Renewable Energy 68 (2014) 414e420

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Renewable Energy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/renene

Technical note

Fuel properties of biodiesel produced from selected plant kernel oils indigenous to Botswana: A comparative analysis
Jerekias Gandure a, *, Clever Ketlogetswe a, Abraham Temu b
a b

University of Botswana, Mechanical Engineering Department, Private Bag 0061, Gaborone, Botswana University of Dar es Salaam, Chemical and Mining Engineering Department, P. O. Box 35131, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history: Received 13 May 2013 Accepted 12 February 2014 Available online Keywords: Biodiesel Fuel Properties Indigenous

a b s t r a c t
Fuel characteristics of biodiesel derived from kernel oils of Sclerocarya birrea, Tylosema esculentum, Schiziophyton rautanenii and Jatropha curcas plants were investigated in comparison with petroleum diesel. The fuel properties under review include ash point, cloud point, kinematic viscosity, density, caloric value, acid value, and free fatty acids. These were determined and discussed in light of major biodiesel standards such as ASTM D 6751 (American Society for Testing and Materials) and EN 14214 (European standards). The best biofuel in terms of cold ow properties was S. rautanenii, with a cloud point of 0  C and a pour point of 5  C. The good cold ow properties demonstrate operational viability during the cold season. The heating values of S. birrea and S. rautanenii biodiesel fuels were found to be 9.2% and 10.3% lower than that of petroleum diesel while those of T. esculentum and J. curcas were both 9.7% lower. Other fuel properties analysed demonstrate that biodiesel fuels produced from kernel oils of S. birrea, T. esculentum, S. rautanenii and J. curcas plants have properties that are comparable to, and in some cases better than, those of petroleum diesel. The results of this study indicate the feasibility of producing quality biodiesel fuel from indigenous seed oils found in Botswana. A balanced allocation of resources however needs to be established to ensure that the cultivation of these oil-bearing plants does not compete with the cultivation of food crops. 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction The environmental impact of petroleum fuels, coupled with the depletion of known petroleum reserves, make renewable energy sources more attractive and justify the continued search for alternative renewable fuels. Biodiesel is among the renewable energy resources that has attracted considerable attention in recent times. Biodiesel is highly favoured as alternative to petroleum-based diesel because it is renewable, non-toxic, biodegradable, non-ammable and environmentally friendly [1]. Other strengths of biodiesel fuel include its relatively high heat of combustion (lower but closely comparable to that of petroleum diesel), high oxygen value, contributing to combustion efciency, and minimal contribution to global warming due to its closed carbon cycle [2]. Biodiesel fuel is derived from vegetable oils or animal fats [3]. The transesterication of an oil or fat with a monohydric alcohol,

* Corresponding author. Tel.: 267 3554421; fax: 267 3952309. E-mail address: gandurej@mopipi.ub.bw (J. Gandure). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.02.035 0960-1481/ 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

in most cases methanol, yields the corresponding mono-alkyl esters, which are dened as biodiesel. Biodiesel has been produced from various sources that include palm oil [4], rapeseed oil [5], soybean oil [6], and sunower seed oil [7]. Biodiesel has been characterized according to its properties that include density, viscosity, heating value, acid value, cetane number, cloud and pour points, and ash point. The viability of biodiesel from particular feedstock seed oil depends on such factors as availability of the raw material in commercial quantity, ease of oil extraction, the oil content (yield) of the plant seeds as well as their product (biodiesel) meeting the basic fuel characteristics for diesel fuels. The successful introduction and commercialization of biodiesel in many countries around the world has been accompanied by the development of standards to ensure high product quality and user condence. Some of the major biodiesel standards are ASTM D 6751 and the European standard EN 14214. In the current study, fuel characteristics of biodiesel produced through alkali transesterication of three plant oils indigenous to Botswana and J. curcas oil grown under Botswanas natural conditions are compared with those of petroleum diesel.

