Trans-Siberian Railway

Trans-Siberian Railway

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Trans-Siberian RailwayBridge over Kama River, near Perm in 1912Bridge over Kama River, near Perm in 1912Trans-Siberian line in red; Baikal Amur Mainline in greenTrans-Siberian line in red; Baikal Amur Mainline in greenLine length: 9,289km (5,772mi) Track gauge: Russian gauge1,520mm (4ft112732in) Russian gauge km Station0 Yaroslavsky Rail TerminalYaroslavsky Terminal, Moscow 59 Khotkovo 73 Sergiyev PosadMoscow OblastMoscow Vladimir OblastVladimir Oblast border 112 Alexandrov, Vladimir OblastAlexandrovBalakirevoVladimir OblastVladimir - Yaroslavl OblastYaroslavl Oblast border 145 BerendeevoRyazantsevoSilnitsi 200 Petrovskoye, Yaroslavl OblastPetrovskoye 224 RostovRostov YaroslavskiSemibratovoKozmodemyansk 284 Yaroslavl289 Volga River 356 Danilov, Yaroslavl OblastDanilovto Vologda and ArkhangelskSot 394 LyubimSekshaYaroslavl OblastYaroslavl - Kostroma OblastKostroma Oblast borderBrodniKorega 450 BuiRossolovoKhramki 501 Galich, RussiaGalichKrasilnikovoLoparevoMonakovoAntrolovoNikkolo-UgolNikolo-PolomaNomzhaYelenskiyNevaNelshaBrantovkaPetrus 651 Manturovo, Kostroma OblastManturovoVocherovoShekshemaVarakinskiyVetluga River 698 SharyaZeblyakiYakshangaBurunduchikhaKostroma OblastKostroma Kirov OblastKirov Oblast borderSuprotivniyMetilGostovskayaShabalino 818 SvetchaYumaKapidantsiAtsvezhDarovitsato Nizhni Novgorod & Moscow 870 KotelnichVyatka RiverBistryagiOrichiStrizhiLyangasovoChukhlominskiy957 Kirov, Kirov OblastKirov 975 PozdinoPoloy 995 Bum-KombinatProsnitsaArdashiRekmino 1052 ZuevkaKosaFalenki 1127 YarKirov Oblast - Udmurtia borderKozmil 1165 Glazov 1194 BalyezinoPibanshur 1221 Cheptsa River 1223 ChepstaKezKabaludKuzmaUdmurtia - Perm Krai borderBorodulinoSubbotniki 1310 VereshchaginoZyukay 1340 MendeleevoGrigorevskaya 1387 ChaikovskayaShabunichi 1410 OveryataKurya 1432 Kama River1436 Perm 1452 FermaMulyankaYugYergach 1534 KungurKishertShumkovoTulumbasiKordonPerm Krai - Sverdlovsk Oblast borderShamary 1672 ShalyaSargaSabik 1729 Kuzino 1748 Krylosovo 1770 Pervouralsk 1777 Europe - Asia borderIset River1816 YekaterinburgShartashPutevkaKosolinoGagarskiyBazhenovoGryaznovskaya 1912 BogdannovichPishminskayaYelanskiy 1955 KamyshlovAksarikhaOshchepkovoProselok 2033 Talitsa 2064 YushalaBahkmetskoyeTugulymKarmakSverdlovsk OblastSverdlovsk - Tyumen OblastTyumen Oblast border2144 TyumenVoynovkaOzero AndreyevskoyaVinziliBogdaninskaya 2222 YalutorovskTobol RiverZavodoukovskNovaya ZaimkaVagayOmutinskayaLamyenskayaGolishmanovoKarasulskaya 2431 Ishim, Tyumen OblastIshimIshim RiverMaslyanskayaNovo AndreyevskiyTyumen OblastTyumen - Omsk OblastOmsk Oblast borderMangut 2565 NazyvayevskDragunskayaLyubinskaya 2706 Irtysh River2712 OmskKormilovka 2760 KalachinskIvanovkaOmsk OblastOmsk - Novosibirsk OblastNovosibirsk Oblast borderKaratkansk 2885 Tatarsk, Novosibirsk OblastTatarskKabaklyChanyOzero KarachinskoyeKoshkulTebisskaya 3040 BarabinskKozhurlaUbinskayaKargatKokoshino 3212 Chulym (town)ChulymDuplenskayaLesnaya PolyanaChik 3322 Ob 3332 Ob River3335 NovosibirskMochischeOyashChebula 3463 BolotnayaNovosibirsk OblastNovosibirsk Kemerovo OblastKemerovo Oblast border 3491 YurgaTom RiverTalmenkaYashkinoKholkinoBranch line to Tomsk 3570 TaygaLikhtach 3602 Anzhero-SudzhenskYayaIzhmorskBerikulskAntibesskiy 3715 MariinskSuslovoTyazhinItatKemerovo Oblast - Krasnoyarsk Krai border 3849 BogotolKritovoChulym River (Ob River)Chulym River 3917 Achinsk 3960 ChernorechskKozulkaZeledeyevoKachaMinino 4098 Krasnoyarsk4101 Yenisei RiverZlobinoZikovoSorokinoKamarchagaBalay 4227 Uyar, Uyarsky District, Krasnoyarsk KraiUyar 4262

Trans-Siberian Railway Zaozyorny, Krasnoyarsk KraiZaozyornayaKamalaSolyankaBoshnyakovo 4343 KanskKansk-Yeniseiski]] 4375 Ilansky (town)IlanskayaIngashiskayaTinskayaReshotiKlyuchiKrasnoyarsk Krai Irkutsk Oblast borderYurtiBiryusinsk 4516 Taishet4520 Baikal Amur Mainline junction 4555 RazgonAlzamay 4631 KamyshetUk 4680 NizhneudinskKhingoyKhudoyelanskayaShebertaUtay 4794 TulunShubaTulyushka 4875 KuytunKharikKimeltey 4940 ZimaTiretZalariIrkutsk Oblast - Ust-Ordynsky borderGolovinskaya 5027 KutulikZabituyUst-Ordynsky - Irkutsk Oblast border 5061 Cheremkhovo 5087 PolovinaBelaya 5124 Usolye-Sibirskoye 5133 TelmaKitoy 5160 Angarsk 5170 Meget 5178 Irkutsk-Sort5185 IrkutskKayaGoncharovoB. LugPodkamennayaKultuk, Slyudyansky District, Irkutsk OblastKultuk 5312 Slyudyanka, Slyudyansky District, Irkutsk OblastSlyudyankaUtulik 5358 BaykalskMurinoIrkutsk Oblast - Republic of BuryatiaBuryatia border 5390 Vydrino 5426 TankhoiPereyemnaya 5477 Mysovaya 5530 PosolskayaTimlyuy 5562 SelenginskTalovkaTataurovoSelenge River 5642 Ulan Ude5655 Trans-Mongolian