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INSTITUT PERGURUAN BAHASA-BAHASA ANTARABANGSA INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGES TEACHER TRAINING INSTITUTE

Source: American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association ( th e!.). "ashington# $C: American Psychological Association. Australian Centre %or E!ucational Stu!ies.(200&). Referencing procedures. Sy!ney: 'ac(uarie )ni*ersity# Sy!ney# Australia.

REFERENCING PROCEDURES
CONTENTS

3ENE4A5 CO''ENTS ,N6TE7T C,TAT,ONS C,TAT,ONS ,N 4E:E4ENCE 5,ST O4 ;,;5,O34AP+< SO'E 3),$E5,NES

2 869 =612 18

GENERAL COMMENTS: REFERENCING AND BIBLIOGRAPHY PROCEDURES ,n aca!emic -riting# authors are e./ecte! to ac0no-le!ge their sources o% in%ormation. There are se*eral reasons -hy this is re(uire!. Among the reasons: it /ro*i!es e*i!ence that a thorough e.amination o% the %iel! in -hich one is -riting has 1een un!erta0en# it /ro*i!es su//ort %or the arguments one ma0es# it sho-s the (uality o% one2s su//ort# it allo-s one to share one2s sources o% in%ormation# it ena1les other -riter2s to easily i!enti%y# locate an! retrie*e the sources o% in%ormation in one2s -riting# an! to /re*ent /lagiarism.

The act o% i!enti%ying one2s sources o% in%ormation in aca!emic -riting is usually re%erre! to as re%erencing. 3enerally# one shoul!

!i%%erentiate 1et-een the s0ills in -riting in6te.t re%erences (4e%erencing S0ills) an! the s0ills in -riting re%erences %or the 1i1liogra/hy (;i1liogra/hy S0ills). ,n6te.t re%erencing re%ers to the citation o% re%erences -ithin the 1o!y o% the te.t -hile 1i1liogra/hy re%erencing re%ers to the citation o% re%erences in the 4e%erence 5ist or ;i1liogra/hy at the en! o% the te.t. There are se*eral acce/te! systems %or re%erencing. Stu!ents in colleges an! uni*ersities are generally e./ecte! to %ollo- one o% these systems in all their %ormal -ritten -or0. This !ocument is 1ase! on the system as recommen!e! 1y the American Psychological Association (APA). ,t /ro*i!es e.am/les on ho- to cite sources 1ase! on the APA system. "hile the APA system is not the only re%erencing /roce!ure acce/te! internationally# it is note-orthy that the APA style is -i!ely use! 1y e!ucators an! other /ro%essionals in their /u1lications. ,n the ,nternational 5anguages Teacher E!ucation ,nstitute (,P;A)# the re%erencing /roce!ures in use run /arallel -ith that as lai! out in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA) (2001). All stu!ents are e./ecte! to %ollo- the re%erencing /roce!ures %or all their -ritten -or0. ,n a!!ition# at least 20> o% all re%erences %or all stu!ents2 -or0 shoul! 1e no later than the /re*ious %i*e years. The re%erencing /roce!ures are as lai! out in the %ollo-ing /ages. The contents o% this !ocument -ere source! %rom the ?Pu1lication 'anual o% the American Psychological Association ( th e!.)@ 1y the American Psychological Association (2001) an! %rom the !ocument ?4e%erencing Proce!ures@ 1y the Australian Centre %or E!ucational Stu!ies (200&)# 'ac(uarie )ni*ersity# Sy!ney# Australia. +o-e*er# it is to 1e note! that there are one or t-o !i%%erences 1et-een the APA system an! that /ractise! in ,P;A.

IN-TEXT CITATIONS All re%erences to Aournals# 1oo0s an! other sources are to 1e i!enti%ie! at an a//ro/riate /oint in the te.t 1y the name o% author an! year o% /u1lication. Se*eral !i%%erent /roce!ures are a*aila1le to co*er !i%%erent categories.

