Si Macario Sakay ay Pilipinong Heneral noong panahon ng digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano.

Siya ang tumutol sa pamamalakad ng Estados Unidos sa Pilipinas kahit na ipinahayag na ng Estados Unidos na tapos na ang digmaan noong 1902.Si Heneral Macario Sakay ay isang orihinal na miyembro ng Katipunan. Nakipaglaban siya sa mga Kastila kasama ni Andres Bonifacio sa Rebolusyong Filipino noong 1896.Ipinagpatuloy niya ang pakikipaglaban upang makamit ang kalayaan ng Pilipinas sa mga Amerikano. Nang malapit na matapos ang digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano, nadakip siyang Hukbong Pamayapa ng Pilipinas at ikinulong. Nang sumuko ang pinakahuling Heneral na Pilipinong lumaban sa digmaan na si Heneral Miguel Malvar noong Abril 1902, opisyal na ibinalita ng noo'y Pangulo ng Estados Unidos na si Theodore Roosevelt na tapos na ang digmaan sa pagitan ng Pilipinas at Amerika noong Hulyo 4, 1902. Si Heneral Macario Sakay at iba pang mga ikinulong ay binigyan ng amnestiya at pinalaya.Subalit noong Nobyembre 12, 1902 nagpasa ng batas ang Komisyong Pilipinas(Philippine Commission) ng Kautusan Laban sa Pagiging Tulisan (Bandolerism Act ) kung saan lahat ng lumalaban o tinatawag na insurhensiya at mga nahulingnakikipagdigma ay kailangan litisin sa hukuman bilang mga bandido, ladrones at magnanakaw. Hindi ito sinang-ayunan ni Heneral Macario Sakay at siya ay nagdeklarang sariling manipesto at idineklara ang kanyang sarili bilang Pangulo ng Katagalugan(the Tagalog Republic) bilang pagsasalungat sa pananakop ng Estados Unidos sa Pilipinas.

Macario Sakay
Further information: History of the Philippines (18981946)

Macario Sakay

Macario Sakay (third from left, front row) with his Cabinet: (first row, left to right) Julin Montalan, Francisco Carren, Sakay, Lucio de Vega (second row, left to right) Len Villafuerte, and Benito Natividad.

President of the Philippines

(Unofficial)

Tagalog Republic

In office May 6, 1902 July 14, 1906

Vice President

Francisco Carren

Preceded by

Miguel Malvar

Succeeded by

Abolished
title next held by Manuel Quezon

Personal details

Born

Macario Sakay y de Len c. 1870 Tondo, Manila Spanish East Indies

Died

13 September 1907 (aged 37) City of Manila, Philippine Islands

Political party

Katipunan Republika ng Katagalugan

Profession

Revolutionary

Religion

Roman Catholicism

Macario Sakay y de Len (1870 September 13, 1907) was a Filipino general who took part in the 1896 Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire and in the Philippine-American War. After the war was declared over by the United States in 1902, Sakay continued resistance and the following year he became President of the Republic of Katagalugan.[1]

Early life
Sakay was born in 1870 along Tabora Street, Tondo, in the City of Manila.[2] He first worked as an apprentice in a kalesa (carriage) manufacturing shop. He was also a tailor and a stage actor, performing in a number of plays including Principe Baldovino, Doce Pares de Francia, and Amante de la Corona.[2] An original member of the Katipunan movement, of which he joined in 1894, he fought alongside Andrs Bonifacio against the Spanish throughout the Philippine Revolution.[2] In 1899, he continued the struggle for Philippine independence against the United States. Early in the Philippine-American War, he was jailed for seditious activities, and later released as part of an amnesty.[3]

After the war

Sakay was one of the founders of the Partido Nacionalista (unrelated to the present Nacionalista Party founded in 1907), which sought to achieve Philippine independence through legal means. The party appealed to the Philippine Commission, but the Commission passed the Sedition Law, which prohibited any form of propaganda advocating independence.[4][5] Sakay thus took up arms again.[2]