RailwayTrans-Mongolian line junction Talitsi 5675 OnokhoyZaigraevoChelutayIlka 5734 NovoilinskiKizmaRepublic of BuryatiaBuryatia Zabaykalsky Krai border 5784 Petrovsk-Zabaykalsky (town)Petrovsk-ZabaykalskyBalyagaTarbagataiNovo-PavlovkaTolbagaKhokhotay 5884 BadaZhipkhegen 5932 Khilok, Zabaykalsky KraiKhilokKhushengaKharagun 6053 MogzonKhilok River 6093 Sokhondo 6125 YablonovayaLesnoyIngodaChernovskayaKadala6199 Chita, Zabaykalsky KraiChitaPeschankaAtamanovkaNovayaMakkaveyevo 6265 Darasun 6293 Karaymskaya6312 Trans-Manchurian RailwayTrans-Manchurian line junction UrulgaZubarevoRazmakhninoSolntsevaya 6417 Onon 6446 Shilka (town)Shilka-Pass.Kholbon 6496 PriiskavayaNerchinsk 6532 KuengaBranch line to Sretensk 6593 Chernyshevsky-Zabaikalski 6629 BushuleyKhoktonga 6670 ZilovoUlyakanUryumSbega 6789 KsenevskayaKislyy KlugArteushkaRazdolnoye 6906 MogochaTaptugariSemiozernyy 7010 AmazarZhanna 7075 Zabaykalsky Krai Amur Oblast border 7119 Yerofei Pavlovich 7211 Urusha 7266 Takhtamigda7273 line to Baikal Amur MainlineBAM 7306 Skovorodino, Amur OblastSkovorodino 7323 Bolshoy NeverTaladanGonzha 7501 MagdagachiSulusTigda 7602 UshumunSivakiMukhinskayaBereya 7723 Shimanovskaya 7772 LedyanayaBuzuli 7815 Svobodny, Amur OblastSvobodnyZeya RiverM. ChesnokovskayaSerishevo 7873 Belogorsk, Amur OblastBelogorsk7875 line to BlagoveshchenskVozhayevkaPozdeyevkaYekaterinoslavka 7992 Zavitaya 8037 BureyaDomikan 8088 ArkharaRachiKundur-KhabarovskiyAmur OblastAmur - Jewish Autonomous OblastJewish Autonomous Oblasts border 8198 ObluchyeKimkan 8234 IzvestkovayaBirakanTeploye OzeroLondoko 8306 Bira8351 BirobidzhanIn 8480 VolochayevkaDezhnevkaNikolayevka 8512 Priamurskaya 8515 Amur RiverAmurJewish Autonomous OblastJ.A. Oblast - Khabarovsk Krai border8523 KhabarovskKorfovskaya 8598 Verino 8621 KhorDormidontovka 8642 Vyazemsky, Khabarovsk KraiVyazemskayaRozengartovka 8756 BikinKhabarovsk KraiKhabarovsk Primorsky KraiPrimorsky Krai borderZvenevoiBurlit-VolochayevskiyLuchegorskGuberovo 8890 Dalnerechensk 8900 LazoRuzhinoLesozavodskShmakovkaSviyagino 9050 Spassk-DalnyMuchnaya 9109 SibirtsevoIpplolitovkaOzernaya PadDubininskiy 9177 UssuriyskVaranovskiyNadezdinskayaline to Nakhodka 9255 Uglovaya 9289 Vladivostok The Trans-Siberian Railway (TSR, Russian languageRussian: Transsibirskaya Magistral') is a network of railways connecting Moscow with the Russian Far East and the Sea of Japan. Lonely Planet Guide to the Trans-Siberian Railway, Lonely Planet Publications, retrieved 2013. With a length of 9,289 km, it is the longest railway line in the world. There are connecting branch lines into Mongolia, China and North Korea. It has been connecting Moscow with Vladivostok since 1916 and is still being expanded.HistoryRoute development In March 1890, the future Tsar Nicholas II personally inaugurated and blessed the construction of the Far East segment of the Trans-Siberian Railway during his stop at Vladivostok, after visiting Japan at the end of his Eastern journey of Nicholas IIjourney around the world. Nicholas II made notes in his diary about his anticipation of travelling in the comfort of "the tsar's train" across the unspoiled wilderness of Siberia. The tsar's train was designed and built in St. Petersburg to serve as the main mobile office of the tsar and his staff for travelling across Russia. The main route of the Trans-Siberian Railroad begins in Moscow at Yaroslavsky Rail TerminalYaroslavsky Vokzal, runs through Yaroslavl, Chelyabinsk, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Ulan-Ude, Chita, Zabaykalsky KraiChita and Khabarovsk to

Trans-Siberian Railway Vladivostok via Southern Siberia. It was built from 1891 to 1916 under the supervision of government ministers of Russia who were personally appointed by the Tsar Alexander III of RussiaAlexander III and by his son, Tsar Nicholas II of RussiaNicholas II. The additional Chinese Eastern Railway was constructed as the Russo-Chinese part of the Trans-Siberian Railway, connecting Russia with China and providing a shorter route to Vladivostok. A Russian staff and administration based in Harbin operated it. The Trans-Siberian Railway is often associated with the main transcontinental Russian line that connects hundreds of large and small cities of the European and Asian parts of Russia. At 1 E6 m9,259 kilometres (5,753 miles), CIS railway timetable, route No. 002, Moscow-Vladivostok. Archived 2009-12-03. spanning a record seven time zones and taking eight days to complete the journey, it is the third-longest single continuous service in the world, after the MoscowPyongyang 10,267 kilometres (6,380mi) CIS railway timetable, route No. 002, Moscow-Pyongyang. Archived 2009-12-03. and the KievVladivostok 11,085 