CIV4202

COMPOSITE STEEL AND

CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
HOUSE KEEPING
! Registration;
! Mole site;
! Use your phone as a clicker (ResponseWare);

nave you used c||cker before?
A. ?es
8. no
AGENDA FOR PART 1 OF THIS LECTURE
! Lectures + Design Exercise Classes will be mixed;
! A few ground rules;
! Who I am and what I have been up to;
! What we will cover in CIV4202 and learning outcomes;
! Format of the Group Design Project;
! Useful references & sources of information.
GROUND RULES
! Im not the authority here;
! Do ask questions - stop me anytime;
! Slow me down if Im too fast.
ABOUT ME
! Dr. Shan-Shan Huang
BEng, MSc, PhD
! Lecturer in Structural Engineering
! BEng from Beijing
! MSc, PhD & Post-Doc from Sheffield
! Contactable at s.huang@shef.ac.uk
VISITING LECTURERS
Dr. Lee Leston-Jones
BEng, PhD, CEng, MIStructE
! Director of Rambolls
Manchester office
Dr. Georgeta Simona Peet
BEng, PhD, CEng, MICE
! Associate in Rambolls
Manchester office
CIV4202 - LEARNING OUTCOMES
! Demonstrate an understanding of fundamental
behaviour of composite structures of steel and
concrete under loading conditions;
! Demonstrate an understanding of design principles of
composite beams, columns and slabs under service
and ultimate loads;
! Design composite structures following guidance
contained in the Eurocodes;
! Develop a feel for the behaviour of the structure that is
often missing when design is based solely by using codes
of practice.
CALENDAR
Week Day 9-9.S0 10-10.S0 11-11.S0 12-12.S0 1-1.S0 2-2.S0 3-3.S0 4-4.S0
Mon
Wed
Ir|
Mon
Wed
Ir|
Wed
Ir|
Wed
Ir|
1ue
Wed
Ir|
Week S GD Ieedback Sess|on
GD Ieedback Sess|on
Subm|ss|on of GD v|a MCLL Q 9am
Iundamenta|s of Compos|te Construct|on
r|nc|p|es of Shear Connect|on
Compos|te S|ab Des|gn
GD Ieedback Sess|on
GD Ieedback Sess|on
GD Ieedback Sess|on
GD Ieedback Sess|on
Week 3
Week 4
Week 1
CIV4202 - Compos|te Stee| & Concrete Construct|on
Week 2
Compos|te 8eam Des|gn
Compos|te Co|umn Des|gn
Case Stud|es + Intro to GD
ALLOCATION OF CREDITS FOR CIV4202
Group Design Project
(100%)
USEFUL REFERENCES - EUROCODES
BS EN 1990 Eurocode 0: Basis of structural design
BS EN 1991-1-1 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures Part 1-1: General actions
Densities, self-weight and imposed loads
BS EN 1991-1-2 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures Part 1-2: General actions
Actions on structures exposed to fire
BS EN 1992-1-1 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures Part 1-1: General
Common rules for building and civil engineering structures
BS EN 1992-1-2 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures Part 1-2: General
Structural fire design
BS EN 1993-1-1 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures Part 1-1: General
rules and rules for buildings
BS EN 1993-1-2 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures Part 1-2: General
Structural fire design
BS EN 1994-1-1 Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete
structures Part 1-1: General Common rules and rules for
buildings
BS EN 1994-1-2 Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete
structures Part 1-2: General Structural fire design
JOHNSON, R P (2004)

COMPOSITE STRUCTURES OF STEEL AND
CONCRETE
Blackwell Publishing.
ISBN: 1405100354
! Available online via StarPlus
JOHNSON, R P AND ANDERSON D (2004)

DESIGNERS GUIDE TO EN 1994-1-1,
EUROCODE 4: DESIGN OF COMPOSITE STEEL
AND CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Thomas Telford.
ISBN: 0727730118
! Available online via StarPlus
THE FUNDAMENTALS OF
COMPOSITE BEHAVIOUR
AGENDA FOR PART 2 OF THIS LECTURE
! Fundamentals of composite design;
! The basics of limit state design;
! An introduction to Eurocode 4;
! Methods of analysis and design.
LEARNING OUTCOMES FOR THIS LECTURE
! Develop a knowledge of common forms of composite
construction and key benefits over non-composite
construction;
! Develop an understanding of the basic mechanics of
composite behaviour;
! Develop and appreciation of limit state design and
material properties in relation to composite design to
the Eurocodes;
! Develop a understanding of principle methods of
analysis and design.
COMPOSITE FLOORS & BEAMS
COMPOSITE FLOORS & BEAMS
COMPOSITE COLUMNS
Composite construction
has a very high market
share
(e.g. for high-rise buildings
in the UK)
Why?


