2452. 'va 'also, same' ( 'and') > HS: S 'va 'and' > BHb -v!

va- (before a stressed syll.) /

-v^ vo- / -u vu-, Ph v-, Pun v-, (LSc) U-, Y-, [GkSc] o-, Ug v-, (AkSc) {Hnr.} va- (?), OA
v-, v?- [= va], BA, IA -v^ vo- / -u vu-, Sr vo-, Md u-, Ar, Gz va-, Sb, Mn, Qt v-, Mh {Jo.}
v(s)- / sv-, Hrs v(s)-, Jb E/C b-, Sq {Jo.} vs-, Ak u-, Eb {Krb.} u, u`, va Br. G II 484-9O
[ 3O2], KB 247, 1699, FrdR 257a, HJ 294-6, Hnr. 122, OLS 512-3, Deg. 46a, Seg. AAG
234, 532, Mc. HM 45O-2, BGMR 154, MA 1O1, Rk. 47, L G 6O2, Jo. M 418-9, Jo. H 133, Jo. J
286, DRS 473-8O ll IE: NaIE {WP, Mn.} 'u 'and, but, also' > OI u - u encl. 'and, also' (also in
cds : no < 'and not' 'na 'not' + 'u_, atho 'and then, and so' < 'at"a 'then, so' + 'u_) || Gk -u in
tov-u 'altogether, entirely', {WP} 'gar sehr' (< tov 'all' + -u) || ? Tc A oI {Ad.} 'again', {JGH}
'yet, still', {Wn.} 'encore' ('u-g), B mavI, A ma oI 'not again' NaIE cd 'u-tc > OI uta, Av
uta, OPrs uta 'and, also', Gk -utc in -utc 'as, like as' ( 'as' + -utc) Highly problematic
is the ambiguous NaIE apophonic grade 'au_ {F} 'again, back' (with an obscure 'a for the
expected 'c or 'o) > Gk o)u 'again, afresh, once more' || Gmc: Gt auI 'then, also, but', ON auI
'also, and', Sw och, ocI, Dn og 'and', OHG ouh, NHG auch 'also', OSx oI, AS cac 'also'. If IE
'au_ meant originally 'back, away' (as suggested by BSl: Lt au-, Sl 'u- 'away'), it does not
belong here [unless the meaning 'back (zurck)' is the original meaning of the N word, whence
the meanings 'also' and 'and'] WP I 188, Mn. 1496, M K I 97, 1O1, M E I 2O9, F I 183, Fs.
67, Vr. 19, Ho. 82, Ho. S 57, Kb. 754, OsS 67O, Schz. 231, KM 36, Wn. 329-3O, JGH 3O, Ad.
1O9, F I 183 ll K: OG, G -vc 'also, same' (encl. pc. of identity): OG ramctu _ar-vc galilcvcl
'for thou art also a Galilan' (Mk. 6.2O), mas-vc sa_lsa scna 'in the same house' (Luc. 1O.7),
G scn-vc 'du selbst, gerade du' Ser. 62-3, Chx. 371 ll A: M 'ba 'and, also, same' > MM [S]
{H}, [HI] {Lew.} ba/bc 'and, also', [HI] {Ms.} ba/bc 'and', {Ms.} ba 'mme', WrM, WrO {Krg.}
ba, HlM 6a, Kl b {Rm.} ba, Dg {T} ba(:) 'and, also', Brt 6a 'and' H 11, 14, Ms. H 38, 4O, Lew.
II 16, 18, MED 64, T DgJ 123, Krg. 322, KW 27, Chr. 71 ^ BmK 6O3 ['va/'vo sentence
particle 'and, also, but, like, as' > IE, S, K (without dostinguishing between reflexes of 'va 'also,
same' and those of '?'avu 'whether?', 'or')], KW 27 (M A S??).
2453. ? 'v'a 'who?' > HS: Ch: WCh: Hs va 'who?' | Fy {J} va`, Bks ?a-va`, DfB
va`(-may) id. || CCh: Mrg, Klb va, Bu va...ri | McMtk: Mtk varc - vara, pMM {Ro.}
'va > Mada {BrrB} vva / vvay, {Ro.} uva, MfG {Brr.} va, Mf {BLB} va, va, as well
as {Ro.}: Myn, Mlk, Mofu vay, Hrz viya, Mkt, Gzg va | Mdr va | Gnd, Boka vuni, Gbn
vtni | Gude {Hsk.} vu, {ChL} va | Lmn vc` (< 'va) | Hide va | Bdm (v)oni || ECh: Mkl,
Jg vc, Bdy va , EDng va, Mgm vc | Mb {J} va | Ll vcy ChL, ChC, Lk. G 42, Ro.
359 [#8O3], BLB 376, Brr. MG II 252-3, BrrB 262 , Blz. LECh #98 B: Zkara vi, Kb vi,
vu 'who?' Dl. 848-9 ? C: Ag: Bln {R} vu'ra 'what?', Aw {Hz.} vatay 'what?', vss
'where?' AD KJ 117, R BilS 691-2 ll K 'vi- 'who?' > OG, G nom., erg. vi-n - vi-n, gen. vi-s,
dat. vi-s(a) 'who?', Sv {TK} i- " yi- " c- (*'who?') in the gen. form: UB i-sa, L yi-sa, Ln c-sa
'whose?' (i-sa hasvis li? 'whose daughter is she?') Fn. GAS 73, Vogt GLG 41, FS K 124, FS
E 135, K 135, Mrtr. N 183, TK 311 ll A: Tg 'u- 'who?', 'what?' > Ewk PT uyun 'who?',
'what?' (of sth. unknown), Nn KU unsIs- - interr. verb ('how to act?', 'what to do?' STM II
247 ^ The elements '-i- (and -i-n) in K and B may have been induced by K 'mi-n 'who?' and by
N 'mi 'what?' (or go back to N 'ya 'which?', cf. Myn, Mlk, Mofu vay, Hrz viya 'who?).
2454. 'vEc`u 'fitting, good, beautiful' > HS: S 'vsm > Ak (v)asamu 'be fitting, proper,
suitable', Ug ysm 'beautiful, pleasant', ysmt 'beauty', Ar vsm G (pf. vasama, ip. yasimu)
'surpass so. in beauty', (pf. vasuma) 'be beutiful' (face) Sd. 1473-4, OLS 539, B K 1538, Ln.
3O54, DRS 569 ll IE 'vcsu- / 'vcsu- / 'cu_s- 'good' > OI 'vasu-h (f. 'vasvi-), Av vaqhu-,
vohu- 'good', OI vasiyan, Av vahy 'better', OI vasistha-, Av vahisto 'best', MPrs vch
'better, best', NPrs Bi bch 'good, better' || OIr fcb' {P} 'excellence, superiority
(Vortrefflichkeit)', {Thr.} '(good) quality' (att. in an obl. case: fcib {EI} 'in excellence') (<
'vcsv-a), fcbas id., fo 'good, goodness' (< 'vosu-), {Thr.} fiu 'worth' (< 'vcsu-), W
gvych 'splendid, fone, brilliant', {YGM} gviv 'fit', Crn gvyv 'fit, worthy', MBr {Ern.} guyou
'gai, enjou', Br gviv 'vif, gai, veill' || OCS u`uu un-ii - u`1u un-ci adj. 'better' (cmpr.
of 'uno < 'cvs-no-) BSl 'vcs-cl- > Ltv vcscls 'healthy, unhurt, intact' | Sl 'vcscl+(|i) >
OCS actca+ vcscl+, Blg 'ncccn, SCr vc`sco, Slv vcsc`l, Cz, Slk vcscly, OP vicsioly, P
vcsoly, Uk nc'ccnnn 'gay, cheerful', R nc'ccnin id., 'ncccn 'is gay, cheerful' Lw {Mlc.}
vasu- 'good' NaIE 'cu_s-: Gt iusiza 'better' P 1174-5, EI 235 ('vcsu- 'excellent, noble'),
M K III 173-4, M E II 533-4, Vl. I 282-3, Sg. 2O9, Horn 55, Thr. 249, 911, LP 24.4, YGM-
1 267, 274, Ern. 3O7, Hm. 365, Fs. 298, StSS 74O, Vs. I 3O3, Glh. 667, BER I 136-7, Kar. II
513-, Mlc. CL 266 ll U: FU 'vEcV 'beautiful, straight' > Prm {LG} 'vcs 'straight' > Z
ncc ii( vcsIId, Yz vcsInt 'straight, truthful', Vt vcsIIt, vcs-vcs 'slender', vcsIItsII- v.
'straighten oneself' || ObU {Ht.} 'vicoq 'beautiful' > pVg 'visoq id. > Vg: LK visoq, MK
visom, Ss vcsoq; pOs 'vicoq id. > V/Vy/Ty vitoq, D/L vctoq, Kz/O vcsoq, Nz
vcso LG 54, Ht. #654 Gr. II #18O ('asu 'good') (IE + unc. A, EA].
2454a. 'vic`c`V (or 'vEnccV?) 'all' > IE: NaIE 'vci_s-/'vis- 'all' > Lt visas, Ltv
viss, Pru vissa 'whole' (pl. 'all') | Sl 'visi id. > OCS aiti visi, Blg cc, Slv vcs, SCr
va``s " vcs, OCz vcs, OP vszy, R ncc , Uk y) ncc id. || ?? IIr (if from a d .
'vis-Iju,vco-?) > OI visvah, Av visa-, OPrs visa-, Sgd vys-, KhS bissa-, MPrs Trf
vysy 'all, whole, every'. The element '-I- may be tentatively equated with -I- in OI
'inaIam 'stick', Gk tivo 'stump, stub' ( NaIE 'in- 'Holzstck', cf. P 83O, Eul. 171-4). Is
it possible to equate the IIr stem with Lt visoIs, OCS aitoki visaI+, R ) nc inn, Cz
vsaIy 'all kind of'? Frn. 1264, En. 275-6, Vs. I 3O4-5, 364, Glh. 541, M E III 225-6, Bai. 289,
P 1176 (IE 'vi-I-) ll HS: NrOm: Bsk {Fl.} voi_ci, Dk {Blz. Fl.?} vayci 'all' Fl. OWL
s.v. 'all', Blz. LB #1d ll U {UEW} 'vccV - 'vcncV 'whole, all' > Er
nccc vcsc " vcsi - vasiy 'whole, every, all' | Prm {LG} 'vVcV > Vt N vocaI 'whole,
entilely' ('ncy, ncnniox'), Z vac 'completely, quite' || Hg osszc, OHg, Hg oszvc adv.,
pv. 'zusammen, aneinader, zueinander' Sm: Ng {Ter.} bsnss (pl. bsn|c) 'whole' ('

ncc '), Kms
bu'sa 'heil, ganz' UEW 568, Coll. CG 68, 14O, LG 4, Ter. NgJ 169, KD 12 ll D (on GnD)
'vic- 'all' > Knd, Png vizu, Mnd vi:a 'all', Knd vizcr, Png vizcr, Mnd vi:ar 'all men, all people'
D #5387 ^ Since IE 'i_ may go back to N 'cc, one of two alternative reconstructions is
'vEnccV (not accounting for D 'vic-) ^ The equation was first proposed by Blz. in 1989
(Blz. LB #1d); Blz. LNA #57 (Om, BSl, U, D).
2455. 'vac`jV,qV 'fluid (esp. dirty fluid), dirt, slime' > HS: WS 'vs_ v. 'be dirty' > Ar
Sv vs_ G (pf. vasi_a, ip. yavsa_u - yasa_u - yasa_u) v. 'be dirty' (of hands, body,
clothes), vasa_- 'salet, malpropret', vasi_- 'sale, malpropre, sali', Mh, Jb vs_: Mh pf.
a'vas_, sbjn. ya'vas_, Jb E pf. a'vus_, Jb C pf. os_ v. 'dirty' (but Mh vssa_, Jb E/C vss_
'dirt' may go back to Ar O vi'sa_ id.), Tgr {dA} vs_ G (pf. vvs_v) 'troubler, salir' BK II
1532-3, Jo. M 431, Jo. J 293, LH 437, DRS 567 ll IE: [1] 'vo(:)s-o-s, -a,
-i-s, 'vcs-, 'vos- 'liquid (esp. dirty liquid), mud' > OI 'vasa 'liquid, fluid', NPrs 'B
boh 'sperm, coitus' || Um VESTICATU vcstiIatu 'libato', vcsticia 'libamentum (libation)' ||
OFrs vasc 'mire', OSx vaso 'sod, ooze' ({Ho.} 'Rasen, Scholle'), Dt vaas 'layer of mist of fine
drops', AS vos 'juice, liquour, sap', NE oozc 'mire'; ? Nr vass- 'water' (in cds and ds : vasscn
'watery', vas-flo 'stream of water', vass-fall 'waterfall, shower', etc.) [unless a still unexplained
phonetic variant of vatn 'water'] || Ltv {ME} ic-vasa 'moisture in the ground, sap in trees', ???
vasa 'forest with wet ground and blue clay' | Sl: Cz SEB/Mr d {Ma.} vasIi (spelled by Ma. as
vazIy) 'damp, moist (vlhky )' ?? Ht {Frd., Ts.} vassi 'Ingredienz; Heilmittel, Salbe' [Mn.
1495 interprets this word as '() ritual liquid'] [2] - NaIE {Mn.} 'voso-lo-s 'fluid, serum' >
OIr, ? OIr {SB} fual (gen. fuail), NIr fual 'urine', OBr [] di-di-oulam "micturio" (unless <
Clt {SB} 'voglo- 'urine') ?? OIr, Ir fuil 'blood' [ N 'vcl'hV 'to hit, attack' 'to wound,
kill'? (q.v.)] || OHG vasal 'feuchte Erdmasse', Sw vassla 'whey'; a Gmc souce (OHG ?)
1 MdL [LSal.] {OsS} vasilus 'humor' Some words there may result from a merger with NaIE
'vcis-/'vois-/'vis- 'liquid, swamp' (> ON vcisa 'mud, swamp', OI vi'sam 'liquid') P 1171-
2, Mn. 1495, 1525, 1582, EI 639 ['hvcs- 'moist'], M E II 533, M K III 168-9 (treats OI
'vasa as a variant of vasam 'grease'), Vl. I 186, Bc. G 351, Thr. 171, Dnn. 337, 339, SB 266,
Ho. 4O6, Ho. S 84, Kb. 1151, OsS 11O2, Hlq. 1321-2, Vr. 652, Ark. 983, Frn. 23 (s.v. atvasa),
ME II 86, Ma. CS 557-8, Frd. HW 248, Ts. W 1O3 If Mn.s rec. 'vosolos is valid, we have
here a trace of an IE lr. from N 'q ll U: FU 'vacjc,V 'dirt, slime' > Er vacc, Mk vaco
'faeces, dirt' || ObU {Ht.} 'vIcoI 'dirt' > pVg {Ht.} 'vasoI > OVg: S Vt nouai, Tb
nouax, S Tr noc x, W Sl no uax, Vg: T {Mu.} ucc'_, P {Mu.} vasc'_ 'Kot', LK {Kn.}
vostaxt-, MK vastaxt- 'sich beschmutzen'; pOs 'vIcoI, 'vacoI ({Hl.} 'vIcoI) 'dirt'
> Os: Cng vitox 'dirt', K vitox, Ks vato_ 'mud (n) ma, Schlamm)'; Os: Vy vItIol, Nz
voslo_, Kz voslo_, O vaslo_ 'humid (feucht)' But pLp {Lr.} 'voncs 'water on ice,
bare ice, matter in a wound' (> Lp N {N} vuo'c, Lp L {LLO} vuodt|a, etc.) hardly belongs
here, it may be better equated with D 'van`t- 'dirty' [D #4282] UEW 557-8, Coll. 122, Ps. M
151 [#1247], Ht. #653, Stn. D 165O-1, Jv. 68 (Er nanc 'ian, mnai'), Lr. #1446, Lgc. #8719 ll A:
M: WrM baimag, baima 'sediment, drugs, residue of a liquid' MED 93 ll D (in SD) 'vac-
'fluid; to ooze, flow, rain' ( N 'vaSV 'rainy weather, rainy season') > Tm vaci 'rain, water', Kn
basi, bosc v. 'drip, trickle, ooze', basu 'oozing', Tu basabasa 'gushimg, flowing in a stream',
bassa 'overflowing' D #5214.
2456. ? 'vic`'U 'to order, require, beg' > HS: WS 'vcyv > Ar 'cava vasa-t-
'commandement, ordre', vsy D 'lguer qch. par testament, recommander qch. en se mourant',
vsy Sh

id., 'ordonner, commander', BHb vc2 cav n. 'order', {KBR} 'command', cvy v. D
(pf. eu!c5 civ'va) 'command', SmA svy v. D 'command', Sb vst 'decree, ordain', Mh
{Jo.} avosi, Jb C osi 'give dying instructions'; cvy D v. 'order', IA bsvt 'in an order, by
ordering' BK II 1551-2, KB 946-8, KBR 1OO8-9, Tal 726, BGMR 164, Jo. M 432, Jo. J 293,
DRS 592 Eg fOK v v. command, decree, commend to', v, v.t 'order' EG I 394-7, Fk.
73-4 C: Ag 'civ-/cav- v. 'beg' ( N ''sEvj,V 'to want', 'to beg', q.v. ffd.) ll ? K: GZ
'_v'ccc`-- > G _vcc- v. 'beg', Mg, Lz _vcc- id. (A G?) Chik. 427 '_- may be due to
metanalysis of the 1 sg. form (with the pK px. '_v- of 1s) ll D (in SD) 'vicca-, {GS} 'vicsa-
'command, order' > Tm viyam id., Kn bcsa 'performance of a prescribed act, demand, order' D
#54O5, GS 75-6 (on the SD neutralization of 'i and 'c before 'a of the next syll.).
2457. 'vccjV,?V 'to go out' > HS: S 'vs?, -vsi?- 'go out' [ WS 'vs? 'blossom'
< N 'vius?V 'to grow' (of plants), q.v. ffd.] > OCn [EA] yi-sa (3s ip. G ), Ph yc? G 'go
out', BHb yc? G {KBR} id., 'come out, come forth', Ug ys? v. 'come out', {OAS} 'salir,
asomar', Amr {Krb., Frnz.} inf. va-za-u`-um (= inf. vasa?um) 'go out', Sb, Gz vs? v.
'come out, go out', Ak vs? v. 'go out\away', d 'mavsa?- > BHb ac1&m mo'ca 'place\act
of going out, source', Ph m(v)s?, Yd aqvm mqI? (I [_]), IA mv? 'rising (of the sun)', Sr
(d ) mavi't-a 'growth (Wachstum), plant', Ak musu 'exit, passage, escape' KB 4O6, 53O,
KBR 425-7, BDB 422-6, HJ 465,6O4-5, A #1222, OLS 539-4O, Br. 3O4-5, Lv. T I 34O, Js. 583,
BGMR 156, L G 6O6, Sd.. 1475, Frnz. EL 152, 157, Jo. J 296, CAD X/2 247, DRS 595-6 ll IE:
NaIE 'vcsI- v. 'go out, depart' > OI [Dhat.] vasI-atc (MW: vasI-atc is an err. spelling for
vasI-atc) id. || MHG vischcn v. 'leicht & schnell sich bewegen, (ent)schlpfen' || W {Mn.
?} gvcsu 'go out, depart' Mn. 1528, 1678, MW 93O, Lex. 324 ll A: NaT 'o- v. 'go out' (of
fire, etc.), 'be extinguished' > OT {Cl.} oc- id. ([MhK] ot ocdi 'the fire went out [akaSa]',
crniq oIasi ocdi 'the mans anger died out [akaSa]), Tkm, Qrg, ET, Ln oc-, Qzq, Qq,
Tv os-, Tf o''s-, StAlt oc-, Uz yAu- uc-, Xk us-, Yk os- v. 'go out' (of fire), OT
oc- {DTS} v. 'stop' (of breath) ([MhK] crniq tini ocdi 'the mans breath stopped'), VTt
us- v. 'die out' (of a clan, etc.), 'be ruined' Cl. 19-2O, DTS 376, ET Gl 559-6O, Ra. 215,
TatR 755 ll D (in GnD) 'vccc-/'vcnc- v. 'take out' > Mnd vcn:-, Kui vcsa- v. 'take out', Ku
vccc- v. 'take out\off' D #5523.
2458. ?? 'v?ucjV,yV v. 'put, set, lay' > HS: WS 'vs > Ar 5v vo G (ip.
-voa-) v. 'put, place (placer, poser, mettre)', Sb hvs inf. 'be stationed, be resident', ? Jb C
{Jo.} 'mosa 'circular house; family' BK 1554-7, BGMR 157, Jo. J 296, DRS 598-9 ll K
'c`q- (or 'cq-) > OG, G cq-'put\set (several objects on sth.), arrange' ( 'draw up warriors
in battle array') Chx. 22O4, 2227, DCh. 17OO, KEGL VIII 1215-6, Abul. 555 ll D (in GnD)
'uc- v. 'set, put' > Png uc- v. 'fix (e.g. net), set (trap), put (put on fire)', Mnd uc- v. 'fix (net), set
(trap)' D #582 ll ? A: Tg: Ewk PT uus- v. 'lie, liegen' (of a person) STM II 297.
2459. 'vcdV 'to hunt' > K 'vcd- 'wish, ask' > Sv vad-/vd- 'wish' (vad n. 'wish', i-vd-i 'he
longs for'), Sv: UB {GP} msd. li-vd-i 'to yearn for so.\sth.', UB/L {TK} li-vd-i, Ln {TK}
li-vad-i 'to wish', OG, G vcd-r- 'ask, implore' (OG cvcdrcboda mas 'he asked him') FS K
121, FS E 131, Fn. GAS 231, GP 151, TK 45O ll U: FU 'vcoV 'kill, (?) hunt' ( N 'vcdV
'vc?VdV 'push, strike, cut'?) > Prm {LG} 'viy- (or 'vsy-?) 'kill' > Vt nn- vi-, viy- 'kill', Z
nn- vi-, Z LL, Prmk viy-, Yz vi- id. || ObU {Hl.} 'vcl- 'kill' > pVg 'al- > Vg: T al-,
LK/MK/UK/P/NV/SV al-, LL al- - al-, UL/Ss al- id.; pOs {{Hl.} 'val- > pOs 'vcl- >
Os: V/Vy/O vcl-, Ty/Y va'-, D/K/Nz vct-, Kz vc- id. | OHg XIII ol- 'kill', Hg ol- 'kill,
slaughter', ( Ugr 'yalV- 'go') OHg XII uld-, Hg uldoz- 'chase, pursue' UEW 566-7, LG
57, MF 513-4, EWU 1O81, 1588, Ht. #68O (ObU 'vcl-/'vol-, pOs 'vcl-) ll ? D: [1]
'vctt-/'vcn`tt-, {An.} 'vcn`tt-, {GS} 'vcnt- 'hunt' ( N 'vcndV 'to fight, injure,
hurt') > Tm vcttam, vcttai_ 'hunting, chase, murder', vctu 'hunting, hunter', Ml vctta,
Kn bctc, bcn`tc, Tu bcn`t, bon`t, bcti, Tl vcta, vcn`ta 'hunting, chase', Kt
vct, Td ct, Kdg botc, Nkr, Knd vcta, Gnd vcta " vcta, Png, Mnd bct, Ku bcta
'hunting', Klm vct ad- 'to hunt'; [2] ? 'vcn`-/'vcn`tt-/'vctt-/'vcn`- 'want, desire' ( N
'v'on`V 'wish, love', q.v.) > Tm vcntu v. 'want, desire', vcttam 'desire, thing desired',
vctai_ 'desire, longing', vcn`(t)um 'it will be required \ necessary', Ml vcnam, vcntum 'it
must, ought, is desired', vcn` 'necessary', Td od-. Kdg bod- v. 'beg', Kdg bon`du 'it is
wanted', Kn bc(n)ta 'longings, sexual passion', Tu bcdu- v. beg, ask', Tl vcdu v. 'pray, beg,
wish' Zv. 1O4, D ##5527-8, GS 199-2OO [#5O1], 6O [#172], An. SG 131-2 ^ Fn. KD #42
(K, D).
246O. 'vcdV (or 'vc?VdV?) 'to push, strike, cut (with weapon)' > HS: Eg fOK vdy '(vom
Ufer den Schiff) abstoen' EG I 387 B {Pr.} '-vHiut > Ah au_t (Fcj. 62 = Pcj. I A 6, pf.
ivot, frq. aggat), Ty/Twl ovot (pf. yov+t, Pcj. I A 6), Gd {Lf.} cvot (pf. ivct) 'frapper', Mz
{Dlh.} ovot id., Wrg {Dlh.} ovot, Sll {Ds.} ut, BSn {Ds.} uvot, Izn {Ds.} uvot, {Rn.}
cvot, Rf B/A {Rn.} cvot (vt) id., 'battre', Kb vot id., Tmz {MT} vot/vt/ut id., ? Zng
{TC} cvih 'frapper' (pf. yuvah, 3p yuva?n) Fc. 1533-8, 2OO5 (on Fcj. 62), GhA 2O3, Pr. M
VI-VII 1O6 and GhA 247 (both on Pcj. I A 6), Dlh. M 23O, Dlh. Ou 357, Rn. 284, Dl. 878-9,
MT 772-4, Ds. 34, 135, Ds. B 33, 14O-1, Lf. I 239 & II #689, DCTC 288, TC Z 309, TC FL 2
Ch: Ngz vIdu v. 'cut off, slice off' Sch. DN 164 ll IE 'vcd"- v. 'push, strike, destroy, slay'
> OI vadh- 'strike, slay, kill', 'vadhar 'a destructive weapon', Av vadar- id., vada- 'wedge for
hewing wood', vaday 'zurck-stoen\dringen' || Gk Hm cev (pl. covtc)) [E_.] 'damaging,
destroying, provoking', Gk [Hs.] cci 'destroys, provokes', ? Gk ece shove, push' || OIr fodb
{P} 'spoils of war', {EI} 'weapon' (< 'vod"-vo-), faisc id 'presses', MW gvascu 'press' || Lt
vcdcga 'adze, ice-axe', Ltv vcdga 'ice-axe, crowbar', Pru vcdigo 'carpenters axe' | OCS
t+aoo s+-vada 'quarrel, strife' || pTc {Ad.} 'vat- > Tc: B vat- 'fight', A vac, B vcta
'combat, struggle' here Ht vczz- - vivida-, if it means {EI?} 'strike, urge' rather than
{Ts.} 'sich bemhen, anstrengen' WP I 254-5, P 1115 & EI 471 (all of them: 'vcd"- 'push,
strike'), Mn. 1498, MW 916, M K III 135-6, M E II 496-7, F I 446-5O & II 1144-5, Ch. 316,
Hofm. 84, Frn. 1211, En. 272, StSS 639, Wn. 541-2. Ad. 59O, 6O8, Ts. W 1O7 ll U: FU 'vcoV
'kill' ( N 'vcdV 'to hunt', q.v. ffd.) ll D (in SD) {tr., GS} 'vctt- 'cut with weapon, cut off,
strike' > Tm vcttu 'cut with sword\axe, cut off, engrave, dig as a well', Ml vcttuIa id.,
vcttu 'blow, strike, cut, wound', Kt vct n. 'cut, mark of a cut', Kn bcttu 'strike forcibly into,
cause to enter firmly, impress, stamp, coin', Tu bcttu- 'cut, circumcise', ? bottu- 'beat as a
drum, knock as a door' D #5478 ^ The root-medial lr. in pB (reconstructed according to Pr.s
theory) points to a pN lr., which is likely to have been '? (the only lr. liable to leave no traces
[such as lengthening of vowels] in NaIE). But if the form of the verb in B may be explained
without postulating a lr. ( Pr.), the N etymon is 'vcdV ^ IS SS #3.23 and IS MS 262 ('vcdn
'cut [with weapon]' > IE, D).
2461. 'vVdjV,V 'to walk, go, set out for' > HS: B 'vydH 'go' ( N ''odU 'go') > Sll
{Ds.} oddu - odu (3m pf. ida) 'go', n. act. tavada 'going, to go', Tmz {MT} ddu (3m pf.
dda) 'go, go away', Izd {Mrc.} ddu (pf. idda), Kb {Dl.} ddu (3m pf. yodda), BSlh/BMs
{Ds.} oddu (3m pf. idda) 'walk, go', SrSn {Rn.} addu, SrSn Gz ip. tudu 'go', BMs oddu (pf.
idda) 'walk', Awj {Prd.} add (3m pf. ya'add, ya'idda) 'go' [with an obscure ], Zng {TV} pf.
yiddc 'aller' Ds. 13, MT 75O, Dl. 126-7, Rn. 3O5, Ds. B 1O, 212, Prd. 159, Mrc. 18, 162, TC Z
306 ?? WS 'vd > Ar vd G (pf. vadua) 'partir pour un voyage', ? Jb C {Jo.} vd
(pf. oda/, sbjn. 'y-oda) 'see so. off' BK II 15O9, Jo. J 286, DRS 5O2-3 ll IE: NaIE 'vad"-
(or 'vod"-/vad"-) 'walk, wade' > L vad-o, -crc 'go' {{EI}: with new long grade), vadum
'shallow ford in a river\sea', vad-o, -arc v. 'wade' || Gmc: ON vaa 'to wade, advance', Dn
vadc, NNr, Sw vada, Nr va " vadc, OHG vatan, NHG vatcn 'to wade', AS vadan id., 'to
walk, stride', NE vadc v.; Gmc 'vaoa n. 'ford' > OHG vat id., NHG Watt 'sandbank,
shallows', AS vd 'ford; water, sea', ON va 'ford, shallow (place)' WP I 217, P 11O9, EI 625
('vad"- 'wade'), WH II 723-4, Vr. 637, Kb. 1152, OsS 11O3, Ho 378, Sw. 198, KM 841 ll K:
GZ 'vcd-/'vid- 'go, walk' ( ''odU 'go'?) > OG vvcd-/vid-, G vcd-/vid-, Mg, Lz id- id.
K 84, K
2
51, FS K 121-2, FS E 13O-1, Chik. 273 ll A: M 'oj:,d- 'go, depart, set out for' [ N
''odU 'go' (q.v. ffd.) N 'qadjV,?'o 'to step, walk'] ^ In the HS cognate the lr. follows 'd,
while in the IE it precedes 'd. It not clear which variant is ancient and which results from mt
.
2462. 'vcdhA 'to cause to go (drive, lead)' > HS: WS 'vdh > Ar vdh (ip. yadihu)
'loigner qn. et lempcher de se livrer qch.'; Mh {Jo.} vdy (pf. avodi) 'take away', Jb E
{Jo.} vdy (pf. odi), Jb (?) {Jo. H} vudi id., Mh S {Jo.} avodi 'bring', ? Hrs {Jo.} vdy
(pf. avcd, sbjn. yavcd) 'turn away' In SES the intervoc. '-h- is likely to have been lost BK
II 1513, Jo. M 421, Jo. H 124 EC: Sml vad- {DSI} 'lead, guide, direct, drive (condurre,
guidare, dirigere)', {ZMO} vt. 'move; drive; conduct, lead', Sml N {Abr.} vad- 'drive', Rn {PG}
vcya or voya 'drive (animals), lead' || Dhl {EEN, E} vad_-, vad_at_-, {To.} vad- 'carry' || SC:
Kz {E} valit- v. 'wear', Asa {E} vadcs- v. 'lift, carry' Abr. S 246, DSI 6O2, PG 293, E SC
311, EEN 43. To. D 149 mt : B {Pr.} 'vht vt. 'drive, chase' > Ah {Fc.} avt, Ty/ETwl
ovot 'drive (domestic animals)' ['conduire en poussant devant soi (des animaux)'], 3m aor. Ah
i-vot, ETwl i-v+t, Ty yo-v+t (Fcj. 62 = Pcj I A 6); coalesced with B 'vht 'beat, strike',
whence Kb ovt i lmal 'chase away the cattle!' ('fait sortir les btes!') is interpreted as 'beat the
cattle away!' Fc. 1533, 2OO5, Pr. M VI-VII 1O6, GhA 2O3, 246-7, Dl. 878-9 ll IE 'vcd"jH,-
> NaIE 'vcd"- v. 'lead' (with loss of 'o [< 'H] in the prevoc. position) > IIr 'vad"- v. 'lead,
lead a woman into ones house' > Av vaoayciti 'leads', ua-vaoayciti 'gives a woman in
marriage', Yzg vao- 'marry', d OI va'dhu-h 'bride, young wife', Av vau- 'wife, woman', Sgd
vdv 'wife', Psh val-var 'bride-price' || AS vcddian 'marry', NE vcd || OIr fcdid '(he) leads,
carries, brings', W arvcddu 'to lead, bear', W dy-vcddo 'betroth' || BSl: Lt vcdu (inf. vcsti),
Ltv vcdu - vcdu (inf. vcst) 'I lead, guide', 'I marry (a girl)', Pru vcst 'fhren' | Sl inf. 'vcsti /
1s prs. 'vcd-o 'lead' > OCS act:u vcsti / aca vcd-o, Cz vcsti / vcdu, Slk vicst` / vcdicm,
P vicsc / viodc, R, Uk ncc'rn / nc'(y id., Blg nc'(a 'I lead'; - iter.: Sl 'voditi /
'vod|o iter. '(use to) lead' > OCS aeu:u voditi / aea vozd-o, Cz voditi, Slk vodit`, P
vodzic, SCr voditi, R no' (nr / no'y id., Blg 'no( 'I (use to) lead' P adduces here NaIE
{P} 'vcd-mno- 'dowry' (in his interpretation 'bride-price') > Gk Hm ccovo pl., Gk A pl. covo,
sg. covov 'bride-price, nuptial gifts', AS vituma, vctma, OHG vidamo 'dowry (Brautgabe,
Migift)', NHG Wittum 'dowry, widows jointure'. If this derived word does belong here (which
is doubtful), its 'd for the expected 'd" may be due either to as (caused by the adjacent plain
voiced 'm) or to contamination with a different Not here ( EI) Ht huct- / hut(t)- /
hu(i)ttiya- 'draw, pull, pluck, drag' (see Pv. III 343-52) WP I 255ff., P 1115-6, EI 346 &
369 ('hvcd(H)- 'lead, take a wife'; unj. adduction of Ht and rec. of 'h-); M K III 136-7, M E
II 497-8, F I 442-3, Thr. 177, YGM-1 32, 2O5, Frn. 1231-2, En. 273, KM 865, Vs. I 284, Glh.
677-8, Chrn. I 146, BER I 126, Schz. 321, Kb. 1188, OsS 1137, KM 865, Ho. 4O1 ll U: FU
'vcta- 'lead, pull, draw' > Vp {ZM} vcda- 'drag; lead (so.)', Iaziolis vcda- 'lead so. arm-
in-arm with him', F vcta-, Es vcda- 'pull, draw, haul, drag' | pMr {Ker.} 'vcto-/'vito-
({Ker}: < ppMr 'vido-) > Er ncr -xc vcta-ms, {W} vcda-ms, Er Kz {Ps.} vitu-ms, Mk
n rc-xc vato-ms, {Ps.} vato-ms " vada-ms 'to lead' | pChr {Ber.} 'vio+- 'lead' > Chr:
H vioc- (inf. nn(am'vioas, {Ep.} 'vioas), L vuoc- (inf. nyc(amvu'oas), Uf/B
vuoc- id. || OHg XII-XIV vczct- 'accompany, lead', Hg vczct- v. 'lead, guide, conduct', OHg
XIV, Hg vczcr 'leader, chief(tain)' ?? Y: Y T {Ku.} usc- 'carry\take away (ornc:rn,
ornccrn)', Y T/K {Jc.} 'usc- 'lead, carry' Coll. 67, UEW 569-7O, It. #343, Sm. 551 (FU, Ugr
'vcta-, FP 'vcta- 'pull'), SK 1719-21, ZM 621, ERV 129, PI 61-2, Ber. 89, Ker. II 188, MRS
65, 85, Ep. 12, 35, MF 69O, EWU 1631, Ku. 289, Ang. 248 ll A: T 'io- 'send (sth.)' , ()
'allow to go, release' > OT {Cl.) io- id., XwT XIV io- - iy-, MQp [CC] XIV i-/iy-, Qrg, Alt
iy-, Xk ic- is- 'send', Kr, QrB iy-, Tv it-, Yk it-, Chv p- yar- 'send, allow to go' Cl. 37-8,
Rs. W 164, ET Gl 332-3, Md. 82, 165 M d 'udur'i(d)- > MM udurid- [HI] {Ms.} 'guide,
lead', [S] {H} v. 'lead', WrM udurid-, HlM y(np(a-x 'lead, guide, direct', WrO {Krg.} udurid-
'lead, guide, conduct', Brt y(apn(a-, Kl y(p(-x ud+rd+_+ 'direct, lead (

pyiono(nr ,
nccrn :a co6on)', ? Kl {Rm.} udr tat
a
-_o 'anfhren, leiten', Ord {Ms.} ud_uri-, ud_urid_-
'be the first to do sth., take the initiative, begin, make preparations for', ud_uril 'entreprise,
initiative', Mnr H {SM} d_uru- 'lead, guide, indicate', {T} duru- 'lead, show the way', Dx {T}
uduru- v. 'guide, be so.s guide' H 159, Ms. H 1O5, MED 862, Chr. 463, KRS 528-9, Krg. 168-
9, KW 446, SM 67, T 332, T DnJ 136, Ms. O 723 SDM97 (A 'ud'u; incl. T, M), DQA
#678 [T 'io- < pA i_udu 'lead, direct) ^ FU '-t- < '-th- by as from N '-dh-. In A there is
compensatory lengthening of the vw. (due to the loss of the N lr. [or of 'v-?]) ^ IS MS 333
('vctn 'lead': IE, ?A, U), UEW 569 (U, IE).
2463. 'v'igj?,E 'to carry, take (somewhere)' > IE: NaIE 'vcg"- v. 'carry, convey',
'vog"o-s 'way' > OI 'vahati 'drives, transports, rides, draws (a car), leads', Av vaz-aiti 'goes in
vehicle (fhrt)', MPrs vazitan 'dahinfahren', KhS bays- v. 'move, run, ride, ride in vehicle' || Gk
P c_cte 'he should bring', Gk Cp aor. c-cc 'er brachte dar', Gk A o_o) 'anything which
bears, carriage' || L vch-o, crc / pfc. vcxi / sup. vcctum 'carry, convey' || OIr fcn, W gvain
' vehicle', cy-vain 'fahren', Brtt 1 L co-vinnus 'war-chariot of the ancient Britons and Belg'
({WH}: < 'Io-vcg"-nos) || Gt ga-vigan, OHG (gi-)vcgan vt. 'move, shake'; Gt vag|an id.,
af-vag|an 'to shift, remove', ON vcga vt. 'schwingen, heben', OHG vcggcn vt. 'move, shake',
AS vcan vt. 'move, bring, lead'; OHG vagan 'cart', AS vn 'vehicle', ON vagn id., 'sledge';
Gmc {Zlz.} 'vcg-a-z - 'vcg-u-z 'way' > Gt vig-s, ON vcg-r, OHG, OSx vcg, NHG Wcg, AS
vc 'way', NE vay || Lt vczti (1s prs. vczu) v. 'convey', Ltv vizinat v. 'take (out) for a
drive' || Sl 'vcz- > OCS act:u vcsti (1s prs. aca vczo) v. 'convey \ transport in a
vehicle\ship', R nc:'rn / nc':y, P vicsc / viozc, Cz vczti / vczu v. 'convey \ transport', Blg
nc':a 'I convey, transport'; iter. R no' :nr , SCr voziti, P vozic v. 'convey, transport' || pAl
{O} 'vca > Al v|cdh (aor. vodha) 'steal' || pTc {Ad.} 'vaInc > Tc: A vIam' (pl.
vaInant), B yaInc 'way, manner' WP I 249-51, P 1118-2O, EI 91 ('vcg"- 'bear, carry'), M
K III 177-9, M E II 535-7, Bai. 27O, F II 457-8, WH I 282 & II 742-3, EM 717, LP 17, Zlz. M
II #29.41, Fs. 212, 541, 563, Vr. 639, 65O, Kb. 113O, 1157-8, OsS 1O74-5, 11O9-1O, Schz.
3O6, 313, Ho. 38O, 388, Frn. 1236, SJSS 183, Vs. I 286, Chrn. I 138, BER I 129, O 51O, Ad.
481-2 ll U 'vic > FU 'vic v. 'take sth. somewhere, carry' > F vic v. 'take, bring, carry', Es
vii- v. 'bring' | pLp {Lr.} 'viIs- v. 'carry\transport (away, from one place to another)' > Lp: Klt
{Lr. ?} viiIIad, Kld {SaR} niiiy id., {TI} vI,I:ao, T {TI} vI,I:vd 'fhren' | pMr
{Ker.} 'vio- > 'viyo- > Er {ERV} nnc-xc viyc-ms ' ornc:rn' , v. 'drive/convey so. to
some place', {Jv.} nnc-xc - nnn-xc - nn -xc 'ornccrn', v. 'carry sth. to some place', Mk {PI}
nn- vi-n, viyo- v. 'accompany so., send back sth. (with\through so.)' | pPrm {LG} 'vayX- v.
'bring' > OPrm vay-, Z vay-, Vt vayInI id. (in the light of OPrm v- is it preferable to
reconstruct pPrm 'vay-?) || ObU {Ht.} 'vi-/'viy--'viy- v. 'take' > pVg
'vi-/'vi-/'vcy- (= {Hl.} 'vcy-, {Ht.} 'vay-) > Vg: T u- / 'uy-/ uv-,
LK/MK/UK vi-/ vi-/ vay-, P vi-/ vu-/ viy-/ vuy-/ vay-, NV vu-/ vay-, SV/LL
u-/ uy-/ vay-, UL/Ss vi-/ vi-/ voy- id.; pOs 'vc-/ 'vcy- ({Hl.} 'vi-/'viy-) > Os:
V/Vy/Ty/Y/D/K vc-/ vcy-, Mz/Kz vu-, O vu-/ vuy- id. | Hg viv-/ vi-/ visz-, Hg
vcys-, vcs-, vus- v. 'carry, lead', Hg vcv-/ vc-/vcsz- v. 'take, take away, buy', viscl- v.
'carry, lead' pY {IN} 'vcyc- vt. 'lead' > Y K {IN} cgc- 'lead by the hand', T {IN} vcgc-
id., {Ku.} vcgic- 'lead after oneself', 'lead an animal (by the rein, etc.)' Coll. 125
('vcyc - 'viyc), It. #4O5, 265-6, UEW 573 ('viyc), Sm. 551 (FU 'vixi-, FP 'vixi-, Ugr
'vigi- 'take'), Lr. #1384, TI 752, LG 47, Ht. #651, MF 687-8, SaR 65, ERV 134, Jv. 91, PI 55-
6, Ker. II 19O (Mr 'vio- > 'viyo-, misinterpreted as 'wegnehmen'), IN 249-5O, Ku. 46-7 The
change FU '-i- > Prm 'a is obscure (It. 265-6: "a < vorperm. 'i. Knnte man sich die
Entwicklung '-iy- > '-ii_- > > '-ci_- > '-ai_- > '-ai_- vorstellen?") ll ? HS: Eg G v:.t 'way',
Eg fMK v: v. 'go, set out, proceed' ('sich begeben, gehen') EG I 4O3-4, Fk. 75 WCh: Gmy
{Kr.} voIam 'road', Tng {J} oIo, {ChC} voIo 'way, path, road' || ECh: ? Nd D {J}
'u`gcy v. 'bring' J T 127, ChC s.v. 'road' and 'bring' ?, EC {Ss.} 'yug- v. 'pull of\out' >
Kns {BlSO} yuI- v. 'pull off, pull thread off spool', Gdl {Bl.} yuI- v. 'take, unhang (sth.
fastened)', Dbs, Gln yuI- 'herausziehen' Ss. PEC 43, AMS 192, 228, BlSO 22O, Bl. G 131
^ IS SS 334 [#6.2O] (IE, U), IS MS 351 s. v. nccrn 'vcgn (IE, U; Tg ''cga v. 'carry,
drag' [with a query]). In fact, the Tg in question is 'c'bc- (> Ewk PT svo- - os- v. 'carry on
ones back to another place', Orc svugi- v. 'bring', STM II 436) and it is hardly a cognate of IE
'vcg"- and FU 'vic- Cf. Gr. II #57 ('vcI 'carry') [IE, U, A + Ai].
2464. 'vaIE (= 'vaIE?) 'strong, vigorous; strength' > HS: S 'vI > Ar vI 'be
strong (robuste)' (a horse), 'be fast\firm' (thing) BK II 1597, Hv. 891 ll IE: NaIE 'vcg-
'strong, vigorous' ( 'awake'), 'vogo-s 'strengh', 'vcgc- 'be strong' > OI 'va|a-h 'contest
(Wettkampf), victory', Av vazista- 'am besten mit Kraft versehen' || L vcgc-o / vcgc-rc 'stir
up, quicken', vcgctus 'lively, vigorous, fresh', vigil 'wakeful, watchful' || Gt ga-vaI-nan, ON
vaIna, AS vcnan vi. 'to awake'; Gt vaIan, OSx vaIon 'be awake', OHG vahhcn vi.
'wake, wake up (wachen, er-\ber-wachen)', NHG vachcn 'be awake, be on guard, keep watch',
AS vccan 'wachen', NE vatch; ON vaIinn 'awake'; AS vacian 'be awake', NE vaIc';
caus.: Gt us-vaI|an 'to awaken from sleep', ON vcI|a, OSx vc'II|an, OHG, NHG vccIcn,
AS vc'ccan vt. 'wake' WP I 248-9, P 1117-8, E 55O, M K III 182, M E II 54O-1, WH II 741,
788, Fs. 2O9, 536, 547-8, Kb. 1133, 1164, OsS 1O79, KM 828, 842, Vr. 639, 652, Ho. 378, 387,
Ho. S 62, 85 ll U: FU 'vaIc 'strength, power' > F vaIi (gen. vacn) id., 'people, men', Es
vagi 'might, strength, force' | pLp {Lr.} 'vcIs {AD} 'strength, might' > K {Gn.} vigg, Kld
{SaR} nnii id., 'force', Lp: L {LLO} vichIa, N {N} vicIIa 'rather large\strong', adv. 'fairly,
rather' | Er viy, Mk vi 'strength, power, might' | Chr: L nnn viy, B viy, H nn vi id. | Prm 'viy-
'strength' (homonymous with 'viy- 'joint, Gelenk' of uncertain origin) > Z I/Sk/Ss/Ud ysz-vi, Z
LV ysz-vIy 'strength' (ysz 'people, men' and 'joint, articulation [of a limb]'), Vt Iat-vi 'strength,
power' (Iat id.) || ObU {Hl.} 'vcy, {Ht.} 'vcy 'strength' > pVg {Ht.} 'va > OVg Tr/Tb
na, OVg N Chd ya [Cyrillic script], Vg: T vav, LK/MK/UK/NV vo, LL vo, UL/Ss
va id.; pOs {Ht.} 'voy > Os: V/Vy vo, Ty vo'", Y vov, D/K vc, O vcy id.
?? Sm: Ne {Lh.} |II
a
'Kraft' Coll. 123-4, UEW 563, It. #277, Sm. 551 (FU 'vaIi, FP
'vaIi, Ugr 'vaIi 'power'), Lr. #1396, Lgc. #8518:6, SaR 42, LLO 1398, N III 77, MRS 65,
Ep. 12, LG 55, SZ 141-2, U ZS 178, Ht. #672, MF 681-2, Jk. rColl. 52, Lh. JVD 161 ll A
'b'cI`i 'firm, hard, very' > NaT 'bcI 'firm, solid, stable' > OT {Cl., MKD} baI id., XwT XIV
bcI coI 'very much', XIV bcI 'firmly', OOsm XV cI 'firm, solid, violent', Tkm bcI, ET baI
'firm, solid, stable', Qmq bcI 'firm, solid; very', Tk cI 'hard, firm', QrB, Qrg bcI 'firm', Qzq,
Qq, Nog bcI, VTt, Bsh 6ni biI 'very', Alt b_cI, Tf b_c'I`, Xk nni iI 'firm, solid', Yk
biga id. Cl. 323, Rs. W 68, ET B 117-2O, Ra. 161, BIG 149 M 'bcIi 'strong, firm, solid;
robust, vigorous, durable' > WrM bcIi, HlM 6yx, Brt 6yxn id., WrO bcIi - bcgi 'firm, strong',
Kl {Rm.} bcI
o
'stark, fest', MM [MA] {Pp.} d bcIit- v. 'strengthen' MED 96, Krg. 342, Pp.
MA 116, Chr. 134, KW 41 pKo {S} 'oIjh, 'very' > NKo "oI 'very, very much' SDM97
(A 'bacI`i 'firm, hard, very'), Rm. SKE 213, Rm. EAS I 57, 145, MLC 1743 ^ N '-I- (=
most probably '-I-) is evidenced by S and A (A '-I`- < '-I- [= '-I-?]) ^ IS MS 367 (N
'vaIc 'strong' > IE, U), UEW 563 (U, T, M) Gr. II #369 ('bcI 'strong') [IE, U + err. A,
Ko + qu. Gil].
2465. 'vaIjV,Xa (= 'vaIjV,ha?) or 'vaIjV,a 'to shout' > IE: (mt ) 'vcaug-/'vug- >
NaIE 'vag- / ? 'vog- 'shout, cry' > L vagi-o / vagi-rc 'cry, whimper asd a child', vagor
(gen. vagor-is) 'the crying of young children, the bleating of kids' || Lt vograuti 'to whimper,
shout', {Nsl.} vogra, Lt vogras n. 'a whimpering person (child)' But OI fVd vag'nu-h m.
'cry, call, roar, sound (esp. of animals)' and Vd vagva'nu- 'sound, noise' are likely to belong not
here (because of a), but rather to IE 'vcI"- (cf. N 'vaKU 'to call') WP I 214-5, P 111O, WH
II 723-4, Frn. 1271, M K III 123, M E II 488, Ped. IH 57-8 (heteroclisy: nom. 'vag-u / gen.
'vag-'n-cs), cp. EI 89 ['(s)vch_g"- 'cry out; resound') ll HS: S: [1] WS 'vIh - 'vI >
Gz vIh v. D 'clamour, boast', Sb {M.} vIhy-n '(?) altercation, dispute', ? BHb vIh Sh