kilometres (6,888mi) CIS railway timetable, route No. 350, Kiev-Vladivostok. Archived 2009-12-03. services, both of which also follow the Trans-Siberian for much of their routes. A second primary route is the Trans-Manchurian, which coincides with the Trans-Siberian as far as Tarskaya (a stop 12km (7mi) east of Karymskaya, in Zabaykalsky Krai), about 1,000km (621mi) east of Lake Baikal. From Tarskaya the Trans-Manchurian heads southeast, via Harbin and Mudanjiang in China's ManchuriaNortheastern Provinces (from where a connection to Beijing is used by one of the MoscowBeijing trains), joining with the main route in Ussuriysk just north of Vladivostok. This is the shortest and the oldest railway route to Vladivostok. Some trains split at Shenyang, China, with a portion of the service continuing to Pyongyang, North Korea. The third primary route is the Trans-Mongolian Railway, which coincides with the Trans-Siberian as far as Ulan-Ude on Lake Baikal's eastern shore. From Ulan-Ude the Trans-Mongolian heads south to Ulaan-Baatar before making its way southeast to Beijing. In 1991, a fourth route running further to the north was finally completed, after more than five decades of sporadic work. Known as the Baikal Amur Mainline (BAM), this recent extension departs from the Trans-Siberian line at Taishet several hundred miles west of Lake Baikal and passes the lake at its northernmost extremity. It crosses the Amur River at Komsomolsk-na-Amure (north of Khabarovsk), and reaches the Pacific OceanPacific at Sovetskaya Gavan. On October 13, 2011 a train from Khasan (urban-type settlement)Khasan made its inaugural run to Rajin in North Korea.War and revolution In the Russo-Japanese War (19045), the Trans-Siberian Railway was seen as one of the reasons Russia lost the war. The track was a single track and as such could only allow train travel in one direction. This caused significant strategic and supply difficulties for the Russians, as they could not move resources to and from the front as quickly as would be necessary, as a goods train carrying supplies, men and ammunition coming from west to east would have to wait in the sidings, whilst troops and injured personnel in a troop train travelling from east to west went along the line. Thus the Japanese were quickly able to advance whilst the Russians were awaiting necessary troops and supplies. After the Russian Revolution of 1917, the railway served as the vital line of communication for the Czechoslovak LegionsCzechoslovak Legion and the allied armies that landed troops at Vladivostok during the Siberian Intervention of the Russian Civil War. These forces supported the White movementWhite Russian government of Admiral Alexander Kolchak, based in Omsk, and White Russian soldiers fighting the Bolsheviks on the Ural MountainsUral front. The intervention was weakened, and ultimately defeated, by partisan fighters who blew up bridges and sections of track, particularly in the volatile region between Krasnoyarsk and Chita, Zabaykalsky KraiChita. Benjamin Isitt, "Mutiny from Victoria to Vladivostok, December 1918," Canadian Historical Review 87, no 2 (June 2006): 223264 Canada's Siberian Expedition Digital Archive Siberian Expedition websiteThe Trans-Siberian Railroad also played a very direct role during parts of Russia's history, with the Czechoslovak LegionsCzechoslovak Legion using heavily armed and armoured trains to control large amounts of the railway (and of Russia itself) during the Russian Civil War at the end of World War I.First World War Willmott, H.P.; Dorling Kindersley, 2003, p. 251 As one of the few organised fighting forces left in the aftermath of the imperial collapse, and before the Red Army took control, the Czechs and Slovaks were able to use their organization and the resources of the railway to establish a temporary zone of control before eventually continuing onwards towards Vladivostok, from where they emigrated back to Czechoslovakia through Vancouver in Canada, through Canada to Europe, or the Panama Canal to Europe also through Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Port

