...

.
,
,
,

,
.

.
,
(),
.

 ;

.

,

1.000-3.000C
> 4.000oC
.

 ;

.


.
5 70C/km,
30C/km 1C 30m.


.

:
 (, )
 ( ,
)
 ,
.

,
,
.

 ...

... ,


.

0,98 (98%),
0,25 ~ 0,40
0,15 ~ 0,18.

, :





.

.

,

.

,
.

. (earth energy)
(
)
100m

, .

.

. (enhanced
geothermal systems)

2 10km,


,
,


.

. (geopressured systems)
,

.
. (magma systems)

,
.


,
:

.
150C.

.

90 - 150C.

25 - 90C.


,
:

(, )

( 25C).

0C ( Permafrost).

,
,
:
1. ,
,
.

(),
.

2.
,
.
70C
.

3. (
).


.

- (converters),
.
4. .

,
,

.


,
.



( ) :
1. .
(
, ,
, ,
, - .)

.


2.
.
(,
, , , ,
, , , )
.



.
, .


3. -
.



.
.
, ,
, ,
, , .


4. .

.

,
,

.



.


( )
.

:





 .

(.. ,
,
)
(
, ).

.

,

.


.

(
) .


( ,
, ).

,


.

,
,
.
, ,


, .

:
(..
,
, Hastelloy )



( pH
).

CO2
,
.
H2S,
,
.
H2S <0,5g/kWh
7g/kWh.
H2S

.

(kg/MWh )
CO2

NOx

SOx

1.042

4,4

11,8

839

12,4

1,6

453

1,4

0,0

95

0,3

0,1

135

0,3

0,4

20

1,8

0,5



.
, .
.

:


 Rankine

,

.

.
Larderello 1904,
504MW .

.




.

,
,
, .

Imperial Valley,
.


Rankine

(
)
( & , , , CO2 )
.



.


Rankine

.

,


90C.


Rankine

Soda Lake, .

900 1.500 kWe.

0,04 0,07/kWhe
.


&

2005, 8.927,63MWe.

1.124,43MWe (2005).


&

:





 .

,
2005 28.273MWth,
85% 2000.
13.629MWth
.


2005

74,8MWth.

.

.


, , .

45C.

.
200-1.400 kWth.
2-3%
.
0,005-0,035/kWhth

.

.
,

,
.


30C.

,

:
 . ,
( 5-20 cm)
 . ()
 .

 .

( )
 . .




1.072,9 MWth, 75%
.

PP

Spirulina

,
(.. ) (.. ).
,

, ,
.

(.. ,
, ).

20C.




2005 230 MWth.

&

.
,
, ,
, , .

,

.


.

120,3MWth, 25%
.
10 ,
0,2MWth,
( ).

.


.
,

(, )
.
: , ,
.

2005 1.476,43MWth.

,
,
.
,
0-200m,
25C.

, ,
, 0-30m ,
.

0-15m
,

.

,

.

.

:

 .

,

.

20%

(, , ,
) 10-30C, (,
, ) 5-25C.

(COP) 3
4 .

()
:
 1.
 2.
 3. .

40-60C

(fan coils), .

.

,
,
,
.

.
,
.

,

.

,
U,
50 150 .

,
( Slinky)


40%.

, ,

.

500-1.000 /
kWth
, 1.000-1.500 / kWth
.
0,015-0,055 /kWhth
,
0,03-0,10 /kWhth
.
.

,
2005 15.379,29MWth.
7.100,39MWth

.
,

4MWth .













 -



(GSHP)

:


:
,

: .


(Vertical Earth Heat Exchanger VEHE)


(Horizontal Earth Heat Exchanger HEHE)


(Horizontal Earth Heat Exchanger HEHE)

,
5m,
31m.
2m

2C .

.



34,00

MAX
21 JANUARY

31,00

21 FEBRUARY
28,00

21 MARCH

TEMPERATURE

21 APRIL
25,00

21 MAY
21 JUNE

22,00

21 JULY
21 AUGUST

19,00

21 SEPTEMBER
16,00

21 OCTOBER
21 NOVEMBER

13,00

21 DECEMBER
MIN

10,00
0

3
DEPTH

, ( 23C)

1 5
: 23,20 23,24C
0,04.

1,77

1,8
.

=1,0W/mK, c=800kJ/kgK, =200kg/m3, 25%

 COP

=1,0W/mK, c=800kJ/kgK, =200kg/m3, 25%



: , Tin,water=17,0C, m=0,30kg/s, D=28mm, d=22mm


( )

q& geo (t, x, y, Lz ) = j [Tj1 (t, x, y, z j1 ) Tj (t, x, y, Lz )]

q& geo (t, x, y,0) = h 0 [T0 (t ) Tj (t, x, y,0)] + I(t)

q& (t, z ) = h f [Tf (t ) Tj (t, z )]

:
L
&
Q(t ) = 2 r n q& (t, z )dz
0



198
0, 5
, 10

1
, ~40

5
, 120

=1,0W/mK, c=800kJ/kgK, =200kg/m3, 25%

10-120
.