(ip.
h@ik5&i yo'Ii
a
h) 'rebuke, call to account, judge', JEA vIh Sh

(pf. hk2&a ?o'Iah) {Sl.}
'decide, establish; admonish' ({Lv.} 'zurectweisen'), JA [Trg.] {Js.} at1uhk1&a
?oIahu'ta - aT1hk2&a ?oIah'ta 'reproof', ({Lv.} 'Zurechtweisen') ( 'vIh argue,
strife') Ar vI G {Hv.} 'reprehend so. on' ( 'vI 'strike', hence the meaning {BK} 'rduire
qn. au silence par une forte reprimande'); [2] 'vI? > Ar 'vI? TD (V form) 'pousser des cris
dans la douleur de la parturition (se dit de la chamelle)' (? for 'h due to onomatopia?) BK II
1594, 1597, Hv. 891, L G 612, M. MSW 284, KB 391-2, Js. 25, Lv. I 5O2-3, Lv. T I 14, Sl.
534, DRS 538 C: Ag 'vaI- 'shout' > Xm {R} vay- 'schreien, mit lauter Stimme rufen,
lrmen' R Ch 11O ll U: FU 'vaIV 'call' ( N 'vaKU id. [q.v. ffd.]) > ObU {Ht.}
'vay- 'call (rufen)' > pVg 'va- > Vg: LK/P vov-/vov-, MK vo-/vov-, NV/LL vov-,
SV vo-/vo-, Ss vov- 'call (

:nar ), ask for'; pOs {Ht.} 'vay- id. > Os: V vay-, Ty vay-
id., Vy vay-, Y vay-, D/K/O va_-, Nz/Kz vo_- 'call (

:nar )' Ht. #673, Trj. S 5O7, BV 23
ll D (in SD) 'vaI-, {GS} 'vag- v. 'sound, cry' > Tm vaIuli, vaIuni n. 'sound', Kn bagul(u),
bagalu v. 'bark, cry out', baggu 'crying', Tu bagalu-, bagulu- v. 'bark, clamour' D #52O4
^ The loss of the lr. in Bj suggests that it was 'h or ' rather than '_ or 'y. If the N lr. was ',
S 'h in 'vIh may be due to as ('I > 'Ih) ^ Alt. rec.: N 'vaIa > NaIE 'vag-/'vag-,
while S 'h - ' in 'vIh -'vI is an ext.
2466. 'vaKU 'to call' > IE: NaIE 'vcI"- (prs. 'voI"-ti) 'speak' [with possible infl. of IE
'HvcI"- < N 'XoKU 'to call out, speak (solemnly); incantations'], 'call' > OI 'vaI-ti (pp.
uI'ta-), 'vivaI-ti 'says, speaks', Av vaI- (pp. uxta-) 'speak'; ? (with as 'In > 'gn and infl. of
NaIE 'vag- / ? 'vog- 'shout, cry' < N 'vaIjV,Xa or 'vaIjV,a 'to shout'?): OI fVd
vag'nu-h m. 'cry, call, roar, sound (esp. of animals)' and Vd vagva'nu- 'sound, noise' || Arm
goem goc"cm v. 'cry, exclaim, call' || Gk c)itov, Gk Ls citv aor. 'spoke' || L d
voc-o, voca-rc 'call, summon' || Pru vacIitvci 'locken', vacIis 'Geschrei', cnvacIcmai
'wir rufen an', "EI} 'we invoke' d 'vcI"os- 'speech' > OI vacas-, Av vacah- 'speech, word'
|| Gk cto) 'word, a saying, speech', Gk Ae/Cp cto) 'word' d 'voI"-(s) 'voice' > OI nom.
vaI / obl. vac- ''voice, speech, word', Av nom. vax-s / acc. vac-om id. || L vox / gen.
voc-is 'voice, cry, call' || Gk o)' 'voice' (Gk Hm ot-o acc., ot-o) gen.) || pTc {Ad.} 'vcI >
Tc: A vaI, B vcI id., 'noise' d 'voI"-tlo-m > OIr {P} foccul 'word', ? W gvacthl
'strife, battle' other ds : OHG gi-vahan (p. givuoc - givuag) {Kb.} 'erwhnen, erzhlen,
sagen, erinnern', givahancn 'to mention, remember', NHG crvahncn, Dt gcvagcn, gcvag
maIcn 'to mention'; ON vatta 'to testify', vattr 'testimony' (< Gmc 'vaxta-z); Gmc 'voxm,
{Ho.} 'vohm- > ON omun 'voice', AS vom(a) 'noise' The adduction of Ht hucI-
'conjure, treat by incantation' (as in P 1136) is convincingly rejected by Puhvel (Pv. III 323-7); on
Ht hucI- cf. N 'XoKU '' WP II 245-6, P 1135-6, EI 534-5, M K III 123-6, 18O, 221, M E
II 488-94, 539-4O, Brtl. 134O-2, Vr. 419, 648, Vr. N 2O3, KM 174, YGM-1 253, Ho. 4O5, Kb.
1132, OsS 276, 1O75, En. 169, 27O, Slt. 382, F I 464, 545 & II 458, WH II 823-5, Wn. 541, Ad.
6O7, Ad. H 37-9, Ts. E I 255-7 ll HS: Ch: ECh: Smr {J} 'vogs 'call', Ndam D {J} vuga, Tmk
{Cp.} vsg id., Mkl {J} vaIc 'appeler, nommer' ChL, ChC, J LM 183 ll ??? U: FU
'vaIV 'call' ( N 'vaIjV,Xa 'to shout' [q.v. ffd.]) ll ?? A: ? T 'maIir- 'shout, bellow' ( N
'm'a?jV,KV 'cry', q.v. ffd.) ^ Cf. aldo SD 'vaI- v. 'sound, cry' (D #52O4), which is more
likely to belong to N 'vaIjV,Xa ''.
2467. 'viI'a 'back part, behind, backwards' > IE: NaIE 'vci_I- (- 'vci_g-??) 'yield, give
way, draw back' (contamination with homonymous roots for 'move', 'tremble', etc.) > Gk cike /
aor. c-()cic 'yield, give way, draw back' || OI vi'|atc 'starts back, recoils, flees from' || Gmc
'viI- 'give way, give in' > OSx viIan 'to yield, give in, give way', AS vican 'to give way,
collapse', {EI} 'yield, give ground', OHG vihhan, NHG vcichcn id., 'give in', ON viI|a, viIva,
yIva id. WP I 233-5, P 113O-1, EI 607 ('vci_g/I- 'turn, yield'), 63 (? 'vci_I-
'bend a pliable object'), 6O7, Vr. 663, Kb. 1196, OsS 1154, KM 845, Ho. 392, Ho. S 87,
Vr. 663 (all of them do not distinguish this from IE 'vci_I/g- 'bend, swing'), F I 454 (a
justified comparison between Gk, OI and Gmc), M K III 2O4-5 & M E II 577-8 (no distinction
between vi'|atc 'flees' and vi'|atc 'heaves' of a different origin), MW 959 The variant
'vci_g- may be due to contamination with other roots ll K: OG, G uIu 'behind, backwards',
uIu- px. 'backwards', OG uIu-ani 'behind', uIu-mart 'backwards' Chx. 1397-9, Ser. 157-8,
DCh. 1251-5 ll A: M 'boIc 'back, backside' > WrO {Krg.} boq 'rear, torso, rump, posterior,
buttocks', Kl 6' i boIo 'backside of the knukle-bone (serving as dice)', {Rm.} boI

'der
Rcken, die Rckenseite des Spielknochens', Brt 6xy 'back part of the body', ? WrM {Bb.}
boIc 'the frame of a plow'; M 1 Qzq {Rl.} bugo 'die Stelle des Knochens (beim Spiel) mi
der Rckseite nach oben'; M 'boIscn 'backside, rear, buttocks' > MM [MA] {Pp.} boIsc
'buttocks', WrM bogscn, HlM 6' ic 'backside, posterior part, rear; rump, buttocks', Ord {Ms.}
b_og_so 'buttocks, vulva', WrO {Krg.} boqso 'backside, rump', Kl 6ocic bogos 'rear,
backside' KW 55 (equates Kl boI

with WrM boIc '?'), MED 126, Bb. 475, Pp. MA 123,
Ms. O 85, Krg. 359, KRS 113, Rl. IV 1881.
2468. 'voyIV 'straight, even, fit' > IE: NaIE 'vci_I- 'true, like truth, fit' > Gk A ciko),
Gk I oiko) adj. 'like truth', n. 'likelihood', Gk coiko (pfc. with prs. sense) 'be like', Gk Hm
c)ikc ipf. 'it was opportune', Gk ()cikco), ()ikco) adj. 'like', Gk A cikoe (c-ikoe)
'represent by an image, portray', Gk A cikev, Gk Cp cikovo acc. 'image, picture' || Lt
vyI-ti 'be a success, happen, occur', i-vyI-ti 'to come true; happen, occur', Ltv viIt
'gedeihen, vorstatten gehen', vciIt 'to manage, carry out', vciItics 'to succeed (in), do well' (a
merger with the of Lt vaiIyti 'to chase, hunt', vciIti 'to do, act, have an effect'?), ? Lt
avciIslas 'image, picture, example' (unless < 'a-vcizd-Ilas < IE vci_d-/'vid- 'see', as
supposed by Bg. and Frk.) || AS vi`-vih-vcoh 'image, idol' WP I 237, P 1129, EI 25
['vci_I- 'appear (into the speakers sphere of reference or anothers)], F I 452-3, 53O, Frn. 556,
1181, 1213-4, 125O, Bg. rHerm. 47O (= Bg. RR III 7O4) ll K: OG, G vaIc 'smooth, even',
vaI- 'make\be smooth\even' Chx. 36O-1, NCh. 213 ll U: FU (att. in FV) 'voyIc 'straight' > F
oiIca 'right, just, correst', oiIo- 'get right, rectify, straighten' | pLp {Lr.} 'voyIs 'straight, right'
> Lp: N {N} vuoi'gad 'right, reasonable; straightforward', vuoi'ga adv. 'really, straight, truly',
K {Gn.} vuy:g, Kld {SaR} nynni adj. 'straight, even' | preMr {Ker.} 'viyo-do- > pMr
{Ker.} 'viyodo- > Er nn(c vidc, viycdc, Mk nn( 'vido adj. 'straight', n. 'truth', Er
nnr vit, viyct, Mk nn(n 'vidi 'right (dexter)' | pChr 'viya- > Chr: H
nnaciac vi(y)aIa 'straight', nnacnacmvi(y)anas, B viync- 'to become
straight'; {Ber.} 'viya-Is- > Chr: L nn mvi'yas, YO/V viyaIs, Ch viyaIs, B viyas, H
nnacmvi(y)as 'straight' Coll. 1O3, UEW 824-5, SK 421-2, Lr. #1424, Lgc. #8735, SaR 54-
5, Ker. II 19O-1, ERV 132, 137-8, PI 54-5, Ber. 86, MRS 69, Ep. 12 ^ IS MsN s.v. 'voyIn
'straight' (IE, U).
2469. 'valV 'be strong, able' > IE: NaIE 'val- id., 'rule over' > L val-co / valor 'ti,
value', Osc {Pln.} oc 'valens' or 'validus' (?) || Clt: OIr {P} fal-n-, fol-n- 'herrschen', {P}
flaith 'Herrschaft', {SB} 'Herrscher', OW gualart, W gvaladr 'lord, ruler, prince', W gvlad
{EI} 'rulership', OCrn gulat, MBr gloat 'country, land', Br glad id., 'kingdom (heaven)',
'property' || Gt valdan 'okciv, to suffice', ON valda, OSx gi-valdon, OHG valtan, NHG
valtcn 'to rule, have control over, govern', AS vcaldan id., 'possess', NE vicld; ON vcldi
'power, Macht' (< 'voltiyom); ON vald 'Macht, Gewalt', OFrs vcld, OHG valt {Kb.} 'force,
power, law', givalt, MHG (gc)valt 'Gewalt, Macht, Herrschaft', NHG Gcvalt 'power,
authority, violence', AS cvcald 'power' || BSl (+ext. ): Lt valdy-ti 'to rule, govern, own', Ltv
valdit 'to govern, rule, reign'; Lt vcldc'ti (1s prs. vcldu, vcldziu) 'to own, rule, take
posession, inherit', Pru valduns nom. sg. {En.} 'mantinieks (legatee)' or 'Erbteil', vcldunai
nom. pl., vcldisnan acc. sg. 'heritage' | Sl inf. 'volsti (< 'vold-ti) / 1s prs. 'vold-o 'own, rule
over' > OCS aaot:u vlasti (1s prs. aaoa vlado), OCz vlasti (prs. vladu); 'voldc-ti 'to own'
> OCS aao1:u vladc-ti, OR aeae1:u volodc-ti, R nono' (cr , Uk nono'( rn id., Blg b
nna'(c 'I rule over, own'; Sl 'volda-ti 'to own' > OCS aaoo:u vlada-ti, Cz cd o-vladati id.,
SCr, Slv vladati 'to govern, rule, reign', P vladac 'to make use of, handle, manage, wield', Blg
'nna(ax 'I rule over, own'; Sl 'volsti (< 'vold-ti) 'power (dominium)' > OCS aaot:i vlasti
'(political) power, power of the strong person; owned region' (1 R nnacr 'political power'),
OR aeaet:i volosti 'region, country, power', R ' nonocr 'volost (small rural diastrict)', Blg
nnacr 'political power', SCr vlast 'power, might, rule', Slv last 'property, possession', Cz vlast,
Slk vlast` 'ones native country', P vlosc 'landed property, estate'; ? OCS aao:+ vlat+ 'gigas'
|| pTc {Ad.} 'valo (obl. 'lant) (< 'vl-ant- 'the ruling one') > Tc A val, B valo, A/B obl.
lant 'king', B valo 'king'; pTc 'vlav- > Tc A/B vlav- v. 'conrtol' Ht {Ts.} vallivalli-
'stark, krftig', vallivallai- 'krftigen' WP I 539, P 1111-2, EI 49O, WH II 727-8, Pln. II 71O,
SB 262, LP 136.1, 299, YGM-1 254, 267, Hm. 315, Fs. 548, Kb. 385, 1139, OsS 276, 1O84,
KM 835-6, Ho. 385, Vr. 64O-1, 653, Frn. 1188-9, 1217-8, En. 27O, 272, Vs. I 34O-1, 344, BER
16O-1, 163, Ma. CS 569-7O, Glh. 674-5, StSS 118, Me. DIE 22 (Sl 'vold- Gmc 'vald- rather
than Sl A Gmc), Wn. 554-5, Ad. 581-2, 617, Ts. W 1OO ll D 'val/'vall- 'strong' > Tm val
'strong, hard, forceful', vallam, valam 'strength', vallu 'be able', Ml val, valu 'strong, powerful,
great', Kt val 'powerful, very, right', Kn bal v. 'grow strong\firm', bal(u) 'strength, firmness', Kdg
bala 'power, strength', Tu bala 'strength', Tl valanu 'skill, excellece', Prj vcla Icy 'rught hand',
Gdb valan 'thick, stout', Gnd vallc 'much, very'; ( D 'val- < N 'vuola 'vala 'big,
large, multitude' [q.v.]): Mlt balchnc 'large', balcbalc 'large ones', Brh balun 'big, large, elder'
D ##5276, Zv. 156 [#225] ll ? HS: C 'vlI > EC: Sd {Gs.} volIa, {Hd.} volIa - valIa
'strength, power', {C} volqa 'strong'; HEC 1 Gf {Mrn.} volIa 'strength, power' Gs. 348,
Hd. 4OO-1, C SE II 252, Mrn. S s.v. volIa, Mrn. O s.v. volIa ll ? A: M 'buli- 'be superior in
strength, overcome, be victorious' > Brt 6ynn- id., ( M 'buliya- 'take away by force, seize' <
N 'v'aljiy,V 'to draw, pull [out]', q.v.): MM [S] {H} buli- 'conquer, rob, take away by force',
WrM buli-, HlM 6ynn- 'overcome, conquer, take by force, be superior in strength', Mnr H {SM}
b_uli- 'enlever de force, piller, ravir' Chr. 111, MED 134, H 22, SM 33 ^ BmK #487 (IE, D).
247O. 'vala (or 'vuola?) 'big, large, multitude' > HS: CCh: Msg {Mch.} vcl, Mlw
{Trn.} vcl, Mbara {TrnSL} vala 'old' | Bu {ChL} ?"sla 'large', Mrg {Hf.} ?"al 'great' ChL
II 55 [#281], Hf. GML 26, ChC, Trn. MVM 287, TrnSL 3OO ? C: Ag: Aw {Hz.} vulla,
{CR} vul'la, Dmt {CR} vulla 'all' AD SF 19O ? SOm: Hm {Bnd. Fl., Ld.}, Hm K
{Bnd.} (v)ul(l), Hm B {Bnd.} vtl 'all' Bnd. AL 144, AD SF 19O ll IE: NaIE 'vcl- 'many,
much, amount' > Gk: I ci (< *cv-), A i (i-), D io (i-) (< *ivo) 'a crowd, troop
of men', Hm/A oi) adv. 'in crowds, in plenty' || Sl 'vcli(-|i) 'big, great' > OCS, OR
acauu vclii, Blg 'ncnn, SCr vcl|i, OCz vcli id., Cz vclc, Slk vclo, HLs v|clc 'very'; Sl
'vcli-mi 'very' ( instr. pl. of 'vcli) > OCS, OR acaimu vclimi, R ncn 'xn, Cz vclmi, Slk
vcl`mi, P viclmi id.; Sl 'vcliI+(-|i) 'big, great' > OCS acauk+ vcliI+, Blg nc'nni, SCr
vcliI, Slv vcliI, Cz vcl(i)Iy, Slk vcliIy, vcl`Iy, P viclIi id., R, Uk nc'nninn 'great', R
nc'nni 'is large\big' || ? W gvala 'amount, sufficiency, enough', MBr {LP} gvalch (not in Ern.),
Br gvalc`h 'satiety, sufficiency', Br a-valc`h 'enough', gvalc`han 'to sate, satisfy' || ?? Tc A
val, B valo 'king' (but more probably from IE 'val- 'be strong, rule over' < N 'valV 'be
strong, able', q.v.) P 1138, LS 828 (i- in i, io), Ch. 462-3, F I 74, 722, Vs. I 288-9,
Glh. 665-6, BER I 131-2, LP 37.3, YGM-1 254, Hm. 56, 344, Wn. 554-5 ll U 'vulV 'big,
much, many' > Lp: L allo id., N {N} ol'lo - ollo- olo 'much, many' || Os: N {KrT} v+l 'big,
older', O {Stn.} vul, Pt {Stn.} ul 'ipynnin, gro' Sm: Ne: T ynn' 'quite, very', T O {Lh.}
quli? id. Coll. 44, UEW 543-4 (does not take into account Os and reconstructs U 'ulV), Stn. D
1586, KrT I 222, Ter. 4O3, Lh. 43 ll A 'uolV 'big, many' > M 'olan 'much, many, numerous' >
MM [IM] {Pp.} olan, [MA, HI, S] olon id., WrM olan, HlM, Brt onon id., 'multitude', Ord
{Ms.} olon, Kl onn, {Rm.} oln, Mnr M (T} oloq 'much, many, numerous', Mnr H {T} oluon
id., {SM} oluon id., 'very', Mnr H {T} , Ba {T} oloq, Dx {T} olon 'much, many' Ms. H 81,
Pp. MA 264-5, 443, H 123, MED 6O7-8, Ms. O 51O, KRS 395, KW 285, Chr. 354, SM 298, T
354, T BJ 145, T DnJ 131 T: NaT d 'ulug 'big, great' ( A '`ulE 'large' < ? N 'alyu
'much, superfluous') > OT, OOsm XIV uluy, XwT XIII ulu(y), MQp XIII ulu, XIV [CC] ulu, Chg
XV, ET uluy - uluq, SY, Ln, Xk, Tv, Tf uluy, Tkm, Slr uli 'large, big, great', Tk ulu, Ggz, CrTt,
Kr Cr ulu, Yk ulu id., VTt oni +l+, Bsh ono +l+ 'large, big; old, grown up' (of a person),
Az ulu 'big, great, ancient', Uz uluy, Qzq nni uli, Qq ulli, Alt ulu, Uz uluy 'great', Qrg ulu
'great, elder', uluq 'chief, ruler', Yk ulu 'large, great' Cl. 136, ET Gl 593-5, Rs. W 513, Sht.
289, Jud. 8O3-4, MM 488, KrkR 67, Nj. 134, BT 167, Ra. 237 S AJ 286, DQA #2517 (A
'uluo 'big, many; good'; incl. T, M) ll D {tr., GS} 'val- 'multitude; (?) big' > Tm valaqIam
'large family', Kn balaga 'mass, multitude, assemblage, troop, the family circle', Tu balaga
'quantity, heap, multitude', Krg bali 'clan', Tl balagamu 'retinue, party, circle of friends and
relatives'; ( N 'valV 'be strong, able' [q.v.]?): Gdb valan 'thick, stout', Mlt balchnc 'large',
balcbalc 'large ones', Brh balun 'big, large, elder' Tm -l- for the expected -l- is puzzling (infl.
of the reflex of N 'valV ''?) D #53O8 and (for the merger of roots) D #5276 D
'val- 'strong, hard' (D #5276) hardly belongs here (,) ( IS MS) ^ IS MS 331 s.v.
'voln '

6on mon' (IE, A, U, D, HS), Glh. 665-6 (IE, U, D, A, Mrg ?val + err. Eg vr) ^ The U
and A data suggest a N rounded vw., but if this vw. in U and A is due to the infl. of 'v-, we
prefer to reconstruct 'a (on the ev. of D) ^ Blz. LNA #22 (semantically unjustified
equation of U and A with IE 'ol- 'all'). .
2471. ? 'v'ilV 'exchange' > U: Y T valc 'price, compensation, bride-price' Ku. 41 ll D
{tr., GS} 'vil 'to sell; price' > Tm vil 'sell, be sold', vilai_ 'selling, price', Ml vila 'sale, price', Td
il 'price', Kt bil, bili v. 'sell, buy', bili, bclc 'price, cost', Kdg bclc 'cost', Tu bil, bcl 'price,
value, worth', Tl viluva, vcla id., 'cost', vil(u)cu v. 'sell, buy' D #5421 ll ? HS: S 'vlt >
Gz vlt D 'change, exchange' L G 614, DRS 55O-1.
2472. 'voglV 'to stay, be' > HS: S 'vyl > Gz vl (pf. vaala - vola, juss. yaal)
v. 'spend the day, remain, stay', Tgr, Tgy vl v. 'spend the day' L G 6O2-3 B 'vlH (prm.
'-vlVH) v. 'be' ( N 'hil'U 'stand, be, exist', q.v.) > ETwl/Ty {GhA} imv. +llu (3 m pf. ETwl
illa, Ty yolla), Ah imv. oll (pf. illa) id. (Fcj. 11, Pcj. I A 9), Kb {Dl.}, Wrg/Mz {Dlh.} ili (pf.
yolla), Gh {Nh.}, BSn {Ds.}, Si {La.}, Gd {Lf.} ili (pf. illa), SrSn, Izn, Tmz ili 'be' Pr. M VI-
VII 119, Fc. 971, 2OOO (on Fcj. 11), GhA 1O9, 246-7 (on Pcj. A I 9), Dl. 439, Dlh. Ou 161,
Dlh. M 1O1, Ds. B 123, MT 362-3, La. S 66, Lf. II #O853 C: EC '?ol- (- 'voj:,l-?) v. 'stay'
> LEC {Bl.} 'ol- {AD} v. 'stay, spend the day' > Or {Grg.} ol- id., Kns ol- 'spend the day',
Gdl ol-ad- v. ben. 'be late', Sml prs. al 'I stay', p. il 'I stayed', ol 'did not stay', Arr ?cll- / ip.
?all- 'stand' | Brj vol-?- md. 'pass the time, stay', ? Hd vul- v. 'stand' Bl. 112, 15O, Ss. PEC 51,
Ss. B 188, Grg. 3O6, Hw. A 267-9 Coh. EC #196, L G 6O2-3., L ECDG 243 ll U: FU 'volc-
v. 'be, become' > Er ync- ulc-, Mk ync- ulo- id. | F, Es olc- v. 'be' | Chr L/E ula-, H +la- id. |
Prm 'vu'l- / 'vo'l- v. 'be, exist': 'vu'l- > Z nin-ocx vIl-sm 'existence', Vt G {Wc.} vIlI- v.
'be, be there', Vt Sr vIl-, Vt Kz vsl- id., 'exist', Vt ynini-ninini, Z onni-ninni'to be, be once
upon a time' (Z on cni-nin cni 'there were once upon a time' [in fairy tales],
onocni-ninocni ocnoc(: 'they live upon this very day
(

onn nnyr-nonna r (o cnx nop)' (on-/on- means 'to live'), Z Vish/EV vu'l- id.; Prm
'vo'l- v. (in the past tense) 'be' > Z nocn vsli, Yz vo'li 'was', Vt nan val 'was' (a < 'o due to
'l) || ObU {Ht.} 'vol- v. 'be, live' > pVg 'al- > Vg: T al-/al-, LK ul-/ul-, ol-,
MK/NV/SV/LL/UL ol-, P ol-/ol-, Ss ol- id.; pOs 'vol- > Os: V/Vy val-, Ty/Y
va-/vo-, D/K/Nz ut-, Kz vu-, O ol- id. | Hg vol-/val-/vagy- 'be' Coll. 1O3, UEW
58O-1, Sm. 551 (FU 'va/oli-, FP 'voli-, Ugr 'vali- 'be'), Ker. II 175, Ht. #681, MF 669-71,
LG 67, 71-2, TmK 485 ll A 'bol- - 'ol- > T 'bol- (- 'ol-) v. 'become, be': 'bol- > OT,
Chg, MQp, Tkm, Qmq, Qrg, Qzq, Qq, ET bol-, Xk ol-, Chv L nyn- ul-, Alt, Tv b_ol-, Tf
b_ol-, Uz bul-, VTt, Bsh bul-, SY ol-, Yk buol- 'be, become', XwT, Nog bol- v. 'be'; NaT
'ol- 'be, become' > Osm ol-, Tk ol-, Tk W ol- 'be, become', Az, Ggz, CrTt {Rl.} ol- id., Uz
{Jud.} ol- 'be'; acc. to Mel.s hyp. (Mel. xl-xli), supported by other scholars (incl. Cl. and the
authors of ET), the original T form is 'bol-, with the loss of the initial 'b- (through the stage of
'v) in Og and Uz Cl. 331-2, ET B 185-8, Rl. I 1O8O-3, Ra. 163, Jeg. 164, Fed. I 442-3, Md.
39; the length of the vw. is suggested by Yk and Tk W; the short o in Tkm needs explanation
M 'bol- (- 'ol-) 'become, be' > MM [S, MA, IM, PP, IsV] bol-, WrM bol-, HlM 6ono-, Kl
6on-, Ord b_ol-, Dg, Mgl bol-, Mnr boli - oli-, Dx volu- - olu- id. Pp. IM 99, MED 114,
KRS 1O7-8, Rm. M 2O, SM 27, 296, T 318, T DnJ 114 pJ 'bsr- 'be' > OJ vor-, J T/K/Kg
or- S QJ #25O, Mr. 742 DQA #196 (A 'bolo-c 'be'), #1595 (A 'olu 'be, become;
come', incl. T 'ol-), S AJ 284 ll D (in SD) 'ul- v. 'be, have' > Tm ul-, Kn ul-/ol- id., Ml ul-
v. 'be there, exist', Kt ol- v. 'exist, be (in a place)', Kdg ull- v. 'be, be in a place, have', Tu ull-
v. 'be, exist, have' D #697 ^ D '-l- (for the expected '-l-) may be due to the presence of a lr.
^ IS MS 332 ('voyln > A, U, ?D, HS).
2473. 'vaHlV 'to cry, speak' > IE: NaIE 'voaol- id. > BSl: Sl 'volati > P volac 'to
cry, call', Cz volati 'to clamour', (za-)volati 'to call (to so.)' | Lt {Ma. ?} valiuoti 'to sing' (of
mowers when mowing hey), Ltv valoda 'language, speech' Not here ON volva 'prophetess,
sibyl' (adduced by Mn. and BmK) 'Stabtrgerin' volr 'runder Stab' Ma. CS 572, Br.
63O, Kar. II 478-9, ME IV 461-2, Mn. 1488, BmK #488 (+ err. ON volva, Gk ooev
'vagabond, false pretender', oooviko) 'boastful' and ooovcuooi 'make false
pretensions' [in fact from the Thracian tribal name Aoevc)], cf. Vr. 673-4, F I 61, Ch. I 53)
ll HS: B 'vaHl 'word(s), language, way of speaking' > Ah {Fc.} a-val, ETwl, Ty, Gh, BSn,
Izd, Izn, Kb a-val, Gd {Lf., CM} aval (pl. {CM} ivallon), Sll {Ds.} a-val (pl. ivalivn),
Tmz aval (pl. ivalivn), Nf {La.} a-val id., Skn {Srn.} a'val n. act. 'speaking'; - B {Pr.}
'si-Hvil caus. (Fcj. 155, Pcj. I A 4) 'speak, produce sounds' (metathesis 'Hvl < 'vHl) > Ah
sivl, ETwl, Ty sivol, BSn {Ds.} Si {La.}, Skn {Srn.} sivol, Sll {Ds.} savol - savl, Tmz
sivol, Zng {TC} siviy 'parler' Fc. 1877-8O, 2O14 (on Fcj. 155), GhA 197, Ds. 212, Ds B
263-4, Dl. 862, La. S 262, MT 759, Lf. II #1667, CM 145, Pr. M VI-VII 1OO-2 (on Pcj. I A 4),
DCTC 291 Ch {Stl.} 'vaHal- {Stl.} 'weep, cry', {AD} 'produce vocal sounds, weep, cry' >
WCh: Hs ha-vayc 'tears' (ha- is a px. for body parts) || pAG 'val 'weep, cry' > Ang, Mpn
{Frz.} val, Cp val 'weep, cry', Su {J} val 'tnen, erschallen, klingen', val ma 'wail, weep'
| NrBc {Stl.} 'var- (< 'vaHl-) > Jmb vara, Cg vurc 'weep, cry' || ECh {Stl.} '?al-/'?il- id.
(loss of the initial syll.) > Ll ilc, Mkl ?olc / 'ilc id., EDng alc {ChC} id., {Fd.} 'emit sounds,
weep', 'cry' (of animals), Mu {Lk.} ilcli 'tears', Skr {Nc.} alc?alc 'weep', olu 'funeral
song' Stl. IF 142, Hf. AG #228, J S 86, ChC, ChL, Lk. ZSS 3O, 37, Fd. 19 C: Bj {R}
valiI- scv. 'rufen, schreien' R WBd 238 ??? o S: [3] ?? i CS 'vl(v)l > Ar vlvl (pf.
valvala) 'wail, shriek' (woman), 'howl' (wolf), Sr {PS} i, o valvalt-a 'ululatus', BHb ll4i^
yo'lcl, el1l1i% yola'la n. act. 'howling' BK II 16O5-6, Hv. 892-4, PS 1O63, DRS 542-4,
BDB 41O, LH 428 ll U 'valla > FU (att. in FV) 'valla 'word' > F vala, Krl A vala 'oath,
vow' | pLp {Lr.} 'volc 'song; conjure' > Lp S {Hs.} vuolic 'Lappish song', Lp L {LLO}
vuollc 'ein Jojker (lappischer Melodiensatz, F |o|Iu)', N {N} d vuollo- '(noisily expressed)
delight', Lp Pa {TI} vu'slcd_ 'jemandem bles wnschen oder wahrsagen (im Denken
\Sprechen, bes. die Zauberer)' | Er, Mk val 'word' pY {IN} 'valmo 'shaman' > Y T {IN}
volmo, {Ku.} nonxy, K almo id.; OY K {Bil.} alma id. UEW 812, SK 1614, Lr. #1432, Lgc.
#8769, Hs. 1457, LLO 1445, TI 787, IN 249 (Y T valmo [misprint for volmo]), 295 ll D 'val-
'say, speak, produce sounds by voice' > Tm vali v. 'say, tell, narrate', n. 'sound', Krg valli v.
'bark', Gnd Nr vallih- c. 'call, invite' D #5283 l ??? D 'val-, 'valaval- 'babble, be talkative,
noisy' (an ideophonic stem which may have developped on the basis of 'val- 'say, speak') > Tm
valavala 'be talkative \ wordy, babble', Ml i valavala 'sound of babbling', Tu balaI
'boasting', Tl i valavali 'noise, fuss, hubbub' D #531O ^ BmK #488 ('val-/'vol- > IE,
D, Ar vlvl).
2474. ? 'vcHylV (or 'vclHV?) [='vc ylV 'vcl V?] 'hip', 'waist' > HS: B: Sll
a-vlal 'groin (aine)' Ds. 12 ll ??? IE: Ht {Frd.} valla 'Schenkel, (?) Bein' (not mentioned
in Ts. W) The cognate is valid only if Frd.s interpretation of the word is right Frd. HW 242 ll
A: T {ADb.} 'bclI 'waist' [ N 'bclE'gV 'belly, waist' (q.v. ffd.) N 'cl?'c 'c?l'c
'side of body, side'] > NaT 'bcl, Chv nnncAi iliI 'waist' ^ If Ht valla belongs here, the N
etymon is 'vc ylV or 'vcl V.
2475. 'vaLE 'to wish, require' > HS: S 'vl > Ar vl (pf. valia, ip. -vla-) 'be fond
of, covet' ll IE 'vclu- > NaIE 'vcljo,-/vlc(i_)- v. 'want, choose', n. 'vlti-s 'wish' > L
vol-o, inf. vcllc v. 'want' || OI var-: prs. vrni'tc,, vrnati, vrnoti, vrnutc 'choses,
prefers, wishes, loves', Av var- v. 'choose, want' || Gt vil|an, ON vil|a, OFrs villa, OSx villian,
vcllian, AS villan, OHG vcllcn, NHG vollcn 'to want', 3s prs (being transformed into
prt/prs.): Gt vili, ON vill, vil, OFrs, OSx, OHG vili, NHG vill 'he wants', NE vill v. (and
analytical marker of ft.); ON vil, AS vill n. 'wish, desire'; Gt vil|a, ON vili, OSx villio, OHG
villo, NHG Willc, OFrs, AS villa n. 'will', NE vill n. || ? Gk D e (2s )), 3s )) 'wish,
desire' (Gk Cr opt. E(i)oi, Eioicv, conj. Eiovti, prtc. Eiovto), -o) (Schw. GG I 676: <
'vlc(i_)mi) || OLt vclti / 1s prs. vclmi v. 'wish, prefer, allow' | Sl 'vcl- / 'vol-: 'vclc-ti (1s
prs. 'vcl-o) 'to order'> OCS aca1:u vclcti / v. acam vcl|o, Slv vclcti, Cz vclcti, R
nc' ncr (prs. nc' n ), Uk nc'n rn id., 1s prs.: SCr vcl|u, Blg 'ncn x " ) ncnnx 'I say',
'ncn x 'I decide'; Sl 'vola n. 'will' > OCS aeam vol|a, Blg, R, Uk 'non , SCr vo`l|a, Slv
vol|a, Cz vulc, Slk vol`a, P vola; Sl 'volcti > SCr noncrn " vol|cti 'to love'; Sl
'do-vlc-ti 'be enough' (< 'v,lc-) > OCS eaia1:u do-vilc-ti / prs. eaiam do-vil|o, R
(o' nncr , Uk (o'nn rn || ?? Arm ge gcl 'beauty, charm, attraction, good grace' (unless < NaIE
'vcl- 'see, look') P 1137-8, EI 629 ('vcl- 'wish, want'), M K III 244-5, M E II 511-2, WH II
88-3O, F II 15O, Fs. 563, Vr. 663-4, Ho. 396, Ho. S 88, Kb. 1166, 12O1, OsS 1119-2O, KM 859,
868, SGGJ IV 424, Frn. 122O, Vs. I 288, 347-8, 521, Glh. 678, BER I 132-3, 175-6, Slt. 141-2
ll ? U: FU 'vazV- v. 'demand, desire, wish, urge' > F vaati- v. 'demand, ask [so. for], want,
urge' | Prm 'vas- > Z US vassd-, Yz 'vasnt- vt. 'drive' ('

inar '), Prmk va'sst- v. 'zwingen,
wegtreiben' || Hg vagy- v. 'desire, wish, long to' Coll. 122, Coll. CG 414, UEW 549-5O, LG
49, SZ 67, Lt. J 95, KPR 57 The FU cognate is valid only if the Prm belongs here, otherwise
the FU may be reconstructed as 'vacV (which may include ObU 'vacV v. 'catch fish', Ht.
#657) ll A: Tg 'bala- > Ewk Brg bala- v. 'order, compell' ^ AD LZL 36O-1.
2476. 'vcl'hV 'to hit, attack' ( 'to wound, kill') > HS: ? S 'vlh, prm. '-vlih- ( N
'vaHlV 'to cry, speak') > Ar vlh G (pf. valaha - valiha, ip. yalihu) 'be dejected \ depressed
by grief', D (pf. vallaha) 'confound, perplex so.' (of grief), 'intoxicate so.' (wine), valh- 'grief'
BK II 1O5-6, Hv. 894 ll IE 'vclX- 'strike, hit, fight' > Ht valh- 'strike, attack' ({Ts.}
'schlagen', 'niederschlagen, berfallen, schdigen') NaIE 'vcljo,- ( N 'guLV 'to destroy,
fight; war', q.v.) > W gvcli, Crn goly (pl. golyov) 'a wound', MBr {Ern.} gouli id., gouliaff,
goulyaff 'to wound', ?? ( N 'vac`jV,qV 'fluid'?): OIr, Ir fuil 'blood', OIr fuili 'bloody wounds'
|| Gmc ( N 'olV 'to starve, die; dead', q.v. [?]): ON valr 'the slain in battle', AS vl, OHG
{OsS} val, valu id., 'slaughter, carnage; battlefield', NHG cd Walstatt 'battlefield', OSx val
'death'; AS vol 'pestilence', OSx vol id., 'ruin (Verderben)', OHG vuol id., 'desaster' || Sl: OCz
valcti (1s prs. valc|u) 'wage war', Sl 'valiIa > OCz, Cz valIa 'war', P valIa, Blr ' nan ia
'fight, combat', ? Uk nan na 'battlefield with bodies of those slain in battle' ( na'n rnc 'be
scattered all over') | Blt: Pru ulint (< 'volint) 'to fight' Frd. HW 242-3, Ts. W 1OO, WP I
3O4-5, P 1144-5, EI 367 ['vcl(h)- strike, tear at'; unj. adduction of L vcllo 'pluck, tear' < N
'v'aljiy,V 'draw, pull out\off'], Thr. 171, Dnn. 339, Ern. 282, Vr. 642, Ho. 38O, 4O5, Ho. S 82,
89, Kb. 1232, OsS 1O85, 1214, KM 834, Ma. CS 553, Tr. 548, En. 269 ^ Not here ( IS MS)
the FU of Hg ol- 'kill', etc., which is 'vcoV and not 'vclV ^ IS MS 367 ('vcln 'to fight' >
IE, A, D U).
2477. 'vAlljV,'hV 'to turn, roll, revolve' > HS: WS 'vly vi. 'turn' > Ar vly G +
prep. an (pf. 0Oa Lava vala an, ip. yaliyu an) vt. 'dtourner de', vly D 'turn away
from, turn back', Mh {Jo.} vly Sh