Trans-Siberian Railway Said and Triest. World War II During World War II, the Trans-Siberian Railway played an important role in the supply of the powers fighting in Europe. During the first two years of the war, when the USSR was a neutral power and Germany's merchant shipping was interdicted by the Western Allies, the railway served as the essential link between Germany and Japan. One commodity particularly essential for the German war effort was natural rubber, which Japan was able to source from South-East Asia (in particular, French Indochina). As of March 1941, 300 tonnes of natural rubber would, on average, traverse the Trans-Siberian Railway every day on its way to Germany. According to one analysis of the natural rubber supply chain, as of March 22, 1941, 5800 tonnes of this essential material were transiting on the Soviet railway network between the borders of Manchukuo and the Third Reich, 2000 tonnes were transiting Manchukuo, 4000 tonnes were sitting in DalianDairen, 3800 tonnes were in Japan, and 5700 tonnes, on the way from South-East Asia to Japan.During this time, a small number of German Jews and anti-Nazis used the Trans-Siberian to escape Europe, including the mathematician Kurt Gdel and the mother of the actor Heinz BernardJonathan Lowenstein "The Journey of a Lifetime: my grandmother's escape on the Trans-Siberian railway," Telaviv1 (Monday, April 26, 2010). Several thousand Jewish refugees were able to make this trip thanks to the Japanese visas issued by the Japanese consul in Kaunas, Chiune Sugihara. The situation reversed after June 22, 1941. By invading the Soviet Union, Germany cut off its only reliable trade route to Japan (they had to use submarine blockade runners from that point on). On the other hand, the USSR became the recipient of lend lease supplies from the US. Even though Japan went to war with the US, it was anxious to preserve good relations with the USSR and, despite German complaints, usually allowed Soviet ships to sail between the US and Russia's Pacific ports unmolested (which contrasts with Germany's or Britain's behavior, whose navies would destroy or capture neutrals' ships sailing to their respective adversaries). As a result, the Pacific Route involving crossing the northern Pacific Ocean and the Trans-Siberian Railroad became the safest connection between the US and the USSR. Accordingly, it accounted for as much freight as the two other routes (Arctic convoys of World War IINorth AtlanticArctic and Persian CorridorIranian) combined. The railway also played an important role in the evacuation of Soviet industries from European Russia to Siberia in 194142, and in the repositioning of Soviet troops from Germany to the Japanese front in preparation to the SovietJapanese War (1945)SovietJapanese War of August 1945. Demand and design In the late 19th century, the development of Siberia was hampered by poor transport links within the region, as well as with the rest of the country. Aside from the Siberian RouteGreat Siberian Route, good roads suitable for wheeled transport were few and far between. For about five months of the year, rivers were the main means of transport. During the cold half of the year, cargo and passengers travelled by horse-drawn sleds over the winter roads, many of which were the same rivers, now ice-covered. The first steamboat on the Ob RiverRiver Ob, Nikita Myasnikov's Osnova, was launched in 1844. But early beginnings were difficult, and it was not until 1857 that steamboat shipping started developing on the Ob system in a serious way. Steamboats started operating on the Yenisei in 1863, on the Lena RiverLena and Amur RiverAmur in the 1870s.While the comparative flatness of Western Siberia was at least fairly well served by the gigantic Ob RiverObIrtyshTobolChulym River (Ob River)Chulym river system, the mighty rivers of Eastern Siberiathe Yenisei, the upper course of the Angara River (the Angara RiverAngara below Bratsk was not easily navigable because of the rapids), and the Lena were mostly navigable only in the north-south direction. An attempt to partially remedy the situation by building the Ob-Yenisei Canal was not particularly successful. Only a railway could be a real solution to the region's transport problems. The first railway projects in Siberia emerged after the completion of the Moscow-Saint Petersburg Railway in 1851.Based on a chapter of: Problem Regions of Resource Type: Economical Integration of European North-East, Ural and Siberia. / Managing editors: V. V. Alexeev, M. K. Bandman, V. V. KuleshovNovosibirsk, IEIE, 2002. ISBN 5-89665-060-4. One of the first was the IrkutskChita, Zabaykalsky KraiChita project, proposed by the American entrepreneur Perry Collins and supported by Transport Minister Constantine Possiet with a view toward connecting Moscow to the Amur River, and consequently, to the Pacific Ocean. Siberia's governor, Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky, was anxious to advance the colonisation of the Russian Far East, but his plans could not materialise as long as the colonists had to import grain and other food from China and Korea.G. Patrick March. Eastern Destiny: Russia in Asia and the North Pacific.Praeger/Greenwood, 1996. ISBN 0-275-95648-2. pp. 15253.