Tagalog Republic
Further information: Tagalog Republic Around 1902 Sakay established the Tagalog Republic somewhere in the mountains of Rizal. His first military circulars and presidential orders as "President and Commander-in-Chief" came in 1903.[2] Sakay's military circular No. 1 was dated May 5, 1903, and his Presidential Order No. 1 was dated March 18, 1903. [2]

Military organization
In Sakay's military circular No. 7, dated June 19, 1903, the government of the Tagalog Republic (called the "Republic of the Philippines") affirmed the formation of an organized army. The army units were composed of Kabohans (eight soldiers, equivalent to a squad), Camilleros (nine soldiers), Companias (117 soldiers, equivalent to a company, and Batalions (801 soldiers, equivalent to battalion).[2] However, in Sakay's Second Manifesto, dated April 5, 1904, it was said that the exact number of soldiers in his army could not be ascertained. There are insufficient documents to speculate on the size of the Republic's army, but they do demonstrate that Sakay's army existed and that it was made up of officers appointed and commissioned by Sakay himself.[2] In Sakay's presidential order No. 2, dated May 8, 1903, the government, in search of sources of weapons to carry out its struggle against the Americans, stated that it was willing to confer military rank on citizens who could turn over firearms to the Presidential Office or any of the headquarters under its command. Ranks would be conferred on the following schedule: 10 to 15 firearms, the rank of lieutenant; 16 to 25 firearms, the rank of captain; 26 to 36 firearms, the rank of major; 40 to 50 firearms, the rank of colonel.[2] In Sakay's military order

No. 5, dated May 25, 1903, the government assigned the following color codes for the divisions of its army: artillery (red), infantry (light blue), cavalry (dark blue), engineering (dark brown), chief-of-staff (dark green), sanitary (yellow), and marines (gray).[2]

Planned kidnapping
According to General Leon Villafuerte, his, Carreon's and Sakay's forces planned to kidnap Alice Roosevelt Longworth, the daughter of President Theodore Roosevelt. The plan was to trade her with the Americans in exchange for the immediate recognition of Philippine independence. The kidnapping was not attempted since Longworth postponed her trip by train to Baguio.[2]

Capture and execution

In 1905, Filipino labour leader Dominador Gmez was authorised by Governor-General Henry Clay Ide to negotiate for the surrender of Sakay and his men. Gmez met with Sakay at his camp and argued that the establishment of a national assembly was being held up by Sakay's intransigence, and that its establishment would be the first step toward Filipino independence. Sakay agreed to end his resistance on the condition that a general amnesty be granted to his men, that they be permitted to carry firearms, and that he and his officers be permitted to leave the country. Gmez assured Sakay that these conditions would be acceptable to the Americans, and Sakay's emissary, General Len Villafuerte, obtained agreement to them from the American Governor-General.[citation needed] Sakay believed that the struggle had shifted to constitutional means, and that the establishment of the assembly was a means to winning independence. As a result, he surrendered on 20 July 1906, descending from the mountains on the promise of an amnesty for him and his officials, and the formation of a Philippine Assembly composed of Filipinos that would serve as the "gate of freedom".[citation needed] With Villafuerte, Sakay travelled to Manila, where they were welcomed and invited to receptions and banquets. One invitation came from the Constabulary Chief, Colonel Harry H. Bandholtz; it was a trap, and Sakay along with his principal lieutenants were disarmed and arrested while the party was in progress.[6][7] At his trial, Sakay was accused of "bandolerismo under the Brigandage Act of Nov. 12, 1902, which interpreted all acts of armed resistance to American rule as banditry." The colonial Supreme Court of the Philippines upheld the decision.[8] Sakay was sentenced to death, and hanged on 13 September 1907. Before his death, he made the following statement:

"Death comes to all of us sooner or later, so I will face the LORD Almighty calmly. But I want to tell you that we are not bandits and robbers, as the Americans have accused us, but members of the revolutionary force that defended our mother country, the Philippines! Farewell! Long live the Republic and may our independence be born in the future! Long live the Philippines!" [9][10]

