?convenient 9or re"6on2ent+" !$o can an"!er !$en t$ey $ave ti1e ? 5oo2 !ay to reac$ 6eo6le !$o o9ten travel

;i!itations2 ?not 9le:i*le ?ta8e lon5er to co16lete t$an tele6$one or 6er"onal intervie! ?re"6on"e rate i" o9ten very lo! ? re"earc$er $a" no control over !$o an"!er"

Tele#+one Inter!ie/ing7 ? <uic8 1et$o2 ? 1ore 9le:i*le a" intervie!er can e:6lain <ue"tion" not un2er"too2 *y t$e re"6on2ent ? 2e6en2in5 on re"6on2ent+" an"!er t$ey can "8i6 "o1e J" an2 6ro*e 1ore on ot$er" ? allo!" 5reater "a16le control ? re"6on"e rate ten2" to *e $i5$er t$an 1ail Dra!*ac8"7 ?Co"t 6er re"6on2ent $i5$er ?So1e 6eo6le 1ay not !ant to 2i"cu"" 6er"onal J" !it$ intervie!er ?;ntervie!er+" 1anner o9 "6ea8in5 1ay a99ect t$e re"6on2ent+" an"!er" ?Di99erent intervie!er" 1ay inter6ret an2 recor2 re"6on"e in a variety o9 !ay" ?un2er ti1e 6re""ure #2ata 1ay *e entere2 !it$out actually intervie!in5

%ersonal Inter!ie/ing:
;t i" very 9le:i*le an2 can *e u"e2 to collect lar5e a1ount" o9 in9or1ation Traine2 intervie!er" are can $ol2 t$e re"6on2ent+" attention an2 are availa*le to clari9y 2i99icult <ue"tion" T$ey can 5ui2e intervie!"# e:6lore i""ue"# an2 6ro*e a" t$e "ituation re<uire" Per"onal intervie! can *e u"e2 in any ty6e o9 <ue"tionnaire an2 can *e con2ucte2 9airly <uic8ly ;ntervie!er" can al"o "$o! actual 6ro2uct"# a2verti"e1ent"# 6ac8a5e" an2 o*"erve an2 recor2 t$eir reaction" an2 *e$aviour This ta*es two for!s1ndi&idualGroup 1ntercept inter&iewing ,ocus Group 1nter&iewing

Interce#t inter!ie/ing7 0i2ely u"e2 in touri"1 re"earc$ ?allo!" re"earc$er to reac$ 8no!n 6eo6le in a "$ort 6erio2 o9 ti1e ? only 1et$o2 o9 reac$in5 6eo6le !$o"e na1e" an2 a22re""e" are un8no!n ?involve" tal8in5 to 6eo6le at $o1e"# o99ice"# on t$e "treet# or in "$o66in5 1all"

?intervie!er 1u"t 5ain t$e intervie!ee+" coo6eration ?ti1e involve2 1ay ran5e 9ro1 a 9e! 1inute" to "everal $our"( 9or lon5er "urvey" co16en"ation 1ay *e o99ere2) ??involve" t$e u"e o9 %udg!ental sa!pling i e intervie!er $a" 5ui2eline" a" to !$o1 to Ninterce6tO# "uc$ a" %/R un2er a5e %& an2 F/R over a5e E& Dra!*ac8"7 ?Roo1 9or error an2 *ia" on t$e 6art o9 t$e intervie!er !$o 1ay not *e a*le to correctly 4u25e a5e# race etc ?;ntervie!er 1ay *e unco19orta*le tal8in5 to certain et$nic or a5e 5rou6" Focus 5rou# Inter!ie/ing: ;t i" ra6i2ly *eco1in5 one o9 t$e 1a4or re"earc$ tool to un2er"tan2 6eo6le+" t$ou5$t" an2 9eelin5" ;t i" u"ually con2ucte2 *y invitin5 "i: to ten 6eo6le to 5at$er 9or a 9e! $our" !it$ a traine2 1o2erator to tal8 a*out a 6ro2uct# "ervice or or5ani@ation T$e 1eetin5 i" $el2 in a 6lea"ant 6lace# an2 re9re"$1ent" are "erve2 to create a rela:e2 environ1ent T$e 1o2erator nee2" o*4ectivity# 8no!le25e o9 t$e "u*4ect an2 in2u"try# an2 "o1e un2er"tan2in5 o9 5rou6 an2 con"u1er *e$aviour T$e 1o2erator "tart" !it$ a *roa2 <ue"tion *e9ore 1ovin5 to 1ore "6eci9ic i""ue"# encoura5in5 o6en an2 ea"y 2i"cu""ion to *rin5 out true 9eelin5" an2 t$ou5$t" At t$e "a1e ti1e# t$e intervie!er 9ocu"e" t$e 2i"cu""ion# $ence t$e na1e focus group inter&iewing) -often held to help deter!ine the sub%ect areas on which questions should be as*ed in a later, large-scale, structured-direct inter&iew Co11ent" are recor2e2 t$rou5$ note ta8in5 or vi2eota6e2 an2 "tu2ie2 later to un2er"tan2 con"u1er+ *uyin5 6roce"" T$i" 1et$o2 i" e"6ecially "uite2 9or 1ana5er" o9 $otel" an2 re"taurant"# !$o $ave ea"y acce"" to t$eir cu"to1er" e 5 So1e $otel 1ana5er" o9ten invite a 5rou6 o9 $otel 5ue"t" 9ro1 a 6articular 1ar8et "e51ent to $ave a 9ree *rea89a"t !it$ t$e1 Mana5er" 5et t$e c$ance to 1eet t$e 5ue"t" an2 2i"cu"" !$at t$ey li8e a*out t$e $otel an2 !$at t$e $otel coul2 2o to 1a8e t$eir "tay 1ore en4oya*le an2 co19orta*le T$e 5ue"t" a66reciate t$i" reco5nition an2 t$e 1ana5er 5et" valua*le in9or1ation Re"taurant 1ana5er" u"e t$e "a1e a66roac$ *y $ol2in5 2i"cu""ion 1eetin5" over lunc$ or 2inner Dra/"ac1s: ?Co"t7 1ay co"t 1ore t$an tele6$one "urvey