(pf. hsvlu) vi. 'turn back, direct oneself to', Jb C {Jo.}
vly G (pf. oli) 'turn towards', Jb E/C {Jo.} vly Sh

(pf. cb'lc) 'direct oneself toward', Hrs
{Jo.} vsl 'towards' BK II 16O6-7, Hv. 894, Jo. M 429, Jo. J 292, Jo. H 136, DRS 549 B
'vHl (mt < ''vlH?), pf. {Pr.} '-vHiul > Ah avl (3m pf. ivol) '(se) tourner (changer de
direction)' (Fcj. 62 = Pcj. I A 6), ETwl/Ty {GhA} ovol id. (3m pf. ETwl iv+l, Ty yov+l) Fc.
148O-94, 2OO5 (on Fcj. 62), GhA 197, Pr. M VI-VII 1O6 and GhA 246-7 (both on Pcj. I A 6)
C: Dhl {E} valam- in valamani 'whirlwind' ({E}: valam- + ?uf-/yuf- 'to blow') || ?
SC: Irq {MQK} harvcr- 'surround', {E} harvcl- v. 'surround' E SC 314, E PC #576, MQK
47 ll IE: NaIE 'vcl(o)- / 'vlc-, 'vclu-, 'vlci_- 'to turn, roll' > Lt vclti / prs. vcliu 'to felt,
full (cloth)' (a NaIE heavy basis 'vclo-), Ltv vclt 'to roll, trundle; to felt, full (cloth)' | Sl
'valiti sc rf. 'roll' > OCS aoau:u ta valiti sc id., ip. 'valati 'to roll, felt, full (cloth)' >
OCS aoam:u ta val|ati sc rf. 'roll', Cz valct sc, R na' n r c id., R na' n r , SCr val|ati 'to
roll, felt, full (cloth)', Cz valcti, Slk val`at` id., Blg 'nan x 'I felt, full' || OI valati 'turns, turns
to, returns' (unless A D 'val- 'surround, turn around'), Av var- '(se) vertere' || Arm
gelum gclum v. 'wring', gelanim gclanim v. 'twist, wring, writhe', glem glcm v. 'roll, wheel' (<
'vlc-) || Gk cice (*c-v-ce) - cie v. 'roll up', ciue 'enfold, enwrap' || L volv-o,
-crc / volvi / volutum v. 'roll, wind, turn\twist round' || OIr fillim 'turn (drehen), bend', {SB}
'flecto' || Gt af-valv|an 'wegwlzen', at-valv|an 'hinzuwlzen', faur-valv|an 'vorwlzen',
AS vcalvian vi. 'to roll', viclvan, vicllan 'wlzen, rollen', ON valr adj. 'round', MLG valcn
'drehen, wlzen, rollen' WP I 298-3O4, P 114O-3, EI 6O7 (vcl- 'turn, wind, roll'), M K III 161
(against the connection between OI valati and IE 'vcl-), Ach. II 112, Slt. 81-2, F I 457-8, WH II
832-4, SB 275, Frn. 1221, Vs. I 268, StSS 1O8, Glh. 661, Chrn. I 132, BER I 116-7, Vr. 642, Fs.
13, Ho. 386, 393-4 ll ? A: M 'bulu > WrM bulu, HlM 6yn 'wheel, hub of a wheel; cylinder;
roller for husking grain or leveling ground', MM [HI] bulu 'hub of a wheel', Ord {Ms.} b_ulu
'cylindre servant corcer le millet \ aplanir la terre', WrO {Krg.} bulu 'roller, hub', Brt 6yn
'cylinder (nan, nanni)', Kl 6yn id., 'hub', Brt E 6yna 'hub of a wheel', Kl {Rm.} bul
u
id., 'Rolle'
MED 136, Ms. H 43, Ms. O 96, Lew. II 22, Krg. 366, KRS 117, Chr. 11O, KW 59 ll D
'valai_ 'circle, ring' > Tm valai_ 'circle', Ml vala 'ring', Td al 'ring, circle', Kt val 'bangle',
Kn balc 'ring, armlet, bracelet', Kdg balc 'bangle, ring', Tu bal 'bracelet, hoop', 1 OI
valaya- 'bracelet, ring'; D 'val- (+ sxs.) v. 'surround, turn around' > Tm valai_ v. 'surround,
walk around', Ml valayuIa, Tl balayu v. 'surround', Tl {Km.} valayu vi. 'turn around', Kt
valc- v. 'walk in a circle, make round', Kn balasu 'go in a circle or round', Tu balcu- 'enclose,
surround' D #5313, Tu. #114O5, #114O7, M K III 161 ^ The IE and B data point to the
existence of a lr., which seems to have been 'h (the only lr. which was easily lost in S) ^
BmK #486 ('val'-/'vol'- > IE, HS [S, C], D) [with inaccurate information about Ar].
2478. 'v'iclljh,V 'field, plain' > IE 'vacl- > Ht {Ts.} vcllu- 'unmowed grass; meadow'
? NaIE: L vallcs, vallis 'valley' Ts. W 1O4, WH II 729 (with unc. etymological
proposals), EI 2OO (Ht < ''vclsu- 'meadow, pasture' - an unc. rec.) ll K: GZ 'vcl- 'field,
plain' ({K
2
} 'valley, field') > OG, G vcl- 'field, plain', Mg vc / vcl- (in pl.) 'field, glade
(nonc, non) na)' K 82-3, K
2
51, Q 234 ll D (in McTm) 'vicl- 'area, terrain, field' > Tm
vilaIam 'battlefield, surrounding area', Ml vilaIam 'battlefield, garden' In Tm and Ml there
is positional neutralizalion of the opposition 'i 'c before 'a of the next sylable D #5435 ll ?
HS: S 'vlh > Ar d milah- {BK} 'vaste plaine, dsert', {Fr. [Qam.]} 'campus, desertum'
(Hv.s translation 'perplexing desert' may be explained by secondary association with the adj.
milah- 'afflig, attrist' and with the verb vlh D 'to confound\perplex' [of grief]) Fr. IV 5O5,
BK II 16O6, Hv. 894 C: Ag: Q {R} vulay 'plain, field, meadow' ({Beke} vulagha), Km
{CR} vulaya 'plaine, prairie', Xm {R} vula-s- ( caus.?) 'auf die Weide treiben' R Q II
142,R Ch II 111, CR K 265 ^ Giorg. 65 & GI
2
793 (IE, K) , Blz. KM 141 [#3O] (suggested
to adduce Ag and unconvincingly U 'olIV 'grass' .
2479. 'v'ilji,qV (- '-lji,I-?) 'liquid; moist, damp' > HS: S 'vl_ > Ar vl_ t [rf.]
(pf. ?istavla_a) 'tre arros par la pluie\rose, tre humect, humide (le sol)',
?arzun vali_-at-un 'terre humecte, humide, mouille', vali_-at-un 'boue, fange; lait pais'
BK II 16O2 ll ? IE: NaIE 'vclg- 'moist, damp' > Gmc ( N 'v'iLKa 'wet, moist'): OHG
vclc 'damp', MHG vclI 'damp, wet' (and also OHG vclc 'soft, limp', MHG vclI 'limp', MLG
vclI 'welk, drre', NHG vclI 'withered, faded'?) || Lt vilgyti, valgyti 'to moisten, damp, wet',
vilIsnas 'damp', Ltv valgums 'moisture, humidity', valgs, vclgans 'moist, humid, damp', ?
Pru vclgcn 'schnupfen' | Sl 'v+lg-+I-+ 'damp, moist' > RChS a+ar+k+ v+lg+I+, R
'noniinn, Cz, Slk vlhIy, P vilgi id.; Sl 'v+lg- > d R ' noninyr 'to become moist \ damp', P
vilgosc n. 'moisture, wet, damp', vilgotny adj. 'wet, damp, moist'; Sl 'volga 'moisture' >
OCS aaoro vlaga id. (1 R 'nnaia), Blg 'nnaia, SCr vla`ga, Slv vlaga, Cz vlaha, Slk
vlaha id., 'dampness, humidity', OR aeaero vologa 'soup', R no'noia 'a liquid, liquid fat (as
seasoning)', Uk no'noia 'fat liquid' WP I 3O4-6, P 1145-6, Mn. 1145, Kb. 1165, OsS 1118,
KM 851, ME IV 457, Tr. 358, Frn. 1191, En. 272, Vs. I 337, 34O, Glh. 67, BER I 16O, EI 639
('vclI- - 'vclg- 'wet') ll U 'viljy,V 'sap of trees, sap-wood' > FU: Chr L ninc v+lc
{MRS} 'cambium', Chr E {Ps.} v+lc 'sap of trees' || ObU {Ht.} 'ul-, {Stn.} 'ol- {AD}
'sap of a tree, sap-wood' > pVg {Ht.} 'ul- - 'ul- 'sap-wood' > Vg: T {Stn.} o'l, {Ht.} ol,
UK/P/ll {Stn.}, LK/P/LL {Ht.} il, ML il, VS {Stn.} yil (Stn: with a hyper-correct 'y-) id.;
pOs {Ht.} 'ol 'sap of trees' > Os: V/Vy ol, Ty o'l, Y o'l, D/K clo, Nz alo, Kz al
'sap of a tree (birch, conifer trees)' acc. to Stn. ZOUV, the non-platal vw. o' in Vg T is due to
the infl. of Vg T o'lst- 'abschlen (Baumstamm),

cio6nnr ' MRS 88, PsS 17, Stn. ZOUV

237, Stn. D 9O, Ht. #23 Sm {Jn.} 'ulV > Slq: Tm {KD} ol, MKe {KD} ul:u 'sap of
trees', {Cs.}: NP ullu, Yel ul, B ulc, Tz/Kar ul) The palatal l in Chr and Vg points to
the presence of 'y Jn. 27, Cs. 1O9, 2O3 UEW 24 ('alV 'sap of a tree'; does not take
into account Chr) ll A 'olE- > M 'olcq 'fresh\soft grass' > MM [MA] olcq 'grass' (att.:
olcq tataqu yaar 'field used for mowing grass'), 'meadow' (olcqin iccsun
'

nyionon ran nni'), [S] olaq ({H}: read olcq) 'fresh grass', WrM olcq, HlM ' n' n 'soft grass,
thick grass', WrO {Krg.} oloq 'meadow, green field, plain, lawn', Kl olq 'sanftiges Gras,
Wiese' Pp. MA 275, H 122, MED 633, KW 295, Krg. 14O T 'ol 'damp, moist' > OT {Cl.}
ol id., MQp/OOsm XIV ol 'moist', XwT XIV ol 'moisture', Chg XV ol, Tk ol, Tkm ol, Yk
uol, Qrg, Xk, Tv ol, Tf o'l, ET yol, Alt ul, Qb {Rl.} ol - ul, Shor {Rl.} ul, Chv
vil id., Tk ol 'humidity \ dampness (of soil)'; Chv vil 'damp, moist' points to a short (shortened?)
'o; in some T lgs. pT 'ol- contaminated with 'hoj:,l- id. (< A '`olc 'moist, succulent' <
'olHE 'to be liquid, wet' [q.v. ffd.]); if the latter T word was 'hol and Chv vil goes back to
it, this can explain the short 'o in the prehistory of Chv Cl. 124, ET Gl 523-5, Rs. W 371, Ra.
214, Md. 5O, 172 ^ IE '-g- regularly goes back to the N velar '-I- and not to '-q-; the irreg.
change '-q- > '-I- may be due to an aunknown positional factor or to the infl. of the
synonymous N 'v'iLKa 'wet, moist' ^ IS MS 333 [N 'viln, i.e. 'vilV: U, A, ?S, IE
'vclI- - 'vclg- (cf. N 'v'iLKa '')].
248O. '`v'aljiy,V 'to draw, pull (out, off)' > IE '`vcl-/'`vol- v. 'draw, pull, tear out' > L
vcll-o, -crc / pfc. vclli - volsi / sup. volsum v. 'pluck, pull, twitch' || Gt vilvan 'to steal,
plunder', vulva 'robbery', vilva 'robber' || ? Gk oiokooi (aor. oevoi), Gk Th
oiookctoi, Gk Ar oovtoi) 'be taken \ conquered' (of persons, places) || Arm
goanam golanam v. 'rob, steal' Ht valli- 'geschoren (?), enthaart' (von Fellen)', {EI} 'plucked'
WP I 3O4-5, P 1144-5 (with unc. parallels from other IE lgs.), EI 567 ['vcl(h)- 'strike, tear
at')], WH II 744-5, Fs. 564-5, F I 74, 77, Mn. 15O9 ('snatch, tug'), Ts. W 1OO, EIC 567 (IE
'vcl(h)- 'strike, tear at' without distinguishing reflexes of 'v'aljiy,V and those of 'vcl'hV
'hit, attack') ll A: M 'buliya- > WrM buliya-, HlM 6ynaa- 'take away by force, seize, grab, rob,
pillage', MM [S] {H} buli- 'rob, take away by force, conquer' ( M 'buli- 'overcome' < N 'valV
'be strong, able', q.v.), WrO {Krg.} buliu- 'take away', buli- 'take by force', Ord {Ms.} b_ula-,
Kl {Rm.} bula- id., Kl {KRS} 6yna-, Brt 6yn a- id., 'conquer', Mnr H {SM} b_uli-, {T} buli-,
Ba {T} bula- id., 'rob' MED 134-5, H 22, Krg. 366, KW 59, KRS 117, Chr. 113, Ms. O 93, SM
33, T 32O, T BJ 135 ll ? K 'vl- > G a-vl- v. 'etwas einer Sache entlang ziehen\fhren' Chx.
38O-2 ll D {tr., GS} 'val- v. 'draw, pull' > Tm vali v. 'draw, pull, row', Ml vali 'drawing, pull,
tug, spasm', Kdg bali v. 'snatch, pull', Krg bali v. 'pull', Kui vclba 'pull, pull up' D #5282 ll ?
U: FU 'volV 'strip sth. (bark, etc.) off' > pLp {Lr.} 'olo 'v. id., 'gnaw' > Lp: L {LLO} allo-
'cut off branches', N {N} oallo- / -l- 'strip the bark off', K {Gn.} voallco, Kld {TI}
v
u_alla
o
v.
'gnaw' | Er {W} vala- 'make even, smooth' - {ERV} nanan valana 'smooth, even' | Prm
'vol- v. 'bark (a tree)' > Z, Yz vol-, Z US vol- id., Vt vsl- 'remove a ring of bark from a tree
in order to make the tree dry' || Vg {Kn.}: T olct-, MK valst-, P volst- v. 'bark, plane (a tree,
a cart pole)' UEW 582-3, TI 771, ERV 1O1, LG 621 ^ M '-u- and FU '-o- may be due to the
infl. of 'v- ^ BmK #485 (IE, D) ^ On N and pIE '`- see Introduction, 2.2.6.
2481. 'voljy,V 'to look, see' > HS: B 'vill 'eye', 'Hvl 'avoir lil sur' > Gd a-voll (pl.
vallon) 'eye', Kb allon 'eyes' (pl. of tit 'eye'), Ah avl (pf. ycvol 'avoir l'il sur (veiller sur,
surveiller)' (Fcj. 63, Pcj. I A 4, bringing about the rec. of the stem as '-hvil) Fc. 1493-4, Pr. M
VI-VII 1OO ll IE: NaIE 'vcl- 'see', 'vl-tu- 'Aussehen' > OIr fil - fcl- fcil 'there is' (< imv.
'vclc 'behold!'), OIr fili (gen. filcd), OgIr gen. vclitas 'seer, poet' (< 'vclcts), Brtt [RE]
'vclimi v. 'see' > MW gvclct (1s gvclif), W gvclcd , Crn gvclcs (1s gvclaf), OBr
guil- - gucl-, MBr gucl- id., MBr gvclct, Br gvclout 'see' || L voltus - vultus 'expression of
the face, countenance, look, aspect' || Gmc 'vlci_d- 'Angesicht' > Gt anda-vlcizn acc. '(?) id.',
AS vlitan, ON lita 'to see, look', AS vlita 'face' || Tc B ycl- 'investigate' WP I 293, P 1136-7,
EI 5O5, LP 92, Thr. 58-9, 479, RE 126, Flr. 191, WH II 831, Fs. 48, Ho. 4O3, Vr. 358, Ad.
5O7 ll U: FU 'vEllV v. 'think, understand, learn' > Z ncnan- vclav-, vclal-, Yz 'vo'lal- v.
'learn, understand, get accustomed', OPrm, Z vclsd- vt. 'to teach, train, accustom', Vt
vala- - valal- 'understand (

non) r ,

ocxicnnr )' || Hg vcl- v. 'think (meinen)' UEW 589 (FU

'vElE-), LG 51, Lt. J 1O1 ll A: T: [1] [1] 'bolgu- > ds : NaT 'bosgun- 'learn, receive
instruction' > OPT {Cl.} bosgun- id.; caus. NaT 'bosgut- > OT bosgut- 'teach' Cl. 379
[2] ? 'ol > OT os 'look!, see here!' (unless 'ol- 'this, voici', cf. ET Gl 492-4) Cl. 254-5
? M 'bolguya- v. 'beware carefully, be careful, be cautious' > MM [HI] bolgaa- {Ms.}
'examiner avec soin', {Lew.} id., 'discerner, agir avec circonspection', WrM bolguga-, HlM, Brt
6onioo-, Kl 6onla- bolya- v. 'be careful, be cautious, beware' Ms. H 42, Lew. II 21, MED
117, Chr. 99, , KRS 1O5 pKo {S} 'ni_ho- 'learn' > MKo ni_ho-, NKo au- S QK
#818, Nam 22, MLC 921 pJ {S} 'bosi-a-'teach' > OJ vosia-, J: T osic-, K osic-,
Kg osic- S QJ #785, Mr. 742 DQA #189 (A 'boylo 'learn, be attentive': T 'bolgu-, M,
Ko, J) ll D (in CD) 'ol- v. 'see' > Klm ol- 'see, look at', Nkr ol- 'see' D #1O66.
2482. 'valdV 'to give birth' > HS: S 'vld 'to give birth' > Hb, Ph, Ug, OA, IA, JA [Trg.],
JEA yld G , Sr pf. ?i'lcd, Ar, Sb, Mn, Qt, Gz, Ak vld G 'give birth, beget', WS ''valad-
'(so.s) child' > BHb dl3i3 'yclcd, SmHb 'yalod, Pun, Ug, Nbt, Plm yld id., Ar dL0va vald-,
Sb vld 'born one, begotten one, children', Gz vald 'son'; a metatonic variant 'va'lad- > Ak
(v)ildu 'child, lamb' and Ar dLava valad- 'child'; Eb mu-li-tum ({Frnz.} = mulltum <
'muvallitum) - mu-va-li-tum = muvallitum prtc. D f. 'midwife'; Mh {Jo.} vo'lcd coll.
'children', Jb C {Jo.} 'c'lcd id., 'c'lod pf. 'beget children' KB 393-4, HJ 456-7, OLS 526, Js.
578, Lv. T I 334-5, Sl. 534-5, BK II 16O2-3, Sd. 1496, CAD I/1 71, 287ff., Frnz. EL 146-7,
BGMR 16O, Jo. M 428, Jo. J 291, DRS 546-7, MiK I #2.8O LbB 'v (< 'vVld) 'son' >
ONum v id., B 'v > Ah av, BSn u, Izd u id., d ilili 'new-born child', Kb u- - v- 'son of';
*LbB 'vVlt (< 'vVlVdt) > ONum vlt 'daughter', B 'vVlt id. > Izd ult - ulot id., Izn ult
'daughter of' Fv. LJ 418 EC: pSam {Hn.} 'vcil- (pl. 'vci'lal) 'child' > Sml vil (pl. vilal)
'boy', vcyl f. 'calf', Rn {PG} vcl 'child' (pl. vclal - vcylal), {Hn.} vcl 'baby; baby-
camel', Bn Bi/J vcl (pl. vcls) 'child' Hn. S 98, Hn. BD 98, PG 291-2 ll A: Tg 'baldi- v.
'give birth, be born' > Ewk baldi-, Lm bald+-, Neg, Ul baldt-, Orc bagdi-, Ork, Nn Nh/KU
bal|t- v. 'be born, give birth', Ud bagdi- id., 'live; grow', Sol baldi- v. 'give birth', ?WrMc
bani- - bani- 'be born', Mc Sb bani- id., Jrc bandi- 'live' STM I 69-7O, Krm. 21O, Bz. 46,
Kiy. ##388, 488.
2483. 'valK'a 'be bright\white, shine' > IE: NaIE 'vlcI-/'vlI- 'radiant, shining, bright'
> OI ul'Ia 'fiery phenomen in the sky, meteor', ?? varcah 'brilliance, lustre' (also 'energy, vital
activity') || Gk Cp [Hs.] oo ote) 'bright, brilliant, radiant' (of sun, stars), possibly also
(?) Gk ckte 'the beaming sun; fire (as an element)', cktov - ckto) 'amber; an
alloy of gold and silver', ckti) 'shining' (of the moon) ? - NaIE 'vlIanos {EI}
'smith god' > Oss D vargon id. || L Volcanus, Vulcanus 'god of fire' WP I 321, P 1178, F I
629 (no et. for ckte, cktov, etc.), M K I 112, 153 & III 651, M E I 231-2, WH II
825-6 (Volcanus A Etr or "Mediteranean"), Ab. IV 93-4 ll U: FU 'valIV-/'valIV- (or
'vallIV-/'vallIV-) 'bright, light-coloured, white; light (lux)' > F valIca 'while, bright; fire,
light of fire', valIas (gen. valIaan) 'white cow', valIo 'white ox/horse', valIoincn 'white', Es
valgc (gen. valgc) 'white, light; light (lux)', valgu 'white ox', Krl Ld valgcd 'white, bright' | pLp
{Lr.} 'vclIs 'white' > Lp: S {Hs.} voolgc-dc 'is white', voolgc-gc - -Ic, Kld vilIco
'white', L {LLO} viclIat (at. viclIis) 'light(-coloured)', N {N} vicl'gad (at. vil'gis) 'white,
light, pale' | Er nan(o valdo, Mk nan(a valdo, {Ah.} valda 'white' | Chr: L
nonii(o 'vol+oo, Uf/B vol+oo, Y val+o+, H nanii(i 'val+o+ 'light-coloured; light
(lux)' || ObU {Ht.} 'valoy- v. 'glitter (glnzen,

6nccrcr )' [ 'valV 'light (lux), bright; to

shine' < N 'v'clV 'to shine, lighten', q.v.] > pVg {Ht.} 'valo- > Vg: T olI-, LK/MK/UK
val-, P/NV/LL vall-, UL/Ss vol- id.; pOs {Ht.} 'valoy--'voloy-, {Hl.}
'vIloy--'vuloy- id. > Os: Kz voi-, O vali-; the palatalized 'l (either at the pObU or
at the pFU level) is caused by the contamination with FU 'valV | OHg XIII, Hg vilag 'light
(lux), world' Coll. 122-3, UEW 554-5, It. #52, SK 1619-21, Lr. #1399, Lgc. #8674, Hs. 1439-
4O, Ker. II 181, MRS 53, 74, Ht. #687, BV 24, ChCh 1O8, MF 691-3, EWU 1636-7 ll D {tr.,
GS} 'val 'whiteness, purity' > Tm val id., Ml val 'purity', Tl valucuIIa 'Venus (planet)'
D #5364 Cf. D {Tr., GS] 'vcl- 'white, shining' < N 'v'clV '' (q.v. ffd.) ll ? HS: WCh: Hs
valIiya 'lightning', ? Dr vsli?yo id. Ba. 1O77, ChL, ChC ^ IS MS 363 ('v'al(I)n
'bright') (IE, U, D), AD GD #6 (IE, U).
2484. 'v'ilKa 'wet, moist' > IE: NaIE 'vclI- 'moist, wet' > OIr folc {P} 'Wasserflut',
{EI} 'heavy rain, wet weather', OIr, NIr folcaim 'I bathe, wash', NIr folcadh n. 'bath, wash,
dipping', Brtt {RE} 'vlius 'wet' (< Clt 'vliIvu-) > OW, OBr guli, W gvli, Crn gly, MBr
glocb, glucb, Br glcb; Brtt {RE} 'volIimi 'wash' > W golchi, Crn golghy, MBr gvclchi, Brt
gvalc`hin - gvclc`hin 'wash', OBr gvolch-ti 'washhouse' || Gmc [ N 'v'ilji,qV
(- '-lji,I-?) 'liquid; moist, damp']: OHG vclhc, MHG vclch 'moist, damp' [as well as possibly
words for 'welk, soft, limp', see above s.v. 'v'ilji,qV)] || Lt valIa 'puddle, pool', Ltv {ME}
valIs 'flieendes Wsserchen, Waldbchlein, (Regen)bach, feuchter Ort' WP I 3O4-6, P 1145-
6, Mn. 1145, ME IV 457, LP 3.4, Tr. 358, RE 144-5, Dnn. 327, Kb. 1165, OsS 1118, Lx. 312,
Ho. 386, Frn. 1191, EI 639 ('vclI- - 'vclg- 'wet') ll A: Tg 'bilIV > Ewk bilIi-, Ud {STM}
bcaIu-, Nn Nh btlxo- v. moisten' STM I 82 ll ? U: FU 'vVlKV- 'flow, leak' > pOs
{Hl.} 'vIloy-, {Ht.} 'valoy- > Os: V/Vy/Ty {Trj.} valoy-, V/Ty {KrT Stn.},
Ag/UAg {Trj.} valoy-, Vy {KrT Stn.} valoy- 'flieen (Wasser vom Dach, auf der Erde,
in einem kleinen Bach), rinnen\tropfen (Wasser, Schwei)' Trj. S 517, KrT 224, Stn. D 1587 ll
? HS: Eg v: '(be) green, fresh', 'raw' (of food)' ( N 'vcrVKa 'branches, leaves of a tree'
( 'firewood') [q.v.]) > DEg vt 'be green\fresh' > Cpt Sd/B ew: uot id. EG I 264-6, Fk. 55,
Er. 1O4-5, Vc. 238 B {Pr.} 'jv,ly > Kb aloyloy 'mou et humide', lloyloy 'tre ramolli',
Wrg lloyloy 'tre ramolli par imprgnation deau, de liquide' ( B 'lyy - 'lvy 'soft, tender,
mild' < N 'Laquu 'tender, mild') Dl. 458, Dlh. Ou 17O ^ May be etymologically connected
with N 'v'ilji,qV (- '-lji,I-?) '' (q.v.) ^ If FU 'vVlKV- belongs here, the N lateral cns.
is 'l, otherwise it remains unspecified ('v'iLKa) ^ IS MS 333 (IE 'vclI-, 'vclg- < N
'viln, i.e. 'vilV [cf. N 'v'ilji,qV ''].
2485. ??? 'vulKV 'remove, dislocate' > IE: NaIE 'vclI- 'draw, carry (away)' [with possible
infl. of N '`v'aljiy,V 'to draw, pull (out, off)'] > Av -varoI- (with pxs. only) 'draw, drag' || Blt:
Lt vilIti / 1s prs. vclIu 'carry, drag, pull', Ltv vilIt / vclIu 'pull, draw, drag' | Sl 'vclI-ti
- 'volI-ti (1s prs. 'vclIo - 'volIo) 'to draw, drug' > OCS aa1 u vlcsti / aa1ka vlcIo,
SCr vuci / vuccm, Slv vlcci / vlcci, Cz vlcci / vlcIu, Slk vlicct` / vlccicm, P vlcc /
vloIc, R no' nou / nono'iy id., Blg nnc'ia v. 'drag, draw' || Gk o)uo, oo, Gk Hm acc.
)ek-o (nom. ')e = {Slm.} o[]o) 'furrow' WP I 3O6, P 1145, EI 471 ['h vclI- 'pull';
unj. rec. of 'h - on the alleged ev. of Al T hcq 'draw, pull' (in fact akin to Gk cke < IE
'solIc|o, cf. O 145)], F I 77, Slm. U 258ff., Frn. 1253, Vs. I 342, BER I 165, Glh. 688 ll HS:
WS 'vlI > Gz vlI G 'be dislocated, fall off, slip off', Tgy vvlvIv 'be dislocated', Amh
vvllvIv id., 'be taken off (clothes)', Ar vlq Sh