Category Single author

Notes ,% the authorBs name is in the te.t:

E a!"#e Throughout sho-n... the stu!y# "ong (2000) has

Category

Notes ,% the author2s name is -ithin 1rac0ets:

E a!"#e The e!ucation system in 'alaysia su//orts in!e/en!ent learning (Choy# 200C).

T-o authors

,% the authors2 names are in the te.t: ,% the authors2 names are -ithin 1rac0ets: Note the use o% the am/ersan! ?D@ in /lace o% ?an!@ %or names in 1rac0ets

4e/orts 1y +arton an! Smith (1EE ) suggest that... Stu!ents in ,P;A ha*e 1een %oun! to 1e multi6 talente! (;oon D Aeria# 200 ).

Three# %our or %i*e authors:

,% the authors2 names are in the te.t:

"oo!# ;runer an! 4oss (1EE2) (%irst citation). "oo! et al. (1EE2) (secon! an! su1se(uent citations). The schools in the Flang Galley out6/er%orme! the other schools in 'alaysia (;ric0-all# Pur!ue D 'ohan# 2008). (%irst citation) The schools in the Flang Galley are generally schools -ith a long history (;ric0-all et al.# 2008). (secon! an! su1se(uent citations)

,% the authors2 names are -ithin 1rac0ets:

Note the use o% ?et al.@ %or secon! an! su1se(uent citations

'ore than %i*e authors:

,% the authors2 names are in the te.t:

;eishuiHen et al. (2001) -hen the re%erence is actually ;eishuiHen# Gan Putten# ;o-meester# Asscher# ;ochner# OB;rien an! 'c5ean (2001). ,P;A stu!ents are 1etter at language games than /hysical ones (3ra!y et al.# 200 ) -hen the re%erence is actually (3ra!y# O2+ara# 5im# 'usta0im# Patric0# "arner D 4onsta!t# 200 ).

,% the authors2 names are -ithin 1rac0ets:

Category Author is a 1o!y (e.g. go*ernment agency# cor/oration):

Notes ,% the author2s name is in the te.t:

E a!"#e 'inistry o% E!ucation J'OEK (2008) mentione! that L Su1se(uent citation: 'OE (2008) a!*ocate! L

,% the author2s name is -ithin 1rac0ets: Note: )se o% a11re*iation is encourage! i% name is *ery longI a11re*iation to 1e use! in su1se(uent citations

A num1er o% im/ortant issues ha*e 1een co*ere!# !ra-ing on !ata %rom a 3o*ernment source ('inistry o% E!ucation J'OEK # 200 ). Su1se(uent te.t citation: The e!ucation system recei*e! a -elcome 1oost ('OE#200 ). ?,m/lications o% F;S4 (1E=E) state! that L Lthe im/lementation o% 1oth (Cohort 3 Annual Report #1E=E) curriculums

No author Anonymous author

,% the author2s name is in the te.t: ,% the author2s name is -ithin 1rac0ets: )se the %irst %e- -or!s o% the re%erence list entry (usually the title) an! the year. $ou1le (uotation mar0s are use! %or an article title or cha/terI italics are use! %or the title o% a /erio!ical# 1oo0# 1rochure or re/ort

Only a limite! num1er o% teachers are thoroughly traine! -ith the s0ills re(uire! in the classroom (Anonymous#200C).

Same surname authors

,nclu!e the authors2 initials in all te.t citations

+. ". 3omeH (1EE9) an! F. 3omeH (1EE0) also %oun! L

Citing multi/le -or0s at one /lace in the te.t:

:or citations in the te.t: :or citations -ithin 1rac0ets: Se/arate each citation -ith a semicolon.

3oromon (2008)# +ector (2001) an! Gictor an! 'ichael (200C) mentione! that L As numerous stu!ies on the use o% Aournals ha*e sho-n (%or e.am/le# :rancis# 1EE I

Category

Notes Citations arrange! al/ha1etically rather than chronologically

E a!"#e 3armon# 1EE=I 3oon D Foh# 2008)...