?Sa16lin57 5rou6 intervie! "tu2ie" 8ee6 "1all "a16le "i@e to 8ee6 ti1e an2 co"t 2o!n# t$ere9ore it 1ay *e 2i99icult to 5enerali@e 9ro1 t$e re"ult" ? ;ntervie!er *ia" E:%ERI(ENTA- (ETHOD Al"o calle2 /!pirical Research or .ause and /ffect Method, it i" a 2ata?*a"e2 re"earc$# co1in5 u6 !it$ conclu"ion" !$ic$ are ca6a*le o9 *ein5 veri9ie2 !it$ o*"ervation or e:6eri1ent E:6eri1ental re"earc$ i" a66ro6riate !$en 6roo9 i" "ou5$t t$at certain varia*le" a99ect ot$er varia*le" in "o1e !ay e)g) -Tenderisers ' independent &ariable( affect coo*ing ti!e and te ture of !eat' dependent &ariable( ) - The effect of substituting one ingredient in whole or in part for another such as soya flour to flour for !a*ing high protein bread) --e&elop recipes to use products) Suc$ re"earc$ i" c$aracteri"e2 *y t$e e:6eri1enter+" control over t$e varia*le" un2er "tu2y an2 t$e 2eli*erate 1ani6ulation o9 one o9 t$e1 to "tu2y it" e99ect" ;n "uc$ a re"earc$# it i" nece""ary to 5et at 9act" 9ir"t $an2# at t$eir "ource# an2 actively 5o a*out 2oin5 certain t$in5" to "ti1ulate t$e 6ro2uction o9 2e"ire2 in9or1ation ?Re"earc$er 1u"t 6rovi2e "el9 !it$ a wor*ing hypothesis or 5ue"" a" to t$e 6ro*a*le re"ult" ? T$en !or8 to 5et enou5$ 9act" (2ata) to 6rove or 2i"6rove t$e $y6ot$e"i" ?He t$en "et" u6 e:6eri1ental 2e"i5n" !$ic$ $e t$in8" !ill 1ani6ulate t$e 6er"on" or t$e 1aterial" concerne2 "o a" to *rin5 9ort$ t$e 2e"ire2 in9or1ation Evi2ence 5at$ere2 t$rou5$ e:6eri1ental or e16irical "tu2ie" to2ay i" con"i2ere2 to *e t$e 1o"t 6o!er9ul "u66ort 6o""i*le 9or a 5iven $y6ot$e"i" Lo!e#)elle=1-/.#/ peri!ental .oo*ery, Ho$n 0illey S Son"# 'e! Yor8# 66 3D?DE DETER(ININ5 SA(%-E DESI5N Re"earc$er" u"ually 2ra! conclu"ion" a*out lar5e 5rou6" *y ta8in5 a "a16le A Sa!ple is a seg!ent of the population selected to represent the population as a whole) ;2eally# t$e "a16le "$oul2 *e re6re"entative an2 allo! t$e re"earc$er to 1a8e accurate e"ti1ate" o9 t$e t$ou5$t" an2 *e$aviour o9 t$e lar5er 6o6ulation

De"i5nin5 t$e "a16le call" 9or t$ree 2eci"ion"7 3ho !ill *e "urveye2C ( The Sa!ple( G T$e re"earc$er 1u"t 2eter1ine !$at ty6e o9 in9or1ation i" nee2e2 an2 !$o i" 1o"t li8ely to $ave it 4ow !any people !ill *e "urveye2C (Sa!ple Si+e) G Lar5e "a16le" 5ive 1ore relia*le re"ult" t$an "1all "a16le" Ho!ever it i" not nece""ary to "a16le t$e entire tar5et 6o6ulation 4ow "$oul2 t$e "a16le *e c$o"enC (Sa!pling( G Sa16le 1e1*er" 1ay *e c$o"en at rando! 9ro1 t$e entire 6o6ulation ( probability sa!ple( G T$e re"earc$er 1i5$t select people who are easier to o*tain in9or1ation 9ro1 ( nonprobability sa!ple(

The needs of the research pro%ect will deter!ine which !ethod is !ost effecti&e

Ty#es of Sam#les

%ro"a"ility sam#les Si!ple rando! sa!ple2

c$ance o9 *ein5 "electe2

Every 1e1*er o9 t$e 6o6ulation $a" a 8no!n

an2

e<ual

Stratified rando! sa!ple 2Po6ulation i" 2ivi2e2 into 1utually e:clu"ive 5rou6" "uc$ a" a5e 5rou6" an2 ran2o1"a16le" are 2ra!n 9ro1 eac$ 5rou6 .luster'area(sa!ple2 T$e 6o6ulation i" 2ivi2e2 into 1utually e:clu"ive 5rou6" "uc$ a" *loc8"# an2 t$e re"earc$er 2ra!" a "a16le o9 t$e 5rou6 to intervie! Non#ro"a"ility sam#les .on&enience sa!ple2 T$e re"earc$er "elect" t$e ea"ie"t 6o6ulation 1e1*er" 9ro1 !$ic$ to o*tain in9or1ation <udg!ent sa!ple2 T$e re"earc$er u"e" $i"A$er 4u25e1ent to "elect 6o6ulation 1e1*er" !$o are 5oo2 6ro"6ect" 9or accurate in9or1ation =uota sa!ple2 T$e re"earc$er 9in2" an2 intervie!" a 6re"cri*e2 nu1*er o9 6eo6le in eac$ o9 "everal cate5orie" TOOL FOR DATA COLLECT;O' (RESEARCH ;'STR(ME'TS)