In popular culture

Sakay is often cited for his long hair, and his name has become a byword in the Philippines for people needing a haircut.[citation needed]

Sakay is the subject of the biographical film Sakay directed by Raymond Red, in which he is portrayed by actor Julio Daz.[11]

A life-sized statue of Sakay was unveiled at the Plaza Morga in Tondo, by the Manila Historical Heritage Commission on 13 September 2008, the 101st anniversary of his death.[12] That same month, the Senate adopted two separate resolutions honouring Sakay's life and his fellow freedom fighters for their contribution to the cause of independence.[13][14]

Macario Sakay
Revolutionary Leader 1870-1907 Si Macario Sakay ay naging pangulo ng Republikang Tagalog. Isinilang si Sakay noong 1870 sa Tondo, Maynila. Nang magbinata, nagtrabaho siya bilang sastre, at pagkaraa'y naging katulong sa isang pagawaan ng kalesa. Siya ang naging aktor ng komedya sa Tondo. Dito niya nakilala siAndres Bonifacio, tagapagtatag ng Katipunan. Si Sakay ang isa sa unang 300 kasapi ng Katipunan. Naging masigasig siya sa pagtatag ng mga sangay ng Katipunan at naging pangulo ng Dapitan, isa sa mga pinaka aktibong sangay nito. Tumulong din sya sa pamamahagi ng Kalayaan, opisyal na pahayagan ng rebolusyonaryong samahan. Kasa-kasama siya ni Andres Bonifacio noong unang yugto ng Rebolusyong Pilipino. Nang sumiklab ang Digmaan Filipino-Amerikano, nadakip si Sakay ng mga Amerikano dahil sa tinangka niyang buhayin ang Katipunan sa Maynila. Namundok siya pagkaraang makalaya. Dito itinatag niya ang Republikang Tagalog, na binubuo ng mga rebolusyonaryong puwersa sa Bulacan, Pampang, Morong (ngayo'y Rizal), Cavite, Laguna at Batangas.

Noong May 6, 1906, naglabas si Sakay ng manipestong nagpapahayag ng intensyon ng Republikang Tagalog na makipaglaban sa mga Amerikano para sa kasarinlan ng Pilipinas. Muli niyang ipinahayag ang kanyang makabayang layon sa manipestong ibinigay niya sa mga dayuhang konsulado. Naging malaking banta sa mga Amerikano si Sakay at ang kanyang tauhan. Mahirap pang madakip si Sakay dahil tinangkilik ng taumbayan. Napilitang magsagawa ng panloloko ang mga Amerikano. Binigyan ni Gobernador Heneral Henry C. Ide ng awtoridad si Dr. Dominador Gomez, lider-mangagawa, na makipag usap kay Sakay sa kuta nito sa Tanay, Rizal. Sinabi ni Dr. Gomez kay Sakay ng siya ang "huling balakid para makamit ang pagkabansa ng Pilipinas." Pagkaraan ng masusing pag-iisip, sumang-ayon si Sakay na magbaba ng kanilang armas sa kondisyong ilalatag ng Estados Unidos ang Asemblea Filipina. Noong Hulyo 4, 1907, mainit na sinalubong ng taumbayan si Sakay at kanyang mga tauhan sa Maynila. Inanyayahan sila sa mga handaan, sayawan, harana at iba pang pagdiriwang. Sa isang handaan ng mga Amerikano noong Hulyo 17, inaresto si Sakay at kanyang mga tauhan. Isinakdal si Sakay at kanyang mga tauhan sa salang bandolerismo. Binitay si Macario Sakay noong Setyembre 13, 1907 sa Bilibid, Maynila.