T-o or more -or0s in the same year 1y same author(s) Secon!ary source

)se a# 1# c# etc. to !i%%erentiate the -or0s

Stu!ies 1y A1el (1EE aI 1EE 1) sho-e! that

Cite 1oth the /rimary an! secon!ary sourcesI ho-e*er# only secon!ary source to 1e cite! in 4e%erence 5ist

The 'alaysian e!ucation system is too e.am6 orientate! ('an# 1E=2# as cite! in 5im# 1EE0). Accor!ing to 'an (1E=2# as cite! in 5im# 1EE0)# the 'alaysian e!ucation system is too e.am6 orientate!.

Citing same source in one /aragra/h more than once

:or secon! an! su1se(uent citations# omit the year unless citation is in 1rac0ets

'ohana (2001) asserte! that the 'alaysian economy is %airly ro1ust. +o-e*er# 1EE9 -as an unusual year ('ohana# 2001). There -ere other un!ercurrents at -or0 then. 'ohana %urther a!!s thatL. 'ohana also note! that L 'ohana (2001) also mentione! that L

Note that %or a ne- /aragra/h# the year has to 1e cite! again No !ate Personal Communications (e.g. /hone con*ersations# emails# inter*ie-s) Para/hrasing %rom s/eci%ic /age(s) )se ?n.!.@ in /lace o% the !ate Cite only in the te.tI !o not cite in 4e%erence 5istI also /ro*i!e initials an! other !etails ,nclu!e /age num1ers a/art %rom the name o% author an! year

AHhar (n.!.) re1utte! the arguments 1y L ,n a /hone con*ersation -ith F. EliHa1eth (/ersonal communication# Muly C# 200C)...

4ecent %in!ings on the characteristics o% /ort%olio as a tool %or assessment (Teacher

Category

Notes

E a!"#e E!ucation $i*ision# 1EEC# //. &6C) sho- that... +amache0 (1E=1# as cite! in 'achargo# 1EE1# /. 2&) e./laine! that...

Nuotations

As %ar as /ossi1le# /ara/hrase rather than (uoteI All (uotations shoul! 1e accom/anie! 1y /age num1er(s) a/art %rom author2s name an! year

,t -as conclu!e! (Mohn# 'ali0i D Gan6+uiHen# 1EE=# /. EE) that Ohigh sel%6conce/t stu!ents are more /o/ular# coo/erati*e# an! /ersistent in class -or0.O :i!elis (1EE=) re/orte! that Othe B$omino theoryB# -hich ha! 1een %re(uently raise! -as %oun! to 1e untena1le@ (/. 1 E). :i!elis (1EE=) state! that: The O$omino theoryO# -hich ha! 1een %re(uently !e1ate! in the /ast has a num1er o% -ea0nesses. One o% the main -ea0nesses -as its ina1ility to e./lain hoany o% the countries coul! easily lose out in a -ar o% attrition. Another -as its sim/listic nature# not ta0ing into account the *arious rami%ications. (/.1 E)

Nuotations o% &0 or more -or!s shoul! 1e in!ente! s/aces %rom the le%t margin an! le%t in a %ree6stan!ing 1loc0I no (uotation mar0s to 1e use! Nuotations shoul! not 1e in italicsI

,nternet# -ith author ,nternet# -ithout author

Same as -ith other sources Same as -ith other sources: )se the title o% the article Same as -ith other sources: )se ?n.!.@

Fir0lan! (200 ) mentione! that L The -orl! is roun! (Fir0lan!# 200 ). ?'alaysia ;oleh@ (200&) mentione! that L 'alaysian s/ortsmen are getting 1etter 1y the !ay (?'alaysia ;oleh#@ 200&) Fir0lan! (n.!.) mentione! that L.. 'alaysian s/ortsmen are getting 1etter 1y the !ay (?'alaysia ;oleh#@ n.!.)