T$e con"truction o9 a re"earc$ in"tru1ent or tool 9or 2ata collection i" t$e 1o"t i16ortant a"6 o9 a re"earc$ 6ro4ect *ecau"e anyt$in5 you "ay *y !ay o9 9in2in5" or conclu"ion" i" *a"e2 u6 t$e ty6e o9 in9or1ation you collect# an2 t$e 2ata you collect i" entirely 2e6en2ent u6on t$e <ue"tion" t$at you a"8 o9 your re"6on2ent" T$e 9a1ou" "ayin5 a*out co16uter"? N5ar*a5e in 5ar*a5e outO? i" al"o a66lica*le 9or 2ata collection The research tool pro&ides the input into study and therefore the quality and &alidity of the output 'the findings(, are solely dependent it)

Guidelines to Construct a Research Tool2

The underlying principle behind the guidelines suggested below is to ensure the &alidity of yo instru!ent by !a*ing sure that your questions relate to the ob%ecti&es of your study) Step 12 .learly define and indi&idually list all the specific ob%ecti&es or research =uestions for your study) Step 112 ,or each ob%ecti&e or research questions, list all the associated questions That you want to answer through your study) Step 1112 Ta*e each research question listed in step 11 and list the infor!ation Required to answer it) Step 1#2 ,or!ulate question's( to obtain this infor!ation) T+e 9uestionnaire7 Structure2 "urvey"A intervie!" e16loy t$e u"e o9 a <ue"tionnaire A questionnaire consists of a set of questions presented to a respondent for answers) The respondents read the questions, interpret what is e pected and then write down the answers the!sel&es) ;t i" calle2 an 1nter&iew Schedule when the researcher as*s the questions 'and if necessary, e plain the!( and record the respondent:s reply on the inter&iew schedule) )ecau"e t$ere are 1any !ay" to a"8 <ue"tion"# t$e <ue"tionnaire i" very 9le:i*le Jue"tionnaire "$oul2 *e 2evelo6e2 an2 te"te2 care9ully *e9ore *ein5 u"e2 on a lar5e "cale T$ere are t$ree *a"ic ty6e" o9 <ue"tionnaire7 G Clo"e2 Ben2e2 G O6en?en2e2 G Co1*ination o9 *ot$

)*Closed ;ended 9uestionnaire7 ?Clo"e2 en2e2 <ue"tion" inclu2e all 6o""i*le an"!er"A6re!ritten re"6on"e cate5orie"# an2 re"6on2ent" are a"8e2 to c$oo"e a1on5 t$e1 ?e 5 1ulti6le c$oice <ue"tion"# "cale <ue"tion" ? Ty6e o9 <ue"tion" u"e2 to 5enerate "tati"tic" in <uantitative re"earc$ ? A" t$e"e 9ollo! a "et 9or1at# an2 1o"t re"6on"e" can *e entere2 ea"ily into a co16uter 9or ea"e o9 analy"i"# 5reater nu1*er" can *e 2i"tri*ute2 ,* O#en-ended 9uestionnaire7 ?O6en?en2e2 <ue"tion" allo! re"6on2ent" to an"!er in t$eir o!n !or2" ?Jue"tionnaire 2oe" not contain *o:e" to tic8 *ut in"tea2 leave" a *lan8 "ection 9or t$e re"6o to !rite in an an"!er ?0$erea" clo"e2 Ben2e2 <ue"tionnaire" 1i5$t *e u"e2 to 9in2 out $o! 1any 6eo6le u"e a "er o6en?en2e2 <ue"tionnaire" 1i5$t *e u"e2 to 9in2 out !$at 6eo6le t$in8 a*out a "ervice ?A" t$ere are no "tan2ar2 an"!er" to t$e"e <ue"tion"# 2ata analy"i" i" 1ore co16le: ? A" it i" o6inion" !$ic$ are "ou5$t rat$er t$an nu1*er"# 9e!er <ue"tionnaire" nee2 to *e 2i"tri*ute2 6* Com"ination of "ot+: ?T$i" !ay it i" 6o""i*le to 9in2 out $o! 1any 6eo6le u"e a "ervice an2 !$at t$ey t$in8 o9 t$e "ervice in t$e "a1e 9or1 ?)e5in" !it$ a "erie" o9 clo"e2 Ben2e2 <ue"tion"# !it$ *o:e" to tic8 or "cale" to ran8# an2 t$e 9ini"$ !it$ a "ection o9 o6en?en2e2 <ue"tion" or 1ore 2etaile2 re"6on"e Ho/ to construct 'uestionnaires: G Deci2in5 !$ic$ <ue"tionnaire to u"e? G 0or2in5 an2 "tructure o9 <ue"tion" ? closed or open ended,

- self or inter&iewer ad!inistered

i e t!o

? Jue"tion" "$oul2 *e 8e6t "$ort an2 "i16le??avoi2 double barreled <ue"tion" in one Ba"8 t!o J" rat$er t$an one ? Avoi2 ne5ative <ue"tion"? !$ic$ $ave not in t$e1 a" it i" con9u"in5 9or re"6on2ent to a5ree or 2i"a5ree ? ?

Jue"tion "$oul2 not contain Prestige Bias B cau"in5 e1*arra""1ent or 9orcin5 t$e re"6on2ent to 5ive 9al"e an"!er in or2er to loo8 5oo2 Jue"tion" a*out e2ucational <uali9ication or inco1e 1i5$t elicit t$i" ty6e o9 re"6on"e ("e in2irect <ue"tion" 9or "en"itive i""ue"? in in2irect <ue"tion" re"6on2ent" can relate t$eir an"!er to ot$er 6eo6le