Trans-Siberian Railway It was on Muravyov's initiative that surveys for a railway in the Khabarovsk region were conducted. Before 1880, the central government had virtually ignored these projects, because of the weakness of Siberian enterprises, a clumsy bureaucracy, and fear of financial risk. By 1880, there were a large number of rejected and upcoming applications for permission to construct railways to connect Siberia with the Pacific, but not Eastern Russia. This worried the government and made connecting Siberia with Central Russia a pressing concern. The design process lasted 10 years. Along with the route actually constructed, alternative projects were proposed: Southern route: via Kazakhstan, Barnaul, Abakan and Mongolia. Northern route: via Tyumen, Tobolsk, Tomsk, Yeniseysk and the modern Baikal Amur Mainline or even through Yakutsk. Railwaymen fought against suggestions to save funds, for example, by installing ferryboats instead of bridges over the rivers until traffic increased. The designers insisted and secured the decision to construct an uninterrupted railway. Unlike the rejected private projects that intended to connect the existing cities demanding transport, the Trans-Siberian did not have such a priority. Thus, to save money and avoid clashes with land owners, it was decided to lay the railway outside the existing cities. Tomsk was the largest city, and the most unfortunate, because the swampy banks of the Ob River near it were considered inappropriate for a bridge. The railway was laid 70km (43mi) to the south (instead crossing the Ob at Novonikolaevsk, later renamed Novosibirsk); just a dead-end branch line connected with Tomsk, depriving the city of the prospective transit railway traffic and trade. The railway was instantly filled to its capacity with local traffic, mostly wheat. Together with low speed and low possible weights of trains, it upset the promised role as a transit route between Europe and East Asia. During the Russo-Japanese War, the military traffic to the east almost disrupted the flow of civil freight. Construction Full-time construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway began in 1891 and was put into execution and overseen by Sergei Witte, who was then finance minister. Similar to the First Transcontinental Railroad (North America)First Transcontinental Railroad in the US, Russian engineers started construction at both ends and worked towards the centre. From Vladivostok the railway was laid north along the right bank of the Ussuri River to Khabarovsk at the Amur River, becoming the Ussuri Railway. In 1890, a bridge across the Ural River was built and the new railway entered Asia. The bridge across the Ob River was built in 1898 and the small city of Novonikolaevsk, founded in 1883, grew into the large Siberian city of Novosibirsk. In 1898 the first train reached Irkutsk and the shores of Lake Baikal about 60 kilometres (37 miles) east of the city. The railway ran on to the east, across the Shilka RiverShilka and Amur rivers and soon reached Khabarovsk. The Vladivostok to Khabarovsk section was built slightly earlier, in 1897. Russian soldiers, as well as convict labourers from Sakhalin and other places were used for building the railway. Lake Baikal is more than 640 kilometres (400 miles) long and more than 1,600 metres (5,200 feet) deep. Until the Circum-Baikal Railway was built the line ended on either side of the lake. The Icebreakerice-breaking train ferry SS BaikalSSBaikal built in 1897 and smaller ferry SS AngaraSSAngara built in about 1900, made the four-hour crossing to link the two railheads. The Russian admiral and explorer Stepan Makarov (18491904) designed Baikal and Angara but they were built in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England, by Armstrong Whitworth. They were "knock down" vessels; that is, each ship was bolted together in England, every part of the ship was marked with a number, the ship was disassembled into many hundreds of parts and transported in kit form to Listvyanka, Irkutsky District, Irkutsk OblastListvyanka where a shipyard was built especially to reassemble them. Their boilers, engines and some other components were built in Saint Petersburg and transported to Listvyanka to be installed. Baikal had 15 boilers, four funnels, and was 64 metres (210ft) long. She could carry 24 railway coaches and one locomotive on her middle deck. Angara was smaller, with two funnels.Completion of the Circum-Baikal Railway in 1904 bypassed the ferries, but from time to time the Circum-Baikal Railway suffered from derailments or rockfalls so both ships were held in reserve until 1916. Baikal was burnt out and destroyed in the Russian Civil War but Angara survives. She has been restored and is permanently moored at Irkutsk where she serves as an office and a museum.In winter, sleighs were used to move passengers and cargo from one side of the lake to the other until the completion of the Lake Baikal spur along the southern edge of the lake. With the Amur River Line north of the Chinese border being completed in 1916, there was a continuous railway from Petrograd to Vladivostok that remains to this day the world's longest railway line. Electrification of the line, begun in 1929 and completed in 2002, allowed a doubling of train weights to 6,000 tonnes. Effects The Trans-Siberian Railway gave a