,nternet# no !ate

Category

Notes

E a!"#e

Asian names

'alay name Chinese name ,n!ian name

'oh!. Ali (200 ) state! that L The /arty -as -ea0 then ('oh!. Ali# 200 ). 5im (200C) asserte! that L The /rime minister has the %inal say (5im# 200C). Frishnan (2008) *eri%ie! that L The /olitical /arty has %orge! ahea! (Frishnan# 2008). 4e%erence 5ist: 'oh!. Ali 'oh!. ;a0ar. (200 ). The perils of one party rule. Fuala 5um/ur: Pener1it :aAar ,ntele0 S!n. ;h!. 5im# C. ;. (200C). Political hegemony. Fuala 5um/ur: Arus ;a0ti S!n. ;h!. Frishnan Tham1i/illay. (2008). Where to goP Fuala 5um/ur: 'aha Pu1lications.

,n the 4e%erence 5ist# the %ull name o% the author is /ro*i!e! %or 'alay an! ,n!ian namesI %or Chinese names only the surname an! initials are /ro*i!e!. Note that the APA system !oes not cater s/ecially %or Asian namesI

CITATIONS IN REFERENCE LIST OR BIBLIOGRAPHY S/ecial attention shoul! 1e /ai! to the use o% italics an! /erio!s. The secon! an! su1se(uent lines shoul! 1e in!ente! %i*e s/aces %rom the le%t margin. 4e%erence 5ist shoul! 1e arrange! al/ha1etically 1y author an! shoul! not 1e se/arate! accor!ing o% the ty/e o% source o% re%erence. Please note that some o% the entries 1elo- are %ictitious an! merely ser*e as e.am/les. Category ;oo0# one author E a!"#es Aren!s# 4. ,. (2001). Learning to learn. ;oston: Notes Title o% 1oo0 in italicsI all small

Category

E a!"#es 'c3ra-6+ill.

Notes ca/s e.ce/t %irst letter. Note use o% the /erio!s. Note use o% am/ersan!

;oo0# t-o or more authors:

'atthe-s# F.# ;ologna# S.# D :ran0s# S.# Mr. (2008). ducational psychology for learning and teaching mathematics. South1an0 G,C: Prentiss. 4ichar!# M.# D Nunan# $. (E!s.). (2000). !econd language teacher education handboo". Ne- <or0: Cam1ri!ge )ni*ersity Press. Mu!ge# M.# D +arrison# A.F. (1E=C). #nformed teaching processes (4e*. e!.). Sy!ney: Prentice6+all. ;ailey# F. 5. (1EE0). The use o% !iary stu!ies in teacher e!ucation /rograms. ,n M. 4ichar! D $. Nunan (E!s.)# !econd language teacher education handboo" (//. 2=162E ). Ne- <or0: Cam1ri!ge )ni*ersity Press.

E!ite! /a/ers

Note use o% ?E!s.@

;oo0# re*ise! e!ition

Note ?4e*. e!.@ not in italics

Cha/ter in an e!ite! 1oo0:

Title o% 1oo0 is italiciHe!# not the articleI use o% the -or! ?,n@. ,nitials o% authors o% 1oo0 come 1e%ore their namesI /age num1ers shoul! 1e /ro*i!e!I use o% comma a%ter (E!s.)

;oo0# ;ahasa 'elayu or language other than English ;oo0# s/eci%ic e!ition

:atimah "agiman. (200C). $agaimana menga%ar imbuhan J+o- to teach /re%i.es an! su%%i.esK. Fuala 5um/ur: Preston ;a0ti S!n. ;h!. +ill# ". : . (1EE&). Learning through obser&ation (8r! e!.). Thousan! Oa0s: SA3E Pu1lications.

Translation in s(uare 1rac0ets is nee!e!I Translation is not italiciHe!.

Category Secon!ary source

E a!"#es "oo!-ar!# +. (1EE=). 4e%lecti*e Aournals an! /ort%olios: 5earning through assessment an! e*aluation. Assessment and &aluation in 'igher ducation( )3# &1 6&28.

Notes ,n the te.t you -rote: 5o-e (1EE8# as cite! in "oo!-ar!# 1EE=) mentione! that L ,n 4e%erence 5ist you cite only "oo!-ar!2s not 5o-e2s -or0.