ps. (pf. ?avliqa) 'tre atteint de folie', ?avlaq-
'folie, dmence' L G 614, BK II 16O5, DRS 554-5 ll A: M 'bulgu > WrM bulgu, HlM
6ynia, Kl buly
u
- preverbal word expressing breaking at the root, uprooting, pulling out of a
socket: WrM bulgu tata-, HlM 6ynia rara- 'pull out with the root, uproot, jerk out', Kl
{Rm.} buly
u
tat- 'verrenken, ein Glied verziehen', WrM bulgu coIi-, HlM 6ynia noxn-
'knock out (as a tooth)' ('tata- 'draw', 'coIi- 'beat'); - 'bulgul- > WrM bulgul-, HlM
6ynianax v. 'disjoint, luxate; break at the root; knock out of a socket', WrO bulyul(a)- v.
'uproot, dislocate, disjoint', Brt 6ynian-, Kl 6ynln- 'dislocate, luxate, disjoint (a bone from the
carcass)', Kl {Rm.} bulyol- 'verrenken'; M 'bulgura- > WrM bulgura-, HlM 6yniapax 'be
disjoint \ luxated; come out of a socket; be uprooted', WrO bulyur(a)- v. 'dislocate, uproot', Brt
6yniap-, Kl 6ynlp-, {Rm.} bulyor- 'be dislocated, luxated' MED 134, Krg. 367, KRS 118,
KW 59-6O, Chr. 111 The voicing 'K > M 'g is still obscure.
2486. 'vuLjV,tV 'to run, flee' > K 'vlt- 'run away, flee, escape' > OG lt- id., Mg
rt- - nt- 'run away', Lz rt- - mt- id., 'flee', Sv :tv- (msd. UB litv, 3s prs.: UB/L _ctv,
LN/Ln _ctv) 'run away' K 85, K
2
54, FS K 126, FS E 136, Chik. 419, GP 169, TK 248-9 ll A:
M 'bulta- > WrM bulta-, HlM 6ynra- v. 'avoid, flee, dodge, sneak\sleep away', {Kow.} 'viter,
faire la peine', Ord bult`u- - bult`a- 'changer brusquement de direction (p. ex. pour viter
qch.)', WrO bulta- 'avoid, flee', d bultayi- 'evade'; d : MM [S] {H} buldari- 'ausweichen', WrM
bultari-, HlM 6ynrpa-x 'avoid, evade', WrO bultari-, bultir- id., Dg {T} boltoro- 'evade, get
rid of' H 21, MED 135-6, Kow. 1197, Ms. O 96, Krg. 267-8, T DgJ 127 ll ?? D 'valac- 'flee'
> Tm valacai_, valacal 'emigration, flight from home', Kn valasc, valisc, olisc id., 'flight', Tl
valasa '(e)migration, flight or removal from one country to another' D #5278 ^ If the D stem
belongs here, the N etymon is to be modified to 'vXla'tV.
2487. ??? 'vVLjV,tV 'moist; mud' > K: GZ 'vlt- v. 'moisten' > OG (v)lt-, G lt- v.
'wet, get wet', Mg rt(v)- 'soften (by wetting)' ('l > r in a cluster) K 122 ('ltv-), K
2
11O (GZ
'ltv- or 'vlt-), FS K 127 & FS E 137 ('vlt-) ll HS: ?? S 'vlO > Ar valO- 'small quantity
of rain; remainder of wine\water' Hv. 892, BK II 16OO-1 S 'O (for the expected 't or 't)
may be accounted for by an ext. : 't-s > 'c > S 'O ? Ch: WCh: Ang lct v. 'melt, smelt' ||
CCh: Bnn {ChL} lodsm"a 'moist', Azm {Pc.} la`u_da msd. 'to melt (a solid, by heat)', ?
lo`ta msd. 'to dissolve (by saturation), melt away' Flk. s.v. lct, ChL, Pc. 265, 273 ?? B
'-lud- (unless A L lutum) > Gd a-lud, Shw {Hy.} lud, BSn {Ds.} lud, Izd {Mrc.} a-lud
(pl. ilatton) 'boue', Kb a-luo 'boue (plutt liquide), grosse boue', Tmz a-lud (pl. aludn,
ilatton) id., 'glaise, eau bouleuse', Mz lud 'limon, vase' Lf. II #O878, Hy. 326, Ds. B 46, Dl.
445, MT 369-7O, Dlh. M 1O3, Mrc. 75, Msq. Z 493 ll ?? IE: AdS of NaIE 'lat- 'moist' (cf N
'atV 'fluid, body of water' [q.v. ffd.]) ^ IS II 31 ('L'atn: IE 'lat-, K, WCh + unc. S
'rtv 'moist').
2488. 'v'clV 'to shine, lighten' > HS: Ch: CCh: Gnd {ChL} vulvudani, Gbn
{ChL} vulvuttc, Boka {ChL} vilvuta 'lightning' | FlG {ChL} valali | Nkc {ChL}
vulva | Ms {Cat.} vilcI 'lancer les clairs' (orage), 'briller par intermittence', {ChL} vilata,
Bnn {ChL} vclcra, BnnM {Lk.} vclcra 'lightning' || ECh: Ke {Eb.} vcldc id. ChL, ChC,
Eb. 1O2, Cat. 151 ll K 'vcl- > Mg, Lz val- v. 'lighten' (Mg val-un-s, Lz val-um-s 'it is
lightening'); but hardly here ( K, FS) G cl- and Sv hcl-, cl- 'lighten', see N 'hAlV 'to shine;
bright' FS K 121 & FS E 131 ('vcl-) , K 79 & K
2
46-7 ('cl-); all of them adduce G cl-
and Sv hcl-, cl- ll U: FU 'valV 'light (lux), bright; to shine' > F valo n. 'light, lightning',
vaalca ({UEW}: sporadic vowel lengthening), {SK} valca 'light(-coloured); pale, pallid,
white' | Er nan(o valdo, Mk nan(a valdo n. 'light', adj. bright, light' ( FU 'valIV 'white' <
N 'valK'a 'be bright\white, shine') | Prm 'vol- (= {LG} 'vol-) 'shine' > Z
non nni volav-nI, Z US vollal-nI 'be glossy, shine', Vt: G cil-val, M cili-vali 'Glanz,
Schimmer; glnzend, schimmernd', S valI, M valt 'glnzend, schimmernd, leuchtend' || ObU
{Ht.} 'valoy- 'shine (glnzen)' ( N 'valK'a '', q.v. ffd.) UEW 555-6 (the ObU
belongs here only if '-y- goes back to a derivational sx), Coll. 122-3, Sm. 551 (FU 'vIlIi- 'light'
> FP 'vclIita, Ugr 'vIlIi-), ERV 1O1, Ker. II 181, LG 62, Ht. #687 ll D {tr., GS} 'vcl-
'white, shining' > Tm vcl 'white, shining', vcli v. 'break (as the day), clear, whiten', Ml vcli
'light, clearness', Kt vcl 'white', vclv- 'become pale', ? Td ol 'white', Kn bcl(u), bcla
'whiteness, brightness', Kdg boli- 'become white', Tu bol+, bol+ 'white, bright', Tl vclugu
'shine, give light', Klm vclcq n. 'light', Prj vil 'white', Gdb vilcd 'white', Gnd vcrci n. 'light', Ku
vclla - vclla 'white', Krx bilc- v. 'shine, glitter, sparkle', Mlt bilbilrc v. 'shine brillianly; D
1 Prkr villa- 'bright, clear', vilha- 'white' D #5496 (a), GS 218 [#536], 61 [##179, 185]
^ The unexpected FU 'a may be due to the infl. of U 'valIV 'white' < N 'valK'a '' ^
Blz. KM 123 [#29] (Ch, K, FU, D + err. IE 'vlI- 'leuchten' and Hs valIiya 'lightning' that
belong to N 'valK'a '').
2489. 'vclVKV 'shoulder, upper part of the back' > U 'vVlIV > FU 'voLIa 'shoulder' >
F olIa, Es ola, olg " olg id. | pLp {Lr.} 'olIc id. > Lp: S {Hs.} oalgic, N {N} oal'gc / -lg-
id., L {LLO} al'Ic, Kld {SaR} nyynn i, {Gn.} vucl:g id. ('Schulter, Achsel') ||
amb
Vg: LK/P
{Knn.} voylo, Ss {Knn.} valo, {BV} nainan, {ChCh.} vayla 'shoulder strap [n) xia,
omcnnni; Schulterriemen, Tragriemen, Riemen im Zugseil (der Narte) am Schulter]' ( FU
'vaIla 'aus Ruten geflochtener Riemen') [- is a sx.] pSm 'vayII+ 'neck, shoulder' > Ne T
ni, Ne T O {Lh.} yiI, Ne F {Lh.} |i_c"I, Ng {Mik.} d baIooo, En {Ter.} bcI 'neck', Slq Tz
{Prk.} qsq 'shoulder', Kms {KD} bai_g_o 'Nacken', Koyb {Pls.} baigc, {Sp.} 6aniaA 'neck',
Mt {Hl.} (?) 'bayIa - 'bouyIou id. (Mt: M {Pls.} buiIo, 6yniy id., {Sp.} 6 nxy(c
'his neck', K {Pls.} byiIydi id.) pY {IN} 'vcl- 'carry on ones back\shoulders' > OY K
{Bil.} cllcyi-, Y {IN}: K cli-, clcyi-, T vcli- id., T vcl-ibo 'saddle' (with the sx. -bo denoting a
place), vcl-il 'load, package' At the pFU level the identity of the lateral cns. cannot be
determined (because Vg l may belong to the heritage of FU 'vaIla), but a pU palatal 'l is
positively suggested by Sm 'y UEW 581, Sm. 551 (FU 'volIa, FP 'volIa, Ugr 'valIa-
'shoulder'), Lr. #827, Lgc. #4562, SaR 61, BV 2O, ChCh. 1O7, Jn. 173, Pot. 5O, Hl. M #1O7, IN
25O, 299 ll A: T 'ol'un > OT {Cl.} osun ' shoulder' ([MhK] osun 'rasu-l-katifi' =
'point (i.e. flexion) of the shoulder'), Alt/QK/Shor {Rl.} ozun 'collar-bone', Brb {Rl.}
uzun 'humerus, upper arm', Tv ozun 'humerus, forearm', Tki, ET {Jr.} osnc - osni,
Shor ostu 'shoulder' (< 'osn-u 'his shoulder'), Tf o''hu'n 'shoulder', QrB osun 'chest,
breast'; Alt os 'Oberarm' Cl. 263, Rl. I 13O8, 19O7, ADb. SR 159-6O, 192, Ra. 214 Tg
'ulin - 'ulIVn 'breast-bone' > Ewk ulin (acc. ulin-ma) 'breast-bone of a bear; chest', Lm
o'lIsn 'chest, thorax', WrMc ulIu giraqgi 'breast-bone, collar-bone', ulIumc 'chest strap (for
fastening the saddle on a horse)' STM II 261, ADb. SRAE 446 ('iulcg), DQA #2515 'olic
'chest bone, collar-bone' ADb. KL 11 [#28] (A 'olVg), ADb. SR 3O9 [#23] (A 'oi_lcg) ll
D 'vclV(q)I- ({GS} '-qI-) '(lie) on the back' > Tl vcliIilu 'fall\lie on the back', vcliIila 'on
the back, supine', Klm vclaIa 'lying on ones back', Gnd KM {BB} al vcr`iqgi 'with face
upwards', Gnd B {Tr.} "at var`cngana v. 'sleep on ones back', Png r`cq(g)- " r`cI 'lie on
the back', Mnd r`cq)g)- 'fall backward', Kui lamgari 'flat on the back' D #2499 ^ The
rounded vw. in FU and A is due to the labializing infl. of 'v- ^ ADb. MSR 21 [#2O] (U, A, D),
Resh. NNE #12 (U [FU, Sm], A).
249O. ???? 'vUljV,PE 'fur-bearing animal' > IE: NaIE
'vl(-cI)- - 'jv,Vlou_c(:)I- 'fox' > L volcs - vulcs 'fox' || Lt vilisys 'wild cat,
felis catus', lac' 'fox, wixen', Ltv lasa 'fox' || Gmc ( NaIE 'vlI"o-s 'wolf' <
'v'UzjE,KU - 'v'UKUzV ' a canine'): Gt vulfs, ON ulfr, NNr, Dn, Sw ulv, MDt
volf - vulf, Dt, OHG volf, NHG Wolf, OSx, AS vulf, NE volf || Gl oet (<
'oet) 'fox' || ? Arm aus alucs id. || OI loa'sah, Av raoi- 'fox, jackal', ZPhl
lvb?s - lv?s, ClNPrs 'Bvr robah (> NPrs ruboh) 'fox', KhS rruvasa- 'jackal', Oss I
ruvas, Oss D robas 'fox'; Av urui-s 'dog' Ht {Ts.} uli(a)na ' predator' ('wolf'?) WP
I 317-8, P 212-3, EI 212-3 ['vl(o)- 'fox'], WH II 83O, M K III 115-6, Ab. III 433-4, Fs. 576,
Vr. 632-3, Vr. N 845, Ho. 41O, Ho. S 9O, Kb. 1224, OsS 1196, KM 867, Frn. 34O, 1254, Slt.
119, Ts. W 96 ll A: M {DQA} olbo - 'olbi > WrM olbu, HlM, Brt on6o 'flying squirrel' (unless
there was an initial 'q- leaving no traces in WrM, HlM and Brt) MED 6O8, Chr. 353 T
'ul > NaT 'us > Yk us 'sable, marten, lynx', Xk/Tv us (A Yk?) 'lynx'; T 'uj:,laI
( N 'v'UzjE,KU - 'v'UKUzV '', q.v.) > T 'uj:,laI > MT [IM] {Shch.}, Osm {Rl.}
usaI, Tk uscI 'lynx' Shch. Zh 141-2, TL 159, Rs. W 523, Pek. 3184-5, TrR 89O, Rl. I
19O4 ? pJ {S} 'bsss 'bssu_a 'otter' > OJ voso, J T uso S QJ #328, Mr. 512 DQA
#2512 [A 'ulc 'fur-bearing animal' ("ground game")].
2491. 'vXmoj?,i 'to use magical forces' ('make magical signs, pronounce magical
incantations, swear, cause suffering, torment') > HS: S 'vm? - vmyv ' make a (magical?)
sign, swear' > OAk vm? G (inf. vama?u) 'swear', d Ak mamitu 'Eid, Bann', JA {Trg.]
ymyv G (pf. am1i^ yo'ma), JEA {Sl.}, JPA Bz {Sl.} ymy G 'swear', Sr ymyv G (pf.
yi'mi Jmii - 'o i ?ima) 'swear', Ar vm? G (pf. vama?a) 'make a sign with the head to'
Sd. 899-7OO, 1459, Br. 3O3, Js. 58O, Lv. T I 335-6, Sl. 536, Sl. 242, BK II 16O9-1O. Hv. 895,
DRS 556 ll IE: NaIE 'omo(i_)- v. 'swear; torment, vex, anoy (plagen, belstigen)' > OI 'amiti
'swears' || Gk ovui, ovue 'I swear' another variant of meaning: OI amiva 'pain, grief;
distress, terror', Vd amiva 'tormenting spirit, demon; affliction, disease', ? am- 'be pernicious,
dangerous; be afflicted, sick' (unless am- 'anpacken, anfassen') || Gk Hm ooi)o) {Hofm.,
P} 'plagend, leidvoll' || ON ama 'plagen, belstigen' || Tc B ami-sIc 'bad-tempered, despondent',
{Wn.} 'mal dispos, de mauvaise humeur', amisIannc 'tristesse, affliction, dtresse', {Ad.}
'bad disposition, despondency' The IE cognate is valid unless 'aom- 'strong, strength' (> Av
ama- 'Kraft, mnnliche Potenz; stark') belongs here and its meaning is primary WP 178-9, P
778, Dv. #372, M K I 44, M E I 96-8, MW 8O, 82, Hofm. 232, F II 388-9, Ch. 798-9, Slm. U
1O1ff., Vr. 8, Wn. 143-4, Ad. 19, EI 56O ('h_cmh- 'swear')ll U: FU 'vXmc- 'to influence
by magic means' > Prm: Z noxn(: vomi, Z US vomI, Yz 'vomi n. act. 'bewitching with
the evil eye', Z vomav-nI, Yz 'vomal-nn 'to bewitch with the evil eye' || OHg im-ad- 'pray,
worship', Hg imad- 'worship, adore' UEW 589, LG 62, Lt. J 1OO, MF 318, EWU 6O8.
2492. 'vumHV (or 'humhV) 'to spit out, vomit' > IE: NaIE 'vcmo- v. 'spew, vomit' > OI
'vamiti 'vomits', MPrs vamco 'speit aus', Oss I vamsn - omsn, Oss D vamun 'to vomit' ||
Gk cce 'vomit', n. act. ccto), ccoi) || L vom-o / -crc 'vomit', n. act. vomitus || ON
vama 'Unwohlsein', OSw vami 'Ekel', Ic voma 'nausea', Nr vimla 'to feel nausea', vimra 'to
make so. sick, nauseate' || Lt vcm-ti, Ltv vcm-t 'to vomit' WP I 262-3, P 1146, EI 538
(''vcmH-ni 'spew, vomit'), Mn. 1517, M K III 146, M E II 5O6-7, Ab. IV 85, F I 5O4-5, WH II
835-6, Vr. 642, Frn. 1222 ll ? HS: Eg NK hmh 'saliva' or sim. EG II 49O ll D 'um- v. 'spit,
vomit' > Tm umi 'spit, gargle', uminir, Tu ubbi, Tl ummi 'spittle, saliva', Ml umiyuIa 'spit out',
umiru 'spittle', umirIa v, 'spit, emit', Kn ummalu, ummulu 'phlegm, mucus', Tu ubbiyuni,
{BhK} ubi v 'spit', Krg ubbi id., umi 'saliva', Tl umiyu v. 'spit, spit out' D #636 ^ BmK
#4O8 (IE, D) ^ If Eg hmh belongs here, the etymon may be 'humhV (though the shift N 'Hu-
> NaIE 'vc- has no parallels). But if Eg hmh is kept apart, the rec. must be 'vumHV.
2493. ?? ''vUmurjT,V (or ''yumurjT,V?) ' egg' > HS: S 'vymr > Ak tumurtu
'ants eggs'; ??? Ar rvM'Y yamur- 'male camel' ( 'having testicles'??) Sd. 137O, BK II 1634
? Eg CT vrm.t '(?) testicles' EG I 333 mt ?? Ch: Tng {J} amaI 'egg' JI II 122, J T
66 ll A 'jy,Umur- 'egg' > T '|umur-tIa 'egg' > OT/Chg {Cl.}, Tkm |umurtya, MQp
|umurtqa, Tk yumurta, Az |umurta, Uz |umurtqa, Qmq |imirtqa, VTt
noxipia |+m+rqa, Bsh |+m+rtqa, Nog |umirtqa, Qzq nxiprI a zumirtqa, Qrg
umurtqa, StAlt imirtqa, Tv uyypia curya, Tf numurha, Xk nimir_a, Shor nibirtqa,
Yk cixiir simit || Chv aAxapra s+mard_a Cl. 938, ET J 25O-1, TL 149, Rs. W 211, Ra.
21O, Jeg. 2O7, Fed. II 94 Tg 'umu- 'lay eggs' > Ewk umu- id.; 'umu-Ita 'egg' > Ewk
umuIta, Sln tmatta - tmtrta, Lm tmt+, tmta, Neg omoIta - omtIta, Orc, Ud umuIta,
Ul omtqta - tmtqta, Nn Nh omoqta; 'umu- with a different sx. > WrMc umgan, um_a,
um_an id. STM II 269, Krm. 3O2 ?? M 'omdcgcn 'egg' (originally a derived noun or a cd
) > MM [LV] {Pp.} omdcgcn, [IM] {Pp.} ondugc, WrM omdugcn - ondcgcn, HlM
' n(' i, Brt n(yiy( n) , Kl {KRS} ' n(in ondgon, {Rm.} ondogn - ondogo, MMgl [Z]
u'ndagan, Mgl {Rm.} u'nda'on, Mnr H {SM} nd_ig_c, {T} ndigc, Mnr M {Rkh.} cndcgc,
Dx {T} cndci, Ba {T} ndcgi id. Pp. L II 1261, Pp. MA 443, MED 635-6, T 349, T DnJ 144,
T BJ 145, Iw. 144, Rm. M 41, KW 296, KRS 416, Chr. 5O5 Loss of the reflexes of N and A
'-r- in Tg and M may be due to metanalysis and back formation ADb. SRAE 13 and TL 149
(both: A 'omur-), S AJ 58, SDM97 [A 'umi(r)-tIV (-o-) 'egg'], DQA #2522 [A 'umu-tIi
'egg' > T, M, Tg] ll ? D: Png ronda, Mnd runda 'egg', as well as possibly D 'un`ta ({GS}
'und-) 'small globular object' > Tm untai_, Ml unta id., 'ball', Kt un`dy 'round lump of
food', Td udy 'round, ball', Kn undc 'a round mass or ball (of raw sugar, clay, cow-dung, etc.)',
Tu und 'ball, ball-shaped confection', Tl unda 'ball, globe'; D 1 OI undcraIa-, Prkr
undcraya- 'ball of flour, roll, loaf', Mrt uda 'lump of kneaded dough' D #664(b), Tu.
#1669 ^ T '|- and Ak 't- may be due to metanalysis: they are likely to be final cnss. of the first
components of word compounds, in which the N word ''vUmurjT,V was used. Alternatively,
't- may be a S px. of derivation, and T '|- may point to a N 'y-, while 'yu- > 'u- > Tg ' u-.
2494. 'van`V 'jXV,van`V 'relative [of a younger\the same generation] of the opposite
moiety' (> 'brother\sister-in-law, son-in-law') > HS: ? Eg fP hvn 'child, young man', hvn.t 'girl,
virgin, daughter', Eg N hvn 'so.s child, son', Eg fP hvn v. 'be rejuvenated' EG III 52-4, Fk.
166, Tk. I 297 Ch: WCh: Ngz {Sch.} vIn son', vIna 'girl, young woman, daughter', Bd
{ChL} vunsn 'son', vunan 'girl' | NrBc {Sk.}: Wrj vu`nai_, Cg u`nc, Kry vun, My
vu`n, Sir u`na, Mbr vuna | Plc {ChL} vun 'son', Buli {IL} vsna 'child', {ChL} unI 'son,
daughter', Wnd {ChL} vun id., {IL} vsn 'child' || CCh: Pdl vinusu 'girl', ? Lmn Hd {Lk.}
ycnc 'boy' Sch. DN 169 (Ngz vIna 'girl, daughter'), 2O1 (vuna id.), ChC, ChL, Sk. NB
23, Lk. H 1O7 NrOm {Blz.} 'van- 'woman' > She {Bnd.} vano 'woman' Blz. OL #63,
Bnd. LE s.v. 'woman' (Blz. p.c. 2OOO: "mistake?") Tk. I 297 (Eg, ? Lmn) ll U 'vaNV > [1]
FU 'vaqu 'daughters husband, younger brother' > F vavy, vay, Es vai 'daughters
husband' | pLp {Lr.} 'vivs id. > L {LLO} L vivva, N {N} vivva, Kld vIvv id., S {Hs.} v|vc
'younger sisters husband; sisters husband younger than ego' | Mk ov id. | Chr H viqo, U/B
vcqc id. Sm 'van+ 'relative-in-law (durch Heirat verwandt)' > Ne T O yiy, Ne F Lm viy
'younger relatives husband', En bi 'Schwager, Mann der Schwester', Ng biqi,-n 'daughters
husband', Slq: Tz {Cs.} Iucna, Nr {Cs.} IucncI, Kar {Cs.} Iucnaq 'wifes brother', Tm {KD}
Iuonog_ 'svger, svgerska', LTz {KD} I"snog_ 'styvson, systers man' [2] ? (d ?) U
'vantV 'bridegroom, relative-in-law' > Lp Kld vuntcm 'Freier, Brutigam' Sm: Ne O
yannc`, Ne F Lm vcnni` 'durch Heirat verwandt, verschweigert' Coll. 67, UEW 557, 565-6, It.
#278, Sm. 541 (U 'vcaqiv 'son-i-law' > FU 'vaqiv, FP 'vaqiv, Ugr 'vaqi-, Sm
'viqo-), Jn. 173, Lr. #1394, Lgc. #8611, Hs. 143O, Jn. 173, Cs. 277 ll A: Tg 'bcnc- 'wifes
sibling' ( N 'bcn`nV 'younger relative', q.v.) > Ewk bsnsr, Ewk Z/Sm bsns 'wifes brother,
wifes younger sister', Lm bcnor 'wifes\husbands younger sibling', Neg bsns 'wifes younger
sibling', Orc bsns id., 'wifes younger sisters husband', Ul bsnsli, bsnsr 'wifes younger
brother', Ud {Krm.} bsns 'wifes younger sibling', Nn Nh bsnsr- 'wifes younger male cousin;
nephew' STM I 125, Krm. 216 ll D: [1] ?? 'vanna or 'van`n`a '(elder) brothers wife' > Klm
vanna 'brothers wife', ? Png oni 'elder brothers wife', ? Knd oni id., 'maternal uncles daughter
(older than person concerned)' (unless the D word is a loan from Prkr vahun`n`i 'husbands elder
brothers wife') D #5251 [2] (in GnD) (< d?) 'van`i 'wife' > Png, Mnd van`i id. D
#5348 [3] '-van_ 'man' (within dem. pronouns): 'a-van_ 'that man (ille homo)' ('a-tu 'that
thing') > Tm avan ~ avvan 'that man', Ml avan, Kn ava, Nkr avnd id. (Tm, Ml atu 'that
thing', Kn adu, Nkr ad 'that thing'), 'i-van_ 'this man' ('i-tu 'this thing') > Tm ivan 'that
man', Ml ivan, Kn iva, Nkr ivnd id. (Tm, Ml itu 'this thing', Kn idu ~ itu, Nkr id 'this thing,
this woman'), 'u-van_ 'iste homo' ('u-tu 'ista res') Tm uvan, Kn uva 'iste homo' (Tm utu,
Kn udu 'ista res'); the same is found in cds , e.g. Kdg illa-vo 'man who is a relative' (lit.
'house-man', 'family-man': illa- is 'house, family'), Mlt qal-vc 'thief' Shanm. DN 3O-14O,
D ##1, 41O, 494 ^ AD NM #112, S CNM 12 (rejects the Tg cognate, because, in his opinion,
N 'v- cannot yield A 'b-; but cf. N 'valdV 'to give birth' [q.v.] > S 'vld G id. and Tg
'baldi- v. 'give birth, be born'), ADb. NNN 35 [D 'van- 'elder brothers wife' < N 'van`V
'jXV,van`V 'relative of the opposite moiety'] ^ The semanteme 'relative from the other
moiety' (preserved in U, A and D) was transformed in 'younger relative' in HS ^ FU '-q- in
'vaqu may be due to the presence of a sx. ^ The element 'XV- (> Eg h-) may go back to the
first component of a cd .
2495. 'v'on`V 'wish, love; luck' > ? HS +ext. : 'vng - 'vnI > EC: Sml vanag
'goodness, kindness, mercy', Sml N {Abr.} vanag 'goodness', Sml vanagsan, Sml N
vanagsan 'good, nice, kind' ZMO 4O8, Abr. S 249 S 'vnI > Ar vnq: muniq-
adj. 'qui plat, agrable' (derivational pattern of a prtc.) BK II 1611 ? Ch: Hs vaqgala
'feeling pleasure' Ba. 1O79, Abr. S 921 ll IE 'vcn- 'wish, strive for, love' > OI 'vanati,
va'noti 'demands, strives for, likes', vani- f. 'wish, desire', 'vanah / vanas- ntr. 'loveliness;
longing, desire' ( L vcnus), vancha n. 'wish', vanita- 'beloved (woman), wife', Av vanta-
id. || L vcnus (gen. vcncris) 'charm, attractivness' Vcnus 'goddess of love'; vcncr-o /
-arc v. 'ask reverently; revere, respect, worship, honour' || OIr finc (< 'vcnya) 'kinship, (joint-
)family' || Gmc 'vcno 'expectation, hope' > ON van - (v)on, Nr von, Sw van, Gt vcns id.;
Gmc 'vani_a- adj. > ON vnn 'belonging to hope; beautiful'; Gt vcn|an, ON vna 'to
expect, hope'; ORu -vinaR, ON vinr, AS vinc, OSx vini, NNr vin, Dn vcn, Nr vcnn, Sw
van 'friend', OHG vini id., 'beloved'; Gmc 'vunsIo- n. 'wish' ( OI vancha) > ON osI,
OHG vunsc, NHG Wunsch, MDt vonsc - vunsc, AS vysc - vusc n. 'wish' (in cd
vusc-bcarn 'liebes Kind') - Gmc 'vunsIi_an > ON ysI|a, osI|a, OHG vunsIcn, NHG
vunschcn, AS vyscan 'to wish', NE vish v.; OHG R vun|a, OHG vunna, vunni 'delight',
NHG Wonnc 'joy, delight', OSx vunnia, AS vynn 'joy', NE d vinsomc || Tc: A vani, B
vina 'pleasure' Ht vcn-, vcnt- 'copulate' WP I 259, P 1147, EI 158 ('vcnH- 'desire, strive
to obtain'), M K III 141-2, M E II 499-5OO, WH I 752-3, Thr. 259, Vr. 421, 643, 666, 671,
68O, Fs. 561, Kb. 12O3, 1229, OsS 116O, 1212-3,1228-9, KM 868-9, Ho. 397, 411-2, Hlq. 1376,
1389, Wn. 544, Ad. 6O1-2, Ts. W 1O5 ll U: FU: FL 'jv,onnc 'luck' > F onni 'luck, chance,
fortune', Es onn 'happiness, luck, fortune' | pLp 'vonns > Lp: L {LLO} vuodna 'Glck', N
{N} vuod'na / -dn- 'good fortune, luck' SK 422, N III 784, Lgc. #8784, LLO 143O FL 'n
may go back to pFU 'n or 'n` ll A: T 'on- v. 'thrive, prosper' > OT {Cl.} on- id., Chv aAn- +n-
'succeed', 'be good' (crop), 'breed well' (live-stock), Tk on- - un- 'improve, be healed'; in most T
lgs. the cns. -n- changed to -q- under the infl. of (Cl.: "by false analogy with") the word oq
'right': OOsm XIV oq- 'prosper, thrive', MQp XIV oq- id., 'be satisfactotry', Tkm oq- 'get right,
return to normal (

nana(nr c) )', Uz yAni- uq- 'be successful, fit', Qrg, Nog, Qq, ET oq-, VTt,
Bsh uq- id., 'have luck', QbB oq-, Chv L aAn- +n- v. 'fit, succeed', Qzq oq- 'succeed, have
luck', oq 'success, good luck' Cl. 166-9, DTS 367 (OT on 'fate'), ET Gl 456-6O, Sht. 155, UzR
584, Md. 42, 171 (pT 'oq-) ? M 'onu- 'hit the target' 'guess rightly' ( N 'vaqE 'to hit,
injure', q.v. ffd.) ll D ?? 'vcn`-/'vcn`tt-/'vctt- 'want, desire' ( N 'vcdV 'to hunt', q.v.
ffd.); the vw. 'c suggests that the main source of the D is N 'vcdV (as evidenced by the D
vw. 'c), but it is likely to have contaminated with N 'v'on`V (as suggested by -n`- in Ml
vcnam 'it must') D #5528 GS 173 [#435] suggests here D 'vcr`- > SD 'vcr`-/'vcnr`-;
if GS is right, the D does not belong here ^ The HS cognate is qu. because the HS root-final
'g is obscure ^ Blz. SNE #15 (C, Ch, IE, U, T).
2496. ??? 'vVjV,NV 'stay' > HS: C: Ag {AD} 'v'an- 'stay, be' > Bln {Ap.} van-,
{R} van- 'weilen, sich aufhalten, die Zeit verbringen', Xm {Ap.} vsn-, {R} vin- 'sein,
existieren, bleiben', Q {R} van- 'weile, sich aufhaltenm sein, existieren', Km {Ap.} van-, {CR}
van- 'tre, exister' Ap. IC 50 (Ag 'vn 'be'), R WB 357, R Q II 111, CR K 265 Eg
vn(n) 'be' ('sein, vorhanden sein') EG I 3O8-9 ? S 'van- > Ar van- 'lieu o lon se
retire, asile, refuge'; possibly also WS ''-un- 'dwell' - WS 'maan- 'place, dwelling' > BHb
N&om1 ma'on 'dwelling' (1 Sr 'ow.o mao'n-a 'country, region'), Ar 'oaMa maan-
'place', Sb mn 'dwelling' BK II 414, 512-3, 157O, GB 443, KB 577 (err. equation with Ar
maynan 'dwelling', which is derived from yny 'dwell'), Br. 398, BGMR 23 S 'maan-
belongs here if it goes back to S 'vn with metanalysis (reinterpretation of 'v- as a prefix of
intransitivity) If the S root belongs here, the absence of in Eg needs explaination ll K
'van- > G van-: [1] 1s prs. v-i-van-cb 'sich einrichten, niederlassen, ein Haus beziehen', [2] 1s
prs. v-a-van-cb vt. '(jemanden) herbergen' Chx. 362, Fn. KL 72 (unreliable equation with the
Mg city-name on- and Sv van 'plain, lowland, plateau') ll Highly doubtful: IE: NaIE {Mn.}
'van- 'stay, dally, linger, limp' > Ir fanaim {IED} 'wait, stay', {Mn.} 'tarry, dwell'; other
alleged cognates in L (vanus), Gmc and Alb cannot be semantically related to the N root Mn.
149O, IED 43 ^ Blz. KM 141 [#29] [suggested the K-Ag-Eg comparison and adduced the
dubious IE parallel] .
2496. ??? 'vcndV 'to fight, injure, hurt' > IE: NaIE 'vcnd"- 'wound, injure' ( N 'vaqE
'to hit, injure') > Gt vunds, AS, OSx, NHG vund, OHG vunt adj. 'wounded', ON und, OHG
vunta, NHG Wundc, OSx vunda, AS vund n. 'wound', NE vound n.; Gt ga-vundon, ON
unda, OHG vunton, NHG vundcn 'to wound' || Arm vandem vandcm 'I undo, destroy, ruin'
Fs. 213, 566, 577-8, Kb. 1129-31, KM 869, Vr. 634, Ho. 41O, Ho. S 9O, OsS 1213, KM 869 ll D
{An.} 'vcn`tt- 'hunt, (try to) kill' [ D 'vctt- 'hunt' < N 'vcdV 'to hunt'] > Kn bcntc,
Tu bcnt - bont, Tl vcta - vcnta 'hunting, the chase', as well as Tm vcttam, Nkr
vcta id., etc. (ffd. see N 'vcdV 'to hunt') D #5527, An. SG 131-2 ll ? A: M 'on:i- (<
''ondi-) > MM [S] oni- 'punish (bestrafen)' [unless identical with MM [S] honcit- 'tadeln,
maregeln' with h- < pM 'q-] H 77, 125, MED 616 ^ Highly doubtful because of the alt. etl.
connections in IE, D and M.
2497. 'vcNdV 'to be withered, to dry' > IE: NaIE 'vcnd"- 'barren, withered; wasting,
decay' > OI vandhya- adj. 'barren', vandhya 'barren woman' || Arm gon gon 'mangy, scurfy'
|| ? OIr {SB} fann 'weak', NI fann 'weak, languid, faint', OCrn guan, Crn, Br gvan 'weak' (<
'vnd"-) || Sl 'vcd-no-ti (ip. 'vcdati) v. 'fade, wither' > OCS aao:u u-vcdati, SCr
vcnuti, Slv vcniti, Cz vadnouti, Slk vadnut`, P vicdnac, R ' n nyr 'to fade, wither', Blg
) ncna " ) n na v. 'wither' (Blg ) ncxna " ) n xna id. has x due to the infl. of ) cxna vi. 'dry');
? ChS au:u oditi, Cz uditi, P vcdzic vt. 'to smoke, humigate' WP I 261, Mn. 1513-4, P
1O47, 1148, SB 259, Dnn. 297, Hm. 347, M K III 143-4, M E II 5O3, Dnn. 297, ECCE 25O,
Hm. 347, Vs. I 375, Glh. 666, BER I 138-9 ll D 'vcn`t-, {GS} 'vcnd- > Tm vcntu v.
'dry as in the sun, become withered', Ml vcnt-clu 'an old bone', Kn bcn`du ' white and light
corky wood; cork, pith; a soft \ light \ useless substance', Tu bcnd+ - bcndu 'pith;
Aeschynomena aspera (light and spongy plant growing in water)'; thin(ness), lean(ness),
light(ness), emaciated', bondu 'pith', Tl bcndu 'Aeschynomena indica; soft, powerless'; D 1
Mrt b"cd 'pith' D #548O ll ??? A: T: OT {Cl.} bco- 'be weak' (of eyesight) Cl. 298.
2498. 'vcnj?V,dV 'to turn' ( 'to return') > HS: B {Pr.} 'vnd (Pcj. I A 2) > Ah {Fc.}
imv. onnod 'se tourner, changer de direction', Ty/ETwl onnod (3m pf.: Ty yonn+d, EWlm
inn+d) 'enrouler, envelopper, tourner (dans une autre direction), tre enroul\tourn', Tmz
{MT} onnod 'envelopper', Rf/Izn/SrSn {Rn.} onnad '(se) tourner', Kb onnoo '(s)envelopper,
tourner', Wrg {Dlh.} onnod 'tourner, entourer', Mz {Dlh.} onnod id., 'enrouler', BSn/BMnc
{Ds.} onnod, Nf {La.} onnot 'tourner', Skn {La.} onnat 'tourner en rond', Gd cnnod (3m
pf. inncd) 'tourner, enrouler' Fc. 1298, Pr. M VI-VII 3OO, GhA 14O, Dl. 546, Dlh. Ou 212-3,
Dlh. M 133, Ds. B 348, MT 466, La. S 3O4, Lf. I 244 & II #1O96 C: Ag: Q {R} vanto-r-,
Xm {R} vatcr- vi. 'return, turn back', Bln {R} vanta-r- id., vt. caus. vanta-s- vt. 'give back,
put back, answer' R WB 358 ll IE: NaIE 'vcnd"-/'vond"-/'vnd"- 'turn, twist, plait, bend' >
OI van'dhur- 'wicker basket tied on a wagon, wicker carriage' ({M}: < IIr 'vand"- 'flechten,
winden') || Gk cd kov(v)oov 'cane or wicker carriage', Gk R [Hs.] oo) oo 'wagon' ||
Arm gind gind 'ear-ring, buckle' || Um PRE-VENDV 'advertito ', AHV-VENDV 'avertito (let
him turn aside)' || Gmc: Gt bi-vindan 'umwinden', us-vindan 'to plait', OSx, AS vindan, ON,
NNr, Sw vinda, Dn vindc, OHG vintan, NHG vindcn 'to wind', NE v. vind; d caus. Gmc
'vandi_an > Gt vand|an, ON, NNr vcnda, Sw vanda, Dn vcndc, OSx vc'ndian, AS
vc'ndan, OHG vcntcn, NHG vcndcn vt. 'to turn, bend' || pTc 'vant- > Tc A/B vant- v.
'cover, envelop' WP I 261, P 1148, EI 6O7, Mn. 1513, 1556-7, 1575, M K III 143, M E II 5O3,
F I 779, Pln. 725, 751, Fs. 98, 55O, Vr. 653, 665, Ho. 389, 397, Ho. S 85, 88, Kb. 1168, 12O6,
OsS 1O89, 1164, KM 852, 861, Slt. 142-3, Ad. 592 ll D 'vcn`t-, {GS} 'vcn`d- v. 'turn
(round), return' > Tl vcndi 'again, once more', Ku vcndali 'go back, return', ? Kui vr`ca (p.
vr`ct-) v. 'return, come back', ? Krx bir`d- vt. 'turn over, turn round, give back' D #5481 ^
The emphatic 'd in B and the vl. 't in Ag (for the expected 'd) suggest the presence of a lr. in
the N , that is likely to have been '? ('-?Vd- > '-?d- > '-t- > B 'd); any other lr. would have
yielded a NaIE 'o, which is not the case.
2499. 'v'ontV 'belly' > IE: NaIE 'vcnt-/'vont- id. > L vcntcr (gen. vcntris) 'belly' ||
Gmc 'vanOa- > d : MLG ingcvat, ingcvant, ingcvcndc, MDt inghcvant, Dt ingcvandcn
'intestines' (infl. of MDt inghcvadc NHG Eingcvcidc of different origin) P 11O4-5,
WH II 751, Vr. N 281 ll U: FU 'jv,ontV, 'jv,ontVrV > ObU 'ont, 'ontor 'belly,
inside of the body' > pVg 'antor > Vg MK/UL ontor 'stomach (Magen)'; pOs {Ht.} 'ont
({Hl.} 'ant < 'ont) > Os: V/Vy ont, Ty/Y ont, D/K/Sh unt 'inside of the body (nyrpo,
Inneres), belly'; pOs {Ht.} 'ontor ({Hl.} 'antor < 'ontor) > Os: Vy/O ontor, D/Nz untor
'womb', Sh untor id., 'belly, inside of the body', Kz vuntor 'belly', V ontor, Ty/Y ontor
{Trj.} 'length, extension, distance' Sm. 542 (FU, FP 'oqti, Ugr 'oqti 'cavity'), Ht. #4O, Stn. D
117-8, Trj. S 327 ll ? HS: mt WS 'vtn 'dwell' ( *'be within [a house]'), 'vVtVn-
('va'tan-?) 'dwelling, place to dwell' > Ar vtn (ip. -vtinu) G 'to dwell in, settle, inhabit (a
place)', vatan- 'dwelling; stable for cattle; fatherland', Jb C {Jo.} vtn G (pf. otsn) 'start
living in a new place' (A Ar?), Sb d (n. l.) mvtn 'temple' BK II 1563, Jo. J 294, BGMR 166,
DRS 529.
25OO. 'van3'a (-'vAnCV?) 'belly' > HS 'vn - 'vVVm/n- (mt from 'vn) >
CCh: Db {Lnh., ChL} vcni` 'intestines', ? Gnd {ChL} vsnsara, ? Gbn {ChL}
vsnscvurc id. || ?? WCh ( N 'vAtV 'belly'?): Zar {ChL} vtciIi 'stomach' ChC, ChL
S 'vaoam- > Ar vaoam-at- 'ventricle with the bowels' BK II 1515, Hv. 961, DRS 5O6
C {AD} 'vVVn- 'belly, inside' > Ag {AD} 'vVVn- / pl. 'vVVn- > Bln {R} vodon
(pl. vozon) 'belly, heart, inside of the house' , Xmt {Bnd.} szcn 'heart' || EC {Ss.} 'vazn- >
Af {R} vadana 'belly, heart, inside', Sa {Bl.} vadan-a, {Ss.} vadana - vazana 'heart',
{Wlm.} vadana 'belly'; pSam {Hn.} ''vcznc 'heart' > Sml N {Abr.} vadnc, pBn {Hn.}
'vcnnc (> Bn: Bi vcnns, J/Kj vcnns, K vcnns), Rn {Hn.} 'vcyn-a, {PG} vcyna, Bs
{Fl.} vtzcna id., Or B {Anr.} onnc?, {Sr.} onnc, Or T {Mrn.} onnc, Or H {Ow.} onnc,
Or Wt {Hn.} ona_ id., Kns otan-ta 'center', Dsn {To.} uooin-u 'chest', uooin-ni 'heart', Elm
ava (< 'vava < 'vazan), ? Arr zazza 'heart', pHEC {Hd.} 'vaana 'heart' > Sd vadan-a,
{Gs.} vodana, Alb, Kmb vazan-a, Hd {Hd., Ss.} vodan-a, Tmb {L} vazano, Brj {Ss.}
vodan-a; LEC 1 Gf {Mrn.} vozana, Gm {Hw.} vozina, Wl/Malo {LmS} vozana, Kcm
{LmS} vazzo 'heart'; EC 1 EthS: Har {L} vazana 'chest, courage', Grg Sl/Z vvzvnv, Grg
Wl {L} vvzvn 'heart, chest'; Rn {PG} voyam, {Fl., Bnd.} vayam 'heart' may represent C
'vVVm- AD SF 187, Ss. PEC 2O, Ss. B 187-8, Bl. 211 (LEC 'vadn-/'vadan-), BlSO 131,
R WB 353, Sr. 337, Ow. 27O, Hn. W 6O, Hn. S 98, Hn. BD 111, 15O, PG 293-5, Hd. 77-8, 226,
3O2, 343, 4O1, L Z 12O, L EDG III 675, Hw. A 4O1, Hw. EG s.v. 'heart', LmS 552-3, C SE I
279, To . DL 5O7 ? B: Sll {Ds.} adan (ann. vadan) pl. 'intestin grle, boyau',
BSn/Izn/Mtmt {Ds.} aoan 'intestins (incl. panse des ruminants, cur, poumons, foie)',
Ty/WTwl adan 'intestin grle', Ah {Fc.} adanon pl., Gh {Nh.} adan, Izd {Mrc.} adan
'intestins', Nf {La.} adun, {Beg.} adu (pl. adan) 'intestino', Gd {Lf.} adan (pl. adancn)
'intestins, boyaux' Ds. 45, 159, Ds. B 178, Fc. 2O5, GhA 24, Lf. II #O291, Beg. 238 ? Eg P
vzmv ' human body part'; according to Tk. I 176-86, Eg z < HS ' is not anomalous ( OS)
EG I 357 Coh. #397 (C, B), OS #2538 (HS 'vaam- 'intestines' > S, Eg), #2539
('vaan-/'vain- 'intestines' > B, Ch, C, Om) ll U: FU 'vaca 'stomach, belly' > F vatsa
'belly, stomach', Es vats (vatsa) 'paunch, belly' || Vg {Mu.}: N vas, ML vasa 'stomach' Coll.
123, UEW 547, MK 721 ll D 'vac- - 'vanc- 'belly' ({Zv.} 'vac-) > Tm vayin id., vayiru id.,
'paunch, womb, centre', vaya 'foetus, womb', Ml vayaru 'belly, stomach, inside', Kt vir, Td
ir_ 'belly, pregnancy', Kn basar(u), basir 'belly, abdomen, womb', Tu ban|i 'stomach, belly,
womb', Knd vasIi 'small intestines', Png/Mnd vahiq pl. 'intestines', Kui vahi, Kw vahi
" vahi " vahi id. D #5259, Zv. 112 ll ? IE: NaIE {F} 'vcncs-tro- ' internal organ (in the
belly)' ('stomach of ruminants'?) > Gk vuotov 'abomasum (the forth stomach of ruminants)' ||
Nr vinstr id., Sw vinstcr 'Lab-\Bltter-magen', Ic vinstr 'omasum (the third stomach of
ruminants)', Far vinstur, Nr vinstr, Sw vinstcr 'abomasum, the fourth stomach of
ruminants', Ic vinstur {Bv.} id., {Hlq.} 'the third stomach of ruminants', OHG vanast, vcnist
'belly', {EI} 'the first stomach of ruminants', NHG Wanst 'rumen' || OI vanis'thu 'a part of the
entrails of an animal offered as a sacrifice' P 11O5, EI 2 ['vcnVst(r)- '(ab)omasum'], M K III
14O-1, 175, F I 638, WH II 75O-1, Kb. 114O, OsS 1O88, KM 837-8, Bv. 861, JM 5O6, Hlq.
1351-2 ^ N '-- is suggested by U '-c-, while Ar -o- points to a N '--; IE 'vcncs- and the
D root variant 'vanc- point to N 'vAnVCV (a metathetic corr. of HS 'vn 'belly' or a
separate N etymon?) ^ BmK 617 (equates the FU and D roots with IE 'udcro-/'vcdcro-
[see N 'vAtV 'belly']).
25O1. 'vanV 'to squeeze, press' ( 'make weak', 'ram, trample down, make compact by
pressing') > HS: CS 'vny 'suppress, weaken (vt.)' > BHb ynyv 'suppress, oppress': acp. G
en3&i yo'nc 'oppressing' (f. ha'ir hayyo'na 'the oppressing city'), Sh

pf. en!&e ho'na 'he
oppressed, maltreated', JA [Trg.] yny: Sh

pf. in%&a ?o'ni id. ({Lv.} yny Sh

'bedrcken'),
JEA {Sl.} yny Sh

'act fraudently', JPA Bz {Sl.} yny Sh

'vex, taunt, deal fraudently', Ar
vny G 'be weak\soft\slow in' ( *'be weakened'), Ak (fOAk?) {Sd.} inf. vana?um 'unter
Druck setzen, bedrngen mit', Sb {DRS VAbd.} hvny 'dprir' KB 398, BDB 413, GB 3O3
(adduces Mn vny that is not confirmed by up-to-date research), Lv. T I 337, Sl. 538, Sl. P
242, BK II 1612, Hv. 896, Sd. 145, DRS 562 ll U: FU 'vanV 'make soft\compact (by kneading,
fulling)' > F vanu- 'become condensed, thick, be kneaded; become matted, mat', vanutta-
'shrink, cause to shrink, knead; full, mill', {SK} 'thrash soundly (mukiloida)', Es vanu- 'shrink;
become matted, mat, felt', {W} 'walken' || OHg vanyol- 'walken, filzen; massieren', Hg vanyol-
v. 'felt (wool); full, mill' UEW 558, W EDW 13O6, MF 671-2, EWU 16O5-6 ll A: NaT 'uy- (<
'un-?) 'squeeze, trample' > OT {Cl.} uy- 'squeeze (to make compact)', {DTS} 'trample', MT
[IM] uy- 'knead', d OT {Cl.} uyma n. 'felt', Tkm uyuq 'felt socks', Tb/Qzq/Chg {Rl.} uyuq
'felt boots (nancnin)' Cl. 267, 273, DTS 6O (OT uy- 'compact'), ET Gl 581-2, Rl. I 1633 ll ?
IE NaIE 'vci_(o)-/'vi-, +exts. : vit- (< vi-Ht-), 'vci_-s '(make) wither, weaken' ( N
'vizV 'gray, (?) withered' [q.v. ffd.] N 'vahyV '(to be) weak' [q.v.]).
25O1a. ??? 'vEynV - 'vEnyV 'daylight' > HS: Eg G vyn - vyn, DEg vyn 'light
(lux)' > Cpt: Sd ectu ucin, B ewtut uoini id. EG I 315, Er. 79, Vc. 231 NrOm: Wl
{LmS} vonta 'morning', vonto 'tomorrow', Gf {LmS} vonta id., 'morning', Zl {LmS}
vonto, {C} vonto, Dwr {LmS} vanto, Gm {Hw.} vonto 'tomorrow', Gm {LmS} vonta
'morning', vonto 'tomorrow', Dc {LmS} vonto, Bsk {LmS} vonto, vons, Cha {LmS}
onta-vonto id., Kcm }LmS} vanto id., 'God' ( ''daylight'), Hrr {CR} vonto 'God;
tomorrow', Bdt {Hw.} vont- 'dawn', She {CR} vcn-dcn 'today', von-s, vcnscn, Bnc {Wdk.}
vonsan 'tomorrow', Ym {Wdk.} vona 'time, day', vono 'tomorrow' LmS W 546, Wdk.
BY 113, 138, C SE III 81, C SO 45, Hw. NKL 236, CR NGS 13, CR H 665, Hw. EG ll D [1]
'vin` 'sky' > Tm vin, vintu, Ml vinnu 'sky, heaven', Tl vin(n)u 'sky', Mlt bin`yc 'god of
thunder and lightning' D #5396 [2] 'van`a 'sky, cloud, rain' ( N 'qjVv,anV 'sky,
cloud', q.v. ffd.) [3] I is not clear if one may add here D 'vcnt- 'spirit, god' (> Prj
vc:did " vc:did 'god', Gdb {BB} vcndit 'devil(s), spirit(s)', Gdb O vcndit 'god', Gnd
cndra vandin 'the highest god of the Muryas'), it is more plausible to equate it with D
(McTm) 'vcnt- 'king' (> Tm vcntan 'king, Indra', Ml vcntan, vcntu 'king') D ##5529-
3O ^ Blz. DA 162 [#1O1] (HS, D; includes D 'vcnt- 'god').
25O2. 'vaqE 'to hit, injure' > IE: NaIE 'vcn- id. > ?? Gt vinnan 'to suffer', vunns n. 'pain'
|| W ym-van v. 'joust', ? Brtt {RE} 'vanami v. 'pierce, stab, thrust' > MW gvaint, W gvanu,
Crn gvana, MBr goanaff, Br gvanan id., OBr cic-guan 'fork' P 11O8, EI 548-9, RE 119,
YGM-1 256, 44O, Fs. 213, 566, 577-8, KM 869, Vr. 634, Ho. 41O, Ho. S 9O, OsS 1213, KM
869 ll K: GZ 'vn- 'injure, harm; torment, suffer' > OG vn- 'harm; suffer' (mravli mcvno mc
'I have suffered a great deal - Mt. 27.18), G vn- v. 'inhure, harm', OG vncba-y, G vncba n.
'suffering, Easter', Mg n- v. 'harm' K
2
54-5, Ts. 381-3, DCh. 5O9-1O, Ser. 65-6, Q 285 ll U:
FU 'vaqV- 'hit, cut' > ObU {Ht.} 'vaqI- > pVg 'vaqI- 'hit' > Vg: T/SV/LL vaqI-,
MK/UK/P/NV/ML voqI- id., UL voqxa n. 'hammer'; pOs {Ht.} 'vaqI- (= {Hl.} 'vaqI-)
'hew (behauen)' > Os: V/Vy vay-, Ty/Y vaI-, D/K vaq_-, Nz/Kz voq-, O vaq- id. | OHg
vag- 'hew down, chop, slaughter', Hg vag- 'cut, hew down, chop' || ? Prm {LG} 'vXn- 'cut' > Z
nyn(inivundInI 'to cut, crop', Vt nan(ini vandInI 'to cut, slaughter' UEW 558, LG 7O, Ht.
#698, MF 665-6, EWU 1595 ll A: T 'moq- (< ''boq-) > OT [MhK] moq- {MKD} 'pull in
legs and kick', ET {Nj.} moq- 'kick (

6piiar c) )', ET Tr moq- v. 'rear, kick' (a horse) Cl.
767, MKD 119, Nj. 771, Rl. IV 213O Tg 'baqsa- 'kick', 'rear' (a horse) > [1] mom. 'baqsala-
> Orc, Nn baqsala-, Ud baqcala-, Ul, Ork basala- 'kick\rear (once)', WrMc basila 'kick, strike
with a fist'; [2] iter. (?) 'basai- > Ul basact-, Nn baqsact- 'kick\rear' STM I 72 ? M
'onu- 'hit the target' > WrM onu-, HlM ono-x, on-x, Brt ono-xo id., 'guess rightly', Ord ono-
id., 'make a good deal, earn', WrO ono- 'hit the target, understand' MED 615, Ms. O 512-3,
Krg. 1O7, Cher. 357 DQA #95 (A 'baqgi 'to kick' > T, Tg).
25O3. 'vaq'gou 'hook' ( 'handle') > U: pre-FU ''vaqIX > (after synharmonic
levelling) FU 'vaqIV (= 'vaqIU?) - 'vaqIV 'hook' ( 'vaqIa 'to bend') : [1] FP
'vaqIV (= 'vaqIU?) > F vanIo, vanIa, vanIu 'hook, lever used for rolling burning logs
across a burn-beaten clearing', Es vang (gen. vannu) 'handle; crook, bend, loop' | Prm 'vugV
'handle, hook' > Z nyi vug 'handle, bucket-handle ((yia)'., nyiip vugIr 'fishing-hook,
fishing-line', Vt nyii vugI 'handle (of a door, bucket, cauldron, etc.)' ('pyuia, cio6a (ncpn,
(yia nc(pa\iorna') || [2] FU (in ObU) 'vaqIV 'hook' ( 'draw with a hook', 'hang on a
hook') > ObU 'vaqI- (and 'vaqI- + sxs.) id. > pVg 'vaqI- > Vg: LK/MK vaxr-, LL
vaxrit- 'draw with a hook', T vaqIor, P/NV/SV vaxro, UL/Ss vaqIri- 'hook'; pOs {Ht.}
'vaqI-/'viqI-, {Hl.} 'vaqI-/'viqI- > Os: V/Vy viq_- ({Ht.} viq`-), Ty/K/Kr viqI- vi.
remain stuck\hooked, hang (