Composite construction
normally uses steel and
concrete together
Why?




WHY IS COMPOSITE SO POPULAR?
WHY IS COMPOSITE SO POPULAR?
Complimentary materials:
! Concrete efficient in compression;
! Steel efficient in tension;
! Fire and corrosion protection;
! Steel enhances ductility.
Benefits include:
! Economic;
! Functional;
! Service and flexibility;
! Assembly.


! In (a) both parts behave separately and move freely
relative to each other at the interface;
! In (b) both parts are constrained to act together, and
plain sections remain plain (no longitudinal slip);
! Can you guess how strong and how stiff
compared Case (b) with Case (a)?
BASIC MECHANICS OF COMPOSITE DESIGN
BASIC MECHANICS OF COMPOSITE DESIGN
2 TIMES
STONGER!
BASIC MECHANICS OF COMPOSITE DESIGN
4 TIMES
STIFFER!
STRUCTURAL EFFICIENCY
! High strength
710
520
560
IPE400 IPE550 HE360B
Load resistance 100% 100% 100%
Steel weight 100% 160% 215%
Height 100% 130% 95%
Stiffness 100 70% 70% 45%
! High stiffness ! Good ductility
Composite
Non -Composite
Now cons|der th|s compos|te secnon, where shou|d a good
des|gn auempt to |ocate the neutra| ax|s of bend|ng?
A. ln Lhe concreLe slab
8. ln Lhe sLeel beam
C. AL Lhe concreLe/sLeel lnLerface
u. noL sure...
|asnc des|gn |s now commonp|ace when dea||ng w|th
compos|te construcnon. What |s(are) |ts beneht(s) over e|asnc
des|gn?
A. Lasler Lo use
8. Leads Lo hlgher reslsLances
C. 8oLh
DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
nave you done CIV2200 !"#$%"$#&' )*+,*--#,*+ .-/,+* 0
122#&,/&' & CIV321 3$'45!"6#-7 8$,'9,*+ .-/,+*?
A. ?es
8. no
DESIGN REQUIREMENT
Shou|d we e||m|nate th|s over|ap?
A. ?es, Lo prevenL sLrucLural fallure
8. no
C. uepends on Lhe slLuauon

! Limit state design applies partial safety factors, both
to the loads and to the material strengths;
! Limit state philosophy forms the basis of the design
methods in most modern codes of practice for
structural design.
LIMIT STATE DESIGN
! Ultimate limit states: strength, stability;
! Serviceability limit states: deflection, cracking,
durability.
! Excessive vibration which may cause discomfort or
alarm as well as damage;
! Fatigue must be considered if cyclic loading is likely;
! Fire resistance this must be considered in terms of
resistance to collapse, flame penetration and heat
transfer;
! Special circumstances such as earthquake
resistance, must be taken into account.
LIMIT STATES
Ior re|nforced concrete beams, wh|ch ||m|t state(s) usua||y
governs(govern) the des|gn?
A. ulumaLe llmlL sLaLes of bendlng
and shear
8. servlceablllLy llmlL sLaLe of
deecuon and cracklng
C. uon'L know...
Wh|ch ||m|t state(s) |s(are) norma||y more cr|nca| |n the des|gn
of concrete s|abs?
A. ulumaLe llmlL sLaLes of bendlng
and shear
8. servlceablllLy llmlL sLaLe of
deecuon
C. Pmmm...
! The following factors should be considered when
selecting a suitable value for :-
! The strength of the material in an actual member;
! The severity of the limit state being considered.
PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS FOR MATERIALS, !
M

) (
) (
M
k
safety of factor partial
f strength stic characteri
strength Design
!
=
M
!
Sn|| remember what character|snc strength :
;
|s about?
A. ?es : )
8. Pmmm...more or less
C. noL aL all : (
Character|snc strength :
;
= mean strength :
<
- 1.64s.
What |s '1.64s' about?
It |s:
A. Lo conslder Lhe devlauon of LesL
resulLs
8. Lo ensure LhaL Lhe ma[orlLy of
maLerlal wlll have sLrengLhs
hlgher Lhan !
"
C. emplrlcal and means noLhlng
Character|snc strength :
;
= mean strength :
<
- 1.64s.
'1.64s' |s to ensure that the ma[or|ty of mater|a| w||| have
strengths h|gher than :
;
.
What does 'ma[or|ty' mean here?
A. 73
8. 83
C. 93
! Recommended values of for strengths of material
and for resistances (from Eurocodes ):-
PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS FOR MATERIALS, !
M