? ("in5 clo"e2? en2e2 <ue"tion"? try to 1a8e "ure t$at all 6o""i*le an"!er" are covere2 "o t$at re"6on2ent" are not con"traine2 in t$eir an"!er NDon+t ,no!O cate5ory al"o nee2" to *e a22e2 ?Avoi2in5 Lea2in5 Jue"tion7 Don+t lea2 t$e re"6on2ent to an"!er in a certain !ay e 5 NHo! o9ten 2o you !a"$ your carCO a""u1e" t$at re"6on2ent $a" a car an2 $e !a"$e" $i" car ;n"tea2# a"8 a 9ilter <ue"tion to 9in2 i9 $e $a" a car# an2 t$en# >;9 you !a"$ your car# $o! 1any ti1e" a yearC+ Len5t$ an2 or2erin5 o9 t$e Jue"tion"7 ? ,ee6 t$e <ue"tionnaire a" "$ort a" 6o""i*le ?A"8 ea"y J" 0$ic$ re"6on2ent" !ill en4oy an"!erin5 ? ;9 co1*ine2 <ue"tionnaire# 8ee6 o6en en2e2 J" 9or t$e en2 ?Ma8e J" a" intere"tin5 a" 6o""i*le an2 ea"y to 9ollo! *y varyin5 ty6e an2 len5t$ o9 <ue"tion ? Grou6 t$e <" ;nto "6eci9ic to6ic a" t$i" it 1a8e" it ea"ier to un2er"tan2 an2 9ollo! ? Layout an2 "6acin5 i" i16ortant a" cluttere2 Jue"tionnaire i" le"" li8ely to *e an"!ere2 %iloting t+e 9uestionnaire Once you $ave con"tructe2 your <ue"tionnaire# you 1u"t 6ilot it T$i" 1ean" t$at you 1u"t te"t it out to "ee i9 it i" o*tainin5 t$e re"ult you re<uire T$i" i" 2one *y a"8in5 6eo6le to rea2 it t$rou5$ an2 "ee i9 t$ere are any a1*i5uitie" !$ic$ you $ave not notice2 T$ey "$oul2 al"o *e a"8e2 to co11ent a*out t$e len5t$# "tructure an2 !or2in5 o9 t$e <ue"tionnaire Alter t$e <ue"tion" accor2in5ly G

Ste# <: CO--ECTIN5 DATA : Havin5 9or1ulate2 t$e re"earc$ 6ro*le1## 2evelo6e2 a "tu2y 2e"i5n# con"tructe2 a re"earc$ in"tru1ent an2 "electe2 a "a16le# you t$en collect t$e 2ata 9ro1 !$ic$ you !ill 2ra! in9erence" an2 conclu"ion" 9or your "tu2y De6en2in5 u6on your 6lan"# you 1i5$t co11ence intervie!"# 1ail out a <ue"tionnaire# con2uct e:6eri1ent" an2Aor 1a8e o*"ervation"

Collectin5 2ata t$rou5$ any o9 t$e 1et$o2" 1ay involve "o1e et$ical i""ue" in relation to t$e 6artici6ant" an2 t$e re"earc$er 7 ? T$o"e 9ro1 !$o1 in9or1ation i" collecte2 or t$o"e !$o are "tu2ie2 *y a re"earc$er *eco1e participants o9 t$e "tu2y ? Anyone !$o collect" in9or1ation 9or a "6eci9ic 6ur6o"e# a2$erin5 to t$e acce6te2 co2e o9 con2uct# i" a researcher a) Et$ical i""ue" concernin5 re"earc$ 6artici6ant"7 T$ere are 1any et$ical i""ue" in relation to 6artici6ant" o9 a re"earc$ activity i) Collectin5 in9or1ation7 Your re<ue"t 9or in9or1ation 1ay 6ut 6re""ure or create an:iety on a re"6on2ent ;" it et$icalC Re"earc$ i" re<uire2 to i16rove con2ition" Provi2e2 any 6iece o9 re"earc$ i" li8ely to $el6 "ociety 2irectly or in2irectly# it i" acce6ta*le to a"8 <ue"tion"# if you first obtain the respondents: infor!ed consent) ;9 you cannot 4u"ti9y t$e relevance o9 t$e re"earc$ you are con2uctin5# you are !a"tin5 your re"6on2ent"+ ti1e# !$ic$ i" unet$ical ii)See8in5 con"ent7 ;n every 2i"ci6line it i" con"i2ere2 unet$ical to collect in9or1ation !it$out t$e 8no!le25e o9 t$e 6artici6ant# an2 t$eir e:6re""e2 !illin5ne"" an2 in9or1e2 con"ent 1nfor!ed consent i16lie" t$at "u*4ect" are 1a2e a2e<uately a!are o9 t$e ty6e o9 in9or1ation you !ant 9ro1 t$e1# !$y t$e in9or1ation i" *ein5 "ou5$t# !$at 6ur6o"e it !ill *e 6ut to# $o! t$ey are e:6ecte2 to 6artici6ate in t$e "tu2y# an2 $o! it !ill 2irectly or in2irectly a99ect t$e1 ;t i" i16ortant t$at t$e con"ent "$oul2 *e voluntary an2 !it$out 6re""ure o9 any 8in2 iii) Provi2in5 incentive"7 Mo"t 6eo6le 2o not 6artici6ate in a "tu2y *ecau"e o9 incentive"# *ut *ecau"e t$ey reali@e t$e i16ortance o9 t$e "tu2y ;" it et$ical to 6rovi2e incentive" to re"6on2ent" to "$are in9or1ation !it$ you *ecau"e t$ey are 5ivin5 t$eir ti1eC Givin5 a 6re"ent *e9ore 2ata collection i" unet$ical iv)See8in5 "en"itive in9or1ation7 Certain ty6e" o9 in9or1ation can *e re5ar2e2 a" "en"itive or con9i2ential *y "o1e 6eo6le an2 t$u" an inva"ion to t$eir 6rivacy# a"8in5 9or "uc$ in9or1ation 1ay u6"et or e1*arra"" a re"6on2ent