Trans-Siberian Railway positive boost to Siberian agriculture, facilitating substantial exports to central Russia and Europe. It influenced the territories it connected directly, as well as those connected to it by river transport. For instance, Altai Krai exported wheat to the railway via the Ob River. As Siberian agriculture began, from around 1869, to export cheap grain towards the West, agriculture in Central Russia was still under economic pressure after the end of serfdom, which was Emancipation reform of 1861 in Russiaformally abolished in 1861. Thus, to defend the central territory and to prevent possible social destabilisation, in 1896 the government introduced the Chelyabinsk tariff break ( ), a tariff barrier for grain passing through Chelyabinsk, and a similar barrier in Manchuria. This measure changed the nature of export: mills emerged to create bread from grain in Altai Krai, Novosibirsk and Tomsk, and many farms switched to Maizecorn production. From 1896 until 1913 Siberia exported on average 501,932 tonnes (30,643,000 pood) of bread (grain, flour) annually. . . XIX XX . // . .3: . : - , 2001. Khramkov A. A. Railroad Transportation of Bread from Siberia to the West in the Late 19thEarly 20th Centuries. // . Collection of scientific articles. Barnaul: Altai State University publishing house, 2001. ISBN 5-7904-0195-3.The Trans-Siberian Railway also brought with it millions of peasant-migrants from the Western regions of Russia and Ukraine.Subtelny, Orest (2000). " Ukraine: a history.". University of Toronto Press. p. 262. ISBN 0-8020-8390-0 Between 1906 to 1914, the peak migration years, about 4 million peasants arrived in Siberia.N. M. Dronin, E. G. Bellinger (2005). " Climate dependence and food problems in Russia, 19001990: the interaction of climate and agricultural policy and their effect on food problems". Central European University Press. p. 38. ISBN 963-7326-10-3The Trans-Siberian line remains the most important transportation link within Russia; around 30% of Russian exports travel on the line. While it attracts many foreign tourists, it gets most of its use from domestic passengers. The Trans-Siberian is a vital link to the Russian Far East. Today the Trans-Siberian Railway carries about 200,000 containers per year to Europe. Russian Railways intends to at least double the volume of container traffic on the Trans-Siberian and is developing a fleet of specialised cars and increasing terminal capacity at the ports by a factor of 3 - 4. By 2010, the volume of traffic between Russia and China could reach 60 million tons (54 million tonnes), most of which will go by the Trans-Siberian.With perfect coordination of the participating countries' railway authorities, a trainload of containers can be taken from Beijing to Hamburg, via the Trans-Mongolian and Trans-Siberian lines in as little as 15 days, but typical cargo travel times are usually significantly longer China-to-Germany Cargo Train Completes Trial Run in 15 Days. By Patrick Donahue. Bloomberg.com, 2008-01-24e.g., typical cargo travel time from Japan to major destinations in European Russia was reported as around 25 days. Mitsui talking to Russian railway operator on trans-Siberian freight service By Hiroyuki Kachi. MarketWatch.com, last update: 6:41 a.m. EDT July 20, 2007According to a 2009 report, the best travel times for cargo block trains from Russia's Pacific ports to the western border (of Russia, or perhaps of Belarus) were around 12 days, with trains making around 900km (559mi) per day, at a maximum operating speed of 80km/h (50mph). However, in early 2009 Russian Railways announced an ambitious "Trans-Siberian in Seven Days" program; according to this plan, $11 billion will be invested over the next five years to make it possible for freight traffic to cover the same 9,000km (5,592mi) distance in just seven days. The plan will involve increasing the cargo trains' speed to 90km/h (56mph) in 201012, and, at least on some sections, to 100km/h (62mph) by 2015. At these speeds, freight trains will be able to cover 1,500km (932mi) per day. Trans-Siberian in seven days, Railway Gazette International, 05 May 2009Developments in shipping On