Mournal article

<oung# M. P.# 'athe-s# S. 4.# FietHmann# A. '.# D "ester%iel!#T. (1EE9).3etting !isenchante! a!olescents to /artici/ate in school literacy acti*ities: Port%olio con%erences. *ournal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy( +, ( )# 8&=6 8C0. Chua# 5. P. (200 ). 3aya /em1elaAaran /elaAar ,P;A J5earning styles o% stu!ents in ,P;AK. *urnal A"ademi" #P$A( -## 2868 . Fang# ".C. (1EE ). The effects of internet sessions on students. attitudes to/ards the internet0 A case study. )n/u1lishe! !octoral thesis# )ni*ersity o% 'alaya# Fuala 5um/ur# 'alaysia. Suseela 'ala0olunthu. (1EE&). A study of teacher stress and its correlates. )n/u1lishe! master2s thesis# )ni*ersity o% 'alaya# Fuala 5um/ur# 'alaysia. Teacher E!ucation $i*ision. 1l2234. Curriculum policy and e5amination system. Fuala 5um/ur:

Title o% Aournal is italiciHe!# not the title o% the articleI use o% ca/s in title o% Aournal 1ut not title o% articleI italics use! %or *olume no. 1ut not issue no.I /age nos.

Mournal article in ;ahasa 'elayu

Translation re(uire! %or title o% article not title o% Aournal.

Theses# !octoral

Title o% thesis italiciHe!

Theses# master2s

3o*ernment $e/artment

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Category

E a!"#es 'inistry o% E!ucation# 'alaysia.

Notes

E!ucational 4esources ,n%ormation Center (E4,C) $ocuments

Samuelson# 4. 5. (1E=2). Cogniti&e conceptions of learning (4e/ort No.CSOS6468=9). ;altimore. '$:Mohns +o/0ins )ni*ersity# Centre %or Social Social Organisation o% Schools. (E4,C $ocument 4e/ro!uction Ser*ice No. E$ 1E9&=2). Famal ,smail. (1EEC). The e%%ecti*eness o% com/uter instruction. ,n F. ". 5im (E!.)# Proceedings of the 6ational !ymposium on Computer ducation (//. &C6 9C). Fuala 5um/ur: 'alaysian Council %or E!ucation in Com/uters. Shirley 'arimuthu. (200&# :e1ruary). arly childhood e5periences. Pa/er /resente! at the meeting o% the 'alaysian Society %or Chil! Care# Fuala 5um/ur. Paan!iyan# '.G. (200C# Mune 18). )sing satellite technology to enhance li%e. The !tar( /. N=. 'alaysian E.amination Council. (1EEE). SPM performance for all sub%ects for 7228. Fuala 5um/ur: 'alaysian E.amination Syn!icate. <asmin Ahma!. (Pro!ucerQ"riterQ$irector). (200C). !epet J'otion /ictureK. 'alaysia: '+H :ilm Pro!uction. Title o% ne-s/a/er italiciHe! Name o% Procee!ings italiciHe!I /age num1ers /ro*i!e!.

Con%erence Pa/ers

)n/u1lishe! /a/er /resente! at a meeting

Ne-s/a/er article

3o*ernment 4e/ort

'otion /icture

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Category

E a!"#es

Notes

Gi!eo 4ecor!ing

5oganathan Su1ramaniam.# D Chin# <. F. (1EE ). 9ree at last JGi!eorecor!ingK. Fuala 5um/ur: Sari0ata Pro!uctions. Malaysian encarta JC$64O'K. (200 ). Fuala 5um/ur: '+, Pro!uctions in association -ith 'inistry o% E!ucation# 'alaysia. Ee# 5.T. (200C# Mune 1). Nuality e!ucation.The !tar :nline. 4etrie*e! Mune 1C# 200C# %rom htt/:QQthestar.com.my Title o% ne-s/a/er in italics

C$64O'