For 1o"t 6eo6le# <ue"tion" on 2ru5 u"e# 6il9era5e# inco1e# a5e# 1arital "tatu" etc are intru"ive ;n collectin5 2ata you nee2 to *e care9ul a*out t$e "en"itivitie" o9 your re"6on2ent" ;t i" not unet$ical to a"8 "uc$ <ue"tion" 6rovi2e2 t$at you tell your re"6on2ent" t$e ty6e o9 in9or1ation you are 5oin5 to a"8 clearly an2 9ran8ly# an2 5ive t$e1 "u99icient ti1e to 2eci2e i9 t$ey !ant to 6artici6ate# !it$out any 1a4or in2uce1ent v) T$e 6o""i*ility o9 cau"in5 $ar1 to 6artici6ant7 0$en you collect 2ata 9ro1 re"6on2ent" or involve "u*4ect" in an e:6eri1ent# you nee2 to e:a1ine care9ully !$et$er t$eir involve1ent i" li8ely to $ar1 t$e1 in any !ay 4ar! includes l research that !ight include ha+ardous e peri!ents, disco!fort, an iety, harass!ent, in&asion of pri&acy, or de!eaning or dehu!ani+ing procedures) ;9 it i" li8ely to# you 1u"t 1a8e "ure t$at t$e ri"8 i" 1ini1al i e t$e e:tent o9 $ar1 or 2i"co19ort i" not 5reater t$at or2inarily encountere2 in 2aily li9e ;9 t$e !ay in9or1ation i" "ou5$t create" an:iety or $ara""1ent# you nee2 to ta8e "te6" to 6revent t$i" vi) Maintainin5 con9i2entiality7 S$arin5 in9or1ation a*out a re"6on2ent !it$ ot$er" 9or 6ur6o"e" ot$er t$an re"earc$ i" unet$ical So1eti1e" you nee2 to i2enti9y your "tu2y 6o6ulation to 6ut your 9in2in5" into conte:t ;n "uc$ a "ituation you nee2 to 1a8e "ure t$at at lea"t t$e in9or1ation 6rovi2e2 *y re"6on2ent" i" 8e6t anony1ou" ;t i" unet$ical to i2enti9y an in2ivi2ual+" re"6on"e" T$ere9ore you nee2 to en"ure t$at a9ter t$e in9or1ation $a" *een collecte2# t$e "ource cannot *e 8no!n

*) Et$ical i""ue" relatin5 to t$e re"earc$er7 i) Avoi2in5 *ia"7 )ia" on t$e 6art o9 t$e re"earc$er i" unet$ical )ia" i" a 2eli*erate atte16t to eit$er to $i2e !$at you $ave 9oun2 in your "tu2y# or $i5$li5$t "o1et$in5 2i"6ro6ortionately to it" true e:i"tence ii) Provi"ion or 2e6rivation o9 a treat1ent7 )ot$ t$e 6rovi"ion an2 2e6rivation o9 a treat1entA intervention 1ay 6o"e an et$ical 2ile11a 9or you a" a re"earc$er ;" it et$ical to 6rovi2e a "tu2y 6o6ulation !it$ an interventionA treat1ent t$at $a" not yet *een conclu"ively 6roven e99ective or *ene9icialC )ut i9 you 2o not te"t# $o! can you 6rove or 2i"6rove it" e99ectivene"" or *ene9it"C

T$ere are no "i16le an"!er" to t$e"e 2ile11a" En"urin5 in9or1e2 con"ent# >1ini1u1 ri"8+ an2 9ran8 2i"cu""ion a" to t$e i16lication" o9 6artici6ation in t$e "tu2y !ill $el6 to re"olve et$ical i""ue" iii) ("in5 ina66ro6riate re"earc$ 1et$o2olo5y7 ;t i" unet$ical to u"e a 1et$o2 or 6roce2ure you 8no! to *e ina66ro6riate e 5 "electin5 a $i5$ly *ia"e2 "a16le# u"in5 an invali2 in"tru1ent or 2ra!in5 !ron5 conclu"ion" iv) ;ncorrect re6ortin57 To re6ort t$e 9in2in5" in a !ay t$at c$an5e" or "lant" t$e1 to "erve your o!n or "o1eone el"e+" intere"t# i" unet$ical v) ;na66ro6riate u"e o9 t$e in9or1ation7 T$e u"e o9 in9or1ation in a !ay t$at 2irectly or in2irectly a2ver"ely a99ect" t$e re"6on2ent" i" unet$ical ;9 "o# t$e "tu2y 6o6ulation nee2" to *e 6rotecte2 So1eti1e" it i" 6o""i*le to $ar1 in2ivi2ual" in t$e 6roce"" o9 ac$ievin5 *ene9it" 9or t$e or5ani@ation" An e:a16le !oul2 *e a "tu2y to e:a1ine t$e 9ea"i*ility o9 re"tructurin5 an or5ani@ation Re"tructurin5 1ay *e *ene9icial to t$e or5ani@ation a" a !$ole *ur 1ay *e $ar19ul to "o1e in2ivi2ual" S$oul2 you a"8 re"6on2ent" 9or in9or1ation t$at i" li8ely to *e u"e2 a5ain"t t$e1C ;t i" et$ical to a"8 <ue"tion" 6rovi2e2 you tell re"6on2ent" o9 t$e 6otential u"e o9 t$e in9or1ation# inclu2in5 t$e 6o""i*ility o9 it *ein5 u"e2 a5ain"t "o1e o9 t$e1# an2 you let t$e1 2eci2e i9 t$ey !ant to 6artici6ate Ste6 E7 PROCESS;'G A'D A'ALYS;'G DATA Proce""in5 an2 analy"in5 2ata involve" a nu1*er o9 clo"ely relate2 o6eration" !$ic$ are 6er9or1e2 !it$ t$e 6ur6o"e o9 "u11ari@in5 t$e collecte2 2ata an2 or5ani@in5 t$e"e in a 1anner t$at t$ey an"!er t$e re"earc$ <ue"tion" (o*4ective")

T$e Data Proce""in5 operations are7 1 E2itin5? a 6roce"" o9 e:a1inin5 t$e collecte2 ra! 2ata to 2etect error" an2 o1i""ion" an2 to correct t$e"e !$en 6o""i*le