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2. Materials and experimental procedure 2.1. Extraction of plant seed oil Materials used for experimentation include matured seeds (obtained from ripened fruits) of Sclerocarya birrea, Tylosema esculentum, Schiziophyton rautanenii and J. curcas plant species harvested from Botswanas indigenous woodlands. In order to maintain oil for experimentation as close to its natural state as possible, mechanical cold press extraction method was used to generate crude oil for subsequent analyses. The mechanism for the extractor consists mainly of a piston, a multi-perforated cylindrical stainless steel compression chamber of approximately 0.15 m diameter and 0.3 m high, and a hydraulic jack system. The schematic diagram of the mechanism is shown in Fig. 1. Eight kilograms (8 kg) of plant seeds were charged into a multi-perforated stainless steel compression chamber, with stainless steel discs placed at intervals of 2 kg of plant seeds. The piston was located to keep the top disc into position. The hydraulic system was then operated manually to lift up the platform upon which the multi-perforated stainless steel compression chamber sits, thereby compressing the seeds and forcing the oil out of the kernel (seed) and through the 1 mm diameter perforations of the compression chamber. The hydraulic system was operated to a maximum pressure of 30 bars to ensure maximum oil extraction while avoiding over loading the system. The extracted oil was ltered, bottled and kept in a cold room pending conversion to biodiesel as described in Section 2.2. Solvent extraction was done to establish true kernel oil content (yield) of the four plant species under review, grown under natural conditions. The process involved seed grinding to ne powder, Soxhlet extraction, ltration, distillation and purging. The solvent was prepared by mixing 300 ml of hexane and 100 ml of iso-propyl alcohol in a 500 ml ask. The mixture ensures total extraction of all lipids as hexane extracts all non-polar lipids and iso-propyl alcohol polar lipids. The separation of solvent from the oil was achieved through a distillation process performed using a rotary evaporator. To ensure that no trace of solvent remains in the oil sample, the oil was purged with nitrogen gas (nitrogen drying) for approximately 40 min. Nitrogen is used because it is inert and does not react with oil components. 2.2. Oil characterization Chemical analysis was performed to establish fatty acid proles of the extracted oils to evaluate suitability (quality) for use as feedstock for biodiesel production. The method involved

analysing standard (reference) samples, generating calibration curves for fatty acids identied in the standard samples, and identifying and quantifying fatty acids present in the extracted oil samples. To establish the chemical composition of the standard samples, Arachidate was injected into the standard mixtures as an internal standard (IS) and the samples were run ten (10) times through the Gas Chromatograph - Mass Spectrometry (GCeMS) system at ten (10) concentrations of equal interval from 10 ppm (parts per million) to 1 ppm. At each concentration, peak areas and retention times for all fatty acids present were captured from the chromatogram. Peak area ratios (Analyte/IS) were calculated for all fatty acids present at all concentrations, and these were used to generate calibration curves for each fatty acid in the standard samples. The oil samples were also run through the GCeMS system under similar conditions and peak area ratios (Analyte/IS) calculated for each fatty acid detected. The instrument used for composition analysis is the Waters GCT premier Time of Flight (TOF) mass spectrometer (MS) coupled to the Agilent 6890N gas chromatograph (GC) system. In addition, the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) developed Automated Mass Spectral Deconvolution and Identication System (AMDIS) software package, (chemdata.nist.gov/massspc/amdis) was used for peak identication. The AMDIS extracts spectra for individual components in a GCeMS data le and identies target compounds by matching these spectra against a reference library, in this case the NIST library. 2.2.1. Gas chromatograph conditions One micro litre (1 ml) of oil sample extract was injected into the system using an auto-injector. The injector temperature was set at 260  C in the splitless mode. Helium was used as the carrier gas at a ow rate of 1 ml/min. Separation was achieved using a 30 m DB5 e MS column. The oven temperature was kept at the initial 100  C for 2 min, and then gradually increased from 100  C to 290  C at a rate of 10  C per minute. The total run time was approximately 35 min. 2.2.2. Mass spectrometer conditions The mass spectrometer (MS) conditions that were employed were a positive polarity of electron ionisation (EI), a source temperature of 180  C, and an emission current of 359 mA. Other MS conditions including electron energy and resolution were set by the systems auto tune function. Detection was by the micro channel plate detector (MCP) whose voltage was set at 2700 V. The sample composition was identied and quantied using the NIST (2005) mass spectral library using a combination of the Masslynx acquisition/data analysis software and the AMDIS by NIST. The procedure described in Section 2.2 was also used to characterize biodiesel samples in order to identify and quantify methyl esters present in biodiesel samples. 2.3. Biodiesel preparation Biodiesel was produced through an alkali catalysed transesterication process in the laboratory under strict observation and controlled conditions. One litre of crude plant oil was ltered and pre-heated to approximately 105  C for about 10 min to eliminate water. The oil was allowed to cool to approximately 58  C and then charged to a 2 L transparent reactor. A solution of methanol of 99.5% purity and 7.5 g of potassium hydroxide pellets of 98% purity as catalyst was prepared and mixed until all the pellets had dissolved in methanol, and then charged to the reaction vessel. The molar ratio of methanol to oil was xed at 1:6, which is optimal ratio for the transesterication of vegetable oils