:ancnnr c) ,

:acrp) r ,

nonncnyr , hngen bleiben)', d : V/Vy

vaq_loy-, Ty va'q_oy- id.; d : V/Vy viqIali, Ty viqli, D/K va'qIlo, Nz vaqIalo 'hook',
Vy vaq_va, Ty va'qIo, K/Kr/O va'qIom, Nz/Kz vaqIom id. Coll. 139, It. #54, Sm.
554 (FP 'vcqIa 'handle'), LG 69, UEW 814, Ht. #699, Stn. D 16O8-1O, Trj. S 513, 524 ll D
'vaqI- 'hook' > Tm vaqIi ' iron hook or curved instrument; armlet', Kn vaqIi, oqIi 'hook;
gold armlet of a curved shape', Tu oggi, uggi 'handle, hook', vaqIi ' bracelet', Tl vaqIi
' curved ornament worn on the arm', oqIiya, oqIc 'hook\peg fixed in a wall', Gnd ChM {LuC}
vaIon|cc 'an elephant goad' D #521O ll ? IE: NaIE 'vog""ni-s, 'vog""ncs- 'ploughshare' >
Gk [Hs.] ovi) uvvi). ootov 'ploughshare, plough' || Pru vagnis 'Sech' = 'ploughshare',
{EI} 'coulter' || OHG vaganso, NGr B Wagcnsun, ON vangsni ({Vr.}: < 'vagsni), NNr
vagnsc, vangsnc, Sw vangs 'ploughshare' || L vomis (gen. vomcris) id. (whence nom.
vomcr id.) ({WH}: < 'vog""-smis) WP I 315, P 1179-8O, Mn. 1561-2 (vog""snis), EI 434
(vog""nis), F II 453-4, WH II 835, En. 269, Vr. 643-4, Kb. 1132, OsS 1O74, Hlq. 1341 (s.v.
vigg) ll A: M 'oqgi [ M 'oqgi 'hole' (< N 'vaqKV - 'voqKV 'hole, orifice', q.v.) and A
{DQA} 'qi_uqni {AD} 'heel' (> Tg 'nuqni 'heel, shin')?] > MM [S] {H} oqgi 'handle (of a
sword)', WrM oqgi, HlM onin 'socket\ring for a handle in an axe\spade\hoe', Ord oqgi 'virole,
anneau dans lequel on fait passer la manche dun instrument', Kl o l 'orifice (npoymnna) in an
axe'; M 1 WrMc uqgin 'orifice for a handle in an axe\spade' H 124, MED 614, Ms. O 514,
KW 287 ll ??? HS: WS 'v'anv- 'hook' > BHb vv!' vav' (att.: pl. Miv%v! va'vim, pl.
cs. iv$v! va,vc) 'hook, pin, peg', Pun vv 'nail', Ph 'vaj:,v (name of a letter) > Gk ou; JA
[Trg.] vv! vav, em. av!v! va'v-a 'hook', Gz vavc 'hook, ring, buckle, point KB 249,
BDB 255, HJ 297, Js. 372, Lv. T I 2O7, Dlm. 114, L G 623, DRS 513-4 The irreg. v- in Hb,
Ph, Pun and JA suggests as ('v- preserved in Cn and Aram due to the infl. of the medial '-v-);
a tentative explanation: Hb, JA a < 'a < 'an (like in Hb ?is 'man' < '?ins, cf. AD PSH 57-
8), which accounts for a (rather than o) in pl. cs. va,vc; absence of 'n in Gz suggests that this
is a loanword ^ Alternatively, one must consider the possibility of borrowing: FU 'vaqIV and
D 'vaqI- A IIr 'vanI- (see N 'vaqIa 'to bend'), but this latter hyp. (suggested for FU
'vaqIV by Coll. and UEW) is less plausible because in IIr we do not find the meanings 'hook'
or 'handle' ^ In IE we may suppose a mt ('-ng""- > '-g""n-) ^ ADb. NN 34 (N ?
'qAi_qIV 'hook, handle' > U, D, IE, M + unc. A ? 'qi_uqni 'heel, hook' > Tg 'nuqni 'heel,
shin').
25O4. 'vaqIa 'to bend' > IE: NaIE 'vcng-/'vong- 'bent, crooked' > Gmc: OHG vinIcn
'to wave, nod', MHG vinIcn 'to move to and fro (schwanken), wink ones eyes', MLG vinIcn,
AS vincian 'to shut eyes, blink', NE vinI v.; AS, OHG vinIil, NHG WinIcl 'corner'; Gmc
'vanIon > ON vaIIa, Sw vanIa, Dn vanIc 'to wander about', OSx vancon, OHG vanIon
'to waver, shake', NHG vanIcn 'to move to and fro' | Lt vcngti (1s prs. vcngiu) 'to avoid,
evade, shun' ( 'to bend\turn outwards'), vingis n. 'bend, curve; winding', vingiuoti 'to twist,
wind, meander', Pru vingrisIan n. acc. sg. 'cunning', {EI} 'trick' | ? pAl {O} 'vcnga > Al: T
vcng, G vang {AlbED} 'wooden rim of a wheel, wooden stake (stuck in the ground and tied to
sth.)' ({O} 'hoop, tyre, ring, rim') | OI vaqgati [Vop.] 'goes lamely, limps', [Dhat.] 'goes' P
1148-9, EI 63, Vr. 639, Kb. 1142, 12O4, OsS 1O92, 1162-3, KM 837, 861, Frn. 1223, 1256-7,
En. 274, Tr. APS 462, O 5O4, AlbED 928, MW 912 ll ? U : pre-FU ''vaqIX 'hook' > FU
'vaqIV (= 'vaqIU?) - 'vaqIV ( N 'vaq'gou 'hook', q.v. ffd.) Coll. 139, It. #54, Ht.
#699 ll D 'vaqI-, {GS} 'vag-/'vaq- v. 'bend, bow' > Tm vaqIu- - vcqIu- vi., vt. 'bend', Ml
vaqquIa vi. 'bend', Kt vag- 'be slightly bowed', vag- 'make (pot) bulge (in throwing it on the
potters wheel)', vaI- vi. 'bend, be cowed', Kn bagu v. 'bend, bow', boqIanc 'in a bending\bent
way', Kdg baqg- 'become bent, slope', Tu ba(q)gu-, Tl vaqgu- 'bow, stoop', Klm, Nkr, Png,
Gdb vaqg- vi. 'bend', Knd vaq- id., 'become bent', Ku {Fzg.} vvaqgali 'be crooked', {Isr.}
vaqg- vi. 'bend, be bent', Krx bcqI(a`a)- vt. 'turn from a straight line, bend, curve',
bcqIo, baqIa 'crooked, bent, curved'; D 1 OI vancati 'moves crookedly', Pali vaqIa- 'bent,
crooked' [this borrowing account for the cns. c/I, because in the inherited IE word (< IE 'vcng-)
we expect OI g (see on OI vaqgati above)] D #5335, GS 23-4 [#2], Tu. #11191, M K III 124,
127-8 ^ IS MS 336 ('vanIn 'to bend' [vt.] > IE, U, D).
25O5. 'vaqKV - (>?) 'voqKV 'hole, orifice' (> 'pit') > U ''v'aqIV > FU 'voqIV
'hole, cave' > F onIalo 'cleft, crevice, ravine, gorge; cave; hollow, cavity, pit', ongahta-
'become hollow', omgcrta- v. 'hollow out', Es unI (gen. unga) 'rafter (of the roof)', ongas (gen.
onIa), ungas (gen. unIa) 'vent-hole (in the gable of the house)' | Lp: N {Fri.} vuoggo 'hole of a
field mouse; hut' ('antrium, in quo mus sylvestris tegit; tugurium'), Kld {SaR} nyy i
vucq:I 'fox-hole' || ObU {Ht.} 'voqI, 'voqIa > pVg {Ht.} 'vaqIa 'pit' > Vg: T vaqIa,
LK voqxo, MK/UK voqIo, P/NV/ML voqIa, UL voqxa, Ss voqxa id.; pOs {Ht.} 'voqI,
{Hl.} vaqI 'lair, animals hole' > Os: VK/Y voqI Ty voqI, D/K voq_, Nz uq_, Kz uqI,
O oqI id.; pOs {Ht.} 'vaqIa ({Hl.} 'vIqIa) id. > Os: V vaqIo, voqIo, Vy vaqIa,
Ty/Y vaqIo, D vaq_o id. Sm {Jn.} 'vaqI+ > Ne: T na i, O/F {Lh.} |aqI 'pit,
ravine; animals hole, lair'; En {Cs.} 'baggo 'pit', {KD} d b_aguta 'nest'; Ng {Cs.} 'banIa
'pit, nest'; Slq: Tm {KD} d Ioqg+r 'birds nest hollowed out in a tree', UO {KD} I"oqa
'small pit' Coll. 44, UEW 583, Sm. 551 (FU 'voqIi 'den' > FP 'voqIi, Ugr 'vaqIi), SaR
63, Ht. #697, Trj. S 517, Jn. 171-2, Ter. 42 ll A 'UqgV 'orifice, pit, hollow' > M 'oqgi 'hole,
orifice' > Kl {Rm.} oqg
i
id., M 'oqgi 'handle, socket, orifice (in a sword\axe\hoe) serving as a
handle\socket' ( 'vaq'gou 'nail, hook', q.v. ffd.), M 'oqgayji, > WrM {Rm.} oqgai, Kl
o la 'hollow in a tree, cave', {Rm.} oqga - oqga 'Hhle, Vertiefung; leer, hohl'; M 'oqgayi-
> WrM oqgai-, oqgui-, HlM onion- 'become wide open, form an opening\gap, gape', Brt
onion- 'become opened', Ord oqgo- 'be opened (as a door), gape, yawn', Kl o la- v. 'gape',
{Rm.} oqga- - oqga- 'leer\hohl\offen sein', M 'oqg'arqayi > WrM oqgurqai - oqgarqai,
HlM, Brt oniopxon 'opening, orifice, gap, hole', Ord oqgor_o 'ouvert, trou; trou', WrO
oqgorqa 'hollow, pit, opening; eye hollow', Kl o lpxa 'hollow, eye hollow; hole, cave', {Rm.}
oqgar_a 'vertieft, hohl; Vertiefung, Hhle'; M 'oqgila- > WrM oqgila-, HlM oninno-, Brt
oninn- 'dig; dig in, rummage' MED 614, Luvs. 299, H 124, Ms. O 514-5, Krg. 1O8-9, KRS
398-9, KW 287, Chr. 356, Z 142 Tg 'oqu 'hollow, cave' > Orc, Ud {STM} oqgo 'cave', Nn
Nh oqgo 'rectum', ? Ewk d uqtuIaan 'small hollow () xia)'; ? Tg d 'Uqala 'pit, hole,
hollow' > Ewk uqulu 'pit, puddle', Ud uqulu 'hollow in a tree', Ul oqgolo id., 'cave', Neg oqolo,
Nn oqgolo - uqgulu id., 'hollow (depression)', WrMc uqgala 'hollow in a tree, hole, hollow of
the ear' STM II 28O, Krm. 3O2, Vas. 497, Z 142 T 'uq- 'dig a hole in' > OT {Cl.} uq-
id., 'hollow (sth.) out', MQp XIV uq- 'hollow out, excavate', [CC] 'dig, excavate', Qzq uqg-
'make a pit\hole (by boring), make an excavation', Qrg uqu- 'make\punch\forge a hole, bury
oneself in' Cl. 16, DTS 626, Rs. W 521, Sht. 28, Jud. 822, ET Gl 634 (on the T d 'uqur
'cave, animals hole') DQA #2528 (A 'uqc 'hollow, pit') ll D (in SD) 'vaqI 'orifice' > Tm
vaqIu 'orifice, hole, hollow, rat-\snake-hole', Ml vaqIu, Tu oqIa 'rat-\snake-hole' D #5212,
Tu. #11191, M K III 124, 127-8 ll ?? HS: C: Ag: Bln {R} an'qay 'hole, cave' R WB 4O B
'-vVnuH (and '-'vVgnuH-?) 'well (puits), pit' > Awj {Prd.} a'vonu (pl.
von'yin - vonni'yin) 'well', Izd {Mrc.}, Tmz {MT} anu (pl. una), Gd {Lf.} anu (pl. {CM}
anuyin), Nf, Snd {La.} dim. tanut (pl. tina), BS {Ds.} anu (pl. anuyon), Izn {Ds.} anu (pl.
anuyon), Sll {Ds.} anu (pl. una). Si {La.} anu, Gh {Nh.} anu (pl. unan) id., Ah anu (pl.
unan), Ty anu (pl. unan), ETwl anu (pl. cnvan) id., 'pit', Kb {Dl.} anu 'gouffre ou puits
naturel', Ntf {La.} dim. tanut 'petite excavation dans le sol'; ?? '-'vVgnuH- > Ah tagnut
'puits peu profond' Prd. 172, Fc. 1283-4, GhA 137, La. MChB 412, Mrc. 2O7, Lf. II #1O66,
CM 15O-1, Ds. 235, Ds. B 292, MT 458, Dl. 537 ^ IS MS ('voq'In 'orifice' > U, A, D), Rs.
UAW 33 (U, A).
25O6. 'voV 'to pour, strew' > HS: B {Pr.} 'vfy 'pour' (Pcj. I A 2, Fcj. 32) > Tw {Pr.}
imv. offi 'verser' (3m pf. iff+y = {Pr.} iffay) id, Ty/WTwl {GhA} imv. offoy id. (3m pf.
WTwl iII+y, Ty yoII+y), Ah {Fc.} imv. offi (3m pf. iffoy) id., Izd {Mrc.} ffi (3m pf. iffi) id.,
{MT} ffoy - ffi 'suppurer, dborder (liquide)', Sll {Ds.} offi (3m pf. iffi) 'verser (liquide)', Izn
{Rn.} offoy id., 'transvaser', Gd {Lf.} S sofi 'dborder (marmite qui bout)', Kb {Dl.} offi
'puiser' Fc. 31O-1, 2OO2, Pr. M VI-VII 92-3, GhA 45, 246-7, Rn. 297, Lf. II #O461, Dl. 243,
Mrc. 262, Ds. 292, MT 14O-1 +ext. : Eg fP vs v. 'strew, scatter' EG I 3O5, Fk. 6O ll IE:
NaIE 'vc- 'strew' > OI 'vaati 'strews, scatters (seed)', 'vara-h 'earth mound', Av vi-va-
'disicere', 'zerstreuen', Irn 'vafra- 'snow' ( ''aufgeschttet'?) > Av vafra-, Phl vafr, NPrs
rBa barf, KhS baura 'snow' WP I 256-7, P 1149, M K III 144-5, M E II 5O3-4, Horn 47,
Bai. 3O5-6, Brtl. 1346-7 ll U 'voata or 'voassa ( N 'hojV,lE 'to flow down'?) >
Sm {Jn.} 'vata- - (vi.) 'vat+-, {Hl.} 'vata- 'pour (out), overturn' > Ne T na6raA-n
'to strew out; to overturn', T O {Lh.} |ata id., Ne F L {Lh.} |ata- 'umfallen', En {Ter.,
Mik.} bata-, {Cs.} ba'ta- 'to pour out', Ng {Mik.} botuda 'turn over' | Slq Tm {KD} d vt. 1s
aor. Iotornag_ 'drown' | Kms {KD} 1s prs. ba`tola'm 'I pour, I strew' | Mt {Hl.} 'ba_ts-
'overturn' (Mt M {Sp.} 6ari x 'I overturn') Jn. 172, Ter. 29, KP 31, KD 8, Hl. M 72, 213
[#92] ll D (in NED) 'o()- vt. 'wet, soak' > Krx o- 'wet, soak (with a view of softening and
preparing to work)', Mlt rf. orarc 'become soft (as earth by water)' D #981, Pf. 187 [#53].
25O7. 'v'Uqa 'to hit\hurt' > HS: S: Ar {Fr. [Qam.]} 'va__- 'pain' Fr. IV 446, BK II
15O3 Eg d s-v_? (caus. of v_?) vt. damage' EG IV 74 ll IE 'vcu-/'vou-/'vu- >
NaIE 'va-/'vo-/'vo- 'hit, wound' > Gk ooe 'hurt, damage', n. act. oot (Gk Ae
ouoto) > Gk A ot 'bewilderment, infatuation' with a '-t-ext. : Gk outoe (3s aor.
o)uto) 'I wound, hurt, hit', etci n. 'wound' || Ltv vats 'wound' ({EI} 'suppurating wound'),
Lt votis 'ulcer' WP I 211, P 11O8, EI 65O [?'vch_t- ('suppurating) wound'], Ch. 3, Hofm.
27, F I 2 & II 449-5O, 1153, Frn. 1275 ll A: Tg 'u_a- (< ''ua- < ''vua < 'vUqa?) 'kill' >
Ewk, Sln, Orc, Ud, Ul, Ork, Nn va-, Lm A va-, ? Lm ma-, WrMc va-, Mc Sb va-, Jrc
vadula 'kill' STM I 127-8, Krm. 216, Vas. 77, Kiy. 122 [#459] ll D 'vay- 'strike' > Kn bcsc
'strike with a whip', Knd vcy- v. 'flog, beat', Kui vca (p. vc-t-) v, 'strike, beat', Ku vc`- 'beat'
D #5555 ^ IS MS 33O ('va'hn 'beat'), AD GD 5 ^ Gr. II #435 ('va 'wound') [IE, A + qu.
Gil].
25O8. 'var'i 'to burn, to heat' > HS: S 'vry > Ar vry (pf. variya) 'kindle, strike fire'
(of a strike-a-light), vry (pf. rava vara, 3m ip. ya-ri) 'kindle', 'be lighted, burn' (of fire) BK
II 1526 C: EC: Sml var- 'put out to dry', pBn {Hn.} 'var- > Bn Bi/J/K/Kj var- v. 'dry in the
sun' ZMO 4O9, Hn. BD 1O3 NrOm: Malo {Fl.} varc 'warm' Fl. OWL Ch: WCh: Dr
{ChC} vari v. 'roast' || CCh: Pdl {ChC} vara v. 'burn', Gzg D {Lk.} vur vt. 'burn, roast' ChC
s.v. 'roast' and 'burn', JI II 55, Lk. G 138 BmK adduces Eg G vr.t 'flame', but in fact this is
only "Bezeichnung der Flamme" (EG I 332), i.e. a word with unknown meaning, hence the
comparison is not reliable ll K {FS} 'var- > G varvar- v. 'glow, light, blaze (glhen, leuchten,
flammen)' {DCh.} '

ninar ', Sv {Fn.} varval- v. 'glitter, flash, glance' Fn. KW-1 35 [#19],
FS E 127-8, Chx. 367-8, DCh. 5O2 ll IE: NaIE 'vcr- v. 'burn' > ? Arm vaem varcm vt. 'light
up, set fire to', varim varim vi. 'take fire, be kindled, lighted, be on fire, flame' || ? Gmc
'varma- 'warm' ( IE 'g""ormo- 'warm' < N 'gorE 'hot; to heat; embers') > ON varmr, NNr,
Dn, Sw varm, OFrs, OSx, OHG, NHG varm, AS vcarm id. (adj.), NE varm adj., Gt
varm|an, OSx varmian v. 'warm' || Sl: [1] 'var+ 'heat' > OCS, OR aop+ var+, Uk nap id.; [2]
Sl 'virc-ti vi. 'boil, seethe' > OCS aip1:u vircti (prs. aipm vir|o), SCr vrc`ti (prs.
vrim), Slv vrcti, Cz vriti, Slk vrct`, P vrzcc, Uk 'np rn, Blr npyn id., R n pcr vi.
'sweat intensely'; [3] Sl 'variti vt. 'to cook' ( 'var+ 'heat') > OCS aopu:u variti, SCr variti,
Cz variti, Slk varit`, P varzyc, R na' pnr id., Slv variti 'to weld (iron)', variti 'to brew', Blg
na) p 'I cook'; 1 'var+ n. act. 'boil' > Slv var, Cz, Slk var n. act. 'boil', SCr var (gen. vara)
'boiling water', R nap 'boiling water, pitch, heat' | Lt virti (1s prs. vcrdu, 1s p. viriau), Ltv
virt (1s prs. vcrdu - virstu, 1s p. viru) 'to boil, bubble, seethe' || Tc A vratI- 'cook' Ht
var-/ur- vi. md. 'burn', varant- 'burnt' The irregular Arm v- (for the expected g- < IE 'v-) is
puzzling; Cuny R 88f. tried to explain it by postulating two different 'v-phonemes in pIE ('v-
> Arm g-, 'v- > Arm v-) P 1166, EI 88 & 125 ('vcr- 'burn', 'boil, cook'), Fs. 552, Vr. 64,
Kb. 1147, OsS 11OO, Ho. 387, Ho. S 84, KM 838, Vs. I 273, 362, Glh. 662-3, 783, StSS 1O8-9,
BER I 118, 121, Frn. 1263, Frd. HW 344, Slt. 451-2, Ts. W 1O1 ll D {tr.} 'var_-, {GS} 'vad_-
'be fried\grilled' > Tm varu (ft. -v-, p. -nt-) id., varu (ft. --, p. -tt-) vt. 'grill, fry, toast', Ml
vara 'frying', Td arf- (p. art-), Prj vcd- (p. vcdt-), Gdb vat-, Gnd vars- " vah-, Png vah-
v. 'fry', Kdg barc- 'be fried', Mnd vaha- vt. 'cook, bake', Kui vaha- vt. 'fry, grill', Ku vah- 'fry,
roast' D #5325, GS 34 [#51] ^ BmK 613 (HS [S, Eg], IE, D + Sum ur
4
-ur
4
v. 'burn up,
flicker, flame, gliter'), Blz. KM 123 [#28].
25O9. 'varV 'stream of water' > HS: Eg v:v {EG} 'surf (Brandung) of the sea \ of high
water of the Nile', Eg G v:v 'flood, water', Eg MK {Fk.} v:v 'waves of the sea' EG I 249, Fk.
53 C: [1] LEC 'var- 'river' > Dsn var, Arr {Bl.} var id., Rn {PG} vor 'well', Sml var
'pool, pond' [2] pC 'vrb ({E} 'varb-) 'stream of water; to pour\fetch water' > EC 'varab-
'to draw \ pour water' > Or {Grg.} varab- 'draw water', Kns {Bl., Ss.} ora-, Gdl orra-, Ya
ira- id., Arr {Hw.} var(a)b- 'draw and fetch water', Sml caus. varab-iy- v. 'water', Rn {PG}
varab- 'fetch water, fill (container) with water', Bs vorab- 'drink water, be watered' (of cattle),
Brj hurab- 'pour out' || Ag {AD} 'v'ala 'river' > Bln {Plm.} vvrv'ba (pl. vv'rvf), Xm {R}
virba (pl. virib), Xm T {CR} virva Bl. 1OO, Ss. PEC 42, Ss. B 1O2, PG 291, 294-5, Grg.
4OO, Hw. A 399, AD SF 247, E PC #581, R WB 36O, To DL 531 NrOm: Male {Tre.}
voro 'river' Ch: WCh: My {ChL} vsr 'lake' || ECh: Ke {Eb.} vor 'lake, river' ChL. Eb.
1O1 S ''vr > Ug yr 'early rain' OLS 535 ll IE: NaIE vcr-/'vcr-/'ur- 'flowing water'
> Vd var- (nom. vah), OI 'vari ntr. water' ( 'vari 'rain' < N 'v'aqrV 'to rain, drip'), Av
vairi- m. 'sea' || ??? Arm gaj gayr 'mud, mire, filth' [ N 'v'aqrV '', q.v.] || Gmc: ON
vari n. 'a liquid, water', vari 'a liquid', vcr 'sea', AS v(:)r 'spray (Spritzwasser)' || Pru
vurs 'pond, pool' ( NaIE 'vrn-/'ur-/'au_r- < N 'Iuru 'to flow, stream') || pTc {Ad.} 'var
> Tc: A var, B var 'water' Lw {Mlc.} var id. WP I 252-3, P 8O-1, , EI 636
(''vc/oHr- 'water'), Dv. #331, M K III 194, M E II 544-5, MW 943, WH II 84O, Vr. 646, 653,
En. 278, Wn. 557-8. Ad. 577-8 , Mlc. CL 257 ll U: FU 'vaourjV,yV > ObU {Ht.}
'vurVy 'river-bed' > pVg {Ht.} 'vuray id. > Vg: T oray, LK ori, MK vori, P vuri, NV
uri, Ss uray; pOs {Ht.} 'vurI id. > Os: V, Vy, Ty urI, D, K, Nz uro, Kz vuri, O vuri Ht.
#712 ll D 'var_- 'flood, torrent' > Tu baraIcl+ 'inundation', Tl varada 'flood, torrent,
inundation, deluge', varru 'flow, flood', varuta loc. 'in the flood\river', Prj vcrcd, Knd ur_da
'flood', Ku varu id., varda iyu 'torrential rain', Kui varu 'stream, torrent' D #5323, #5356
(referring Kui varu to a wrong pD ) ^ Blz. LB #15 (the first to adduce Ug, Male and Ch
cognates).
251O. 'v'aRV 'crow, raven' > IE: NaIE 'vorn- id. > BSl 'vorn-o-s 'raven' > Lt
varnas, Lt W varnas, Pru varnis | Sl 'vorn+ id. > OCS apou+ vran+, Blg npan (df.
npa'n-r), McdS npan, SCr, Slv vran, Cz vran, R, Uk 'nopon BSl 'vorn-a 'crow' > Lt
varna, Ltv varna, Pru varnc | Sl 'vorna 'crow' > Blg 'npana, SCr vra`na, Slv vrana, Cz,
Slk vrana, P vrona, R, Uk no'pona || Tc B vrau_na {Ab.} 'crow', {Wn.} 'corneille du
prdicateur' ({Wn.}: < 'varn-au_na) || o? Arm agay agrav 'raven, crow' (perplexing a-; r
due to onomatopia?) Frn. 12O1, En. 272, Vs. I 253, Glh. 681, BER I 18O-1, Wn. 583, Ad.
616-7, EI 142 ('vcr- 'crow') ll U 'varV 'crow' > F varis - varcs (gen. variIscn - vacIscn),
Es varcs (gen. varcsc - varcIsc); Krl A varoi_ | pLp {Lr.} 'vorccc 'crow' > Lp: S {Hs.}
vuort|c, U {Qv.} vuor't|cc, N {N} vuor'ccs, K {Gn.} vurocc id., Kld {SaR}
nypyu vurcc 'magpie' | Er napaia varaIa, napccn varscy 'raven, crow', {Ps.}
varccy, varccq, varIsiy 'crow', Mk napcn 'varsi id. || ObU {Ht.} 'vur- id. > pVg
'urVn > Vg: ML {Mu.} urin-ycIva, Ss urin-cI"a id. (ycIva " cI"a 'woman'); pOs
'vurqay 'crow' > Os: V/Vy/Ty urqI, Y vurqI, D varqa'y, K varya'y, Nz/Kz vorqa, O
va'rqa id. | Hg var|u (acc. var|at) id. Sm {Jn.} 'v+r-, {Hl.} ? 'v+ra 'crow' > Ne: T d
naAp y, T O {Lh.} |arqac, F {Lh.} |arq
+
I " |aqaci; Slq Tz d {KKIH, Prk.} Isra, {Prk.}
I"sra id.; Kms {KD} bari, Koyb {Sp.} 6apc id., {Pls.} 'barc 'Corvus Corone'; Mt {Hl.}
'bErE 'crow' (Mt M {Sp.} 6cpc) UEW 559, Coll. 66, Lr. #1459, Lgc. #88O1, SaR 58, ERV
1O8-9, PI 46, MF 673-4, Ht. #7O9, Jn. 17O, KKIH 116, Hl. M #111.
2511. 'vaR'i 'to make, do' ( 'plait'?) > HS: C 'vry 'do' > Bj vry {R} 1s: p. a'vcr,
prs. ava'ri 'make, do', {Rop.} -vcr 'do, act' (a'vcr 'I did', a'vari 'I do', ti'varia 'thou doest'),
{R} 'vara - 'vara 'Werk, Tat, Handlung, Arbeit, Geschft' || Sa {R} u'ray 'Geschft,
Gewerbe' (ay sin u'ray 'what is your occupation?'), Af {R} u'ray 'Geschft, Arbeit, Gewerbe'
R WBd 239, Rop. 78, 248, R S II 48, R A II 24 EthS (A C?) 'vry 'do' > Tgy pf. ry
varvyv / js. Yv ysvari 'operare, fare', WY vsray 'faccenda, affare', Tgr pf. w vvra 'do,
try', wT vvrat n. 'work' LH 435, Bsn. 642-3 ? Eg iry 'do, make' > DEg ir, iry > Cpt: Sd
ctpc, B tpt id. EG I 1O8-12, Er. 36, Vc. 65, Tk. I 14O (reads iry as yly) NrOm: Cha
{Hnz. ?} ir 'make' Tk. l.c. (Eg, Bj, Cha + err. EC 'ycl-/'yal, Asa vcl-), Hnz. HS 75 (Eg,
Cha) ll U: FU 'varV > ObU {Ht.} 'vcr- 'make' > pVg 'var- > Vg: T var-/var-,
LK/MK/UK vor-, P/LL/ML vor-/var-, NV vor-/var-, SV vor-/var-, UL/Ss var- id.;
pOs {Ht.} 'vcr-, {Hl.} 'var- > Os: V/Vy/D/K/Nz/Kz/O vcr-, Ty/Y va'r- id. Coll. 139
(FU A Ary), Ht. #7O3 ll A {DQA} 'orc 'plait, weave' ( N 'var?ju,'va?rju, 'rope,
bonds', 'to bind'): T 'or- v. 'plait' > OT {Cl.} or-, MQp, Chg or- id., Tkm or-, T or-, Az
hor-, CrTt or- id., 'knit', Uz ur-, ET o(r)- 'plait', Qzq, Nog, Qrq, Qrg, Alt, Yk or- id., 'twist
(ropes)' Cl. 1O5, ET Gl 544-6 M 'orc- > MM [MA] orc- 'plait' Pp. MA 277 pKo
'or 'strands of rope' > MKo or, NKo ol id. S QK #79O, Yu 579, MLC 12O7 pJ
'sr- 'weave' > OJ or-, J: T or-, K/Kg or- S QJ #248, Mr. 742 DQA #1604 ^ Two
possible directions of semantic change: (1) 'plait' 'make by plaiting' 'make' or (2) 'make'
'make by plaiting' 'plait, weave' ^ IS MS 339 ('varn '

(cnar ': U, C + qu. IE
'vcrg-/'vrcg- 'act, do', cf. N 'voRIE 'make') Gr. II #420 ('ur 'weave') [IE, A, Ko, J +
err. U 'vorIV (< N 'voRIE 'to make') + unc. Gil, EA).
2512. '`v'arV 'to look, watch' > IE: NaIE '`vcr-/'`vor- id., 'perceive, give attention to',
'`vo'r-os 'watching, cautious' ( N 'z`UR'i 'to look at, examine'?) > NaIE '`vcr- v. 'look at,
pay attention to, take care' > Ltv rf. vcr-tic-s (prs. vcr-) v. 'look at', vcriba 'attention, notice'
|| Gk o-, o-: Gk Hm cti oovtoi 'sie beaufsichtigen', Gk [Hs.] oci uoooci '(he)
guards\watches', Gk A ooe 'I see' ('- evidences by the hiatus in ceov ipf. and cooko
pfc.), coo) 'overseer, guardian' || L vcrcor, -cri v. 'behold with fear (beobachten ngstlich),
fear, have respect for, revere' || Clt (< 'Iom-v,ryos) > OIr {Vn.} coir, coair 'juste, gal, droit,
appropi', W cyvair 'perfect, orderly, ready' || Gmc: ON varr 'attentive, cautious', OHG var
'aware, careful', gi-var 'conscious, careful', AS vr 'aware; attending, heading', OSx var
cautious', Gt varai (nom. pl. of 'vars) 'sober', OSx, AS varu 'precaution, care', OHG
vara 'awareness, care' (< 'vora); OHG bc-varon 'to protect', NHG bcvahrcn 'keep,
preserve; guard', NE bcvarc; OSx, OHG varon 'to beware' (> NHG vahrcn 'watch over, look
after, keep safe'), AS varian 'to guard, watch over', NE cd avarc || Ltv vcrt (1s prs. vcru),
usually rf.: vcrtics 'be considered, reckoned' || Tc: A var-, B var-sI- v. 'smell (riechen)', A
var, B vcrc n. 'smell, odour' Ht vcritc 'fear' WP I 28O-5, P 1164-5, EI 417, Mn. 1516-7, F
II 4O9-1O, WH II 757-8, Vn. C 152, YGM-1 152, Fs. 551, Vr. 645-7, Kb. 387, 1145,1148, OsS
58, 277, 1O96, 11O1, Schz. 3O9-1O, Lx. 3O9, KM 832, Ho. 38O, 384, Ho. S 83-4, Kar. II 513,
Wn. 558, Ad. 596, Ts. W 1O5, EI 6O6 ['v(h)crH-; unc. : IE 'vcHro-s 'true') ll U: FU
'varV > Ugr 'varV 'wait, be on ones guard, keep safe' > Vg: T or- 'wait', MK ur- id., 'be
on ones guard', P d vurlat- 'ein wenig warten', Ss or- 'wait; treat carefully, keep safe' | OHg
XII var- 'wait', Hg var- 'wait, expect, look to' UEW 898-9, MF 672-3, EWU 16O6 ll A: M
'barayan 'a thing seen, the sight of; (?) protection' > MM baraa 'Form, Erscheinung', WrM
baragan, HlM 6apaa 'object visible in the distance; view; form', Ord {Ms.} b_ara 'les
dimensions dun objet, pour autant quelles tombent sous le sens de la vue ( une certaone
disteance); aspecte, prsense vue de loin, protection', WrO bara 'a thing seen, the sight of', Kl
6apan 'outline, view', {Rm} baran, bara 'outline of an object, figure (seen in the distance)'; M
'barayala- > WrM baragala-, HlM 6apaana- 'appear in the distance', 'be visible', WrO barala-
'become visible' (of a distant object), WrM baragalqa-, HlM 6apaanxa- 'look up, glance
upward'; M 'barayatayi 'seen from afar, visible' > WrM baragatai, HlM 6apaaran, Dg
barati id. H 12-3, MED 83, Ms. O 5O, KRS 81, KW 83, Krg. 334, T DgJ 124 ll D 'ar_i-,
{GS} 'ycr_d_- ({AD} 'ycr_d_i-) v. 'know, find out, search' > Tm ari, Tl crugu v. 'know,
understand, perceive', Ml ariyuIa v. 'know, understand', Kt ayr, Td ary-, Kn ari v. 'know',
Kdg ari- v. 'find out', Tu aruu, aruhu 'knowledge', Krg adc to search', Brh harrifiq v. 'inquire,
ask' D #314, Zv. 95 (reconstructs here 'at-), GS 134 [#348] ^ FU and M 'a < 'a is due to
vowel harmony; D {GS} 'yc- < 'va- by as to'-i- ^ The adduction of Eg vrs 'spend the day,
be awake' (proposed by Bm) is doubtful ^ MF 672-3 (FU, IE), BmK 6O4 ['var-/'vor- 'look,
watch our for, observe, care for' > IE, FU + qu. Eg vr_ (not confirmed by the available
dictionaries), vrs] ^ On N and pIE '`- see Introduction, 2.2.6.
2513. 'vcr'E 'to speak; communication' > HS: EC 'var- 'news, information' > Sml var
'news, communication, information', varso / var-s-ad- v. 'ask (question), inquire', var-s-t- 'get
news', Rn {PG} vor 'news', vor-s-ad-, Brj var-s-ad- 'ask (about st.)', Sd {Gs.} vorc 'matter,
strange thing; news, fable' Ss. PEC 42, Bl. 211, ZMO 4O9, 411, PG 294-5, Gs. 35O ?? WS
'vry > CS 'vry Sh

'teach, show' ( 'vVrjV,y 'news, information' or ''vry G 'get
information'?) > Ar SL 'vry Sh

(pf. rav0 ?avra), D (pf. rWva varra) 'show', EpJA earve
hvr?h Sh

inf. abs. 'to teach', JA [Trg.] yry Sh

(pf. ir%&a ?o'ri) 'teach', JEA {Sl.} yry Sh

'instruct, make a legal decision', JPA Bz yry Sh

'teach, instruct', BHb yryv Sh

(pf. er!&e
ho'ra, 3m ip. er#&i yo'rc) id., 'direct', BHb d er!&T to'ra 'instruction, law', MHb er!&T
to'ra 'teaching, Jewish religion'; EthS 'vry > Gz vry G (3m pf. varaya, 3m js. yoray)
'tell news, narrate', Tgr vry (3m pf. w vvra) 'announce', vvrc (< 'varay-) 'communication',
Tgy vvrc 'notice, fame', Amh vvrc 'news', EthS 1 Sa, Af varc 'news', Or {L} varc, {Brl.}
varc, Hd varc 'fame' GB 318, KB 415-6, BDB 434-6, Js. 596, 1657, Lv. T I 344-5, Sl. 542,
Sl. P 245, BK II 1536, Hv. 865-6, HJ 277, L G 618, Brl. 421, DRS 627-8 ll IE: NaIE 'vcr- 'say,
speak, tell' > Gk cie 'say, speak, tell', oi), Gk Ar oi) 'a saying, speaking, speech', Gk
Hm to 'a speaker', Gk to, Gk Ae |oto 'verbal agreement, covenant', Gk o
'word, speech' || ? IIr: Av urvata- 'command, ordinance, rule', KhS gvar- 'assert, tell, speak',
Ydg vor 'oath', Vd {MW} vra'ta-m '(?) will, command, law, ordinance, rule' ({M} 'Gelbde,
religise Observanz, Pflicht' 'Gebot, Anweisung, Regel') || Pru vcrtcmmai 'we swear' | Sl: [1]
Sl 'rota 'oath' (unless < 'roI-ta) > OR pe:o rota, R po'ra 'oath, vow', SCr rota, P rota
'oath'; - Sl 'rotiti sc 'to swear' > OCS pe:u:u ta rotiti sc, SCr rotiti sc, HLs
rocic so id., Sl 'rotiti > Slv rotiti 'to implore, entreat', Cz rotiti 'to rumble at, be angry
with'; [2] Sl 'virati (1s prs. 'viro) > R npar (prs. npy) 'to tell lies'; - Sl 'vraci
'sooth-sayer, sorcerer, medicine-man' > SCr vrac id., 'witch-doctor', Slv vrac 'witch-doctor,
medicine-man', Blg npau id., 'sorcerer', OCS apovi vraci 'ioto), one who heals', R npau
'physician' Ht {Ts.} vcriya- v. 'call, name, mention', -var- (pc. of quoted speech 'said'),
Pal vcrti 'calls' WP I 283-4, P 1182-3, EI 535 ['(s)vcr-; unj. adduction of reflexes of N
'SUrV (= 'SorE?) 'speak', q.v.], Mn. 1516, AHDI 77, F I 469-71, MW 1O42, M K III 278-9 &
M E II 594-5 (doubts about the connection of the IIr stem with IE 'vcr-), Bai. 94-5, En. 273, Vs.
I 361 & III 5O7, StSS 585, Glh. 531, 68O, BER I 183, Ts. W 1O1, 1O5 ll ? D {BE} 'vcr_r_-
({GS} '-d_- or '-r_- + cns.?) 'speak' > Gnd vch- " vch- v. 'tell', Knd vcv- v. 'speak, tell', Png
vcc- v. 'speak', Mnd vch-, Ku vch- v. 'tell, say', Kui vcsta / p. vcst- b. 'say, speak, tell', ? Krx
ba?a- 'say, command', bar- 'be called' D 5514 ^ BmK 613-4 ('vcr-/'vir- > IE, HS, D).
2514. 'vcrV 'without, not, empty' > HS: B 'vVr 'not' (negation of verbs) > ETwl, Ty vor,
Ttq {Msq.} vr, vor ({Msq.} ur, uor), Ah, Shl, Izd ur 'not', Tmz ur - vor, Izn, Rf, Srsn ur
(ur ... s, etc.), Zng {TC} vcr id., Kb ur (usually with completive ara, i.e. ur + verbe + ara)
'not, do/does/did not', a vor 'let not' (a vor d-yuyal 'quil ne revienne pas!', a vor tosuo
'que tu nen aies pas'; B 'v'ar > Kb, Tmz var 'without' Ai. MCB II 2O3, Nic. 15-6, 65, Fc.
1522, GhA 2O1, Msq. 2O7, Mrc. 435, MT 765-7, Rn. 127, Ds. 197, Dl. 871-2, TC Z 309 ll K:
GZ 'vcj:,r- 'not' > OG vcr 'not, cannot', G vcr 'cannot', (in certain cases) 'does not'
(dycs vcr arid Iargad 'today he does not feel good [unfortunately]'), vcr- 'no-' (in negative
pronouns \ adverbs: vcr-vin 'nobody', vcr-yara 'not any more'), Mg va(r) 'not; do not!; cannot',
Lz var - va 'not, -less' K '-ur [sx. of nomina attributiva privativa ('-less')] > G -ur id. (G I
Iud-ur 'without tail'), Sv -ur id. (_c_-ur 'without wife', di-ur 'without mother', nic-ur " liv-ur
'without water') Mg, Lz a in a close syll. points to a pK 'c (Test. KV) K 83, FS K 123, 3O9-
1O, FS E 132-3, 345, Fn. GAS 213, Ser. 63, Vogt GLG 218, Chx. 373, DCh. 5O5, Q 233, Marr
143, TK 73O ll ? D 'vcr_- 'empty, void of' > Tm vcru 'empty, Ml vcru 'asunder, void of,
empty', Kt vcr 'mere, unmixed, vain', vcr al 'man without wife or children', vcrac 'woman
temporarily without a child', Kn barc, bari, baru 'emptiness', Kn PBh bar_idc 'for nothing,
without cause', Kdg bari 'only, merely', Tu ba|i id., 'empty', Tl barigi, Nkr vatti, Mnd vcru,
Ku var?i " v"ari 'empty', Prj vcdcdi, Gnd varrol 'alone', Knd vavi 'mere, simple, nothing
but', Png vari 'bare, empty', Kui vari 'only', Brh bira 'simply. just' D #5513 ^ If the D
belongs here, the N rec. must be 'vcrV, otherwise it is 'vVRV.
2515. 'varE 'wooded hill\mountain' > HS: CS 'var- 'forest, thicket' > BHb ro2i@
'yaar 'thicket, wood', Mb yr 'forest, parkland', Pun yr, [Aug.] IAR 'wood' (hhrsm syr
'wood-craftsmen'), Ug {A} yr 'Gestrpp, Wald', {OLS} 'forest', JA [Trg.] ya'r-a 'forest,
thicket', Sr ya'r-a 'thicket, Gestrpp', Ar Y {L ?}, Ar B {Lb. Stace} rO0va vara
'thicket' KB 4O4, KBR 422-3, HJ 464, Br. 3O5, JPS 194, Js. 585, Lv. T I 34O-1, A #12OO,
OLS 517, L G 6O3, Lb. 2928, Stace 171, DRS 58O B 'vrr, 'vVrir 'mountain, hill' > Mz
avrir (pl. ivriron) 'mountain, big hill', Mz, Izd, Sll tavrirt (pl. tivririn) 'hill', Kb avrir,
tavrirt 'a height (hauteur du terrain)', Tmz avrir (pl. ivrirn), tavrirt (pl. tivririn) id., 'hill',
Si turarot (pl. turar) 'hill' Dlh. M 228, Mrc. 54, Dl. 872, Ds. 69, MT 768, La. S 216
LEC: Cm {Hab.} voro 'forest', Dsn {Bnd.} var, {Hab.} var, {Fl.} vor 'mountain'
(but hardly here Dsn {To.} var 'stone', related to Ah avrra 'small stone', see To. DL 531 and
Fc. 1521) AMS 278, Blz. DL s.v. 'mountain' NrOm {Blz.} 'vor- 'forest' > Wl/Zl {C}
vora, Wl/Zl/Dc {LmS} vora, Gm {Hw.} vora id. C SO 35, Blz. OL #144, Hw. EG, LmS
547-8 Ch: WCh: Sir {Sk.} vurt 'forest', Zr {ChL} vtr, {IL in ChC} vsr 'mountain' ||
CCh: Kola {Sb.} vurtm id. ChC, ChL ll U 'vorc (< ''varc) 'wooded mountain' > F
vuori (gen. vuorcn) 'mountain' || Prm 'vo'r 'wooded hill, wooden height' > Z nocp vsr, Yz
'vu'r 'forest', Z vsrvIv 'an oblong height in the flood-plain', Vt nip vIr 'height, hill' || ObU {Ht.}
'vor 'coniferous forest' > pVg {Ht.} 'var > Vg: T var, UK vor, NV/LL vor, Ss vor; pOs
{Ht.} 'vor > Os: V/Vy vor, Ty vor, Kz vur, O or id. Sm: Kms bor 'Berg, Landrcken'
(unless a loan from Tg) UEW 571, LG 67, Ht. 196 [#7O5], KD 1O The vw. 'o (from
earlier 'a) is probably the reg. reflex of N 'aH. This is suggested by the absence of 'a in the
pU (and pFU) vocalism ( Db. OS XXII-XXVI). In FU (FL) there is also a variant stem 'vara
'wooded mountain' > F vaara 'wooded hill\mountain' | pLp {Lr.} 'varc 'mountain, forest' > Lp:
{Hs.} S vaaric, L {LLO} varrc, N {N} varrc 'mountain', Kld varr / varr 'forest' (Coll.
121-2, UEW 571, Sm. 551 (FU 'voori 'forest, hill' > FP 'voori, Ugr 'vari), Lr. 144-5
[#1357], Lgc. #8454, Hs. 1399-14OO). This latter variant may have originated from regressive as
: pre-U 'a > 'a due to the infl. of the front vw. in the second syll. ll A: Tg 'bori 'small
mountain' > Ewk Skh/Urm bori 'a height covered with burned wood', Ewk Ald/Z/Ucr 'stony hill',
Ewk Skh bor 'small mountain wooded by creeping trees\bushes (iopia,
noipira) crnanniox)', Ork bori 'a small height' STM I 95 ? NaT 'oj:,r 'a height, high
ground, high' ( 'o < ''o due to as caused by a pre-T front vw. of the second syll.) > Chg
XV or, orI 'high ground, upwards', Tk or 'a height, hill', Qmq or id., Qzq or 'a small
height', {Rl.} 'eine hohe Stelle, die Erhhung', {Rl.} 'mountain ridge' (taladan or Iorunu
'von der Ebene aus war ein Bergrcken zu sehen'), VTt ur 'a height', Uz ur 'a gently sloping
height', Qq or 'river-head, upper reaches (of river)', SY ur 'a high place', Qzq (or SbTt Tb?)
{Rl.} ur 'eine kleine Erhhung, ein Hgel'; in many lgs. the contaminated with the
omophonous T 'or- 'to rise' [< N ' crU (or ' orE) 'go upwards, rise' (q.v.), IS I 254-5
[#116]], whence Qmq or 'top', SbTt Tb {Rl.} ur 'ein hher liegende Teil', etc. Cl. 193, ET
Gl 542-4, Rl. I 1216-8, 1824 The rounded vw. 'o (> 'o) in M and T is due probably to the
ass. infl. of 'v-ll D (in SD) {tr., GS} 'varV 'mountain, slope' > Tm varai_ 'mountain, peak,
slope of hill', Kn barc, Kdg barc 'steep slope', Tu barc 'a steep precipice' D #5274 D '-r-
(unlike '-r_-) is a reg. reflex of N 'r-clusters ('r + cns. or cns. + 'r), in this case '-r- ^ IS
MS 337 ('vo'rHn 'mountain' > Tg, U 'vorV + err. D 'vorV [i. e. 'orc, cf. D ##45O5 and
4567], , Blz. DA 161 [#88] [unc. equation of this N root with D 'var- 'slope, side'] .
2516. ? 'vaHrV 'varHV 'to comb, scrape' > U 'v'aroc ( N 'varsVj_qV, 'to rub,
scrape', q.v.?) > Sm {Jn.} 'vIr+ v. 'comb, scrape' > Ne T nip(a- v. 'scratch; rub, wipe, scrape',
Ne T O {Lh.} |Iroa- 'kratzen, schaben', Ne F |Irta- 'mit dem Wetzstein schleifen' | Slq Tz
{KKIH} IirI- v. '