M
!
Why does concrete have a h|gher parna| safety factor than stee|?
A. ConcreLe has lower sLrengLh Lhan
sLeel
8. ConcreLe sLrengLh can be aecLed
by many facLors
C. ConcreLe ls a more conslsLenL
maLerlal Lhan sLeel
u. noL sure...
Why do ULS have h|gher parna| safety
factors than SLS?
A. uLS are more crlucal
(governlng Lhe deslgn) Lhan
SLS
8. uLS are more severe (ln Lerms
of Lhe consequence of fallure)
Lhan SLS
C. uon'L know...
! The loads acting on a structure are divided into four
basic types:
! Permanent (dead) loads, G
k
g
k
;
! Variable (live) imposed loads, Q
k
q
k
;
! Wind loads;
! Accidental Loads.
DESIGN LOADS ACTING ON STRUCTURES

When des|gn|ng a structura| e|ement, do dead |oads +
;
|nc|ude
the se|f-we|ght of the e|ement |tse|f?
A. ?es
8. no
C. noL sure...
! The value of should also take into account:-
! The importance of the limit state under
consideration;
! Different type of loading;
! The probability of particular load combinations.
PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS FOR LOADS, !
f


f
!
Design load = characteristic load! partial safety factor(!
f
)
! Values of and for persistent design situations
(from Eurocodes ):
PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS FOR LOADS, !
f


G
!
Q
!
k k
Q G load Design 5 . 1 35 . 1 + =
! ULS
k k
Q G load Design 0 . 1 0 . 1 + =
! SLS -
! The load combination should be arranged to produce
the worst possible effect on the structure in terms of
bending moments, shear forces and deflections.
LOAD COMBINATIONS / PATTERN LOADING

Why |s the parna| safety factor for var|ab|e
unfavourab|e |oads at ULS the h|ghest?
A. 8ecause Lhe varlable unfavourable
loads are usually Lhe mosL crlucal
8. lor Lhe uncerLalnLy of varlable
loads
C. uon'L know
AN INTRODUCTION TO
EUROCODE 4
! The publication of structural Eurocodes is complete;
! They replaced existing British Standards which were
withdrawn on 31 March 2010;
! Over 30% of the construction sector are already using
Eurocodes by June 2009;
! In order to allow for the variety of climatic and other
factors across the EU, the Member States may produce
their own National Annexes.
UPDATES ON THE EUROCODES
! Eurocode 4 applies to the design of composite
structures and members for buildings and civil
engineering works;
! Eurocode 4 is based on limit state principles and comes
in several parts as follows:
! Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings
Replaces BS 5950-3.1 and BS 5950-4

! Part 1-2: Structural fire design
Replaces BS 5950-8
! Part 2: Bridges
Replaces BS 5400-5

! A UK National Annex (NA to BS EN 1994-1-1:2004) to
Eurocode 4 Part 1-1 is available.
EUROCODE 4
METHODS OF
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
! The principal methods of analysis used for composite
members and frames are:
! The elementary elastic theory of bending;
! The simple plastic theory in which the whole cross-
section of a member is assumed to be yield, in
either tension or compression.
METHODS OF ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
! Both theories are used for composite members, the
differences being as follows:
! Concrete in tension is usually neglected in elastic
theory, and always neglected in plastic theory;
! In the elastic theory, concrete in compression is
transformed into an equivalent area of steel by
dividing its breadth by the modular ratio E
a
/ E
c
;
! In the plastic theory, the design yield stress of
concrete in compression is taken as 0.85 f
cd
,
where f
cd
= f
ck
/ !
c.
Transformed sections are not
used.
METHODS OF ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
Composite beams incorporating composite deck slabs.
(a) Deck perpendicular to secondary beam.
(b) Deck parallel to primary beam.
Plastic analysis of composite section under positive moment.
(a) PNA in slab, (b) PNA in steel flange, (c) PNA in steel web.
METHODS OF ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
now wou|d you |ay a one-way compos|te s|ab?
A. 8lbs parallel Lo Lhe shorL span
8. 8lbs parallel Lo Lhe long span
C. LlLher way can do
LEARNING OUTCOMES FOR THIS LECTURE
! Develop a knowledge of common forms of composite
construction and key benefits over non-composite
construction;
! Develop an understanding of the basic mechanics of
composite behaviour;
! Develop and appreciation of limit state design and
material properties in relation to composite design to
the Eurocodes;
! Develop a understanding of principle methods of
analysis and design.
now do you fee| about the use of c||ckers]phones?
A. Llke
8. ulsllke
C. neuLral
now d|d you hnd about the c||cker quesnons?
A. useful - helped wlLh revlslng Lhe
deslgn phllosophles
8. useless - Loo easy & wasLer of
ume
C. neuLral
THANK YOU...