Fig. 1. Schematic of mechanical oil extraction mechanism.

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J. Gandure et al. / Renewable Energy 68 (2014) 414e420 Table 3 Ester composition of biodiesel fuels. Compound Concentration (mg/ml) SB100 Methyl palmitate Methyl Oleate Methyl Stearate Methyl Linoleate Ester content (%) (C16:0) (C18:1) (C18:0) (C18:2) 1993.71 2294.72 1044.37 560.18 82.26 TE100 1956.89 2919.69 1415.31 2059.17 89.60 SR 100 1521.64 2495.47 340.69 1269.49 93.70 JC 100 4996.62 e 320.89 4596.11 90.15

Table 1 Oil yields of studied species and selected conventional vegetable feedstock. Pant species SB TE SR JC Jatropha curcas Soybean Sunower Rapeseed Linseed Palm Yield (wt%) 58.56 39.48 58.61 66.74 1 63.16; 246.27; 350e60 1 20.00; 218.35; 320.00 1 31e35, 239e50 33e64 33.33 44.60 Reference

1 1

[11]; [14]; 1 [17]; [19]. [15]. [15].

2 2 2

[12]; [15]; [18].

3 3

[13]. [16].

SB100 e 100% Sclerocarya birrea biodiesel, E100 e 100% Tylosema esculentum biodiesel, SR 100 e 100% Schiziophyton rautanenii biodiesel, JC 100 e 100% Jatropha curcas biodiesel.

SB e Sclerocarya birrea, TE e Tylosema esculentum, SR e Schiziophyton rautanenii, JC e Jatropha curcas.