o6o(par ' (= 'to bark'?) Jn. 175, Ter. 62, Lh. 73, KKIH 117 ll D 'var- v.
'comb (as hair)' > Tm var, varu, Ml vatuIa, Kn barcu - bacu, Tu barcu- - bacu- id., Krx
bagr- v. 'comb oneself'; D 1 OI varaIira- 'a small comb' D #5357 ^ Fn. KD #4 (equates
D with K 'varc_- that belongs to N 'var`sVj_qV, '', q.v.) ^ D '-r- (reg. reflex of
'r-clusters) and the D long vw. suggest the presence of a lr.
2517. 'v'aqrV (or 'v'arqV?) 'to rain, drip, trickle, be strained' > IE: NaIE 'vcr-/'ur-
id. ( N 'Iuru 'to flow, stream' [q.v.]) > OI 'vari 'rain' ( OI vari 'water' < N 'varV 'stream of
water'), Av var- n. 'rain', var- v. 'rain', KhS bar-, Psh vorcdol- id. || ?? Arm
gaj gayr 'mud, mire, filth' (more likely than to N 'varV '', q.v.) || Gmc: ON ur 'humidity,
drizzling rain', yra 'to drizzle (fein regnen)', ? AS uri 'moist' || L urina 'urine', urinor / -ari
v. 'dive' WP I 252-3, P 8O-1, EI 636 (''vc/oHr- 'water'), M E III 194, Brtl. 41O-1, Mrg. 88,
Bai. 278, WH II 84O, Vr. 635 ll D {tr., GS] 'var- v. 'flow, trickle, be strained' (of a liquid) >
Tm var v. '(over-)flow, trickle', vari 'channel for draining off rain-water from roof', Ml
varuIa 'run, flow down, be strained off' (of water), Kt vary 'ditch around field', Td ory
'ditch', Kn bar v. 'set free a liquid, pour out, purge', Tu barccl+ 'channel to empty surplus water
(as from a field)', Tl varu v. 'flow down as water from boiled rice, be drained off', Nk var :av,
Prj var :ava 'water of boiled rice', Prj, Gdb var- / p. vart- v. 'strain (as water from boiled
rice)', Gdb var- 'be filtered (like boiled rice)', Gnd HMB {BB}, Png var- v. 'pour', Gnd Mu
{Bh.} var, Knd vara 'irrigation channel', Kui varu 'water-channel' ( Kui varu 'stream,
torrent' < N 'varV '') D #5356, GS 36 [#61], 31 [#33] ll mt (?): HS: S 'vr_ > Ar
vari_- 'arros et amolli par la pluie' BK II 1517 ll ?: A: M 'boruyan 'rain' > WrM borugan,
HlM 6opoo(n), Brt 6opoo, Brt b, Brt Ag 6opoon, Ord b_oron, WrO {Krg.} buran id., Kl
6opan 'rain, bad weather', Kl {Rm.} boran 'bad weather, storm with rain' (if recorded
accurately, M buragan 'snowstorm' < N 'buRV 'storm, stormy wind', q.v.), Mnr H {SM}
b_uron 'petite pluie continue' In Mnr and WrO the vw. u of the first syll. may be due to infl. of
'burayan 'storm, snowstorm' > WrO buran MED 121, Krg. 371, KRS 11O, KW 51, Chr. SM
36 Gr. II #31O ('urus 'river') [unt. comparisons].
2518. 'j`,vcXVrV 'mad, dizzy, intoxicated' > HS: S 'vhr > Ar vhr G (pf. vahira, 3m
ip. yahiru - yavharu) 'tre anim de colre\haine contre qu. , tre infect du venin du lzard
called rah0va' BK II 1499 ll IE: NaIE 'j`,vor- 'be mad, giddy' [ N 'v'aRV (-
'v'aoRV?) 'weak' (of a person)] > Gk eokioe v. 'faint, swoon away' || ON W orar pl.
'attacks of mental disturbance', {Vr.} 'Betubung, Wahnsinn', NNr orar id., orr 'mad, (mentally)
disturbed', NNr, Dn or, Sw or id., OSx vorig 'entkrftet, mhe, matt', OHG vuorag
'intoxicated (berauscht), languorous' P 118O, F II 1151, Vr. 419, 684, Kb. 1232, OsS 1214,
Schz. 331, Ho. S 9O ll D 'vcr_j:,i-, [GS] 'vcr_-i- 'drunken, mad' > Tm vcri 'be drunk,
intoxicated, become mad', Ml vcri 'intoxication, fury', Kn vcri id., 'madness, confusion', Tl
vcrri 'madness, mental derangement', Knd vcr_i 'foolish, simple', Ku vcrila 'madman', Brh birr
'wild, not tame', birri 'wildness' D #5511, GS 57 [#158], 66 [#2O4] ll U: FU 'urV 'be
drunken, intoxicated ( N '?uRE '?uRV 'drink, swallow' [q.v. ffd.]) ? Slq Tm {KD}
ora- - sra- 'get drunk' But Sm 'sr- v. 'drink' seem to belong to N '?uRE '?uRV ''
only Coll. 16, UEW 85, LG 329, Lt. J 16O, Jn. 21-2, Hl. M #249.
2519. 'vi_RV 'male, man' > IE: NaIE 'viro-s nom. 'male person, man' > OI vi'ra-, Av
vi(:)ra- 'man, warrior, person, hero', MPrs vir, Sgd vyr- 'husband, man' || L vir 'male person', OL
vir 'husband', Um VEIRO, VIRO 'men' (acc. pl.) || OIr fcr, Brtt {RE} 'viros 'man, husband' >
OW gur, MW gvr, W gvr, OCrn, OBr gur, Crn, MBr, Br gour id. || Gt vair, OSx vcr, OHG
vcr 'man', AS vcr, ON vcrr 'man, husband' || Lt vyras, Ltv virs id., Pru vi|r - virs 'Mann'
The perplexing shortness of i in L still needs explanation P 1177-8, EI 366 ('viH'ros 'man,
husband'), M K III 238-9, M E II 569-7O, WH II 796-7, EM 738-9, Bc. G 351, Pln. II 763, Thr.
57, 74, LP 5.5, 6.3, RE 111, Fs. 544, Vr. 657, Ho. 391, Ho. S 85, Kb. 117O, OsS 1122,
Frn. 1258, En. 275, P 1177-8 ll HS: C: Ag: Bln {R} vuhir 'bull'; Ag 1 Tgr WHR vshsr
'bull' || EC: Sml var 'you, fellow!', 'hey, you!', 'man!' (addressed to a male person) [: Sp
hombrc! and G Iaco! Iaco! 'you fellow!' 'man!'] AD SF 2O3-4, R WB 354, LH 427, DSI
6O7, Abr. S 25O, ZMO 4O9 ll K: Sv L/LB/Ln _vir 'male animal (dog, cat, bear)', Sv UP _vir
'male (dog)' Dn. s.v. _vir, TK 878, GP 3O2 ll U: FU 'vErV > pPrm 'vcr 'man, male' >
OPrm vcr 'servant, slave', Z i-vcr 'husband's brother' (i 'son'), Z Vm vcr-ccri 'male fish'
(ccri 'fish'), Vt {Mu.} var, var 'slave, servant' LG 52.
252O. 'vcjy,rjV,?V 'back' > HS: WS 'vr? > Ar vara?a 'ce qui est derrire ou au del',
vr? v. G 'loigner', ? Mh {Jo.} vr'? v. Sh

(pf. hsvrc - hsvrc?) 'turn, bring back
(beasts\people), keep back\away', ? Hrs {Jo.} vr'? v. Sh

(pf. avra) 'bring home (livestock)
in the evening', v. Sh

(pf. ssvra?) 'back off, be brought back, ? Sb hvrt 'back part' BK II
1516, Jo. M 429, Jo. H 136, M. BHS 7O, BGMR 57, DRS 614-5 EC: Or {Grg.} virtu
'spine' Grg. 4O3, Brl. 424 ? Ch 'vjy,r 'neck' [{Stl.} 'ha-vuyar (with the px. of body
parts 'ha-)] > WCh: Hs vuya | Klr {J} vur | Wrj {J} yiray, Cg {Sk.} vtrc, Kry {Sk.}
(y)vir, My {Sk.} vir, Mbr {Sk.} (y)viro, Jmb {Sk.} yira | Kir {SAh.} uyar, Tala {Sh.}
yar, Zar {IL} ycr | Ngz {Sch.} vura || CCh: HgNk {Mk.} vurc, FlK {Mk.} vuri | Gude
{Hsk.} ura 'neck, throat', Gude/Nz/Bcm {Mk.} vura, BtG {Srp.} vurc, Gudu {IL}
vura | Lmn {Mk.} vurcI 'neck' || ECh: Jg {J} vcrc, Mu {J} viri id. JI II 252-3, Nw. #91,
ChC, ChL, Stl. IF 142 (pCh 'ha-vuyar), Stl. ZCh 239 [#86O] ('[h"]-yara), Hsk. 287 Eg
G v:y.t 'Kehle (des Gegeners, die durchbohrt wird)' EG I 49 B 'vr > Izn {Rn.} avorr, Rf
{Rn.}: T avar, B avarn 'behind, after'; Mz {Dlh.} avorri 'au-del' Rn. 285, Dlh. M 228 ll D
'vcrVn 'back' > Tm vcrin, Kt, Klm vcn, Kn bcn, Kdg bcnni, Tl vc(n)nu '(the) back', Nkr
vcnIa 'behind', Knd vcnIa 'afterwords' D #5488 ^ D '-r- suggests a N 'r-cluster; in view of
Ch and S it may be either '-yr- or '-r?- ^ Blz. DA 154 [#23] #22 (HS, D) , Blz. LB #6c
(incl. S, EC, B, D) .
2521. 'var?ju, 'va?rju, 'rope, bonds', 'to bind' > HS: either [1] Eg OK v:r
'zusammenschnren', Eg fBD v:r.t 'Schnur, Strick' or [2] Eg fBD v: 'Schnur, Strick', Eg
XVIII/Md v:.t 'Schnur, Band', Eg fXVIII v:v:.t 'rope' EG I 244, 25O, 252 ll IE: NaIE 'vcr-
'to bind, tie', 'vcrv- 'a rope' > Lt vcrti (1s prs. vcriu), Ltv vcrt (1s prs. vcru) 'to string',
sa-varc 'Rute zum Binden', Lt E virtinc' 'Bndel'; Lt virvc', Ltv virvc 'rope', Pru virbc 'rope
(Seil)'; but not here ( EI) Lt vcrti, Ltv vcrt to thread (a needle)' ( R nc) par , Blg npa and
OCS c+ap1:u v+-vrcti 'shove, put into') | Sl 'virvi 'rope' > OCS
apiai vrivi - ap+ai vr+vi, OR aipai virvi, R ncpn , Blg npn, McdS npn, OCz, SCr
vrv, Slk vrv id.; d (originally dim.) 'virvica > SCr vrvca - vrca, Slv vrvca, d vrvica, P
virzbca; 'virviIa > R nc'pccnia, Uk n ) p onia id. || Gk ut ({P}: < *ut) 'strap
(with which one holds a horse), rein; strap to flog with' ( cue 'drag, draw'???), ?
ouv-\to-ocie 'attach' || Vd vara'tra- 'thong' || ? (+ext.): Clt: OIr fraig 'wattle, osier', {Thr.}
'wall', NIr fraigh 'inside roof of a house; rafters', Brtt [RE] 'vrigami 'sew' > Crn gvryas, OBr
gruiam (1s), MBr gruyat, gryat, Br gvriad, gr(v)iat WP I 263-5, P 115O-1, EI 64
['(h)vcr- 'attach'], F I 23-4, F I 571 & Ch. 367 (both: ut cue 'drag, draw'), Thr.
191, Dnn. 333, RE 127, Frn. 1263, En. 274-5, BER I 187, Vs. I 295, Glh. 686, M K III 245-6
(connects OI vara'tra- with vr'noti 'covers) ll D {tr., GS} 'var- 'thong' > Tm var
'churning rope, leather strap', Kn bar, bara, Tl varu, varu 'leather strap, thong', Ml var id.,
'tendon', Td or 'whip' D #5363 (b) ll ? A: Tg d 'bartuIin 'rope' ( 'vaRVHatV
'vcrV?atV 'root, sinew', q.v. ffd.) AdS to A 'orc 'plait, weave' (< N 'vaR'i 'to make,
do', q.v. ffd.).
2522. 'v'aRV (- 'v'aoRV?) 'weak' (of a person) > HS: S 'vr > Ar vr G (pf.
varaa, 3m ip. yarau) 'be faint-hearted\weak' BK II 1521, Hv. 864 ll IE: NaIE 'vor- 'be
weak, faint' ( N 'j`,vcXVrV 'mad, dizzy, intoxicated', q.v. ffd.) ll A: M 'barama 'weak' (of a
child) > WrM barama, HlM 6apax id.; ?? WrO barama 'alas! woe is me! poor fellow!', ?? Kl
{Rm.} barm
a
, Brt 6apxa 'poor fellow!' (unless M 'bar-, Kl {Rm.} bar- 'come to an end')
MED 84, Krg. 335, Chr 89.
2523. 'v'irh'u 'be wide\broad, expand, spread' > HS: S 'vrh > Ar varih-at- adj. f.
'broad, spacious' (of a house), vrh G (pf. variha, ip. -vrah-) 'be fat' (of a woman) BK II
1525, Hv. 865 Eg vr, vrr 'big; be big' EG I 326-3O ?? SC: Irq {MQK} ?ur 'big, great',
{E} ur 'big, large', ur-av- 'grow up' E SC 395, MQK 113 Ch: Ang {Flk.} varq 'big', Su {J}
vuraq 'big', ? Gmy varr 'strength' | Glm vur- v. 'surpass' OS #2529 (Ef, Ch, Irq), IS II
1O9-1O ll IE {EI} 'vcrHu- (nom. 'vcr'Hu-s, gen. 'vcr'Hou_-s) 'broad', vcrH-os- 'breadth' >
OI u'ru-h, Av vouru-s 'wide, broad', Oss I vara_, Oss D uru_ 'broad, spacious' || mt : Gk
cuu) 'broad', c)uo) ntr. 'breadth' WP I 285, P 1165, M K I 11O, M E I 227, Ab. IV 9O-1, F I
592-3 ll +ext. ? K: GZ 'vrc`- 'be broad, wide' > OG, G vrc- v. 'widen'; - GZ 'vrc`-cl-
'broad, wide' > Mg irca- 'broad' (of eyes), 'branchy' (of trees), Lz lcIc-ircc- 'spot' K 85-6,
K
2
55, FS K 127-8, FS E 137-8, Abul. 161 ll D {tr., GS} 'virji,- v. 'expand, open' > Tm viri, Ml
viriyuIa id., Kn biri id., 'burst open', Tl viriyu id., vi. 'open', Td iry- 'be opened' (bag), 'be
parted' (hair)', Kdg biri- (p. birin:-) v. 'dismantle' (house), 'open' (jackfruit), biri (p. biric-)
'spread', Tu biriyu- vi. 'split', Prj virqg- 'be loosened', Gnd A {Sbr.} vir- vt. 'spread', Knd vir(i)s-
'open (as a book), lay open', Krx bcrr- 'get out of space by expanding sidewise' D #5411 ll A:
Tg 'birc- v. 'roll out dough' > Ul, Nn Nh birs-, WrMc birc- id.; ? Tg 'bir(i)- v. 'spread perches' >
Ewk biri- id.; - Tg 'biri-tin 'perches that are spread as flooring' > Ewk biritir, Ud biti id.,
Orc biti 'a tent for provision'; Tg 'biri-Icj:,n 'perches spread as flooring' > Lm birIsn, Lm A
birIsn, Neg biyss id., WrMc bircgcn - bircIcn 'wattle-fence' STM I 84-5, Krm. 212 ^ D
'-r- is the reg. reflex of N 'r-clusters (rather than of '-r-), hence the lr. 'h (attested in Ar) must
belong to the N ^ Bm. TPN 364-5 [#4OO] (Eg, IE, K), IS II 1O9-1O [Eg, WCh < N 'vol'a
'big, large' (i. e. 'vala 'vuola 'big, large, multitude', q.v.].
2523a. 'vAr'hV 'grain (of cereals)' > HS: Eg fXVIII v:hy.t 'Ertrag der Ernte, Flle
des Korns', 'Getreide' (spec. 'Spelz') EG I 258 SC: Irq varari (pl. varaq") 'seed(s)'
MQK 115, Blz. SCL s.v. 'seed(s)' Ch: WCh: Kry/My {Sk.} varc, P {MSk.} vari, Wrj
{Sk.} va`rina`, Cg {Sk.} vari`n, Sir {Sk.} (y)vuryi 'seed' || ECh: Mu {Lk.} var 'Getreide,
Korn', Kjk {DB} var 'seed' JI II 286-7, Lk. ZSS 186, Blz. LECh #72 ll IE: Ht {Ts.}
varvatna- 'seed, posterity', (?) Lw {Ivn.?} varvalan id. Ivn. SL 154, Ts. W 1O2 (hyp.:
varvatna- A Lw) ll D: [1] 'var- 'rice' > Tm, Tl vari 'paddy', Prj pl. vcrcil id., vars iru 'rice
straw', Ml vari 'wild-growing rice with rough beards' [2] 'varaI- 'millet' > Tm varaIu id.,
Ml varaIu' Paspalum frumentacium (a kind of millet)', Kn baraga, baragu id., 'Indian millet', Tl
varaga, EpTl vruvu 'Panicum miliaceun' D ##526O, 5265 ^ D '-r- (regularly from a
'r-cluster) and Eg h suggest the presence of a lr. Eg h and the AnIE loss of the lr. suggest that it
was N 'h.
2524. 'vir_U ' tree' ('poplar' or sim.), 'shoot' > K: GZ 'vcr_v- 'aspen' > OG vcr_u
'populus alba', G vcr_v-, Mg vc_- 'aspen'; (G 1?) Sv: Ln vcr_v, L vcr_v-la, UB
ycr_v, UB/KB/L ycr_v-la, LB cr_v(-la) id. K 84, K
2
52, Abul. 15, TK 639 ll IE: NaIE
'vcrno-, vcrna 'alder, poplar' > pAl {O} 'vcrna > Al T/G vcrr 'alder' || OIr fcrn, OCrn
gucrn-cn 'alder', W, Br gvcrn 'alder wood', W gvcrnin - {LP} gvcrncn 'alder'; Gl 1 VL
'vcrna > It P vcrna, Prv vcrna, Ctl vcrn, Fr Lr vcr(n), vcrnc 'alder' || Arm geran gcran 'beam,
rafter, joist' (not 'alder', as in EI!) WP I 292, P 1169, EI 11, Mn. 152O, GI II 635, O 5OO, LP
72, Hm. 358, YGM-1 264, ML #9232, Slt. 294-5 ll ? A: M 'burga-sun 'willow, osier; willow
branches' > WrM burgasu(n), HlM 6ypiaac(an), 6ypiac id., willow branches', twigs of
willow; brushwood', Ord b_urgasu 'saule des dunes', WrO buryasu 'willow, rosewillow', Kl
6yplcn 'pussy-willow', {Rm.} bury
a
sn 'Strauch, Weidenbusch', Brt 6ypiaala( n) 'twig,
(long) dry branch, rod (npyr, xnopocrnna, no:a)', 'willow, shrubs', ? MM [S] {H} burhasun
'elm bark', ?? MM [MA] {Pp.} buryasut pl. 'leaves' MED 137, Ms. O 98, H 22, Pp. MA 125,
Krg. 372, KRS 12O, KW 62, Chr. 113 Tg 'burgan, 'burgaI '(poplar\willow) grove, thicket'
> Ewk Tt 'poplar brushwood', Ewk Clm burgan 'grove on riverbank', Ewk burgan 'thicket on a
riverbank', Sln bur'gan 'grove', btgga - btrga 'purple or rose willow', Lm btrgay
'poplar\willow grove', Ork btda 'willow brushwood', Nn B boyga mont 'purple\rose willow',
WrMc buan 'forest\grove in the plain' STM I 111 ll D 'virV- 'sebesten (a kind of tree)' > Tm
viracu, viricu, virucu 'large sebesten', viriyan 'common sebesten', Ml virisu ' tree', Tl virigi
'Cordia sebestena' D #54O8 ^ BmK 614 ('vir-/'vcr- > K, IE, D).
2525. 'vorjy,'E 'another', 'yi vorjy,'E 'one and still another one' ( 'two') ['yi 'a
couple', dual marker + 'vorjy,E 'another'] > K 'yor- 'two' > OG, G or-i, G Ing {Schm.} oor-i,
G G {Ghl.} vori (= vori?), Mg zir-i - zsr-i, Lz zur-i " ur-i, Sv: UB yor-i, yor-u,
ycru (dat. yarv), LB yori (dat. yarv), L ycru, Ln ycrbi K 149, FS K 243, FS E 267-8,
Schm. 129, Ghl. 227, TK 64O, GP 238, Dn. s.v. ycru ll HS: C: Bj {R} vcr, 'vari 'another,
second', {Rop.} vcr '(an)other' || Ag '?ali/'?slli, {Ap.} '?ari / '?sli ('-l- < '-ll-) 'other' > Bln
?ari-_", Km ays-y", Aw sl'li-v Ap. AV 2, R WB 45, R WBd 245, Rop. 248, E PC #579 ll D
'ir- 'two' > Tm, Ml iru (before cns.) / ir (before vw.) adj. 'two', Tm irantu, Ml rantu 'two', Kt
ir, Td, Kdg ir 'two' (bound form: Kt ir vad 'twenty', ir an`y '2 an`y measures', Td ir or`,
Kdg ir an`di '2 years'), Kn iru / ir / iI / ir adj. 'two', Tu ir+, ir- 'two, double, both', Tl iru-, ir-
(in some cds : iru-vadi 'twenty'), Klm, Nkr iddar '2 men', Klm iral, Nk iral '2 women', Prj
irdu, Gdb indi '2 things', Prj, Gdb irul '2 men', iral '2 women', Knd ri?-/ri-, Png, Mnd, Kui ri,
Ku ri " ri 'two', Krx irb, Mlt ivr '2 persons', Brh irat, ira- 'two' D #474 ll A: ? T 'or-ga
'another' (originally dat. of ''or 'another'?) > OT (?), Chg ozga 'other, other than, different',
Tk ozgc, Tkm ' :ic oogc, Az, ET ozga, Qmq, QrB, Qzq, Qq ozgc, VTt uzga, Uz
uzga, Qrg ozgo, Alt osIo, Tv osIc Cl. 263, DTS 395, Rs. W 377, ET Gl 5O8-9, UzR
579 The T word belongs here unless we accept the etl. hyp. of Bu. and Rl. interpreting NaIE
'oz-ga as the dative case of 'oz 'oneself' M 'orcc 'otherwise' > MM [S] {H} orcc
(= orcc) 'anders, besonders'; M 'orccli, 'orccl-sun 'one out of a pair' > WrO oroli,
Kl {Rm.] orcl
i
, Brt p' ' n() ) id., 'an equal half', MM [HI] orcclsun {Lew.} 'qui nest pas
double, qui est seul dun pair, impair, unique', Kl ' p` cn orason, {Rm.} orcsn 'one of a
pair', WrM orugc(l)sun, HlM ' p' ' c' n, Ord oroson id., 'odd'; M 'orccl 'half' > MM
[MA] orclc, WrO orolo, Kl ' p` n oral id., WrM orugcl, HlM ' p' ' n 'half of a
carcass' H 121, Ms. H 84, Lew. II 69, Pp. MA 277, MED 643-4, Krg. 149, Ms. O 539, KRS
422, KW 298, Chr. 513 Tg 'urc- 'resemble' > Ewk urs- id., v. 'echo', Lm urs, Ork ursxs
'resembling, similar, equal to' STM II 289 DQA #1579 (A 'orc 'other, one of two') ^ D
'-r- points to a cns. cluster in N ('r + another cns.), so that the D and T ev. may be consiliated by
postulating N '-ry-.
2526. 'voRdV 'to grow (tr.), raise, bring up (children\animals)' > IE: NaIE
'vrcd"-/'vcrd"- 'grow', 'vord"o-s 'grown, full-grown, upright, tall', 'vrd"- 'raised, upright,
tall' > OI 'vardhati 'increases. augments, strengthens', 'vardha-h adj. 'augmenting', m.
'increase', urdh'vah 'raised, upright' ( IE 'vcld"-), Av varodo adj. 'growing', NPrs {Sg.} |"v
volo 'exalted, eminent. high', |'b bolo 'high; height', dayL'B bol-idan 'to grow, wax great'
(< 'vcrd"-), Oss I vsrdsg, Oss D urdug adj. 'vertical, perpendicular (ornccnin)' || Gk oo),
oo) " |oo) 'straight, erect' || Arm ardak ardaI adj. 'smooth, even' || ON vari m.,
vara f. 'cairn' || pTc 'vrat- > Tc: B vrat- 'shape, form', A vratal in
snc-vratal 'formlessness' || BSl ( IE ''xord"- < N 'z'crdV 'to grow', 'to feed, rear', q,v,
ffd.): Ltv radit 'create, produce, give birth to', Sl 'rodi-ti (prs. 'rod|-o) 'give birth to' (ffd.
see N 'z'crdV) P 1167, Mn. 1578, 1598, EI 249 ('vrcd"- 'grow, stand, take shape'), M K III
157-8, M E II 52O-1, Horn 39-4O, Vl. II 14O, Ab. IV 121-2, F II 415-6, ME III 462, Vs. III 492,
Xud. I 167, Vr. 645, Ad. 616 ll U: FP 'vortV vt. 'rear \ raise \ bring up (e.g., domestic animals,
children)' > Chr: L yp(a- uroa- 'keep\rear\raise (e.g. animals)', Kz uroc-, Y voroc-, YU {Bk.}
vuroc- 'erziehen\halten (Vieh, Bienen, Diener, ein fremdes Kind)' | pPrm 'vcrd- 'bring up,
feed' > Z vcrd-, Yz 'vcrd- 'feed', Vt vordI- 'bring up'; ?? pPrm 'vcrd- 'give birth' > Z vcrd-
id., Vt vordsII- 'be born' U EB 183-5, 23O, LG 52; qu. UEW 825 & It. #4O1 (FU A Ary)
ll A: M 'borda- - 'bordu- 'fatten (animals)' > WrM borda- - bordu-, HlM 6op(o- id., 'fertlize
the soil', Kl 6op(- id., {Rm.} bord
a
- 'msten, fett und dick machen', WrO {Krg.} bordo- 'fatten
up, feed so as to slaughter; get fat', Brt 6op(o- 'fatten up', Ord b_ord_o- 'nourrir de graines
farineuses'; M 1 Chg {Rm.} borda- 'fett und dick sein' MED 12O, Ms. O 8O, Krg. 356, KRS
111, KW 51, Chr. 1O5 ll ?? HS: S ''varjV,d- *'boy', ''varjV,d-at- 'girl' (if ''erzeugtes
Kind') > Ak fOAk (v)ard-u(m) 'servant, slave', (v)ardatu(m) 'girl, young woman' Sd. 1464-6
^ IS MS 335 (IE, U).
2527. 'voRIE 'to make' > IE: NaIE 'vcrg- 'act, do' > Av varoz- 'act, do, make', NPrs
dayzrva varzidan {Sg.} 'to labour, endevour; to exercise, perform; sow', {Vl.}
'strenuum\assiduum esse in agendo, factitare, exercere', dayzrBa barzi-dan 'to sow;
persevere', zrBa barz 'seed, agriculture', zrva varz id., 'trade, art, craft; custom, habit', {Vl.}
'labor asiduus; opificium; ars, quim vis exercet', KhS valys- v. 'work, cause' || Arm
gorc gorc 'work, affair, deed' || Gk cov, cov n. 'work', oovov 'instrument\tool of
doing sth., organ', coe 'do' ({F} < *ci_e) / pfc. coo / Gk Cp aor. cco; ce 'do,
act, deal' ({F} < 'vrg-y-) || Clt: OBr gucrg 'efficax', MW gucrcit, gvrcith 'deed' || ON, NNr,
Dn vcrI, Sw vcrI, varI, OHG vcrc - vcrah, NHG WcrI, AS vcorc - vorc n. 'work', NE
vorI n.; Gt vaurI|an, ON yrI|a / p. orta, NNr yrI|a, Sw yrIc, OSx virIian, OHG
vcrIon 'to work, act', OHG U vurchcn / p. vor(a)hta, OHG F virIan - virchcn / p.
var(a)hta, NHG virIcn, AS vyrcan / p. vorhtc v. 'work, do', NE vorI v. || Tc varIsal,
Tc B varIsal 'power, energy' WP I 29O-1, P 1168-9, EI 649 ('vcrg-, prs. 'vrgcyc/o-
'work'), Dv. #54O, Brtl. 1374-9, Sg. 173-4, 1462-3, Bai. 379, F I 54, Flr. 189, LP 491.5, Vr.
656, 679, Fs. 555, Ho. 39O, 411, Ho. S 88, Kb. 118O, OsS 1122-4, 1128-9, 1168, KM 854, 862,
Slt. 144-6, Ad. 579-8O ll U: FU {Ber.} 'vorIc 'sew' > pChr {Ber.} 'vuro- ({Ber.}
'vuryo-) id. > Chr: L ypic- ur'c (inf. ypiamur'-as), Uf/B urc-, H ipic- +rc- (inf.
ipiam'+r-as); L nypicx vur'-cm, Uf/B vurcm, H nipicx 'v+r-cm 'cloth' | Prm
'vur- 'sew' > Z nypni vur-nI, Vt nypini vur-InI 'to sew' || Hg varr- 'sew' UEW 584-5, Ber.
82, MRS 82, 89, 632, 764, Ep. 166, LG 7O, MF 674-5 ll ? HS: S 'vrI > Ar vrI G 'be
able to do', {BK} 'tre de force et au del pour faire qch.', D varraIa ala 'tre de force faire
qch.' BK II 1523-4, Hv. 864.
2528. 'vcrVKa 'branches, leaves of a tree' ( 'firewood') > HS: S ''varaI- 'branches,
leaves of a tree' > Ar rava varaq- 'leaves of a tree, foliage' ( 'sheet of paper'), vrq G {BK}
'tre branchu, avoir des branches longues (un arbre)', {Hv.} 'put forth leaves' (a tree), OA yrI
'verdure', JA [Trg.] aq!r^i@ yar'I-a n. 'green, herb, vegetables', adj. 'green', JEA
yar'I-a 'vegetables', BHb, MHb qr3i# 'ycrcI id. (- MHb q&ri! ya'roI 'green'), Sr rei
yi'rcI / 'ora yar'Ia 'a herb, vegetables', Sb vrI 'vegetable crops', Ak (v)arIu 'gelbgrn,
Grnes', Ug yrI {A} 'Gelbes, Gold', {OLS} 'amarillo verdoso (un metal\oro)'; Qt {Rk.} vrI
'(piece of) gold', Sb vrI, Gz varI 'gold, gold coin' ( 'yellow' 'green'), OYmn (= Hmr?)
vrI ({Slw.} variq-) 'silver, money', Ar (A OSA or Eth) varq- 'money'; - (?) 'vrI 'be
green' > Ak vrI G 'gelbgrn\fahl sein\werden', MHb/JA {Js.} yrI Sh

(MHb pf. qir%&e
ho'riI, JA qir%&a ?o'riI) 'be light-coloured, pale, green, yellow', Sr yrI G 'be\grow pale'
BK II 1522-3, Hv. 864, HJ 471, KB 42O-1, Sd. 1463-4, 147O-1, Js. 597-8, Lv. T I 345-6, Sl.
543, Br. 3O9-1O, JPS 197, BGMR 162, Rk. 56, Slw. 219-2O, L G 618, A #1247, OLS 538, DRS
632-4 Eg v: '(be) green, fresh', 'raw' (of food)' ( N 'v'ilKa 'wet, moist' [q.v.]) > DEg
vt 'be green\fresh' > Cpt Sd/B ew: uot id. EG I 264-6, Fk. 55, Er. 1O4-5, Vc. 238 Tk. I
319-2O (sceptical about the Eg - S connection) ll D 'vcr_VI- 'firewood, (?) leaves used as fuel'
> Tm viraIu, viray, Knd vcr_gu, Png vczgu, Mnd viyIc, Kui vc:u, vc:gu, Ku
vcrgu " vcgu " vcgu " vcggu 'firewood, fuel', Ml viruIu, Kt vcrg, Td bcrIh, Krg bi:i
'firewood', Tu birin|i 'slender pieces of firewood', Gnd vcrrIi " varI " vcrI " va_I, vc_Ii
'fuel, stick of firewood' D #544O.
2529. ?? 'vcRaHjV,tV 'root, sinew' > IE: NaIE 'vrad-/'v,rad-/'v,rod-/'vrod-
'branch, twig, rod, root' > Gk ooi (gen. ooiko)) 'branch, frond', ooovo) 'young
twig', io, Gk L |iooo 'roots' (< *coi_o) || L radix (gen. radicis) 'root' || pAl {O}
'vradna > Al: T rrcn|c , G rran|c 'root' || Clt: [1] Brtt {RE} 'vradyos 'root' > W
gvrciddyn (coll. gvraidd), OCrn [] grucitcn, Crn gvrcdhcn, OBrt {Flr.} urcid, MBr
gvruizycnn, Br gvrizicnn id.; W gvrysg 'haulm', {P} 'ste, Zweige'; OIr frcn 'root' (<
'vrd-o-); OIr frcm (< 'vrd-ma) id., W grcddf 'instinct, intuition' ( 'root'), grcddfu 'take
root' || Gt vaurts 'root', ON urt, OSx vurt, AS vyrt 'root, herb (Kraut)', OHG vurz, NHG
Wurz 'herb, spice, root', cd : AS vyrtvalu 'root' (lit. 'Kraut-stock'), OHG vurzala, NHG
Wurzcl, MDt vortclc, Dt vortcl 'root'; ON rot (< 'vrad-) [1 ME rot > NE root], Sw rot,
Dn rod id. An unknown (Irn?) lge. 1 Sr doia varid-a 'blood vessel, sinew', MHb
dir%v! va'rid 'blood vessel, jugular vein' and Ar varid- 'jugular vein' [the cns. d (for the
expected 't in S) and Aram/Hb v- (that are ruled out in inherited S words) suggest that these
words are loans from an IE lge] WP I 228, P 1167, EI 8O ['vr(h_)d-, 'vr(c)h_d- 'root,
branch'], F II 637-8, 655, WH II 415, O 384, LP 44, Bc. 522, RE 123, Hm. 366, YGM-1 273,
Fs. 556, Vr. 452, 636, Vr. N 847, Kb. 1236-7, OsS 1218-9, KM 87O, Ho. 412, Ho. S 91, Br. 186,
Js. 375-6, BK II 151 ll ? A: Tg d 'bartuIin 'rope' ( N 'var?ju, or 'va?rju, 'rope, bonds',
q.v.) > Nn Nh bartoxi, Ul battxt(n-) 'rope, cable', Neg battxtn, Orc batuxa - batuxi, Ud
{SDM} batixi 'rope' STM I 77 ll ? D 'vcr- 'root' > Tm, Ml vcr, Kt, Klm vcr, Td or, Kn
bcr(u), Kdg bcri, Tu bcr+, Tl vcru, Nkr, Gdb vcr, Prj var, Knd vcla - vcla, Ku {Fzg.,
Isr.} vc?la 'root' D 5535 ^ Tg 'a may be due to the heritage of 'var?ju, or 'va?rju,. D
'-r- and 'c suggest pre-D '-crHV- < (syncope) N '-craHV-.
253O. 'v'iRV 'young herbivore (calf, lamb, etc.)' > K: GZ 'vcr`- 'ram' > OG, G vcr-,
Mg cr- id. K 84, FS 123 ll IE: NaIE 'vcrsc-/i- '(young) herbivore' > Lt vcrsis calf', Ltv
vcrsis 'ox, cattle', Pru dim. vcrstian 'calf' || L vcrrcs / -is 'a boar' || IIr ( IE 'vcrs- 'male'): OI
vrsah 'bull', Av varosni 'male, ram' || ? pTc {Ad.} cd 'Icu_-varsan 'bull' (lit. 'bull-calf'
or 'bull-male') ( IE 'vcrs- 'male') > Tc: A Iayurs, B Iau_
u
rsc 'bull' WP I 269, WH II 761,
M K III 251-2, M E II 575-6, Frn. 1228-9. En. 273, Ad. 212, EI 363 [''vcrscn 'male (as
sire)'] ll A 'bira(gu) 'young herbivore (calf, lamb, etc.) ' ( N 'b'aVrV 'bovine') > T
'biragu ({SDM} 'buragu) 'calf' > OT, OOsm buzayu, MQp buzayu - buzavu, [CC] buzav
'calf', Chg buzayu - buzag - buzav 'young of a cow\buffalo', Az buzov 'calf of the first 6
months of its life', bizo 'two-years-old calf', Tk buzagi, Ggz buza, Qmq buzav, VTt 6o:ay
b+zau_, Bsh b+oau_, Qzq 6n:ay buzav, Qq, Nog bizav - buzav, Qrg muzo, Alt
biza " bozu, Uz buzoq, ET mozay, Xk izo, Shor iza, Tv b_iza, Chv L naApy +ru (obl.
naApaAn- +r+v-), Chv +r+v, Chv H +ru (Chv {Md.} +ru) 'calf' Rs. W 74-5, Cl.
391, Shch. Zh 1OO-1, ET B 239-42, TL 438-9, Jeg. 149, Fed. I 4O2-3, Md. 57, 175 (T
'buragu). In my opinion, the original vw. of the first syll. was 'i, which in some T lgs. was
labialized to 'u by as to the adjacent 'b- M 'birayun 'calf' > MM [S] burau 'two-year-old
calf', [MA] buru 'three-year-old calf', WrM biragu(n), HlM 6 py baru, Kl 6p buru,
{Rm.} buru, Ord {Ms.} b_iru 'calf of a second year', Brt 6ypyy buru 'calf of the first
year', 'young bear\lynx\elk\deer (of the first year)', MMgl [Z] {Iw.} buraul 'two-year-old cow',
Mnr M {Pot.} iru 'calf'; M 1 ? Yk borosIu - borosIo 'calf (after its first 4-5 months)'
MED 1O6, H 22, Pp. MA 126, Chr. 114, KW 6O, KRS 13O, Iw. 93, SM 36, T 32O; in some M
lgs. the original vw. 'i was labialized to u due to the infl. of b- Tg 'bi_aru (or M?) >
Ewk: Np bcru, Tkm bcranIi 'sheep', Ewk Olkm/Tng borc 'ram' STM I 78 pKo {S}
'uruI 'young bull' > MKo uruI-so (so 'cow'), NKo urugi S QK #1153, MLC 813 pJ
{S} 'itu-nsi 'sheep' > OJ i_itu:i, ltOJ [RJ] itu:i, J: T hicui, K hicui, Kg
hicui S QJ #33O, Mr. 411 SDM95 s.v. 'biVrV 'calf, lamb', SDM97 (A 'bar'i id.),
DQA #136 (A 'bi_oru id.), Pp. VG 21, 6O, 81, 131, 146-7, KW 6O ll HS: S 'vrz > Gz
varcza 'young' (of humans and animals), 'young man', Tgr vsrcza 'young man', OAk
uras-um, Ak OB/MB/MA uris-um 'billy-goat' L G 619, Sd. 143O-1 The Ak glottalization
of the sibilant (s for the expected z) is obscure EC: Rn {PG} or 'bull, male camel', HEC
{Hd.} 'var?c 'young female calf' > Sd va`r-icco (pl. va`dda) 'female calf', Hd vc?-icco
'young female calf', pl. va`la 'young calves'; Sd var-amo 'older male calf; ox, bull' PG 241,
Hd. 35, 3O2-3, 4OO The disappearance of the reflex of ' is not clear ^ AD GD #4O (IE, K,
A[T, M]). Here A '-r- presumably goes back to pre-A ''-r|- < N '-r- (if not '-r-).
2531. ?? '`vVR3V '`vV3VRV 'to pour, flow' > IE '`vcrs-/'`vors- > NaIE 'vcrs-
'rain, dew' > OI varsati 'it rains', var'sa- 'rain, rainy season, year', Av ai|i-varsta- 'beregnet,
worauf es geregnet hat', Krd vast " visani 'rain' || Gk co, cco 'dew' || OIr frass
{Thr.} 'rain', {P} 'rain, shower (of rain)' Ht varsa- 'rainfall', Lw varsa- 'drop' WP I 261,
P I 81 (IE 'vcrs- 'avcr- 'water'), WH II 761, M K III 16O, M E II 522-3, F I 567, Thr.
131, Ts. W 1O2, Lar. 1O8, EI 477 ('hvcrs- 'rain') ll HS: B 'vzr ( N '`ur'u
'`ur'u 'to stream') > Kb imv. ozzor v. 'couler; aller au fond' Dl. 952 ll ??? A: M
'bursu > MM [L] v0SurBu {Pp.} bursu, [MA] bursu 'river' Pp. L II 1265, Pp. MA 125 ll ?
^ On N and pIE '`- see Introduction, 2.2.6.
2531a. 'vArV 'way, road' > HS 'vVr- > Eg v:.t 'way' EG I 246-7, Vc. 231
Ch: WCh: Gmr {Gw.} var, Kfr {Nt.} var 'road' || ? CCh: Zm {Sa.} vari, {ChL} vari id.
Stl. ZCh. #793, ChC, ChL, Nt. s.v. var ?? SC: Rft '?Vr- > Irq {MQK} ?irva 'path',
Grw {Wh.} uruva (pl. urdu) 'path, way' (unless from '?r_ 'road' < N '?uorVqV 'path,
way') OS #122 (pRft '?uruv-), Wh. IC 24, MQK 57 OS #122 (incl. Gmy and Grw; does
not distinguish this HS root from '?r_ 'road') ll D: SD 'var`i 'way, road' > Tm, Ml vari id.,
'path', Kn bari 'way, road', Tu bari 'lineage, descent' D #5297 ^ Blz. DA 162-3 [#1O4] [incl.
the D and HS cognates; unc. his other equations: with the FV 'ura 'way, path' (< N
'?uorVqV ''), with T 'oram 'street' and M 'jh,oram 'trace, trail' (most probably < A 'orVm
'trace', cf. Ko ornm 'sign, trace', see Rm. SKE 2O6)].
2532. '`vur'u 'to scratch' ( 'to plough') > IE '`vorv- > NaIE '`vorv-/'`vrv-
'plough, dig up' (?) > L L vcrv-ag-o 'brachen' ({Mn.} 'plough up - a fallow')
'`vorvo-s 'furrow, boundary-ditch' > Gk: Mc vo-vo, {ChB} vojr,vo- '(?) boundary',
{AJ} 'frontera, lmite' [?], A oo), I o)uo), Crc {Hofm.} Gk Crc horo), o|o), {Schw., Bc.,
Ch.} oo) 'boundary, landmark', Gk Cr/Ar )eo), Gk )oov 'limit, range', Gk Hm ouoi pl.
'trenches\channels for hauling up ships and launching them again' || L (amb-)urva- 'surround (a
territory) by a boundary-ditch', [] urvus 'circuitus civitatis', Osc uruvu {WH} 'boundary'
({Bc.} 'curva, flexa (?)') || NIr forba 'glebe-land' || Lt urvas 'ditch, hole, den', Ltv urva 'Loch,
Hhle (in der Erde)' || ?? OI ur'vah 'dungeon' [ M K I 117 and M E I 245 (denies the
connection of ur'vah with this IE )] [2] 'vcrv- > L vcrv-actum 'newly turned fallow' || NIr
fcarb 'a stripe' In many descendant lgs. we can see contamination with IE 'Hvorv- < N
'zoIRuu 'zoRIuu 'line \ boundary \ strip of land between geographical objects \ areas',
q.v. ffd.) Mn. 1523, 1581-2, 16O6, EI 215 ('vorvos 'furrow'), WP II 352-3, F II 425-6, 447,
Ch. 825, Bc. GD 54, 58c, Schw. GG I 135, Hofm. 239, WH II 767, 843-4, Bc. G 326, Dnn.
3O4, 33O, AJ II 45O, ChB 228, Ch. 825, Tr. 335f., Frn. 1171 ll U 'vuroa- > Sm {Jn.}
'v+ra-, {Hl.} 'v+ra- vt. 'scrape, plane' > Ne T naApa- 'make wood shavings by scraping a
birch-tree', Ne T O {Lh.} |ara 'schaben (mit dem Messer, usw.)', Ne F {Lh.} |orr
o
a-s id.; Ng
{Cs.} 1s obcj. aor. bara`ama 'scrape'; En {Cs.}: X 'bolabo, B 'borabo 'schaben'; ? Slq Tz
{KIIH} qorsan 'adze' (q- for the expected I-); Mt {Hl.} d (r-frq.) 'baror- 'scrape' [Mt M {Sp.}
6apapnax 'I scrape (

cio6n )'] Jn. 17O, Ter.45, KKIH 163, Hl. M #1O1 ll D 'ur`u- v.
'plough, dig up' > Tm uru v. 'plough, dig up, scratch', Ml uruIa, Td usf-, Kn ur-, Kdg ul-, Tu
udu-, Prj, Gnd ur`-, Gdb ud-, Png, Mnd, Ku r`u-, Krx ui-, uy- v. 'plough', Kt ug- (p. ur`t-)
id., 'be ploughed', Klm, Nkr ur- v. 'harrow, plough', Knd r`u- v. 'plough, till soil', Kui r`uva v.
'plough', ur`a 'dig up with snout, root up', Mlt usc v. 'turn up the soil (as pigs do)' D #688
ll ?? A 'urru 'rub, whet' > M 'uru- 'rub' ( A '`urE 'crush, tear to pieces') > WrM
uru-, HlM py-x v. 'rub; grate, file', Brt py-xy id., 'whet', Ord {Ms.} u'ru'- 'frotter,
aiguiser, limer, mietter', Kl p- vt. 'card (wool), scutch' ('

uccar ,

rpcnar '), {Rm.} ur-_o

'zer-\ab-reiben, feilen, raspeln'; Rm. and Pp. postulate here M 'q- ('quru-) which is unj. ,
because in MM and the h/q-preserving M lgs. no traces of 'q- have been attested MED 1O13,
Chr. 514, Ms. O 763, KRS 555, KW 459 DQA #1864 (A '`uric 'to crush' > M unc.
Tg 'uru-, 'urgu- 'crush', T 'ur- 'tear, pull apart \ to pieces', pKo 'ir 'in pieces, in crumbs'),
: Pp. VG 111, 132, Rm. EAS I 54, 56, 216, Rm. SKE 216, Posch AAl 283-4, IS II 1O1 (all of
them connect the M word with A 'uru 'crush') ^ h- in Gk A oo) (and in Hofm.s reading
of the Gk Crc word as horo), o|o)) is probably ancient, while in other Gk ds there is
psolosis (loss of h-) [see Bc. GG 52-5], therefore we must reconstruct pIE snf pN '`v-(see
Intoduction, 2.2.6) ^ If M 'uru- belongs here, the N rec. must be '`vuru with a final
'-u that caused synharmonic as in A (N 'u...u > A 'u...u); in that case the Sm final back
vw. is also due to vowel harmony (N 'u...u > U 'u...X). If the M is kept apart, the N rec. is
'`vuruu ^ BmK #489 ['vur'-/'vor'- 'to scratch, incise, dig up' > IE, D, Sum uru
4