% Cla""i9ication? a 6roce"" o9 arran5in5 2ata in 5rou6" or cla""e" on t$e *a"i" o9

co11on c$aracteri"tic" De6en2in5 on t$e nature o9 6$eno1enon involve2 a) .lassification according to attributes7 $ere 2ata i" analy"e2 on t$e *a"i" o9 co11on c$aracteri"tic" !$ic$ can eit$er *e 7 descripti&e "uc$ a" literacy, se , religion etc) or 7 nu!erical "uc$ a" weight, height, inco!e etc) Suc$ cla""i9ication can *e eit$er7 Si!ple classification2 !$ere !e con"i2er only one attri*ute# an2 2ivi2e t$e univer"e into t!o cla""e" Qone cla"" con"i"tin5 o9 ite1" 6o""e""in5 t$e 5iven attri*ute an2 t$e ot$er cla"" con"i"tin5 o9 ite1" !$ic$ 2o not 6o""e"" t$e 5iven attri*ute

Ta*le 1 Hotel E16loyee" !it$ M)A De5ree Ye" 'o Total

M)A De5ree

%1

3&

Manifold classification2 Here !e con"i2er t!o "i1ultaneou"ly# an2 2ivi2e t$e 2ata into a nu1*er o9 cla""e"

or

1ore

attri*ute"

Ta*le % E2ucational Juali9ication o9 Hotel E16loyee" Ye" M)A De5ree M 1% F M 3 'o F E Total M F 1/ 1/

) Sc HSHA 1/

1/

&

&

1/

1/

*) .lassification according to class >inter&als 7 i" 2one !it$ 2ata relatin5 to inco!e, age, weight, tariff, production, occupancy etc) Suc$ <uantitative 2ata are 8no!n a" t$e statistics of &ariables an2 are cla""i9ie2 on t$e *a"i" o9 cla"" Binterval"

e 5 6er"on" !$o"e inco1e are !it$in R" %&&1 to R" D&&& can 9or1

one

5rou6 or cla""# t$o"e !it$ inco1e !it$in R" D&&1 t& R" E&&& can 9or1 anot$er 5rou6 or cla"" an2 "o on T$e nu1*er o9 ite1" !$ic$ 9all in a 5iven cla"" i" 8no!n a" t$e 9re<uency o9 t$e 5iven cla"" Ta*le 3 Poc8et Money Receive2 *y ;HM Stu2ent"

;nco1e Ran5e
R" 1&&1?%&&& R" %&&1?3&&& R" 3&&1?D&&&

Fre<uency
1& . %

R
/& D& 1&

Total
3

%&

1&&

Ta*ulation?Ta*ulation i" t$e 6roce"" o9 "u11ari@in5 ra! 2ata an2 2i"6layin5 t$e "a1e in co16act 9or1 9or 9urt$er analy"i" ;t i" an or2erly arran5e1ent o9 2ata in colu1n" an2 ro!" Ta*ulation i" e""ential *ecau"e7 a) ;t con"erve" "6ace an2 re2uce" e:6lanatory an2 2e"cri6tive "tate1ent to a 1ini1u1 *) ;t 9acilitate" t$e 6roce"" o9 co16ari"on c) ;t 9acilitate" t$e "u11ation o9 ite1" an2 t$e 2etection o9 error" an2 o1i""ion" 2) ;t 6rovi2e" t$e *a"i" 9or variou" "tati"tical co16utation" Ta*ulation 1ay al"o *e cla""i9ie2 a" "i16le an2 co16le: ta*ulation Si16le ta*ulation 5enerally re"ult" in one?!ay ta*le" !$ic$ "u66ly an"!er" to <ue"tion" a*out one c$aracteri"tic o9 2ata only Co16le: ta*ulation u"ually re"ult" on t!o?!ay ta*le" (!$ic$ 5ive in9or1ation a*out t!o inter?relate2 c$aracteri"tic" o9 2ata)# t$ree B!ay ta*le" or "till $i5$er or2er ta*le"# al"o 8no!n a" 1ani9ol2 ta*le"

Data Analy"i" Met$o2" Jualitative Data Analy"i"7

Jualitative 2ata analy"i" i" a very 6er"onal 6roce"" !it$ 9e! ri5i2 rule" an2 6roce2ure" For t$i" 6ur6o"e# t$e re"earc$er nee2" to 5o t$rou5$ a 6roce"" calle2 .ontent Analysis) Content Analy"i" 1ean" analy"i" o9 t$e content" o9 an intervie! in or2er to i2enti9y t$e 1ain t$e1e" t$at e1er5e 9ro1 t$e re"6on"e" 5iven *y t$e re"6on2ent" T$i" 6roce"" involve" a nu1*er o9 "te6"7 Ste6 1 1dentify the !ain the!es) T$e re"earc$er nee2" to care9ully 5o t$rou5$ t$e 2e"cri6tive re"6on"e" 5iven *y re"6on2ent" to eac$ <ue"tion in or2er to un2er"tan2 t$e !eaning t$ey co11unicate Fro1 t$e"e re"6on"e" t$e re"earc$er 2evelo6 *roa2 t$e1e" t$at re9lect t$e"e 1eanin5" Peo6le u"e 2i99erent !or2" an2 lan5ua5e to e:6re"" t$e1"elve" ;t i" i16ortant t$at re"earc$er "elect !or2in5 o9 t$e t$e1e in a !ay t$at accurately re6re"ent" t$e 1eanin5 o9 t$e re"6on"e" cate5ori@e2 un2er a t$e1e T$e"e t$e1e" *eco1e t$e *a"i" 9or analy@in5 t$e te:t o9 un"tructure2 intervie!" Ste6 % Assign codes to the !ain the!es2 ;9 t$e re"earc$er !ant" to count t$e nu1*er o9 ti1e" a t$e1e $a" occurre2 in an intervie!# $eA"$e nee2" to "elect a 9e! re"6on"e" to an o6en? en2e2 <ue"tion an2 i2enti9y t$e 1ain t$e1e" HeA"$e continue" to i2enti9y t$e"e t$e1e" 9ro1 t$e "a1e <ue"tion till a "aturation 6oint i" reac$e2 0rite t$e"e t$e1e" an2 a""i5n a co2e to eac$ o9 t$e1# u"in5 nu1*er" or 8ey!or2" Ste6 3 .lassify responses under the !ain the!es2 Havin5 i2enti9ie2 t$e t$e1e" 'e:t "te6 i" to 5o t$rou5$ t$e tran"cri6t" o9 all t$e intervie!" an2 cla""i9y t$e re"6on"e" un2er t$e 2i99erent t$e1e" Ste6 D 1ntegrate the!es and responses into the te t of your report2 Havin5 i2enti9ie2 re"6on"e" t$at 9all !it$in 2i99erent t$e1e"# t$e ne:t "te6 i" to inte5rate into t$e te:t o9 your re6ort 0$ile 2i"cu""in5 t$e 1ain t$e1e" t$at e1er5e2 9ro1 t$eir "tu2y# "o1e re"earc$er" u"e ver*ati1 re"6on"e" to 8ee6 t$e 9eel o9 t$e re"6on"e T$ere are ot$er" !$o count $o! 9re<uently a t$e1e $a" occurre2# an2 t$en 6rovi2e a "a16le o9 t$e re"6on"e" ;t entirely 2e6en2" u6on t$e !ay t$e re"earc$er !ant" to co11unicate t$e 9in2in5" to t$e rea2er"