3. Results and discussion [8,9]. The reactor vessel was tightly closed and contents agitated using a mechanical shaker for approximately 1 h at about 58  C. The reactor was then set up-side down and allowed to cool for a further 3 h. Two distinct layers were formed, the upper layer being the methyl ester and the lower layer glycerol (due to its higher specic gravity). Glycerol was drained off from the bottom of the reactor until only biodiesel (and possibly traces of unreacted methanol) remained. The biodiesel was then water washed twice with 1 L of distilled water per rinse to ensure removal of all traces of glycerol. A rotary vacuum evaporator was used to recover the unreacted alcohol from the biodiesel. The above procedure was performed for the conversion of S. birrea, T. Esculentum, S. rautanenii and J. curcas seed oils. The petroleum diesel used for comparison was purchased from a local Shell petrol Station and had properties including boiling point of 422 K, vapour pressure of 53 Pa, density of 831 kg/m3, viscosity of 2.7 mm2/s at 40  C, acidity of 0.2 mg KOH/g, caloric value of 46.5 MJ/kg and cetane number of 48. 2.4. Fuel properties analyses The fuel characteristics of biodiesel produced from the four oils were analysed for relative density, viscosity, cloud and pour point, ash point, heat of combustion, and acid value. The viscosity (dynamic) measurements were made according to ASTM standards D445, and were measured using a Fungilab Premium Series (PREL 401024) viscometer coupled to a Thermo Fisher Scientic heating bath circulator. Kinematic viscosity could be approximated using the density at 40  C and the dynamic viscosity. The cloud and pour points were determined using the ASTM standard test methods ASTM D97 and D2500. The ASTM D93 standard test method for ash point by PenskyeMartens closed cup tester was used for the determination of ash points of the diesel fuels. The heat of combustion of the diesel fuels was determined using the IKA C200 Calorimeter system that has automatic data acquisition through the CalWin calorimeter software which handles calculations for the caloric values of samples. The acidity values of the biodiesel fuels were measured according to the ASTM D664 standard test method [10]. 3.1. Results Oil yields for different plant species, fatty acid proles of studied plant oils, ester composition of biodiesel fuels and physicochemical property analyses results are presented in Tables 1e4 respectively, while Figs. 2e7 present comparative fuel properties of the biodiesel fuels and petroleum diesel. 3.2. Discussion of results 3.2.1. Oil yield levels The oil yield regarded as the actual oil content in this study is the one determined using solvent extraction method and not press (mechanical) extraction, as the latter is dependent on machine efciency. After running four Soxhlet extractions for each of the indigenous species, the average oil content was determined as a proportion of total mass. Table 1 compares kernel oil yield levels of studied species with those of mostly studied plant species obtained from literature. The results largely indicate that the indigenous species have relatively high oil content to warrant good feedstock for biodiesel production. 3.2.2. Chemical composition of oils and biodiesel fuels Tables 2 and 3 respectively present some of the most common fatty acids and esters identied in the plant oils and biodiesel fuels, together with their concentrations, while the complete list of constituent compounds for S. rautanenii biodiesel is appended as an example. The composition analyses were performed using a combination of AMDIS and Data Analysis Software at a minimum match factor of 70%. The peak areas of the compounds were used to establish the ester content of the biodiesel sample, which were found to approximately range between 82 and 94%. This is marginally lower than EN 14214 specication of 96%, while ASTM D 6751-02 has no specication for this property. Ester content was computed according to equation (1).

Table 4 Results of fuel characteristic analyses of biodiesel and petroleum diesel fuels. Diesel fuel Flash Cloud Pour Caloric Acid value FFA (%) (mg point point point value ( C) ( C) (MJ/kg) KOH/g) ( C) 2 8 0 2 2 0 6 5 2 12 42.2 42.0 41.7 42.0 46.5 0.74 0.45 0.33 0.27 0.28 0.37 0.23 0.17 0.14 0.14 Density Kinematic (25  C) viscosity (kg/m3) (40  C) (mm2/s) 813 846 817 812 831 3.74 3.50 3.86 3.47 2.73

Table 2 Fatty acid proles of studied plant oils. Compound Concentration (mg/ml) SB Palmitic acid Oleic acid Stearic acid Linoleic acid (C16:0) (C18:1) (C18:0) (C18:2) 0.193 0.789 0.136 e TE 0.264 e 0.252 e SR e 25.9 18.92 e JC 0.122 e e 0.660

SB100 165 TE100 129 SR 100 131 JC100 75 PD 79

PD e petroleum diesel.

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Fig. 2. Flash points of biodiesel fuels and major biodiesel standards.