,nternet ne-s/a/er article

,nternet /erio!ical

O-ston# 4.O. (1EE9# 'arch 9). The -orl! -i!e -e1: A technology to enhance teaching an! learningP ducational Researcher( ); (2). 4etrie*e! Mune 1C # 200C# %rom htt/:QQlin0s.Astor.orgQ AournalsQ00181=E..html

Title o% /erio!ical in italics ;rea0 )45 at a//ro/riate o1li(ue ?Q@# i% the )45 is too long

,nternet !ocument

Trochim# ". '. F. (1EEC). &aluating /ebsites. 4etrie*e! No*em1er 11# 1EE9# %rom htt/:QQtrochim.human.cornell.e!uQ-e1e*alQ -e1intro.htm

,nternet !ocument#

Constructi&ism bares its head. (n.!.). 4etrie*e!

Title o% article in italics

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Category no author# no !ate

E a!"#es Manuary 1C# 200&# htt/:QQ---.constructi*ist.com.my %rom

Notes

,nternet !ocument# cha/ter or section

,P;A. (200 # Mune C). Action research. ,n Research for all #P$Arians (cha/. 8). 4etrie*e! August 1C# 200C %rom htt/:QQ---.i/1a.com.my 'oh!. :ir!aus 'oh!. Amin (2002# Mune 80). Who is responsible for the economic ruc"us< J'sg 28&K. 'essage /oste! to ne-s:QQsoc.culture.malaysia Mames# F. 5.# D "illiams# P. $. (1EE ). The !issection o% the human min!. *ournal of Psychic Psychology( )=;# C96 E0. 4etrie*e! :e1ruary 1C# 2008# %rom the PsychicA4T,C5ES !ata1ase

'essage /oste! to a ne-sgrou/

,nternet $ata1ase

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SOME GUIDELINES ON $RITING ASSIGNMENTS As %ar as /ossi1le# there shoul! 1e at least three !i%%erent sources o% re%erences# %or e.am/le# -e16sites# theses# 1oo0s an! Aournals )se %ont siHe 12# Arial or Times Ne- 4oman $ou1le s/acing shoul! 1e use! -ith an e.tra !ou1le6s/ace! 1lan0e! line 1et-een /aragra/hs A*oi! ha*ing /aragra/hs -hich are too long or too shortI /erha/s a use%ul gauge is to ha*e t-o /aragra/hs /er /age. )se su1hea!ings to organiHe your -riting There shoul! 1e uni%ormity in all %ormatting throughout the -riting 5ea*e a le%t# right# to/ an! 1ottom margin o% at least 8 cm. 4ight Austi%y your -or0I ho-e*er ensure that there are no strange s/acing 1et-een -or!s )se (uotations s/aringly A*oi! 1rea0ing (i.e.# hy/henate) -or!s at the en! o% a line# unless the -or! is hy/henate! one <our 4e%erences 5ist shoul! 1egin on a ne- /age at the en! o% your te.t# -ith a centre! un!erline! hea!ing la1ele! 4e%erencesI the 4e%erences 5ist entry shoul! 1egin aligne! -ith the le%t6han! margin -hile the secon! an! su1se(uent lines shoul! 1e in!ente! %i*e s/aces All ta1les an! %igures shoul! 1e num1ere! an! title! at the to/I the source %or the ta1le or %igure can 1e -ritten as a %ootnote at the 1ottomI the title shoul! 1e 1rie% 1ut sel%6e./lanatoryI a*oi! using *ertical lines in ta1les

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)se italics %or statistical tests# %or e.am/le# t6test# r# p. "hen using a11re*iations# al-ays gi*e the %ull name the %irst time the a11re*iation is cite!I %or e.am/le# Com/uter6Ai!e! ,nstruction (CA,)

Gisit the APA -e1site at: htt/:QQ---.a/ast*le.orgQelecre%.html

Pre/are! an! com/ile! 1y: $r. ;oon Pong <ing $r. 5a-rence Aloysius Aeria ,nstitute o% Teacher E!ucation# ,nternational 5anguages Cam/us# 5em1ah Pantai# Fuala 5um/ur.

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Man 2011

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