Juantitative Data Analy"i"7

T$i" 1et$o2 i" 1o"t "uita*le 9or lar5e !ell 2e"i5ne2 an2 !ell a21ini"tere2 "urvey" u"in5 6ro6erly con"tructe2 an2 !or2e2 <ue"tionnaire Data can *e analy"e2 eit$er !anually or !it$ t$e $el6 o9 a co!puter Manual -ata Analysis2 T$i" can *e 2one i9 t$e nu1*er o9 re"6on2ent" i" rea"ona*ly "1all# an2 t$ere are not 1any varia*le" to analy"e Ho!ever# t$i" i" u"e9ul only 9or calculatin5 9re<uencie" an2 9or "i16le cro""? ta*ulation" Manual 2ata analy"i" i" e:tre1ely ti1e con"u1in5 T$e ea"ie"t !ay to 2o t$i" i" to co2e it 2irectly onto lar5e 5ra6$ 6a6er in colu1n" Detaile2 $ea2in5" can *e u"e2 or <ue"tion nu1*er" can *e !ritten on eac$ colu1n to co2e in9or1ation a*out t$e <ue"tion To 1anually analy"e 2ata (9re<uency 2i"tri*ution)# count variou" co2e" in a colu1n an2 t$en 2eco2e t$e1 ;n a22ition# i9 you !ant to carry out "tati"tical te"t"# t$ey $ave to *e calculate2 1anually 4owe&er, the use of statistics depends on your e pertise and the desire0need to co!!unicate the findings in a certain way) -ata Analysis $sing a .o!puter2 ;9 you !ant to analy"e 2ata u"in5 co16uter# you "$oul2 *e 9a1iliar !it$ t$e a66ro6riate 6ro5ra1 ;n t$i" area# 8no!le25e o9 co16uter an2 "tati"tic" 6lay" an i16ortant role T$e 1o"t co11on "o9t!are i" SPSS 9or !in2o!" Ho!ever# 2ata in6ut can *e lon5 an2 la*oriou" 6roce""# an2 i9 2ata i" entere2 incorrectly# it !ill in9luence t$e 9inal re"ult"

Ste6.7 REPORT;'G THE F;'D;'GS7 0ritin5 t$e re6ort i" t$e la"t# an2 9or 1any# t$e 1o"t 2i99icult "te6 o9 t$e re"earc$ 6roce"" T$e re6ort in9or1" t$e !orl2 !$at you $ave 2one# !$at you $ave 2i"covere2 an2 !$at conclu"ion" you $ave 2ra!n 9ro1 your 9in2in5" T$e re6ort "$oul2 *e !ritten in an aca2e1ic "tyle Lan5ua5e "$oul2 *e 9or1al an2 not 4ournali"tic

0ritten Re"earc$ Pro4ect Re6ort For1at Tra2itional !ritten re6ort" ten2 to *e 6ro2uce2 in t$e 9ollo!in5 9or1at Title Page ?Title o9 t$e Re"earc$ Pro4ect# ?'a1e o9 t$e re"earc$er# ?Pur6o"e o9 t$e re"earc$ 6ro4ect# e 5 NA research pro%ect sub!itted in partial fulfill!ent of the require!ents of ?ational .ouncil for 4otel Manage!ent and .atering Technology, ?ew -elhi for the degree of B)Sc 4ospitality and 4otel Ad!inistration@ ?Date o9 Pu*lication

Table of .ontents ;n t$i" "ection i" li"te2 t$e content" o9 t$e re6ort# eit$er in c$a6ter" or in "u*$ea2in5" e 5 Content" ;ntro2uction C$a6ter ; T$eoretical Fra1e!or8 an2 Revie! o9 Relate2 Literature Re"earc$ De"i5n Data Analy"i" an2 ;nter6retation Su11ary an2 Conclu"ion Su55e"tion" 9or Furt$er Re"earc$ Re9erence"A )i*lio5ra6$y A66en2ice" A66en2i: ; A66en2i: ;; Jue"tionnaire 9or E16loyee" Jue"tionnaire 9or Mana5er" Pa5e 'o 1

3 3& 3/ F& F/

C$a6ter ;; C$a6ter ;;; C$a6ter ;T

;ist of Tables

T$i" "ection inclu2e" title an2 6a5e nu1*er o9 all ta*le" e 5 Ta*le 'o 1 % Titl ;nco1e level" e o9 Re"6on2ent" A5e 2i"tri*ution o9 Re"6on2ent" Pa5e 'o31 3/

;ist Af ,igures T$i" "ection contain" title an2 6a5e nu1*er o9 all 5ra6$"# 6ie c$art" etc e 5 Fi5ure 'o 1 % Title Pa5e 'o 33 3F

Pie C$art "$o!in5 a5e 2i"tri*ution o9 re"6on2ent" )ar Gra6$ "$o!in5 6o6ularity o9 1enu ite1"