P Peak areas of all esters Ester content% P 100 Peak areas of all compounds (1)
The ester composition of biodiesel fuels indicates that the most abundant compounds include methyl palmitate, methyl oleate, methyl stearate and methyl linoleate. These are all long chain compounds that are largely saturated, with a small degree of unsaturation. The characteristic ester composition of biodiesel depicted by the mixture of these compounds has a strong inuence on its fuel properties. Fuel properties of plant oil and its derived biodiesel improve in quality with increase in carbon chain length and decrease as the number of double bonds increase, except for cold ow properties. Thus the cetane number, heat and quality of combustion, freezing temperature, viscosity and oxidative stability increase as the chain length increases and decrease as the number of double bonds increase. A fuel whose constituent mixture of compounds is fully saturated will depict higher cetane number and better oxidative stability, but poor cold ow properties. The small degree of unsaturation depicted by the presence of double bonds in compounds like methyl oleate and methyl linoleate is signicant as double bonds inhibit crystallization, thus lowering the cloud point of the fuel. A low cloud point is a desirable fuel property as it ensures that a fuel remains in the liquid phase at low temperatures. Thus on the basis of composition, biodiesel fuels derived from SB, TE, SR and JC plant species generally depict potential for good properties trade-off between cold ow properties, oxidative stability and cetane number. 3.2.3. Fuel properties of biodiesel samples The ash point is a fuel property that determines the safety of a fuel during its handling and storage. It refers to the lowest

Fig. 4. Comparison of caloric values of biodiesel and petroleum diesel fuels.

temperature corrected to a barometric pressure of 101.3 kPa (760 mmHg), at which application of spark causes the vapours of a specimen to ignite under specied conditions of test. This test, in part, is a measure of residual alcohol in biodiesel that determines the ammability classication of the fuel. Table 4 and Fig. 2 show that the ash points of SB 100, TE 100 and SR 100 are higher than that of petroleum diesel. This is largely due to high concentration of largely saturated esters. This is consistent with the ndings of Ahmad et al. [20] and Barua [21] who reported that biodiesel has a ash point that is considerably higher than that of petroleum-based diesel. This implies that a lower re hazard is associated with transportation, storage and utilisation of biodiesel than with petroleum diesel. SB 100 and SR 100 have ash points of 165  C and 131  C respectively, which are higher than the ASTM D 93 specied minimum of 130  C. T. esculentum (TE 100) is marginally lower than ASTM D 93 specied minimum by 0.8% while JC 100 is signicantly lower by 42.3%. The ash points of SB 100, TE 100 and SR 100 are higher than the EN 14214 specied minimum of 120  C by 37.5%, 7.5% and 9.2 respectively. J. curcas (JC 100) and PD have ash point values that are signicantly lower than the specied minimum of both ASTM D 93 and EN 14214, suggesting that care needs to be exercised during handling, transportation and utilisation processes. Flash points can be improved through blending biodiesel with petroleum diesel in appropriate proportions. The cloud point of petroleum diesel was found to be the same as that of SB 100 and JC 100, while that of SR 100 was lower and that of TE 100 higher. The difference in value is more signicant for TE 100, with a cloud point of 8  C relative to 2  C for petroleum diesel. All the four biodiesel fuels have pour points that are higher than that of petroleum diesel, with TE 100 recording the highest value of 6  C.

Fig. 3. Cloud and pour points of biodiesel and petroleum diesel fuels.

Fig. 5. Comparison of acid values of biodiesel and petroleum diesel fuels.

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Fig. 6. Comparison of densities of biodiesel and petroleum diesel fuels.