,ur
11
(-ru) 'to plow'].
[ 2514a. 'vcRV 'place' > IE: ? NaIE 'vri- 'place' 'town, fort' > Thr |io 'fort', Gk Mc
ri-yom Gk iov 'promontory', Tc A ri, Tc B riyc 'town' EI 21O, P 1152 ll U 'vcrV
'place' ] Cna6o
2533. 'varcV 'to rub, scrape' > K: GZ 'varc_- ( N 'h'ur_VcV 'scratch, comb')
- [1] 'varc_-vn- (msd. o-(n)c_on-u) v. 'comb' > OG, G varc_n-, G Gr barc_n-, Mg
rc_on-, Lz (n)c_on- id.; [2] GZ '(s)a-varc_-ar- n. 'comb' > OG savarc_al-, G savarc_cl-,
Mg orc_on-, orc_ond-, Lz o(n)c_o- id. K 81, 169, K
2
49, 173, Abul. 336, 356, Chx. 369,
Chik. 18O, Ghl. 6O ll HS: S mt 'vsr v. 'saw' > Ar vsr G , Gz vsr G id. - Gz
mosart 'a saw', Ak OA, OB sassaru - sussaru - sarsaru id.; : [1] BHb svr (pf.
c. r4I!v@ vay'yascr) id., [2] 'nsr id. > MHb, JA [Trg.], Sr nsr G v. 'saw, plane', Ar
nsr G 'saw', Ak OB/OA nasru 'gesgt'; CS 'mansar- 'a saw' > BHb r&]m2 mas'sor, JA,
Sr ar!x`1m2 rosoa massa'r-a, Ar minsar-, Ak YB massaru id. BK II 1541, GB 465,
781, KB 6O5, 1224, Br. G I 226 [ 84.3], Br. 434, Dlm. 233, Nld. NB 172, Js. 919, Lv. T II
117-8, DM 242, 3O2, Sd. G 57a, Sd. 619, 753, 1198 ? Eg fOK vsy v. 'saw' > DEg vs >
Cpt: Sd ecttc, B ettt v. 'saw, cut' EG I 258, Er. 99, Vc. 237 The Eg cognate is qu. because
of the unexpected cns. s (for s) ll IE 'vcrs-/'vors- > NaIE 'vcrs- {P} 'drag over the ground'
> L vcrr-o / inf. vcrrcrc / pfc. vcrri / sup. vcrsum 'drag, trail, sweep, pull' || Gk ce, Gk Lr
ipv. ccte, Gk El inf. ocv 'go slowly, wander about; be clean gone, disappear' || ON
vorr 'stroke of the oar' Ht vars- '(ab)wischen, (ab)streifen' WP I 292, P 1169-7O, F I 566,
WH II 761-2, Vr. 675, Ts. W 1O2, Frd. HW 246 ll D {tr., GS} 'var`- 'scrape, wipe' > Tm vari
v. 'wipe, scrape, gather together as a pulpy mass, rub in', Ml vatiIIa v. 'wipe off, scape, polish',
Td ody- v. 'scrape', Kn bari, bori 'sweep together, wipe off', Tu bali 'smear as lime', OTl
vraccu, Tl vraccu v. 'efface (the writing)', Tl badiyu 'sweep away' D #5295 ^ K 'c for the
expected 'c` defies explanation (a special development in a cns. cluster?). pK '_ (having no
parallels in S, IE and D cognates) is likely to belong to the heritage of N 'h'ur_VcV ^ Fn.
KD #4 (K, D).
2534. 'vaSV 'rainy weather, rainy season' > HS: Ch {JS} vsn 'rainy season' > WCh
({Stl.} 'vasun- id. > NrBc {Stl.} 'vasun id., 'year' > My {Sk.} vssIm 'rainy season', Wrj
{Sk.} vassnna, Kry {Sk.} vassn, My {Sk.} vass san, {ChL} vsscssm, Sir {ChC}
vassnuva, Mbr {ChC} vass`n, Jmb {ChC} vasun, ? Dir {ChC} asin 'year' | SBc
{Stl.} 'vastn > Plc {ChL} vasin, Zul {ChL} vasinc, Gj {ChL} vasiq 'rainy season',
'year' || CCh: Gude {Hsk.} vsna 'rain', ?? Gudu {ChC} viccu 'rainy season' ChC, ChL,
Stl. ZCh. 238-9 [#852], Sk. NB 49, Hsk. 288 ll IE: NaIE 'vcsr / gen. 'vcsn-cs 'springtime' >
OI vasan-'ta-h id., Av vaq'ri loc. 'in spring', MPrs vahar, NPrs 'eBa bahor 'spring' || Arm
garun garun id. (< 'vcsr-) || Gk co (< *co, reconstructed on the ev. of prosody), gen.
coo) - )o) (whence nom. )), [Hs] co 'spring' (< 'vcsar) || L vcr (gen. vcris) id. ||
OIr crrach id. (lenition from 'fcrrach) (< 'vcsr-aIo-), OW guiannuin 'in spring'
('vcs-nt-ci_no-), OCrn guaintoin 'spring' || ON var, Dn, Sw var, OFrs vars id. || Lt vasara
- vasara, Ltv vasara 'summer' | Sl 'vcs'na 'spring' > OCS, OR actuo vcsna, R, Uk ncc'na,
SCr vcsna, Slv vcsna, Cz, Slk vcsna, Cz vcsno, P viosna id. WP I 3O1, P 1174, EI 54
(''vcsr), M K III 172-3, M E II 532, Horn 56, F I 432-3, WH I 755, LP 26.3, Vr. 644-5, Frn.
12O6, Vs. I 3O3, Chrn. I 145-6, Ma. CS 582, Slt. 139-41 ll A: ? M 'osu- v. 'suffer from cold
weather' > WrM osu, HlM oco- id. MED 624 ll D (in SD) 'vac- 'rain, flowing water', 'to ooze'
( N 'vac`jV,qV 'fluid, dirt, slime', q.v. ffd.).
2535. 'va?jE,sV 'to get tired, be(come) weary\troubled' > U: FU (att. in FL) 'vasV 'get
tired\exhausted' > F vasya 'to get tired\weary', {Hkl.} 'abgenutzt werden', Krl A vazuo,
Krl Ld vazuda, Vp vazuda, Vo vasua 'ermden', Es vasi-, {W} vasu- 'get tired'
| pLp {Lr.} 'vcss- id. > Lp L {LLO} vicssat 'be exhausted', N {N} vicssat, Kld vissao 'get
tired' SK 1847-8, Hkl. Fv 113-5, W EDW 1335, Lr. #1413, Lgc. #8693, LLO 14O9 ll D
'vcc- 'be weary, get tired' > Tm vccaru 'be weary \ fatigued \ vexed', vcca(:)tai_ 'sorrow', Ml
vccaru 'anxiety', Kn bc|aru 'weariness (from fatigue, pain, vexation)', bcsar(u) 'grow
weary\fatigued', Kdg bc:ara 'sorrow', Tu bc(:)|ar+, bc(:)sar+, Tl vcsata 'weariness, fatigue',
Tl vcsa(:)ru 'be troubled \ fatigued', Krg bisirigc 'homesickness' Some items (Kn, Kdg, Tu)
may go back to modern IAr lgs. (e.g. Hindi bc-zar) A NPrs D #5524 ll HS: WS
'v?s - '?ys v. 'despair' > BHb v?s N (pf. Sa2&n no?as, prtc. Sa1&n no'?as)
'despair', BHb y?s (< 'v?s) D 'make despair', JA [Trg.] y?s (< 'v?s) D 'verzweifeln
machen\lassen, zur Verzweiflung bringen', aS1uai^ you's-a {Lv.} 'Verzweiflung,
Desperation', {Js.} 'despair', JPA Bz {Sl.} y?s TD 'abandon hope', JEA {Sl.} y?s TD
'abandon a claim', SmA ?ys n. 'despair', mv?s muvvos 'desperate', Ar y?s G (pf.
ya?isa - ya?usa, ip. [Qm.] y-i?su) 'dsesprer de, perdre tout espoir de', ?ys G id., Gz ?ys
(js. yo-?is) 'waste away, languish' BDB 384, Fr. I 75 & IV 514, BK II 1621, KB 364, Js. 56O,
Lv. T I 324, Sl. 521, Sl. P 233, Tal 328, L G 5 The Ar cns. 'y- in the pf. ya?isa - ya?usa (for
the expected v-) may be due to the reinterpretation in the form of ip. (where the
morphophonemic opposition (v) (y) was neutralized). Similar reinterprettion may have
brought about the transformation of 'v?s into '?ys (due to the loss of 'v in the intervoc.
position in some verbal forms) ^ The D vw. ('c for the expected 'a < N 'a) suggests the
presence of a front vw. '-E- after the lr. ^ Schrd. DU 95 (FU, D), IS MS 37O (BF, D).
2536. 'vVSj,V (= 'vUsV?) 'wide, vast' > HS 'vs > WS 'vs > Ar vs (pf.
vasia - vasua) 'be wide', Hb d oS2i$ 'ycsa, Mb 'ys 'deliverance, salvation', BHb, Mb,
SmA ys Sh

'save, deliver', Sb vs oSwuw 'amply supply (with water)' BK II 1534, KB
427-8, HJ 476, Tal 364, BGMR 162, DRS 648 Eg OK vs_ 'wide' EG I 364-5 Tk. I 326
(Eg v_ < 'v...) ll IE: NaIE (+ext. ) 'vasd"- 'wide, long' > L vastus 'vast, enormous' || OIr
fot, OIr fotac 'long', Ir fad 'length', fada 'long', Mx foddcy id. P 1113-4, WH II 737, Thr.
8O, 345, Dnn. 269-9O ll ?? U: FU 'vousV > ObU {Ht.} 'vus- 'yawn' > pVg 'usont- >
Vg: T osont-, LK usont-, LL/Ss usint-, P usontol- id.; pOs 'vus- id. > Os: Km os- id., d :
V/Vy usIl-, Ty/Y usI- id., Nz usiyt-, Kz vusio-, D vascs-, K uscs- id. Ht. #72O, Trj.
S 5O3-4 ^ The absence of the expected 'o in NaIE needs explanation. It may be suggested that
the reflex of N ' merged with adjacent consonants (e.g., '-t > ''d > IE 'd"-).
2537. 'vasjV,tV 'place inside' > HS: S ''vasit- (-'vasat-?) 'middle' > Ar vast-
'midst, middle', d vasat- 'intermediate, middling', Sb, Mn tSwwu vst n. 'middle, midst', Qt
tSwwu vst 'in, in the middle of', Gz vost 'interior, middle, inner part' and possibly JEA
ay1S6v# vcs'ta 'oesophagus', JPA ay1S6v# vcs'ta 'gullet', MHb {Js.} yS3v# 'vcsct id.
({Lv.} yS3v$ 'vcsct 'Schlund'), JPA Bz {Sl.} ys vvst 'throat' (the JA and MHb words are a
loan from a 'v-preserving S lge.), Sr 'to3a yas'ta 'sophagus, arteria' ({Trcz.}: 'middle of
the body'); ? OAk, Ak istu 'since, after, as soon as' (a reg. reflex of 'va'sat-, valid if
'within'), ?? Eb as-ta, as-ti, as-tu` 'chez; from' (if the loss of 'v- is reg.) Gz o points to a
pS posttonic vw. 'i (AD SNSE) L G 62O, Fr. IV 464-5, Hv. 868, Js. 376, Lv. I 5O5, Sl. 396, Sl.
P 17O, Br. 31O, Penn. SPE 295-7, BGMR 163, MA 1O5, Rk. 56, CAD VII 284-8, DRS 645-6
ll IE: NaIE 'va(:)stu - 'vcstju, 'home, house' ( NaIE 'vcs- etc. 'be, live, dwell' < IE 'xvcs-
< N 'yusV 'to live' [q.v.]) > Vd 'vastu- 'homestead, house' ( OI ClSk/BdSk vastu- 'place,
seat' that goes back to a d from 'vcs- 'be') || Gk ootu " 'ootu (Gk B gen. ootio), Gk M
va-tu) 'city' || L Vcst-a 'goddess of the home hearth' || W gvas 'abode', {P} 'Heimsttte', OIr
{P} i foss 'at home' (not here OIr foss 'Bleiben, Rasten' < NaIE 'vcs- 'be, live') || pTc {Ad.}
'vost > Tc A vast (pl. vastu), Tc B ost (pl. ostva) 'house' P 117O-1, EI 281
[''hvostu 'dwelling' (with unj. 'h-) 'hvcs- 'dwell'], M K III 198, M E II 549, F I 123-4,
WH II 772-4, YGM-1 258, SB 277, Wn. 342-3, 549, JGH 11, 7O, 9O, 1O1, 164-5, 258-9, Ad.
128, Ad. H 24, 125-6 ll U: FV 'vasta 'place, place by, place opposite sth., in the opposite
direction' > Mk nacra, {Ker.} vasto, {Ahl.} vasta 'place (Stelle, Platz, Ort); sleeping place
(Schlafsttte), bed' | F vasta- in vasta-ranta 'the opposite bank of a river', vasta-Iohta 'the
opposite (of)', vastaan 'against', Vp vast(c) 'by, near' [iInad vast(c) istub 'sits by the
window'], '(leaning) against' [anda sii_nad vast(c) '

nocrannr i crcnic'], Es vastas
'opposite, opposite to' (Iaulus on tcatri vastas 'the shop is opposite the theatre'), vast '(only)
just, just now' | pLp {Lr.} 'vostc 'nearby, opposite, in the opposite direction' > Lp: S {Hs.}
vuostic 'nearby' (|uIIcn vuostic 'ganz nahe am Flu'), 'entgegen', L {LLO} vuostc 'by (a
time limit), immediately before', vuostc- 'opposite, entgegen' (vuostc-icgga 'head-wind',
vuostc-ravvc 'Gegenstmung'), N {N} vuos'tc 'in the opposite direction', Kld
nyc r vusst 'opposite, in front of, np) xo ncpc(' ( oappy nyc r uynny 'to site against
the light'), adj. 'in the opposite direction' ( nyc r nn i 'head-wind') | Chr: L
namrapcmvasta'rcs 'opposite' (vastarcs i'la 'he lives opposite [my house]'), 'in the
opposite direction', 'against', B vastarcs 'gegenber', H {Ep.} namrapymvastarcs 'in the
opposite direction', namrapymxap(y'head-wind' The semantic variant 'place opposite sth.'
may be due to a semantic change 'place by' 'place opposite sth.' 'against' (as seen in Vp and
Lp) or to contamination with a different It. #57, UEW 815, ZM 616-7, Lr. #1471, Lgc.
#8839, Hs. 1467, LLO 1462-4, SaR 58-9, Ker. II 182-3, MRS 58, Ep. 1O ll D (in SD) 'vati,
{GS} 'vadi 'so.s place, dwelling' > Tn vati 'lair, nest', Kn badi 'a deitys place, small building',
Tu badi 'roofed shelter (temple) constructed for a devil' D #5246.
2538. ?? 'visV 'green' > IE: NaIE 'vis- > L virc- 'be green, verdant', viridis 'green'
( 'vci_s- v. 'sprout, grow' < N 'vis?V 'vus?V 'to grow') || ? Gk io) 'rust, verdigris' P
1134, WH II 797, F I 73O-1 ll U: FP 'visa 'green, yellow' > F vihanta 'green, blossoming',
vihcria, vihrca 'green' | Er ozo 'yellow' | Chr H +zar, zar, Chr Uf/B uzar 'green' | pPrm
'vcz 'green, yellow' > Vt no'green', Z nc'green, unripe, not black', Prmk nc, Yz 'viz
'green, yellow' ||| Not here FU (att. in FP) {UEW} 'visa 'poison' [> F, Es viha 'hate, anger', Vt
voz 'Zorn', Vt G {W} vozo 'an evel spirit causing illness', Yz 'vizu'Iti v. 'be jealous'],
because it is obviously a loan from IIr 'visa- 'poison' [see N 'vihjV,V 'spring (fons); to
flow'] It. ##391-2, LG 49, Coll. 14O-1, UEW 823-4, Sm. 554 (FP 'visa- 'green', 'visa-
'hatred') ^ : Coll. 141 & Jcs. 26.
2539. 'vis?V (or 'vus?V) 'to grow' (esp. of plants) > HS: WS 'vs? - 'vsy v.
'grow, sprout' ( N 'vccjV,?V 'to go out') > Jb vsy (pf. 'isi, sbjn. 'ysc?) 'grow' (plamts),
Sq {L} csa G pf. 'pousser (herbes)', JA [Trg] y? v. 'blossom' (of plants) [Js.}: 'burst forth',
{Lv.}: 'herauskommen'), Sr y? v. 'sprout, come up' Br. 3O4-5, Lv. T I 34O, Jo. J 296, L LS
7O, DRS 598-9 Aram (incl. Sr) < N 'vis?V 'grow' CS 'vs? v. 'go out' (< N
'vccjV,?V '', q.v.) ll IE: NaIE 'vci_s- v. 'sprout, grow' ('sprieen, wachsen') > Lt vcisti v.
'procreate, breed', vcisti-s vi. 'multiply', Ltv vicsti-s 'sich vermehren, gedeihen', Lt
vcislus, vislus 'fecund, fertile, prolific', Lt vcislc', Ltv vaisla 'breed', Pru vcisin 'fruit',
vci|scvingi 'fruchtbar' || ON visir, NNr visa 'bud', AS visc 'sprout, stalk' WP I 242, P 1133,
Frn. 1214, En. 272, WH II 797, Vr. 668, Ho. 399 ll A 'us'i- 'to grow, sprout' > NaT 'os- v.
'grow' > OT VIII os-, Tkm oO-, Uz us-, Qmq, QrB, Qzq, Nog, Qq, ET, Qrg, Alt, Xk, Tv os-,
VTt us- (1 Chv us/z_-), Bsh uO-, Ln os- " us- Cl. 241 (supposes [without arguments]
that the T word is a loan from M), ET Gl 552-3, Rs. W 376, Jeg. 281, BT 12O, Fed. II 3O1-2 M
'os- v. 'grow' (esp. of children, animals, plants) > MM [S, HI] os- v. 'grow' (of children), [MA]
{Pp.} os- v. 'grow' or 'stand up' (of hair), d [HI] {Ms.} osIc- 'faire accrotre', WrM os-,
HlM ' c' -, Kl ' c- os-, Dx {T} osI- v. 'grow, multiply (of people and animals), increase', Mnr
H {SM} oss-, {T} osc- v. 'grow' (of plants, children) H 128, Ms. H 84-5, Pp. MA 279, MED
645, KRS 427, KW 3O1, SM 298, T 354, T DnJ 132 ?? Tg {ADb., SDM95} 'iscb-, {Bz.}
'usi- v. 'grow' ( N ''yisVbV 'to grow, vegetation', q.v. ffd.) Ko {S} 'isaI- > MKo
isaI-, NKo isaI- v. 'sprout, spike' S QK #482, Nam 4O1, MLC 133O Rs. W 376, SDM97
(A 'usi 'to grow, sprout'), DQA #674 (A 'i_usc id.) ^ The A data point to a fricative sililant (s-
sound) rather than to an affricate. Semitic '-s- may go back to a cluster '-s?-.
254O. '`vcscV 'to wind, wrap, clothe' > HS: S 'vs > Ar vs G 'make up
(thread, cotton) into a ball', vasi- 'layer of palm-leaves under the coating of a flat roof; quick-set
hedge around a garden; variegated tent of a chief', vusu 'cobweb' Hv. 871 ll IE
'`vcsjL,-/'`vosjL,- 'cover, clothe' > Ht vas(s)-, vassiya-, vcssiya- vt. 'clothe, cover; put
on (clothes)', vcss- md. 'be clothed', 'be put on' (clothes) NaIE '`vcs- vt. 'clothe', d :
'`vcs,-no-, '`vcs-mn-, '`vcs-tro- n. 'garment' > OI 'vas-tc, Av vastc 'wears, is dressed in',
OI 'vasana-, Av vaqhana- , OI 'vastra-, Av vastra- 'cloth, clothes, dress, garment', 'vasman-
'cover, clothes' || Arm zgenum z-gcnum v. 'clothe, get dressed; put on ones back, wear' (<
'`vcs-nu-), zgest z-gcst 'dress, robe, garment, clothes' || Gk cvvui (Gk I civui), aor.
co(o)oi 'put clothes on (so.)', coo), coo, co) 'clothes', Gk D coto 'warm upper
garment' || pAl {O} 'vcsya > Al vcsh 'put on (clothes), cover' || L vcstis 'covering, garment,
clothing', vcstio vt. 'dress, clothe, cover' || MW gvisgav, W gvisgo, MCrn guysIc, Crn
{ECCE} gvysca, MBr guisquaff, Br gvisIan v. 'dress, wear (clothes)' || ON vcr|a 'to wrap,
clothe', Gt vas|an, OHG vcricn, OSx, AS vc'rian 'to wear, dress', NE vcar v.; Gt vasti
'garment'; ON vcsl 'upper garment, coat'; MHG vcstcr 'Taufkleid' || pTc 'vas- > Tc: A/B
vas- 'be\get dressed in' WP I 3O9, P 1172, EI 1O9 ('vcs- 'be dressed, dress'), M K III 175-6,
M E II 529-3O, F I 521-2, WH II 775-6, LP 474, YGM-1 267, ECCE 257, Hm. 365, O 5O1-2,
Fs. 552-3, Vr. 655-8, Fs. 552-3, Ho. 391, Ho. S 86, Kb. 1179, OsS 11O2-3, 1128, 1132, Lx. 315,
Slt. 247-8, Wn. 564-5, Ad. 597, Frd. HW 428, Ts. W 1O3, 1O5 N ' > Ht . The (apparent)
absence of any traces of lrs. in NaIE is explained, if the primary stem was 'vcsL- with later loss
of 'L in the prevoc. position, while the derivates may have been of later origin (after the loss of
the prevoc. lr.). Is it possible to interpret NaIE ', in '`vcs,-no- as a trace of a lr.? ll D 'vc(n)c-
'wrap, put on (as a dress), wear (clothes)' > Tl vcyu 'put on (as a dress)', Krx bac- 'throw (a
piece of clothing) on so,s shoulders, wrap in around his body', Mlt {Drs.} bcn|c v. 'dress, gird',
basrc 'cover oneself in clothing', ? Brh bcniq 'wear, put on' The nasalised variant in NED
(and Brh?) is probably due to some D morphological pattern D #5534 ^ On N and pIE '`- see
Introduction, 2.2.6.
2541. '`vAtV 'belly' > IE: [1] NaIE 'udcro- / '`vcdcro- 'belly' > OI u'dara-m, Av
udara- 'belly' || Gk [Hs.] ooco) oot 'stomach' (< 'uoco)?), acc. to Frisk, here also Gk
uoco) 'dropsy' [ *'swollen stomach'] (: connection with uoe 'water', : NHG
Wasscrsucht and R no( nia 'dropsy') || Pru vcdcrs 'belly, stomach (Bauch, Magen)', Lt
vc'daras, vc'dcras id., 'intestines'; ' sausage made of entrails and potatoes', Ltv
vcdcrs, vcdars 'belly' ? [2] NaIE 'ud-tcro- 'belly, womb' > Gk uotco 'womb',
[Hs.] uoto) oot 'stomach' || L utcrus - utcrum (gen. utcri) 'womb, belly' ( NaIE
'udcro-, see above) WP I 19O-1, P 11O4-5, EI 2 ('udcro- 'abdomen, stomach'), M K I 1O4,
M E I 216, WH II 846, Ch. 1151, 1162, F II 956, 975-6 (uotco 'womb' OI 'uttara-
'oberer, hherer', i.e. comp. of 'ud- 'upper'), Frn. 121O-1, En. 272 ll D (in SD) {tr., GS}
'vatti 'belly' > Ml vatti 'belly; rupure', Kn batti 'rupture, hernia; big intestine', Kdg batti
'stomach (Magen)', Tu batti 'rupture' D #4232 ll ?? HS: WCh: Zar {ChL} vtciIi 'stomach'
[ N 'van3'a (-'nC-?) 'belly' (q.v.)?] ^ BmK 617 (equates IE 'udcro- / 'vcdcro- with
FU 'vaca 'stomach, belly' ({BmK} 'vat'a) and D 'vac- 'belly' [see N 'van3'a (-'nC-?)
'']).
2542. 'vAtV 'earth, ground, dirt' > IE 'vcd- 'ground, earth' > Gk o)uoo) (gen. ouoco))
'surface of the earth, ground', cooo) 'the bottom \ foundation \ base (of anything)' with the suffix
-oo) (unless coo) 'seat') || Arm getin gctin 'ground, earth, soil, land' Ht utnc- 'land',
'country' ( 'city') WP I 254, F I 441-2 & II 442 (Ht < IE 'vcdcno-/'udn-), Ts. W 98 ll HS:
Eg fXVIII ivtn - itn 'surface of the earth, ground, dirt, dust', DEg ivtn 'ground', Cpt: Sd
ct:u citn, B t:cu itcn, F ct:cu citcn 'ground, earth, dust' EG I 58, Er. 47, Vc. 68, Crn. 49 ll D
(in SD) 'vati, {GS} 'vadi 'mud, mire' > Tm vati 'mire', Kn badi 'mud, mire, slush, ooze' D
#5245 D '-t- for the expected '-t- is puzzling.
2543. 'vatV 'gut, sinew' > HS: WS ''vatar- 'sinew' > BHb rt3i# 'yctcr, Gz vatr 'sinew,
cord, bowstring', Sr $ai yi'tar / o$a ya'tr-a id., JA [Trg.] Nir%t1i^ yota'rin,
aI!r@t1i^ yotaray'ya pl. 'ropes', JEA {Lv., Dlm.} ar1t6i@ ya'tr-a 'bowstring, straight side of
the stomach', Md iatra, Ar rtava vatar- 'tendon, bowstring' KB 431, Lv. II 28O, Dlm. 18O, Js.
6O5, Lv. I 349, Wl. 548, Br. 313, DM 166, BK II 148O, L G 62, DRS 653, MiK I #1.29O ???
Eg XVIII v:.t 'Strick bei der Grndungszeremonie', Eg Md v:t {EG} 'Bnder, i.e. Muskeln
und Sehnen am Kiefergelenk', {DW} 'Band am Kiefergelenk' [valid if v:.t < 'vrt < mt
'vtr?] ( Eg fBD v: 'Schnur, Strick' < N 'var?ju, 'va?rju, 'rope, bonds', 'to bind') EG I
244, DW I 16O ll U 'vatjt,'E (or 'vass'E) > Sm {Hl.} 'vcto, {Jn.} 'vct+(-) 'gut' >
Ne: T c([, T O {Lh.} ycdu', F {Lh.} |i_ccu' id.; En X {Cs.} 'bcrc, B {Cs.} 'bcdc; Ng {Cs.}
'bcatuq, {Mik.} pl. 'bctu`; Slq: Tz {KKIH} IctI, Tm {KD} Icd_o; Kms {KD}
bcdu', |cdu', bcd+, {Cs.} bcdu, Koyb {Sp.} 6a([; Mt {Hl.} 'bcduoh id. (Mt K {Mll.}
bcdu`, Mt M {Mll.} bcdu id., {Sp.} 6o([xra 'his gut', T {Mll.} bc'duIta id.) Jn. 175, Ter. 88,
Lh. 121, KKIH 115, Hl. M #1O6, Cs. 69, 93, 117, 191, 211 ll D {tr., GS} 'vat- 'cord, string,
rope' > Tm vatam id., 'bowstring', vati 'rope', Ml vatam 'rope', Kn vata, vatara,
vati 'string, rope, tie', Tl vati 'rope, cord', Gnd vatiya ' strong rope' D #522O.
2544. '`vctc '(flowing) water' > HS: WS 'vtn v. 'flow continuously' (water) ( 'vytn
'be continuous' < N 'ti'n`E 'strong') > Ar vatin- 'flowing continuously' (of water) ({BK} 'qui
coule, courant (eau)'), vtn (pf. vatana, ip. yatinu) v. 'flow continuously' (of water), Sb vtn
'continuous (rain)'; ??? Sb vdvy v. 'flow' BK II 1482, Hv. 849, BGMR 156, 165, DRS 652
EC: Ged {Hd.} vada?c 'water, river', as well as possibly ( EC 'v 'flowing water' < N
'hojv,a 'hova 'to flow; a stream'): Hd vo?o, Kmb va?a, vi?a, Sd va, Brj 'va (gen.
vayin-) 'water' and [C 1] Amh vsha id. Hd. 164-5, 264, Ss. B 186, PH 211 ll IE
'`vcd-/`vod-/`ud- 'water' ({EI} ''vodr 'water' / gen. ''vcdn-s / loc. 'u'dcn-i; coll.
''vcdor / acc. 'u'dcn-m / gen. 'ud'n-os) > OI gen. ud'nah, loc. u'dan(i) || Arm
get gct 'river' || Gk uoe 'water' (gen. uooto) < '`ud-n-tos) || Phr |cou id. || Um utur acc. id.
(abl. unc < '`ud-n-i) || OIr uiscc ({EI}: < 'udn-s-Iyo-) id. || Gt vato (dat. pl. vatnam), ON
vatn (generalization of the stem for the obl. cases), OSw vtur, OSx vatar, OHG vaar,
NHG Wasscr, AS vtcr 'water', NE vatcr || Blt (with the puzzling infix '-n-): Lt vanduo
(gen. vandcns, acc. vandcni), Ltv udcns, Pru vundan, unds id. | Sl 'vo'da id. (acc.
'vodo) > OCS aeo voda, Blg, R, Uk no'(a, SCr voda, Slv voda, Cz, Slk voda, P voda ||
pAl {O} 'udr-ya > Al u|c, pl.: Al: T u|cra, G u|na || pTc {Ad.} 'var > Tc: A var, B
var AnIE: Ht vatar 'water' (obl.: vctcn-, vit-), Lw {Lar.} vid- id. (dat. u-i-ti, acc. pl.
u-i-da-an-za) NaIE 'ou_d- v. 'flow' (of water) > OI od- 'quellen, benetzen' (prs. 3s u'natti,
3p un'danti), od-man- n. 'flood, flooding', Av aoda 'well, spring of water' d : ON vatr
'humid, wet', Sw vat, Dn vad, OFrs vct, AS vt id., NE vct || Sl 'vcdro 'pail, bucket'
( *'vessel for water') > OCS, OR a1pe vcdro, Blg, R nc) (po, Uk n ) (po, SCr
nc(po " v|cdro, Slv vcdro, Cz vcdro, Slk vcdro, P viadro P 78-8O, EI 66 (''vodr
'water'), M K I 1O3, 132, M E I 215-6, 279, F II 957-9, Bc. G 35O, Pln. II 761,Vn. U 21, Fs.
553-4, Vr. 648, Ho. 381-2, Kb. 1153, OsS 11O6, KM 84O, Frn. 1194, En. 269, Vs. I 283-4, 33O,
Glh. 676-7, BER I 127, 168-9, Slt. 34-6, O 483-4, Ad. 577-8, Frd. HW 249-5O, Ts. W 1O4, 1O6,
Lar. 111 ll U 'vctc 'water' > F vcsi (gen. vcdcn), Es vcsi (gen. vcc) | pMr 'vcdo- > Er/Mk
nc( vcd | Chr H nic( voo, Chr L nyc( vuo | Prm {LG} 'va (or 'va?) > Z va, Vt vu ||
ObU: Vg: T u, LK vi, P vu, Ss vit | Hg viz (acc. vizct) Sm {Jn., Hl.} 'vit 'water' >
Ne F {Lh.} |it, Ne T n' , Ne T O {Lh.} |i?, Ng {Cs.} bc (gen. bcd-aq), {Mik.} bI, En B/X
{Cs.} bi (gen. En B biro?, En X bido?), En {Ter.} bi?, Slq Tz {KKIH} ut, Kms {KD}
bu', {Cs.} bu, Koyb {Pl.} bu, 6i, {Sp.} 6y, Mt {Hl.} 'bu (Mt: M/K/T {Mll.}, A {Msr.}
bu, M {Pl.} 6y, {Sp.} 6yA) ?? pY {IN} 'onci 'water' > OY K {Lnd.} ondschi, {Bil.}
-ondschi, {Klc.} ocn, onn, OY U {Lnd.} onschc, OY Ch {Mat.} on(c, {Boe.} nSnnnS,
nSnScno, Y K {Krn.} o|i, {IN} ozi id. The Y cognate is qu. because of the unexpected
internal 'n UEW 57O, Sm. 541 (U, FU 'vcti, FP 'vcti, Ugr viti, Sm vit), Ker. II 188, LG
46, Jn. 176, KP 17, KKIH 193, Hl. M #143, IN 273, 316, Krn. JJ 283 ll A: Tg 'udun 'rain' >
Ewk udun, Sln udu, Lm ud+n " udun, Ork udu / udun- STM II 248 pKo {S}
'oran- 'heavy rain' > MKo oran-i S QK #88O DQA #2489 (A 'uodV 'i_uodV
'rain') ll ? D 'vat- ({GS} '-d-) v. 'flow, run in a small stream' > Tu odda 'flowing', odduni
v. 'flow, run', Kn odi v. 'flow in a small gentle stream', Tm vati v. 'drip, trickle', v. 'ebb' (of
tide), Ml vativu 'a current', vatiyuIa v. 'overflow, ebb, trickle', Td var`f / var`t- v. 'flow' (of
blood), Tl vadiyu - odiyu v. 'be strained, percolate', vaducu - vadacu v. 'pour slowly, let
falling drops', Klm vad- v. 'pour', Knd vadis- v. 'pour down' D #5221 ^ The element '-n-
in S 'vtn, Tg 'udun and in the oblique cases vcdcn-, 'ud(c)n- of the IE heteroclytic noun
goes back to the N genitive pc. 'nu ('`vctc nu 'of water') ^ IS SS #2.17, IS MS 336 ('vctn:
IE, Tg, U + S: Sb vdvy 'flow'), AD MRV 29 (IE, U, Tg), BmK #483 ('vat-/'vot-: IE,
U + D [Tm otam 'moisture', etc.]; wrong phonetic corespondences) ^ On N and pIE '`- see
Introduction, 2.2.6 ^ Gr. II #416 ('vct 'water') [IE, U, A + unc. Ai].
2545. 'viutE v. 'find' > HS: S 'vt?h v. 'find' > OAk, Ak OA inf. vata?-um, Ak B
inf. (v)atum, p. 3s uta 'finden, entdecken' ?? WCh ( N 'v'it'yV 'to look, see'): pBT
{Stl.} 'vV- v. 'see, find' > Dr {J} va-, Krkr {J} v- 'find', Tng {J} vc- 'see, look' | ?? DfB {J}
visi- 'find' Stl. VZCh B #2O8, Stl. ZCh 247 [#57], ChC, J T 161 ll IE: NaIE 'vci_d- v. 'find'
( N 'v'it'yV '') > OI vid- v. 'find, discover, obtain': prs. vin'dati - 'vctti - vit'tc, aor.
'avidat, pfc. vi'vcda, Av vacd- 'finden, erlangen', prs. vinasti - vindonti, pfc. vivacoa id.,
MPrs vindatan 'gewinnen, erreichen' || Arm gtanem gtancm 'I find', aor. gti gti, 3s egit cgit 'he
found' P IEW 1125, Me. EAC 49, 1O6, 16O, M K III 214, M E II 579-81, Slt. 82-3
(Arm gt-/gct- < NaIE 'voi_da 'know') ll AdS of A 'bicdV 'search, look for' and of D 'vct- (or
'vcdd-?) v. 'seek, search, look for' (both mainly from N 'v'it'yV '', q.v. ffd.).
2546. 'vAHtV 'to smell sth., smell at sth.' > HS: ? B {Pr.} 'vht > Ah inf. avt 'be
smelled' (unless avt 'be struck') [Fcj 62 = Pcj I A 6], ?? Ty +vvat+n n. 'smoke' Fc.
1536, Pr. M VI-VII 1O6 (on the conjugation Pcj I A 6), PGG 352 ll D {Pf.} 'vat- /
'van`t- 'smell' > Tm vatai_ 'fume, scent', Ml vata 'scent of dogs', Tl vada 'smell', Krx
ba:r`- v. 'perceive as by sniffing, scent, discover\track by the smell' D #5343, Pf. 59 [#37O]
ll ? U 'vatta- 'find tracks of' > pLp {Lr.} 'vottc- id. > Lp: S {Hs.} vuottcdh 'nachspren,
(einen Wolf \ Elch) aufspren, der Spur folgen', L {LLO} vuohttct 'find tracks of', N {N}
vuot'tct id., 'observe, get to know', Kld {TI} vu:tc- 'folgen, die Spuren verfolgen, aufspren' |
F otta-, Es vota-, Vo vstta, Lv vst+ 'take, take away', F d otus, Krl otus 'game (animal)' |
Prm {LG} 'vo't- v. 'chase' > Z vst-, Z d nocrni- vst-lI- id., Prmk nocr- vst-, Yz vo't-, Z
vstsd- 'run after\down, catch up' Sm: Ne T O {Lh.} vcdc- 'look after \ inspect (nachsehen),
visit (as a sick person)', T {Ter.} ny'(c- id. ('

npocnc(nr ,

nponcpnr ,

pa:nc(ar ,

nanccrnr ') Coll. 69, UEW 561-2, Lr. #1476, Lgc. #8847, Hs. 1468, TI 8OO, SK 443-4, LG
69, KPR 85, Lt. J 1O1, Ter. 68, Lh. 68 ^ In some lgs. there may have been influenced of N
'v'it'yV 'to look, see' [q.v.].
2547. '`votjV?,E '`votjE?,V 'organ of speech; to speak, utter sounds' > HS: Eg P vt
'tongue' or 'mouth' (?) EG I 377 ECh: Ke {Eb.} vatc 'say', vatc Icl 'speak' (lit. 'say
words'), ?? Smr {J} vay 'speak', {Nc.} voio 'speak, talk' || CCh: ? Gude {Hsk.} vuds 'take
oath on a fetish', vuda 'formal oath', ?? Lgn {Lk.} va- - va- 'say' Eb. 1O1, ChC, Hsk.
293, Lk. L 125, Lk. ZSS 82 WS 'vtt > Ar vtt G (pf. vatta) 'shout, make noise',
'cry out' (of children), Tgr vt'y G (pf. w vvta), Tgy vty G (pf w2y vvtvyv) 'sing',
?? (o?) Tgr vcc 'howl, make a noise, bluster' BK II 1559, Hv. 877, LH 44O, DRS 528
C: HEC {Hd.} 'od?- 'cry, mourn' > Brj, Ged, Kmb, Sd od?- id. || ? Bj {R} ad- scv. 'bellow'
(of camels) Hd. 45, R WBd 8 ll IE '`vcd-/'`ud- 'utter sounds, speak' ( N 'havtV 'call,
speak') > OI 'vadati (pp. ud-i'ta-) 'speaks, says, raises the voice' || Lt vadinti (1s prs. vadinu)
'to call by name; invite, ask' (as well as Sl 'vaditi > OCS aou:u vaditi 'to accuse'?) || Gk [Hs.]
ooov (i.e. ooov) koiciv 'to weep', Gk uoce, uoe v. {LS} 'call, name', {F} 'besingen,
verherrlichen' ? Ht uttar / uttan- 'word, speech' ( N 'vAtVRV 'speak') The NaIE
variant stem 'aud- (> Gk ouooe v. 'utter sounds, speak', ouo 'voice, sound, speech') is
hardly explainable as a Schwebeablaut from '`vcd- (because of the unexpected vw. o-) and may
be atrributed to N 'havtV '' [q.v.] WP I 251-2, P 76-7, EI 535 ('vcd- 'raise ones voice'),
M K III 133-4, M E II 496, Frn. 1177-8, StSS 1O8, F I 184 & II 956, Ts. W 97-8 ll A: [1] 'ot`c
'sound', 'sing' (of birds)' > T 'ot- v. 'sing' (of birds), emit a sound' > OT, Az, CrTt, Ln ot-,
Ggz yot- 'sing' (of birds)', Tk ot- id., 'resound', 'emit sounds' (of musical instruments), OOsm
XIV v. ot- 'bleat', Tv o't- 'emit sounds', Chv av+t- 'sing' (of birds), 'quark' (of frogs), v.
'thunder', Yk uot- v. 'coo, invoke (spirits)' Cl. 39-4O, ET Gl 556, Jeg. 21, Rs. W 52, 376,
TvR 6O6 Yk uot- points to a pT long 'o M 'oci- (< ''oti-) 'say, inform' > MM [HI,
S] oci- v. 'inform, report', [MA] ocibc n. 'account', ocibc ugcyi 'said a word', WrM
oci-, HlM ' un- v. 'say, answer, testify; pray', WrO {Krg.} oci- v. 'depose, say respectfully', Kl
{Rm.} oco- v. 'answer to an accusation'; - M 'oci-g > WrM ocig, HlM ' uni
'testimony, deposition (in court), prayer', WrO ociq 'reply', Kl {Rm.} ocog_ n. 'answer'; ?
Dg ucun 'song', uculc- v. 'sing' H 121, Ms. H 83, Pp. MA 272, MED 628, KW 3O2, Krg.
143, T DgJ 172 Tg 'ot- (or 'xot-) > Ewk otutIa- 'shout' or 'cry' ('schreien') STM II 29
pJ {S} sts 'sound' > OJ oto, J: T oto, K oto, Kg oto S QJ #18O, Mr. 513 S AJ 286
[#245], DQA #1589 (A 'ot`c '-t- 'sound') ?? [2] A 'bUdU > M 'bodu- v. 'think, count'
> WrM bodu-, HlM, Brt 6o(o-, Ord b_od_o- id., WrO {Krg.} bodo- 'think, guess', Kl 6o(-x
'to suppose, guess', {Rm.} bod
o
-_a 'think, count', Dg {T, Mrm.} bodo-, {Pp.} b_od_o- 'think'
MED 1O9, Chr. 97, Ms. O 72, Krg. 35O, KRS 1O4, KW 48, T DgJ 127, Klz. D I 115 Tg
(A M?): Ewk, Sln bodo-, Ork bod(d)o- 'think', Ud {Krm.} bodo 'consider, think over,
estimate', Ud {STM}, Nn bodo-, WrMc bodo- 'think, count', Ul bodo--bodt v. 'count' STM I
88, Krm. 213 ?? pKo {S} 'ti-t 'will, intention' > MKo tit, NKo tis [tit] id. S QK
#355, Nam 174, MLC 544 SDM97 (A'buudU 'think, intend') ll D (in SD) 'ot- ({GS}
'-d-) 'utter, recite, pronounce' > Tm otu v. 'read, recite, utter mantras, speak', Ml otuIa v.
'recite, read, say', Kn odu id., 'utter', Kt od- 'read, pronounce (charms)', Td viO- v. 'read', vit
'incantation', Kdg od-, Tu oduni v. 'read' D #1O52 ^ The lr. '-?- survives in HEC, is lost in
IE (a reg. change), in Ar and in Ke, while in the prehistory of some other lgs. (A, Bj) it merged
with '-t- ('-t?- > '-t-) and later produced reflexes of '-t-. The long vw. in T 'ot`- and SD
'ot- may have resulted from loss of the lr. '-?- (complementary lengthening).
2548. 'v'it'yV 'to look, see' > HS: S 'vd v. 'know' (as N '-t'y- > '-d'y`- > '-d-) >
Ph, Ug, Aram yd G v. 'know', BHb yd G (pf. od2i! ya'da) 'know, learn, notice',
o2id5&e hodi
a
( pf.) 'communicate', Mh vd v. 'know', Sh