Ac*nowledge!ents Here t$e re"earc$er 1ay ac8no!le25e ;n"titute Princi6al# Faculty Gui2e?*ot$ re"earc$ 5ui2e an2 tec$nical 5ui2e# re"earc$ 6artici6ant"# 9rien2" etc 1ntroduction T$i" "ection intro2uce" t$e re"earc$ "ettin5 out ai1" an2 o*4ective" ;t inclu2e" a rationale 9or t$e re"earc$ Theoretical ,ra!ewor* and Re&iew of ;iterature

;n t$i" "ection i" inclu2e2 all your *ac85roun2 re"earc$ !$ic$ 1ay *e o*taine2 9ro1 t$e literature revie! You 1u"t in2icate 9ro1 !$ere all t$e in9or1ation Ha" co1e# "o re1e1*er to 8ee6 a co16lete recor2 o9 everyt$in5 you rea2 ;9 you 2o not 2o t$i"# you coul2 *e accu"e2 o9 plagiaris! !$ic$ i" a 9or1 o9 intellectual t$e9t 0$en you are re9errin5 to a 6articular *oo8 or 4ournal article# u"e t$e Harvar2 "y"te1 Research design7 T$i" "ection inclu2e" all 6ractical 2etail" 9ollo!e2 9or re"earc$ A9ter rea2in5 t$i"# any intere"te2 6arty "$oul2 *e a*le to re6licate t$e re"earc$ "tu2y T$e 1et$o2" u"e2 9or 2ata collection# $o! 1any 6eo6le too8 6art# $o! t$ey !ere c$o"en# !$at tool !a" u"e2 9or 2ata collection# $o! t$e 2ata !a" analy"e2 etc

-ata Analysis and 1nterpretation2 ;9 you $ave con2ucte2 a lar5e <uantitative "urvey# t$i" "ection 1ay contain ta*le"# 5ra6$"# 6ie c$art" an2 a""ociate2 "tati"tic" ;9 you $ave con2ucte2 a <ualitative 6iece o9 re"earc$ t$i" "ection 1ay *e 2e"cri6tive 6ro"e Su!!ary and .onclusion2 ;n t$i" "ection you "u1 u6 your 9in2in5" an2 2ra! conclu"ion" 9ro1 t$e1# 6er$a6" in relation to ot$er re"earc$ or literature Reco!!endations ;9 you $ave con2ucte2 a 6iece o9 re"earc$ 9or a $otel or any ot$er client or5ani@ation# t$i" "ection coul2 *e t$e 1o"t i16ortant 6art o9 t$e re6ort A li"t o9 clear reco11en2ation" !$ic$ $ave *een 2evelo6e2 9ro1 t$e re"earc$ i" inclu2e2? "o1eti1e" t$i" "ection i" inclu2e2 at t$e *e5innin5 o9 t$e re6ort Suggestion for ,urther Research ;t i" u"e9ul in *ot$ aca2e1ic re6ort" an2 !or8?relate2 re6ort" to inclu2e a "ection !$ic$ "$o!" $o! t$e re"earc$ can *e continue2 Per$a6" "o1e re"ult" are inconclu"ive# or 6er$a6" t$e re"earc$ $a" t$ro!n u6 1any 1ore re"earc$ <ue"tion" !$ic$ nee2 to *e a22re""e2 ;t i" u"e9ul to inclu2e t$i" "ection *ecau"e it "$o!" t$at you are a!are o9 t$e !i2er 6icture an2 t$at you are not tryin5 to cover u6 "o1et$in5 !$ic$ you 9eel 1ay *e lac8in5 in your o!n !or8 ;ist of References 0Bibliography

? ;ist of references contains details only of those wor*s cited in the te t) ? A bibliography includes sources not cited in the te t but which are rele&ant to the sub%ect)'larger dissertations or thesis( ? S1all re"earc$ 6ro4ect" !ill nee2 only a re9erence "ection T$i" inclu2e" all t$e literature to !$ic$ you $ave re9erre2 in your re6ort T$e 6o6ular re9erencin5 "y"te1 4ar&ard Syste! li"t" *oo8" an2 6erio2ical" in t$e 9ollo!in5 1anner7 For )oo8" 1 Aut$or" "urna1e ( al6$a*etically)# 9ollo!e2 *y t$eir initial"# % Date o9 6u*lication 3 Title o9 *oo8 in italic" D Place o9 6u*lication# Pu*li"$er e 5 P$ili6# T E = 1-.E, Modern .oo*ery for Teaching and Trade, Mu1*ai# Orient Lon51an For Hournal Article7 T$e title o9 t$e article a66ear" in inverte2 co11a" an2 na1e o9 t$e 4ournal co1e" in italic"# 9ollo!e2 *y volu1e nu1*er an2 6a5e" o9 t$e article e 5 P$ili6# T E = N;n9luence o9 )riti"$ Ra4 on ;n2ian Cui"ineO= <ournal of 4ospitality /ducation= /7/?11 Appendices2 ;9 you $ave con"tructe2 a <ue"tionnaire or ;ntervie! "c$e2ule 9or your re"earc$# it 1ay *e u"e9ul to inclu2e t$e1 in your re6ort a" an a66en2i: A66en2ice" 2o not count to!ar2" your total nu1*er o9 6a5e"A!or2" ;t i" a u"e9ul !ay o9 inclu2in5 relevant 1aterial "o t$at t$e e:a1iner can 5ain a 2ee6er un2er"tan2in5 o9 your !or8 *y rea2in5 it

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Re9erence Da!"on# Cat$erine# %&&%# Practical Research Methods, 'e! Del$i# ()S Pu*li"$er"+ Di"tri*utor"# ,ot$ari# C R #1-./# Research Methodology-Methods and Techniques, 'e! Del$i# 0iley Ea"tern Li1ite2 ,u1ar# Ran4it# n2 %&&/# Research Methodology-A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners# (% e2)# Sin5a6ore# Pear"on E2ucation