These values of cloud and pour points are perceived to be high especially for application in cold climatic conditions. This is due to a high degree of saturation depicted by ester composition of the fuels, which does not sufciently inhibit crystallization. The pour and cloud point analyses in the characterisation of biodiesel is very important as it determines the suitability of the fuel for large storage and pipeline distribution. Pour point is the lowest temperature at which the fuel can still be moved, before it has gelled. Higher proportions of saturated fatty acids accounts for higher pour point of biodiesel [21]. Cloud point can be dened as the temperature at which a cloud of solid crystals rst appears (visually observed) in a liquid fuel when it is cooled. It is a conservative measurement of cold ow properties, and most fuels can be used below the cloud point without posing any serious problem. That is why the ASTM D 975 has no specic maximum limit for the cloud point, though it needs to be determined for customer specications [22]. The heat of combustion or caloric value of a fuel is a very important factor in the fuel economy and power deliverability. The results presented in Table 4 and Fig. 4 show that the heating values of biodiesel fuels produced from the seed oils considered are lower than that of petroleum diesel. However, the four biodiesel fuels considered have closely comparable caloric values with a mean of 41.98, a range of 0.5, and a standard deviation of 0.2. S. birrea (SB 100) has the highest caloric value of 42.2 MJ/kg while SR 100 has the lowest value of 41.7 MJ/kg. Generally, the lower heating values of biofuels may be linked to relatively higher oxygen content as noted by Yamane et al. [23] that the presence of oxygen in fuel improves combustion properties and emissions, but reduces the caloric value. Acid value is a direct measure of free fatty acids (FFAs) in the biodiesel. Free fatty acids are undesirable in the fuel because they

may cause corrosion of the fuel tank and engine components. The results from this work, shown in Table 4 and Fig. 5, indicate that acid values of the four biodiesel and petroleum diesel fuels are within specication of ASTM D 6751 standard which species a maximum of 0.8 mg KOH/g, and only SB 100 has an acid value that is above EN 14214 (0.5 mg KOH/g maximum) standard by 48%. This implies that on the ASTM standard, the four biodiesel fuels derived from plant kernel oils indigenous to Botswana can be used in diesel engines with no or minimal risk of acidic attack on engine parts. Density is an important property of fuel since other performance characteristics like heating value and viscosity are correlated with it [24]. Table 4 and Fig. 6 demonstrate that the density of biodiesel fuels produced from indigenous seed oils are lower than the density of petroleum diesel except TE 100, with a value of 846 kg/m3. The density values recorded for all the four biodiesel fuels and petroleum diesel were found to be lower than the EN 14214 stipulated minimum of 860 kg/m3 (range is 860e900 kg/m3). This may be due to the fact that the experimentation carried out in this work was performed at room temperature while EN 14214 stipulates density values at 5  C. Viscosity is another important property of fuels used in diesel engines. It is a measure of the internal uid friction of fuel to ow which tends to oppose any dynamic change in the uid motion, and is the major reason why straight vegetable oils are transesteried to methyl esters (or biodiesel). This property inuences the injector lubrication, atomization and combustion processes that take place in the diesel engine. The kinematic viscosity of biodiesel produced from the four oils fall within the ASTM (1.9e6.0 mm2/s) standards, with SR 100 having the highest kinematic viscosity of 3.86 mm2/s and JC 100 having the lowest kinematic viscosity of 3.47 mm2/s. Of all the fuels, petroleum diesel was found to have the lowest kinematic viscosity value of 2.73 mm2/s. However as seen in Table 4 and Fig. 7, SB 100, TE 100 and SR 100 fall within range of EN 14214 (3.5e 5.0 mm2/s) standard while JC 100 fall short of the minimum requirement by 0.86% and PD by 22%. This indicates that the four biodiesel fuels can effectively be used in diesel engines since they largely satisfy the uidity requirements of alternative biodiesel fuel. 4. Conclusions The following conclusions can be made from the work discussed in this manuscript; 1. The results of this work has established that the oil bearing seeds of S. birrea, T. esculentum, S. rautanenii and J. curcas plants that are native to Botswana are potential feedstock for the production of quality biodiesel since fuel properties of their derived biodiesel meet major international standards for biodiesel. 2. Of the four biodiesel fuels, S. rautanenii has the best cold ow properties. Other fuel properties of the biodiesel fuels are comparable to those of petroleum diesel. 3. Biodiesel fuels tested met requirements of major international biodiesel standards such as ASTM D 6751 and EN 14214. 4. The abundance of non-arable land for the cultivation of food crops in Botswana favours the cultivation of S. birrea, T. esculentum, and S. rautanenii which thrive and produce high oil yields under natural conditions. However, care needs to be taken to ensure a balanced allocation of resources in crop production for both food and fuel purposes to avoid competition. 5. On the basis of environmental advantages of biodiesel coupled with good fuel properties discussed in this work, individual farmers, private and public enterprises who depend on diesel to power machinery are encouraged to harvest or cultivate S. birrea, T. esculentum, S. rautanenii and J. curcas for the production of

Fig. 7. Comparison of viscosities of biodiesel and petroleum diesel fuels.