hsvdc-hsv'dc v. 'tell
people that so. is under one's protection', OAk ida`um, Ak fOB idu - cdu, Ak MA/NA
(va)du, v. 'know', Eb vd id. ({HMu.} 3m aor. i\i`-da = yivda 'he knew\knows'), SCn acp.
G 'yo'di- 1 Eg (EgSSc) {Hlk.} y(u)-di-a '(one) knowing'; - CS 'di'-at- (from
''vdiat-) 'knowledge' > BHb eo1D4 dc'a, Pun, Ug {OLS} dt id.; Ak di?(a)tu - da?(a)tu
'notice, information' [( N 'diha 'to look at' (q.v.)] OLS 126-7, 521, KB 373-5, KBR 39O-2, HJ
439-4O, Sd. 187-8, 1454-6, CAD III 13O-1 & IV 34-5 & VII 2O-34, Krb. PE 4O-1, HM. 18O,
183, Hlk. 53O, SivCR 78, DRS 5O2-3 Ch: CCh: McMs: Azm {Pc.} vc`da msd. 'to see,
know', ? Ms {Cat.} vi 'see, know' | BM: Cb vuti 'see' || ECh: Smr {J} ?votn 'know' ||
?? WCh: Tng {J} vc- 'see, look' ( N 'viutE v. 'find'?) Pc. 417, Cat. 15O, JI II 217, ChL,
J T 161 ll IE: NaIE 'vci_d- v. 'see, look' > Gk ciooe ft. 'I shall know', besides Gk Hm
cioooi 'appear, am seen' || L vidco, -crc v. 'see, look' || Gt vitan 'see, look', ON vita, AS
bc-vitian 'to observe, watch', OHG vicn, gi-vicn 'become wise, know' || Sl 'vidcti
(1s prs. ''vid|o) 'to see' > OCS au1:u vidc-ti, SCr nn`(crn " vid|cti, Slv vidcti, R
) nn(cr , Cz vidcti, P vidzicc id., Blg ) nn(ax - ) nn( 'see' | Ltv {ME } vidct '(in der
Ferne \ flchtig \ nicht genau) sehen, wahrnehmen', vicdct 'to see, have the faculty of sight',
? Lt vcizdc'ti 'to see', Pru viddai '(he) saw' A derived noun: 'vcyd-o- > Gk c)ioo) 'shape,
aspect' || Sl 'vid+ > OCS au+ vid+ 'aspect, sight', R , Uk nn(, SCr, Slv vid, Cz, Slk vid | Ltv
vcids 'shape, form', Lt vcidas 'face' NaIE pfc. 3s ''voyd-c / 1p 'vid-'mc 'know(s)'
( *'has seen') > Gk o)ioc 'knows', iocv 'we know' || OI 3s vcda (1p vid'ma), Av vaca
'knows' || Clt 'vidri (< pfc. 'vidr 'they know') > W {LP} gvyr, Crn gor, Br goar 'know', OIr
-fitir id. (ro-fctar 'knows'), W gvydd- 'know' || Sl 'vcdc > OCS a11 vcd-c 'I know';
'vcdcti 'to know' (prs: 1s 'vc-mi, 2s 'vc-si, 3s 'vc - 'vcs-ti) > OCS a11:u vcdcti
(prs: 1s vcmi, 2s vcsi, 3s vc - vcsti), Slv vcdcti, Cz vcdcti (prs.: 1s vim, 2s vis), Slk
vcdct`, P vicdzicc, : R ) nc(ar , Uk ) n (arn 'to know' || Pru vaist 'to know' || Gt 3s
vait (1p vitum), ON vcit, AS vat, OHG vci, NHG vci 'I know, he knows', NE vit v.;
- inf. OHG vian, NHG visscn 'to know' || : Arm gitem gitcm 'I know' || L vidi 'I have
seen, I saw' || Brtt [RE} 'voi_d-buta 'know' (cd 'voi_d- + 'b"u-t- 'be', cf. N 'buHi 'to
grow, appear') > MW gvybot, W gvybod, Crn gothvos, OBr gudbut, MBr, Br gouzout
'know' 'vid- in Gk inf. aor. iociv v. 'see', aor. c)ioov 'I saw' 'vid-o-s 'sight, shape,
appearance' > OI vid- 'knowledge' ( N 'viutE 'find' [q.v.]) || Gmc d (< 'vid-yo-?) > Gt -
viti (in un-viti 'Unwissenheit'), ON vit 'Verstand', OHG vizzi knowledge, wisdom', NHG
Witz 'wit', 'esprit, mother wit', OFrs, AS vitt 'intellect, knowledge, awareness', NE vit n.
Mn. 15O1-2, P 1125-7, EI 337 ['vci_d- 'see, know (as a fact)', pfc. ''voi_dc], Bks. 238-9, F I
451-2 & II 357, Ch. 526, 569-7O, LP 44, Sw. 24, Ho. 4OO-1, Kb. 1221-2, OsS 279, 1193-4,
Vr. 669, KM 864-5, Frn. 1212-6, En. 269-7O, 273, Vs. I 283, 312, Glh. 668, BER I 143-6 ll U
''u'tc (= 'uitjt,ssc) > Sm {Jn.} '+t+- v. 'see', {Hl.} 'itV- 'be seen\visible (sichtbar
sein)' ( N 'q'itV 'to appear, become visible', q.v. ffd.) ll A 'bicdV ( N 'viutE ''?): M
'bcdcrc- > MM [S] bcdcrc- 'suchen, absuchen', WrM bcdcrc- v. 'seek, search, look for', HlM
6y(py-, Brt 6y(yp- id., Kl 6c(p- bcdr- 'get\be ready to, intend to' H 14, MED 94, Chr. 129,
KRS 93, KW 41 ll D 'vct- ('vcdd-?) v. 'seek, search, look for' ( N 'viutE ''?) > Kn
bcdaIu id., Tl vcdaIu, vctaIu v. 'search, explore' || Krx bcddna (biddyas) v. 'seek, search',
Mlt bcdc v. 'seek, marry' D #5483. According to IS, D '-dd- < '-tH- ^ In some lgs. there
may have been infl. of N 'vAHtV 'to smell sth.' [q.v.].
2549. 'vatV 'heavy, firm, strong' > HS: Eg fOK vdn 'be heavy, weigh' EG I 39O, Fk. 73
ll A 'bat`V > M 'batu 'firm, solid, stable' > MM [MA] batu id., [IM] batu 'hard, strong',
[IsV] batu 'hard, solid', [S] batu adv. 'fest (anziehen)', WrM batu, HlM 6ar 'firm, solid, stable,
strong', Brt 6ara, WrO batu, Kl 6ar bat+, {Rm.} bat
a
'firm, solid, steady', Ord {Ms.} b_at`u,
Ba {T} bats, Mnr H {SM} `ad_u 'firm, solide', {T} adu - batu id., 'strong'; M 1 Chg
{SulB} batu 'strong, hard' Pp. MA 113, 433, Lg. VMI 19, H 13, MED 91, Chr. 91, Krg. 325,
KRS 84, KW 37, Ms. O 57, SM 3OO, T 354, T BJ 135, SulB 66 M bacim- 'hasty' does not
belong here, but goes back to N 'bagji,tV (or '-) 'be quick, sudden' [q.v.] ll ? U: pY {IN}
'vao- 'firm, strong' > Y T var- 'be firm, solid', Y K {Jc.} adi 'fest (die Tr zuschlieen)',
a'dulbc 'become hard\strong', a'dulbci 'vigour, courage, strength', a'dulct- 'strengthen, gather
strength, grow strong' Ku. 42-3, Ang. 4, IN 91 (on pY 'o), 94-5 (on pY 'v-) ll D (in NED)
'ott- 'heavy' > Krx ott"a 'burden; heavy, difficult', Mlt oyc 'heavy, important' D #977, Pf. 186
[#5O].
255O. 'v'ctV 'year' > HS: B 'vVtay 'year' > Ah {Fc.} avctay (pl. ivti_an), Ty/ETwl
{GhA} av+tay (pl. ivotyan), Gh {Nh. avatay (pl. ivcian) Fc. 1538-45, GhA 2O3, Nh.
27 ll IE 'vct- 'year' > pAl {O} 'vcta id. > Al vit, v|ct Ht vitt-, d vcttant- 'year', ?: Lw
{Lar.} ussa/i-, HrLw usa-s id. - NaIE 'vctos / 'vctcs- / 'vcts- 'year', 'old' (lit. 'jhrig')
> OI d vatsa'ra- 'year', ? vat'sa- 'calf, young of animals, child' ( *'yearling') || Gk
cto) " cto) (gen. ctco)) 'year' || pAl {O} 'vctusa > Al vic 'calf' || L vctus (gen. vctcr-is)
'old', d vctustus 'old, ancient', d (dim.) vctulus 'little old, poor little old' || Lt , vctusas
'old (alt, bejahrt)', Ltv vccs 'old' (of things), 'aged' | Sl 'vct+x+ 'old' (of things) > OCS ac:++
vct+x+ id., 'ancient', Blg ncxr, 'ncrx id., 'decrepit' (of things)', R 'ncrxnn, Cz vctchy, Slk
vctchy 'decrepit' (of things), P viotchy, viotIi 'flimsy, sleazy' - NaIE 'vct-clo-
'yearling' > Gk ctcov, ctoov id. || L vitulus 'bull-calf', Um vitlu acc. id. WP I 251, P
1175, EI 654, M K III 132-3, M E II 495, F I 583-4, O 5O6-7, 5O9, WH II 776-8, 8O7, Bc. G
351, Pln. II 763, Frn. 1233, Vs. I 3O7, Ma. C 564, BER 139, Frd. HW 255, Ts. W 1O6, Mer.
HGG 14O, Lar. 1O3, Ot. 1O3 ll A 'otc 'old [senex]' (unless it is '`otc) > T {DQA} 'otu-
> Chv naraA vad_+ 'old' (of a person) Jeg. 47 M 'otc- (unless it is 'qotc-)
- 'otcgun (pl. 'otcgus) 'old [senex]' > MM [S] {H} otogu, [L, MA, IM] otcgu, [HI]
otogu gu`un 'old person', WrM pl. otcgus, HlM pl. ' r' ic 'seniors, elders, chieftains',
WrM otcgu 'old man; senior', Kl {Rm.} ot

go, otI

'old man', Brt ' r' ' 'old', Mnr H
{SM} sd_og_u 'old man'; WrM otcl-, HlM ' rn' -, Brt ryn-, Kl ' rn- otl-, Mnr H {SM}
sd_oli- v. 'age, grow old'; Mnr H {SM} sd_anoq, {T} sdanoq 'last year' SM 327-8, H 129,
Ms. H 85, Pp. L II 1258, Pp. MA 279, 443, MED 646, Chr. 516, KRS 427, KW 3O2, STM II 294
NrTg 'utV > Ewk utu 'old [senex], decrepit', Sln u'taci 'grandfather', Lm uts 'old' (of a dog)
STM II 294 pJ {S} 'sts-na ''grown-up man, an adult' > OJ otona, J: T otona, K/Kg
otona` S QJ #258, Mr. 513 DQA #161O (A 'ot`c 'old'; T, M, Tg, J), Pp. VG 1O8 (A
'ota- 'old'; M, Tg, Chv), Rm. EAS I 146, Jeg. 47 (Chv, M) The M root has no initial 'q-
(on the ev. of MM otogu), so that the supposed ev. of Mnr s- (< h/q, usuallly from pM 'q)
has no value, acc. to Md.-Hl.s law of a secondary Mnr h-/f-/s- induced by the stem-medial vl.
cns.; an alt. hyp. (ignoring MM otogu and interpreting Mnr sd_og_u 'old man' as providing
ev. for pM 'q-) would have meant that the M goes back to N 'aHtE 'old man' (q.v.)
DQA #161O (A 'ot`c 'old') ^ IS MS 337 ('v'ctn 'year': IE, B, A).
2551. 'vitV 'grain' ( 'seed') > HS: C: HEC 'vita 'seed' > Hd vito 'seed, grain, cereal',
Kmb vita id., 'crop', vita-ta 'seed', Sd vita id. - 'vit- v. 'sow' > Hd vit-, Kmb vit- id.,
Sd vit- v. 'sow, scatter, sprinkle' Hd. 13O, 3O3, 343, 4O1, Gs. 344 Eg G vtc 'seed', Eg
fOK vtc v. 'beget' EG I 381-2, Fk. 72 -c goes back probably to a sx.; t for the expected d (<
't) is due either to as ('d...c > t...c) or to pHS deglottalization WCh {Stl.} 'vVntV
'grain, seed' > BT: Krf {Sch.} vatta, Bl {ChL} vstto, Grm {Sch.} vata 'mush (staple food
made from flour of cereals, called tuvo in Hs)' | SBc: Grn {Sh.} vandar, vanti, Gj {Sh.}
vundcl, vund, {ChL} vundul, Zem/Brw {Sh.} vanda - vonda, Sy {ChL} vsndu, Dw
{ChL} vsndi 'grain, seed' Stl. ZCh 238 [#847], ChL I 85, Sch. BTL 59, 149, Ba. 1O65 (on Hs
tuvo) ll D {tr., GS}) 'vitt 'seed', 'vitt- 'to sow; seed', [GS] 'vit- id. > Tm, Ml vittu, Prj
vittid 'seed, semen', Kt vit, Td It, Kn bittu, bitta, ? birtu, Kdg bittI, Tu bitt+, Tl vittu, Klm,
Nkr vitanam, Gdb viti, Knd vitu, Ku 'seed', Kui vitIa 'semen'; Tm, Tl vittu v. 'sow, spread',
Kdg bitt- v. 'sow, scatter', Kt, Nkr, Prj, Knd vit-, Td It-, Gdb vit- " vit-, Gnd, Png, Mnd vit- v.
'sow', Kn bittu v. 'put seeds, sow' D #54O1, Zv. 93-4, GS 46 [#1O9].
2552. 'vaHtV 'cold (north) wind' > A: AmTg 'oti 'north wind' > Ul ott 'northeast
wind', Nn Nh/B oct 'north, north wind' STM II 28 ll D 'vat-/'vat- ({GS} '-d-) 'north,
cold wind' > Tm vata 'northern', vatai_ 'north wind, cold wind, wind', Ml vata 'north', vata
'wind', Kn bada 'the north, to the north', Kdg badaIi 'north', Tu badaIayi id., 'northern', Tl
vadaIugonda 'Himalaya' D #5218 ^ D '-t- (the reg. reflex of N '-t-) goes back to N
'Ht- (> '-t- by as ).
2553. 'vAtVrV 'speak' > HS: CCh: ? Gudu {IL in ChC} vadr- 'say' ChC ll ? IE: Ht
uttar / uttan- 'word, speech, thing' ( N 'votjV?,E 'votjE?,V 'to speak, utter sounds') Ts.
W 97-8 ll D 'vatar_-, {GS} 'vadar_- v. 'chatter, talk, shout' > Tm vataru v. 'chatter, be
talkative', Kn odaru v. 'sound, cry aloud, shout', Tu badaritanu 'defamation', Tl
vadaru - vaduru v. 'prattle, chatter' D #5244.
2554. '`vayV 'to want, wish, strive for' > IE '`vci_- 'strive for, hunt' > NaIE '`vci_- id. (
IE 'xvci_L- v. 'pursue /chase' < N '_avij?V, 'to drive, chase, pursue', q.v.) > OI 'vc-ti (3p
'vy-anti) 'tracks, trays (for), has in view, strives for, hastens', vi-'ta- 'desired, liked, loved' || Gk
icoi {P} 'be set upon doing, desire to do, hasten' || OL [DI] voi-s, L vi-s 'you (sg.) want',
in-vi-tus 'unwilling, against ones will' || pTc {Ad.} 'voya- > Tc A va-, B vaya(:)- 'will
drive, lead' Ffd. cf. s.v. N '_avij?V) P 1123-4, EI 2O8 ['vci_(H)- 'go after'], M K III
255-6, M E II 5O9-1O, F I 711-2, WH I 714 & II 8OO, Ad. 36-7 ll A: Tg 'bay- 'look for, try to
find, beseech' > WrMc bay-(mbi) {Z} 'look for (sth. lost), search, ask, beg', {Hr.} 'suchen,
(er)forschen, verlangen, (er)bitten', Mc Sb biams 'look for, beseech, beg, seek, ask' STM I 64-
5, Z 464-5, Hr. 69, Y ##1527, 156O The connection with M 'baycaya- [> WrM baycaga,
HlM 6annaa- v. 'investigate, inscpect, inquite into, check, examine'] is very doubtful, because
'baycaga- is apparently derived from 'bayca 'state of being' 'bay 'be' (cf. MED 72-3) ll D
'vay- 'desire' > Tm vayam n. 'desire', vaya id., 'love', vayavu v. 'desire', Kn bayaIc 'longing,
wish, desire', Kdg bay- '(stomach) hungers', Tu bayaIu-, bayasu- 'long for, desire eagerly', Tl
vacu, vacu v. 'feel a strong desire for sth.', vau 'longing eagerly after long privation', Gnd
vas- " vah- " vas- '(hunger\thirst) be felt' D #5257 ll ? HS: CS '?vy > BHb ?vy D
'wish', Sr ?vv G (pf. ?cva) 'agree', Ar ?vy G 'be moved with pity for; receive so. in
ones own house' KB 2O, BK I 72, Hv. 17, DRS 12 The initial '?- may be somehow
explained by S apophony or reinterpretation of derived forms.
2555. 'vVyV 'we' > IE: [1] IE 'vci_- 'we' pl. > Ht vcs 'we' OI va'yam, Av vacm,
OPrs vayam [{M}: '-am on the analogy of other pronouns (those represented by OI a'ham 'I',
'tvam 'thou'] || Gt vcis, ON vcr, OSw vi(r), AS vc, NE vc, OSx vi, vc, vir, OHG, NHG
vir || pTc {Ad.} 'vcs > Tc: B vcs, A vas 'we' The cd 'vci_- + *dvo 'two' underlies
pronouns of 1st pers. du.: Lt vc-du, Gt, AS, OSx vit, ON vit [2] NaIE 'vc 'we' du. nom.
for nomina animata [< N 'vVyV 'h, with the N dual marker ''h - 'hu (q.v. ffd.)] > Vd
vam nom. 'we' du. (on OI a'vam acc. and a'vam nom. 'we' du. N 'nV 'we' excl.), OAv va
'we' du. nom. || OCS a1 vc Brg. KVG 41O-3 (with a table), WP I 22O, P 1114, EI 454-5
(''vci_ 'we', emph. 'vc'yom), Mn. 15O5, 1524, M K III 147, M E II 5O8, Ad. 265-6, Bks.
2O8-9, Fs. 56O, 568-9 ll HS: SOm: Hm {Ldl.} vo 'we' (general form), vosi, vodi (aut. prn.),
von (dependent) 'we', vo-no / vo-ntia / vo-nna / vo-nno 'our', Ari {Hw.} vo(:) 'we' (basic
form), vo(:)ta 'we' (aut. prn.), vo(:)-m 'us' (-m is an marker of acc.), vo(:)ntcn 'our', Ari G
{Bnd.} vota, votc, Dm {Fl.} vatu / voto 'we' (abs.), acc. von-im 'us', vo (with
postpositions, e.g. vo giso 'because of us'), vo-Io 'our', {Bnd.} vo(:)t, Ari U/B {Fl.} vsta,
Hm B vsdi Hz. PO and Fl. OO reconstruct pSOm 'vst 'we', probably on the basis of early
descriptions (Bnd., etc.) and of the verbal sxs. of 1p: Gll -ot, Dm -t. Alternatively, the element
'tV in the SOm prn may go back to the HS accusative marker '-tV ( N 'tV, marked
accusative) Ldl. H 414-5, Hw. A 448-52, Fl. D 521-5, Fl. OO 315, Hz. PO 11O-2, Bnd. AL 161
?? Eg vy 'I' (dependent) ( N 'uoyV 'by me, my') Ed. 75 ll K 'cvcn-i 'our' > OG
cucni cvcni, G cvcni, Mg cIsn-i - cIin-i, Lz cIun-i - cIin-i - sIun-i - sIin-i 'our',
Sv UB {GP} gu-sgvc(y), {TK} gvisgvcy - gusgvcy, LB gvi-sgvc - gusgc 'our' incl.,
UB {GP} ni-sgvc(y), {TK} nisgvcy, LB nisg(v)c excl. (gu- is the marker of 1p incl., ni- is
that of 1p excl.), L gusgvc, Ln gusIvc 'our'; GZ 'cvcn-i 'our' GZ 'cvcn 'we' > OG
cucn cvcn, G cvcn, con, Mg cIs-, cIi-, Lz cIu(n)-, cIin-, sIu- K 219-2O, FS K
388-9, FS E 436-7, Fn. GAS 72, Ser. 194, TK 183, GP US 45, Tt. 18-9, Dn. s.v. gusgvc K
'cvcn- 'our' is analyzable as 'c- (marker of poss. pronouns < N 'c'u 'that of, that which'
[cp. 'cc-m-i 'my', 'scni < ''c-scn-i 'thy')] + 'vc- (< N 'vVyV 'we') + '-n- (< N 'nu,
marker of gen.) + '-i (pK marker of nom.).
2556. 'vahyV '(to be) weak' > IE: [1] NaIE 'vay-/'voy-/'vi- '(to be) weak \ miserable' >
OI 'vayati 'vanishes, becomes exhausted, is extinguished', Av fravayoit_ 'es mge erlschen'
|| Lt vo|us adj. 'suffering, weak, ill', Ltv va|s (f. va|a) 'weak, feeble, lean' || ? W gvacl 'poor,
ill, base, vile', gvaclu 'to sicken' || ?? ON vil 'misery, need', AS vil {Vr.} 'Bedrngnis,
Kmmernis', {P} 'Bedrngnis, Not' (absent in Ho. and Sw.) WP I 213-4, P 1111, M K III 189-
9O, M E II 538, Frn. 1272, YGM-1 252, Vr. 663-4 [2] NaIE 'vci_(o)-/'vi-, +exts. : vit- (<
vi-Ht-), 'vci_-s '(make) wither' [ N 'vizV 'gray, (?) withered' (q.v. ffd.) N 'vanV 'to
squeeze, press; make weak' (q.v.)] ll HS: S 'vhy > Ar vhy G (ip. -vhay-) 'be weak, frail',
'be rent' (clothes), 'break asunder' (skin, rope) Hv. 899, BK II 1618-9 ll A: Tg 'b'ay- > Ewk
KO bayay- 'scanty (ciy(nin)' STM I 79.
2557. 'voyj?,E 'voj?,yE 'power, ability' > HS: S 'v?y > Ar va?y- 'strong beast',
v?y G (pf. va va?a, 3m ip. `iYa ya-?i, n. act. va?y-) 'promise, threaten' BK II 1474, Hv.
846 ll IE 'vci_H- > NaIE 'vci_o- / 'vi- 'strength, force' > OI 'vayas 'energy, strenghth,
power' || Gk i) (with a long i) 'strength, force', [Hs.] i) io_u) 'strenghth (of body)' (i.e.
*i)), Gk )i-i 'with strength' ('vi + 'b"i-, pc. of instr.) || L vi-s (acc. vim) 'force, strength,
power' P 1123-4, M K III 147-8, F I 735-6, WH II 8OO-1, EI 2O9 & 548 (''vci_Hs 'vital
force' 'vci_H- 'be strong') The NaIE may have contaminated with homonymous
'vci_(o)-roots (< N 'vayV 'to want, wish, strive for' and N '_avij?V, 'to drive, chase, pursue')
ll U: FU 'voyc 'be able, (?) be strong' > F voi-, Es voi- 'be able', F voi-ma, Es voim 'power,
might' | ? Z onocc oy-ss 'strength' || OHg >XIV vi-, Hg viv- v. 'fight, struggle with' UEW
579, LG 2O4, SK 18O5-6, EWU 1648 ll A: NaT *u- or 'uj:,y- > OT {Cl., Rs.} u- 'be able,
capable' 1 OT, OOsm u-yan 'allmighty, God', Osm {Rl.} '9yv" oyyan id. (?) [{Rl.}
'allgegenwrtig', an epitheton of God], XwT XIII, MQp XIII uyan, Chg XV uyan 'God' Rs.
LTS 193, Rs. MIFTS 167, Rl. I 97O-1, Cl. 2 lll This pN word may be the source of the
passivity\intransitivity marker in daughter-lgs.: HS 'vV- - '-uj:,- > Eg -v, verbal suffix of the
passive form Ed. 261-9 S: (1) 'v- as the additional first radical of verbs of state and quality:
'vytb 'be good' (> BHb, BA, JA, Sr ytb) - cp. 'tab- 'good' (> BHb tob, etc.); (2) '-u-
- '-u- as an apophonic prefix\infix of ps.: CS 'y-u-12a3- 3m ps. of the G -stem [> Ar
y-u-qtal-u 'he is\will be killed'], 'y-u-sa-12a3- 3m ps. of the caus. -stem (> BHb Ml2S6i!
y-o-slam 'it will be completed\restituted', Ar y-u-slam-u 'he will be kept safe'), pS ps. verbal
adj. of the D-stem '1u22V3- (> Ak adj. 1u22u3, Ar 3m pf. 1u22i3a, BHb 3m pf. 1u2'2a3), pS
ps. verbal adj. of the causative -stem 'su12V3- (> Ak adj. su12u3, BHb 3m pf. ho1'2a3,
Ar 3m pf. ?u12i3a), BHb ps. adj. of the G -stem 1a'2u3 (sa'gur 'closed') Ptrc. IF IV
6O2ff., KB 354-6, 39O-1, BL H 378 pB {Pr.} 'tivi- / '-ttivi- (> Tw tv-/ttv-, NrB ttv-),
px. of the ps. verb stems (< combination of the HS reflexive px. 't- and the passive 'v-): imv.
'tivi-Iraz / 3m pf. 'yittiviIraz > Tw imv. tvoIrah / 3m pf. ittvaIrah 'tre acquis'
Pr. M VI-VII 56, 63, as well as 88-267 (on the ps. forms of different conjugations), Cadi 45-7 2
? EC: Sml -ov-, sx. of verbs of state and quality (denom. inchoative verbs): oll-ov- 'become
hostile' ol 'enemy', add-ov- 'become white' ad 'white', Sml C {M.} du_ov- 'become
old' du_ 'old man', Af {Hw.} -ovc, derivational sx. of inchoative verbs (hagidd-ovc
'become busy' hagid 'matter, affair') Mrn. SS 97, 267, ZMO 53-4, 7O, PH 245 Kln. PSK
26ll U: FU '-vV- (- 'vVy-?), passivizing and intransitivizing verbal sx.: F -u-/-y- (naIy- 'be
visible' naIc- 'see', Iaatu- 'fall, overturn' Iaata- v. 'fell'), Es -u-/-i- (passive\intransitive:
Iordu- 'repeat oneself, recur' Iorda- vt. 'repeat', sutti- 'be kindled, catch fire' suuta-
vt. 'kindle') | Lp N gav'dnu- 'be able to be found, exist' gavd'na- 'find' | Er
ia(ono- Iadovo- 'remain' ia(o- Iado- 'leave, desert-, nc no- ncyavo- 'be seen'
ncc- ncyc- 'see' || Vg N -vc- / -vc-, sx. of ps. verbal forms ({Rmb.}
cy6cirno-naccnnnoc cnp) cnnc): va-vc-m 'he knows me' (lit. 'I am known [by him]'),
Vg T {Ht.} varivom 'I am made' [momentaneous present] varom 'I make',
varovsom 'I was made' varsom 'I made', Vg N varvcsom 'I was made' varsom 'I
made'; Os '-Vy- sx. of passive verb forms: Os V vcrluy+m, Os Kz vcrayom 'I am made'
Os V vcrlom, Os Kz vcrom 'I make', Os V vcrsuy+m, Os Kz vcrsayom 'I was made'
Os V/Kz vcrsom 'I made' Sm: Ne T O {Lh.} -o(:) / -u'-(:), intransitivizing sx. (sido vi.
'awake' sidc vt. 'wake'), Kms {Cs.} suddolam vi. 'awake' suddirlim vt. 'wake'
The Os forms seem to suggest the existence of a variant sx. '-vVy- Coll. CG 281, Lh. 38-
43, Kul. , Ht. POU , Rmb. 113, 119 ll A: T {Rs.} '-u-/'-u-, sx. of reflexive verbs and of
denom. verbs of quality ('become\be X'): OT sas-u- 'losmachen' sas- 'lsen', OT bay-u-
'become rich' bay 'rich', baI-u- 'fest sein' baI 'fest', MT qiz-u- 'be expensive' qiz
'expensive' Rs. RT , Cl. 384-5, Br. OTG 215 Tg '-bu-, verbal sx. of passivity (and
causativity): pTg 'qun-bu ({Bz.} 'qon-bu-) 'be said, cause to say' > Nn {Bz.} umbu- 'be
said' un- 'say' (STM I 171) Bz. 122 ll Gil: Gil A v-, Gil ES w- px. of the reciprocal voice
Pnf. II 62-3, Krn. NJ-79 313 ^ Alternatively, the passivizing-intransitivizing morphem of HS, U,
A and Gil may go back to some other N word (still to be reconstructed) ^ Hardly here ( IS)
the K causative sx. '-cv-, because the connection between causativity and passivity is not close
enough to justify the conjecture ^ IS MS 364 ('vo|'Hn 'cnna': IE, T, BF), IS I 13 s.v.
Haccnn vn (A, U, ?K, HS), IS MsN s.v. -u- ps. and intr., Gr. I 2O9-1O ("reflexive U/W" in U,
A, Gil, Ai).
2558. ? 'vayHV 'to descend; below' > ? HS: C: Bj {R} 'vuha 'Niederung, Tiefe', vu'ha-y
'in der Tiefe; unter, unterhalb' R WBd 237 ll U: FU 'vayV 'sink, go to the bottom' > F va|oa-
v. sink, fall, descend', Es va|u- v. 'sink, subside' | pLp {Lr.} 'voyo- vi. 'sink' > Lp: S {Hs.}
voa|udh, L {LLO} vuod|o- id., N {N} vuogg|o- / -|- 'sink, go to te bottom', Kld {TI}
oaycsunttc- inch. 'start sinking' | Er, Mk na - va|a- v. 'sink (sinken, ertrinken)' | pPrm
{LG} 'vo'y-, {LG} 'vo'|-) vi. id. > OPrm vs|-, Yz vu'y- id., Z nocn- vs|- 'sink, be stuck
(in)', Vt nin- vI|- 'sink, immerse' || Vg: N {Mu.} uy- 'sink', Y/Ss {BV} uy-tt-, ML {Mu.} uy-t-
d vt. 'submerge, drown' | ? Hg vc|szc 'weir-basket, trap (for fish), Senkreuse' Coll. 122, UEW
551, It. #5O, Sm. 551 (FU 'va|a- 'sink' > FP 'va|a-, Ugr 'vo|a-), Lr. #1426, Lgc. #8753, Hs.
1435, TI 1723, LG 66, Lt. J 1O3, BV 128, EWU 1615-6 ll A: NaT 'bayoi- v. 'disappear', 'set' (of
the sun) ( N 'maXyV 'to lose force, weaken, disappear, be worn out'?) > Osm {Rl.} bayi-
'vergehen,

npoxo(nr ,

ncuc:ar ', VTt/Qzq {Rl.} bay+- 'set' (of heavenly bodies), Qrg {Jud.}
bayi- 'sink' (level of the water in a river\lake), 'stop giving milk' (of a cow) Rl. IV 1468-9, Jud.
98; semantic infl. of T 'bat- 'disappear, set (of the sun)' ? M 'oyi > WrM oi-, HlM on- v.
'fall down', ? 'be rebound, ricochet', Brt on- 'feel sick, have nausea', Ord oo_- 'attraper des
maux de tte par suite dune disposition' MED 6O4, Ms. O 515, Chr. 352 ^ NaIE
'vc(:)-/'vo- {P} 'herab, weg von' (> L vc-grandis 'small, diminutive' grandis 'big, large',
vc-sanus 'mad' sanus 'healthy', cf. WP I 13-4, P 72-3, WH 74O-1), which cannot be separated
from 'au_- 'herab'; actually, without identifying 'vc- with 'au_- the rec. of the meaning as
'herab' is not justified ^ IS MS 353 (U, T).
2559. 'vazV 'little, young' ( 'young person') > K 'vaz- > G vaz-i 'son; boy; young
man; man (male person)', vaz- 'mannhaft sein', vczo voc. 'Junge!' Chx. 363, 373, DCh. 5O1
ll HS: B: SrSn a-vzviz 'un tout petit peu' Rn. 285 ? S 'vzy > Ar zAva vaza(n) 'petit
de taille et au corps ramass' ( vzy [p. zava vaza] 'tre rassembl, agglomr sur un seul
point') BK II 1532 ll U: FV 'vasa 'little, few' > F vaha 'little, small, scanty; a little',
vahan 'a little', Es vahc, vaha, vaha 'little (not much), few (not many)' | pMr {Ker.}
vaza 'small, younger' > Er ncana vczava 'younger brothers wife', ncac ic vczasIc
'little finger', nccnc vczcns 'youngest (son, etc. in a family)', nnmia visIa 'small,
younger' (in set phrases: nnmia icn 'uvula' ['small tongue'], nnmia nar 'husbands younger
sister', nnmia cyp 'little finger', etc.), nnminnc visIinc 'small, little', Mk n
vaza '(new) daughter-in-law' (name used during her wedding party) UEW 818-9, Ker. II
187, ERV 118, 138, PI 61.
256O. 'vizV 'gray, (?) withered' > K 'vcz- > G vczan-i {DCh.} 'dove-coloured, gray
(cn:in, ccpin, 6ypin)', {Chx.} 'schwefelgrau, taubenfarbig', G Mt vczani 'getigert, gefleckt'
Chx. 373, DCh. 5O5 ll ?? HS: B 'zvzv > Ah hovhov v. 'be gray', ETwl {Nic.} n. act.
tozavzavt 'being gray', Ty {ABs.} zavzav, Gh {ABs.} zovzov 'tre bleu(-clair)', Kb
a-zo|zav 'green, blue, gray; uncooked, unripe' Pr. H 71 [#43O], Fc. 624, Dl. 936-7 ll IE ( N
'vahyV '(to be) weak' and 'vanV 'to squeeze, press' 'make weak' [q.v.]): NaIE
'vci_(o)-/'vi-, +exts. : vit- (< vi-Ht-), 'vci_-s '(make) wither, weaken' > L vicsc-o-/-crc
'fade, wither, shrink', victus 'withered, shrunken' || OIr [] fcugud 'marcor' OIr {LP, P} 'fco
'withered', W gvyv id., 'feeble' (both from NaIE 'vi-vo- or 'vis-vo-), W gvyvo 'to wither,
fade' || OHG vcsancn v. 'wither', MHG vcscl 'schwach, matt', NE vcascl, vcazcn 'thin,
lean', ON vcsall 'poor, miserable'; ON visinn 'withered', prtc. of 'visan; - Gmc
'vis-n-on - -cn > ON visna, NNr visna, Sw vissna, Dn visnc, AS visnian 'to dry up,
wither' || Lt vysti (p. vytau), Ltv vist 'to fade, wither, droop', Lt vytinti, a-vaitinu, Ltv
vitinat 'make [sth.] fade', Ltv victct, vitct id. WP I 227-8, P 1123, WH II 787-8, LP
95.3, YGM-1 277, Vr. 657, 668, Hlq. 1359-6O, Ho. 39, Kb. 1184, OsS 1131, Frn. 1265.
2561. ? 'v'UzjE,KU - 'v'UKUzV ' a canine' > IE: NaIE 'vlI"o-s 'wolf' > OI
'vrIa-, Av vohrIa-, NPrs Grgu gorg id. || Gk uko) id. ( NaIE 'lu(n)I- < N 'luIV
' canine' [q.v.]) || L luus id. ( Sbn or infl. of 'vl- 'fox' < N 'vUljV,PE 'fur-bearing
animal'?) || Gmc 'vulg-i > ON ylgr 'she-wolf' Gmc ( NaIE 'vl- < ???? N 'vUljV,PE
'fur-bearing animal', q.v. ffd.) > Gt vulfs, ON ulfr, NNr, Dn, Sw ulv, MDt volf - vulf, Dt, OHG
volf, NHG Wolf, OSx, AS vulf 'wolf', NE volf; Gmc 'f is due to the merger with NaIE
'vl- || Lt vilIas, Ltv vilIs, Pru vilIis id. | Sl 'v+lI+ id. > OCS aa+k+ vl+I+, Blg nni,
SCr vuI, Slv volI, Cz, Slk vlI, P vilI, R noni, Uk noni || Tc B valIvc id. ??, AnIE:
Lw valva- 'lion', Ld valv-cl(i)- 'pertaining to a lion' WP I 316-7, P 1178-9, EI 646-7
(''vlI"o-s), M K III 24O-1, M E II 57O-1, Horn 2O2-3, F II 143-4, WH I 836-7, Fs. 576, Vr.
632-3, Ho. 41O, Kb. 1224, Frn. 1251-2, Glh. 688-9, BER I 2O5-6, Wn. 542, Mlc. CL 254 ll HS: S
'va'saI- > Ar vasaq- 'lynx' (1 ClNPrs $v vasaq 1 Tk vasaI, Az vasag id.) Dz. II
8O8, Bel. DFA 389, Blb. 546, Dr. TM IV #1765 (Tk, Az, NPrs A ?) -q in ClNPrs suggests
that the Prs word is a loan (most probably, from Ar) C 'vVKVl--'vVlVK- 'jackal, lycaon' >
Ag: Aw {R} vugcli 'jackal' || EC: HEC: Kmb {C} oloII-icco 'jackal', {Hd.} oroI-iccu 'wolf',
Hd {PB} oroI-icco 'Lycaon pictus' (Hd -r- is the reg. reflex of pHEC '-l-); ? Arr {Hw.}
volatc id. AD SF 189-9O, Hd. 169-7O, 335, Hw. A 399 Ch: Mofu {Brr. in ChC}, MfG
{Brr.} vagalaI 'jackal (Canis aureus)' ChC, Brr. MG II 253 ll U: FU (in ObU only)
'`v`oIsVrV 'fox' [ N 'goKVscV(-RV) ' a canine'] > pObU 'vaIsar > pOs
'vaIsar ({Hl.} 'vIIsar) id. > Os: Y vaqsar, Nz/Kz vo_sar, D/K va_sa'r, O o_sa'r;
pVg 'oIsar id. > Vg: T oIsar, LK/MK oxsor, P/ML oxsor, Ss oxsar Ht. #679 ll ? A: T
'uj:,lEI ( N 'vUljV,PE 'fur-bearing animal') > MT [IM] usaI, Osm {Rl.} $v" usaI,
Tk uscI 'lynx' Rl. I 19O4, Pek. 3184-5, Shch. Zh 141, TL 159 ?? Tg: Ewk uls 'wolf' STM
II 264 Cf. DQA #2512 [A 'ulc 'fur-bearing animal' ("ground game")] that belongs to N
'vUljV,PE '' ^ FU 's (< 'z in a cluster '-Iz- > '-Is-) and Ar s (< S 's) and IE, C, Ch,
M 'l, T 'l (secondary palatalization) suggest a pN 'z.
2562. 'vihjV,V 'spring (fons); to flow' > HS: S 'vhzo, '-vhazo- v. 'flow' > Gz vhz
G (pf. vohza, js. yahaz) 'flow' (of a stream, water), Tgy, Tgr vhz G id. L G 61O-1 ll K: GZ
'vc`- 'spring (fons)' > G vca, G R vcra id., Mg mcn id. (m- < 'v- due to as to the
following n) K DE 361-2, K
2
53 ('vc`- 'mineral spring'), FS K 125, FS E 134-5, Ghl. 225
ll IE: NaIE 'vci_s- v. 'flow' ({P} 'zerflieen, flieen') > Vd {Grs.} vis- 'sich ergieen, flieen'
- NaIE 'viso- 'liquid' ( 'poison') > L virus 'liquid, poison' || OI vi'sam, Av vis-, Phl vis,
KhS bata- 'poison' || Gk io) (with i-) id. || pTc {Ad.} 'vasc- > Tc: A vas, B vas id. ||
OIr fi id., W {SB} gvy 'Flssigkeit, Flu', W {SB, YGM} gvyar 'blood' (< 'vci_saro-) ||
ON vcisa 'swamp', OFrs vasc 'mud', OHG visa, NHG Wicsc 'meadow', AS vasc 'mud,
swampy country', NE voosy P 1134, M K III 223, 227-8, M E II 563-4, Bai. 282, WH II 8OO,
Vr. 652, Ho. 38, Kb. 1213, OsS 117O, KM 858 (NHG ON vcisa 'Schlamm'), F I 73O, SB
265-6, YGM-1 273, Ad. 584, EI 439 (''vis-s - 'vis 'poison') ll U: FU 'vij:,sV '(swift)
current; to flow' > pPrm 'viz > Prmk viz {Wc.} 'Strom, stromende Stelle im Wasser';- Prm
'vizXl 'rapid(s), current' > Z nn:yn vizuv 'stream, rapid(s)', Vt nn:in vizIl '

crpccn
(rapid(s), swift current)' LG 56, Wc. SW 337.