Biography of Macario Sakay in English

Macario Sakay was president of the Tagalog Republic. Sakay was born in 1870 in Tondo, Manila. As a young man, he worked as a tailor and later became an apprentice a calesa-manufacturing shop. He was also an actor of the comedia in Tondo. This was where he met Andres Bonifacio, founder of the Katipunan. Sakay was one of the first 300 members of the Katipunan. He was active in setting up Katipunan chapters and was president of Dapitan, one of its active chapters. He also helped in distributing "Kalayaan", official organ of the revolutionary society. He was with Bonifacio during the early days of the Philippine Revolution. When the FilipinoAmerican War broke out, Sakay was arrested by the Americans for trying to revive the Katipunan in Manila. After his release from prison, he fled to the mountains. He organized the revolutionary forces in Bulacan, Pampanga, Morong (now Rizal), Cavite, Laguna, and Batangas into what he called the Tagalog Republic.

On May 6, 1906, Sakay issued a manifesto declaring the intention of the Tagalog Republic to fight the Americans in order to establish Philippine Independence. He reaffirmed his patriotic resolve in other manifesto addressed to all foreign consulates. Sakay and his troops became a threat to the Americans. Popular support made it more difficult for the Americans to capture Sakay. The Americans would then resort to deception. Governor General Henry C. Ide authorized Dr. Dominador Gomez, a labor leader, to meet, with Sakay in his mountains camp in Tanay, Rizal. He told Sakay that he was the "last obstacle to Filipino nationhood." After much thought, Sakay agreed to lay down arms on that condition that the United States establish the Philippine Assembly. On July 4, 1907, he and his men received the heroes' welcome as they marched into Manila. They were invited to banquets, dances, serenades and other festive gatherings. In a party hosted by the Americans on July 17, Sakay and his men were arrested. Sakay and his men charged with banditry. On September 13, 1907, Macario Sakay was hanged at the Old Bilibid Compound in Manila.

M ACARIO S AKAY
(1870-1907) MATAPANG NA HENERAL SI MACARIO SAKAY AY IPINANGANAK NOONG SETYEMBRE 1870 SA TROZO MANILA. LIKAS ANG KANYANG KASIPAGAN. WALA SIYANG PINIPILING TRABAHO. NOONG SIYA AY BATA PA NAGING MANGGAGAWA SIYA NG KALESA AT NAGING MANANAHI RIN. MAHILIG DIN SIYANG UMARTE, GUMAGANAP SIYA SA MGA DULA-DULAAN AT MORO-MORO. KAHIT NA ANO PINAPASUKAN NIYA BASTA'T MARANGAL NA MAPAGKAKAKITAAN. NOONG TAONG 1894 AY SUMAPI SIYA SA KATIPUNAN O KKK, LUBOS NIYANG NAUNAWAAN ANG MGA PINAGLALABAN NG MGA KATIPUNERO AT TUMIMO IYON SA KANYANG ISIP AT KALOOBAN. NAGING PANGULO SIYA NG SANGAY SA DAPITAN AT DAHIL NAGING MAHUSAY SIYANG LIDER NG KANYANG NASASAKUPAN, MATAPANG SIYA AT BUO ANG LOOB. NAHIRANG SIYANG MAGING PINUNO NG HUKBO SA KATAGALUGAN. NANG MADAKIP SI EMILIO AGUINALDO NOONG TAONG 1901, AY IPINAGPATULOY NI MACARIO SAKAY ANG PAKIKIPAGLABAN AT PAKIKIBAKA, ITINATAG NIYA ANG REPUBLIKA NG KAPULUANG TAGALOG. ISINUGO NG MGA AMERIKANO SI DR. DOMINADOR GOMEZ UPANG HIMUKIN SI MACARIO SAKAY NA SUMUKO,
AT DAHIL GUSTO RIN NIYANG MAGBAGONG BUHAY KASAMA ANG KANYANG MGA TAUHAN AY NAKUMBINSE RIN SIYANG SUMUKO NOONG PAGKARAAN NG ANIM NA ARAW AY PATAKSIL SIYANG DINAKIP NG MGA HINATULANG MAMATAY.

HULYO 14, 1906. SI SAKAY AT ANG KANIYANG MGA KASAMAHAN, SUBALIT AMERIKANO, NILITIS SIYA AT

NOONG SETYEMBRE 13, 1907 SI MACARIO SAKAY AY BINITAY.