January 11, 2008, China, Mongolia, Russia, Belarus, Poland and Germany agreed to collaborate on a cargo train service between Beijing and Hamburg.The railroad can typically deliver containers in 1/3 to 1/2 of the time of a sea voyage, and in late 2009 announced a 20% reduction in its container shipping rates. With its 2009 rate schedule, the TSR will transport a forty-foot container to Poland from Yokohama for $2,820, or from Pusan for $2,154.One of the complicating factors related to such ventures is the fact that the Commonwealth of Independent StatesCIS states' Russian gaugebroad railway gauge is incompatible with China and Western and Central Europe's standard gauge. Therefore, a train travelling from China to Western Europe would encounter break-of-gaugegauge breaks twice: at the Chinese-Mongolian or the Chinese-Russian frontier and at the Ukrainian or the Belorussian border with Central

Trans-Siberian Railway European countries. GalleryStart of Trans-Siberian railway in Moscow.Bridge over Kama River near PermBashkirsBashkir switchman near the town Ust-KatavUst' Katav on the Yuryuzan River between Ufa and Cheliabinsk in the UralsUral Mountains region, c. 1910View from the rear platform of the Simskaia railway station of the Samara-Zlatoust Railway, c. 1910Snow in the end of April, Nazyvayevsk station, Siberia.The train ferry in service on Lake BaikalTrain entering a Circum-Baikal tunnel west of Kultuk, Slyudyansky District, Irkutsk OblastKultukVladivostok terminus of the Trans-Siberian RailwayRoutes In general, the lower the train number the fewer stops it makes and therefore the faster the journey. The train number makes no difference in the duration of border crossings. Trans-Siberian lineThe marker for kilometre 9288 at the end of the Trans-Siberian Railway in Vladivostok A commonly used main line route is as follows. Distances and travel times are from the schedule of train No.002M, Moscow-Vladivostok.Moscow, Yaroslavsky Rail Terminal (0km, Moscow Time). Vladimir (210km (130mi), MT) Nizhny Novgorod (461km (286mi), 6 hours, MT) on the Volga River. Kirov, Kirov OblastKirov (917km (570mi), 13 hours, MT) on the Vyatka River. Perm (1,397km (868mi), 20 hours, MT+2) on the Kama River Official boundary between Europe and Asia (1,777km), marked by a white obelisk. Yekaterinburg (1,778km (1,105mi), 1 day 2 hours, MT+2) in the Urals, still called by its old Soviet name Sverdlovsk in most timetables. Tyumen (2,104km) Omsk (2,676km (1,663mi), 1 day 14 hours, MT+3) on the Irtysh RiverNovosibirsk (3,303km (2,052mi), 1 day 22 hours, MT+3) on the Ob RiverKrasnoyarsk (4,065km (2,526mi), 2 days 11 hours, MT+4) on the Yenisei RiverTaishet (4,483km), junction with the Baikal-Amur MainlineIrkutsk (5,153km (3,202mi), 3 days 4 hours, MT+5) near Lake Baikal's southern extremity Ulan Ude (5,609km (3,485mi), 3 days 12 hours, MT+5) eastern shore of Lake Baikal Junction with the Trans-Mongolian line (5,622km) Chita, Zabaykalsky KraiChita (6,166km (3,831mi), 3 days 22 hours, MT+6) Junction with the Trans-Manchurian line at Tarskaya (6,274km) Birobidzhan (8,312km (5,165mi), 5 days 13 hours), the capital of Jewish Autonomous RegionKhabarovsk (8,493km (5,277mi), 5 days 15 hours, MT+7) on the Amur RiverUssuriysk (9,147km), junction with the Trans-Manchurian line and Korea branch (It is located in Varanovsky, 13km (8 miles) from Ussuriysk) Vladivostok (9,289km (5,772mi), 6 days 4 hours, MT+7), on the Pacific OceanServices to North Korea continue from Ussuriysk via: Primorsk (9,257km (5,752mi), 6 days 14 hours, MT+7) Khasan (urban-type settlement)Khasan (9,407km (5,845mi), 6 days 19 hours, MT+7, border with North Korea) Tumangang (9,412km (5,848mi), 7 days 10 hours, MT+6, North Korean side of the border) Pyongyang (10,267km (6,380mi), 9 days 2 hours, MT+6) There are many alternative routings between Moscow and Siberia. For example: Some trains would leave Moscow from Kazansky Rail Terminal instead of Yaroslavsky Rail Terminal; this would save some 20km (12mi) off the distances, because it provides a shorter exit from Moscow onto the Nizhny Novgorod main line. One can take a night train from Moscow's Kursky Rail Terminal to Nizhny Novgorod, make a stopover in the Nizhny and then transfer to a Siberia-bound train From 1956 to 2001 many trains went between Moscow and Kirov via Yaroslavl instead of Nizhny Novgorod. This would add some 29km (18mi) to the distances from Moscow, making the total distance to Vladivostok at 9,288km (5,771mi). Other trains get from Moscow (Kazansky Terminal) to Yekaterinburg via Kazan. Between Yekaterinburg and Omsk it is possible to travel via Kurgan Petropavlovsk (in Kazakhstan) instead of Tyumen. One can bypass Yekaterinburg altogether by travelling via Samara, RussiaSamara, Ufa, Chelyabinsk and Petropavlovsk; this was historically the earliest configuration. Depending on the route taken, the distances from Moscow to the same station in Siberia may differ by several tens of km. Trans-Manchurian line The Trans-Manchurian line, as e.g. used by train No.020, Moscow-Beijing CIS railway timetable, route No. 020, Moscow-Beijing. Archived 2009-12-03. follows the same route as the Trans-Siberian between Moscow and Chita, Zabaykalsky KraiChita and then follows this route to China: Branch off from the Trans-Siberian-line at Tarskaya (6,274km (3,898mi) from Moscow) Zabaikalsk (6,626km), Russian border town; there is a break-of-gaugeManzhouli (6,638km (4,125mi) from Moscow, 2,323km (1,443mi) from Beijing), Chinese border town Harbin (7,573km (4,706mi), 1,388km) Changchun (7,820km (4,859mi) from Moscow) Beijing (8,961km (5,568mi) from Moscow) The express train (No.020) travel time from Moscow to Beijing is just over six days. There is no direct passenger service along the entire original Trans-Manchurian route (i.e., from Moscow or anywhere in Russia, west of Manchuria, to Vladivostok via Harbin), due to the obvious administrative and technical

Trans-Siberian Railway (Rail gaugegauge break) inconveniences of crossing the border twice. However, assuming sufficient patience and possession of appropriate visas, it is still possible to travel all the way along the original route, with a few stopovers (e.g. in Harbin, Grodekovo, and Ussuriysk). Harbin-Suifenhe train schedule. Grodekovo-Harbin schedule, November 2006 (Note that Russian train sites give incorrect kilometre distance between Chinese stations). Grodekovo-Ussuriysk schedule, November 2006. Such an itinerary would pass through the following points from Harbin east: Harbin (7,573km (4,706mi) from Moscow) Mudanjiang (7,928km) Suifenhe (8,121km), the Chinese border station Grodekovo (8,147km), Russia Ussuriysk (8,244km) Vladivostok (8,356km) Trans-Mongolian lineThe Trans-Mongolian line follows the same route as the Trans-Siberian between Moscow and Ulan Ude, and then follows this route to Mongolia and China: Branch off from the Trans-Siberian line (5,655km (3,514mi) from Moscow) Naushki (5,895km (3,663mi), MT+5), Russian border town RussianMongolian border (5,900km (3,666mi), MT+5) Skhbaatar (city)Skhbaatar (5,921km (3,679mi), MT+5), Mongolian border town Ulan Bator (6,304km (3,917mi), MT+5), the Mongolian capital Zamyn--d (7,013km (4,358mi), MT+5), Mongolian border town Erenhot (842km (523mi) from Beijing, MT+5), Chinese border town Datong (371km (231mi), MT+5) Beijing (MT+5) Cultural importance The Trans-Siberian Railway is the theme for the Trans-Siberian Railway Panorama and 1900 Trans-Siberian Railway (Faberg egg)Trans-Siberian Railway Faberg egg. In the videogame Syberia the protagonist travels by train through Russia/Siberia a clear reference to the Trans-Siberian Railway. The Corto Maltese comic Corte sconta detta arcana/Corto Maltese en Sibrie has the Trans-Siberian Railway as part of the story that takes place in the Russian Revolutionary period of the 20th century. The cult film Horror Express starring Peter Cushing, Christopher Lee and Telly Savalas is set aboard the railway. In the play Fiddler on the Roof and the Fiddler on the Roof (film)film version, Tevye's daughter, Hodel, takes the Trans-Siberian Railway to Siberia after her fianc is exiled there. The 2008 thriller Transsiberian (film)Transsiberian takes place on the railway. The 2012 Television show An Idiot Abroad features Karl Pilkington travelling the length of the railway.Henry Rollins has talked of his trip on the Trans-Siberian Express during his speaking engagements. ReferencesSources Marks, S.G. Road to Power: The Trans-Siberian Railroad and the Colonization of Asian Russia, 18501917, 1991, ISBN 0-8014-2533-6 Faulstich, Edith. M. "The Siberian Sojourn" Yonkers, N.Y. (19721977) Thomas, Bryn, The Trans-Siberian Handbook, 6th ed, 2003, Trailblazer, ISBN 1-873756-70-4(Russian) , . . (- ), 1991, , , ISBN 5-277-00758- Omrani, Bijan. Asia Overland: Tales of Travel on the Trans-Siberian and Silk Road Odyssey Publications, 2010 ISBN 962-217-811-1 External linksRoute map: Google / Bing Russian Railways - official website Overview of passenger travel today "A 1903 map of Trans-Siberian railway". Archived from the original on 11 Jan 2013. Guide to the Great Siberian Railway (1900) M. Mikhailoff, "The Great Siberian Railway", in the North American Review (Volume 170, Issue 522, May 1900). Deborah Manley, ed, "The Trans-Siberian Railway: A Traveller's Anthology" (January 2009) ISBN 1904955495. Winchester, Clarence, ed. (1936), "The Trans-Siberian Express", Railway Wonders of the World, pp.451457 illustrated description of the route and the train

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