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biodiesel for their operations. This will minimise dependence on petroleum diesel. Appendix 1. Chemical composition of Schiziophyton rautanenii biodiesel at 70% match factor.

(continued ) Peak# Area Compound name 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester Tricosanoic acid methyl ester Phthalic acid, octyl 2-pentyl ester Phthalic acid, heptyl 2-pentyl ester Hexatriene 3-Ethyl-3-methylheptane Vitamin-E 7,10,13-Eicosatrienoic acid methyl ester Oleic acid 3-hydroxypropyl ester 13-Docosenoic acid methyl ester 13-Docosanoic acid methyl ester Stigma sterol 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester Tricosanoic acid methyl ester Tetracosanoic acid methyl-ester Pentadecanoic acid methyl ester Pentadecanoic acid ethyl-methyl ester Tetracosanoic acid ethyl-ester Undecasanoic acid methyl ester Compound type

42 43

168,663,070 105,407,309 113,173,572 282,045,496 42,635,261 38,983,882 24,753,511 65,333,001 66,099,219 150,945,637 21,122,324 72,213,805 172,799,618 173,636,637 121,553,263 77,384,751 24,192,692 388,857,719

Ester Ester Ester Alkene Alkane Vitamin Ester Ester Ester Ester Stigma sterol Ester Ester Ester Ester Ester Ester Ester

Peak# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

Area 33,317,388 4,406,564,436 1,029,911,594 1,065,552,941 982,100,805 814,971,460 1,321,481,714 1,705,383,089 862,826,992 737,592,141 3,201,291,912 15,380,114 38,730,304 13,159,986 420,236,759 636,034,775 540,161,596 237,947,389 120,309,333 184,682,755 188,126,094 130,320,863 425,088,922 417,107,796 41,726,297 84,513,251 63,066,887 89,189,930 1,820,742,570 867,334,607 316,171,389 577,000,016 314,032,135 614,746,655 683,398,451 2,320,640,803 500,554,154 947,406,092 815,490,368

Compound name Methyl tetradecanoate 7,10-Hexadecadienoic acid methyl ester Methyl palmitate 9-Hexadecenoic acid, methyl ester Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester Decanoic acid methyl ester 1-Pentamine,N-nitro Pentadecanoic acid methyl ester Heptadecanoic acid methyl ester Heneicosanoic acid methyl ester Octadecanoic acid methyl ester Tetradecanoic acid methyl ester 1,3-dioxirane Propene-1-amine-N-nitro Isopropyl Linoleate Isopropyl linolinate 10-Decenoic acid methyl ester N-Methylglycine 2-Chloroethyl oleate 9-Octadecenoic acid methyl ester 12-Octadecenoic acid methyl ester 10-Octadecenoic acid methyl ester Docosanoic acid methyl ester Cyclopropaneoctanoic acid methyl ester Ethyl 18-nonadecenoate 5,8,11-Heptadecatrienoic acid methyl ester 7,10,13-Eicosatrienoic acid methyl ester 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester (Z,Z,Z) Tetracosamethylcyclododecasiloxane 2,3-Dimethyl-3-heptene,(Z) Nonadecanoic acid 10-methyl ester 11,13-Eicosanoic acid methyl ester Hexanedioic acid, dioctyl ester Octadecanoic acid, dioctyl ester Decyl oleate 13-Octadecenoic acid methyl ester 8-Octadecenoic acid methyl ester 15-Tetracosanoic acid methyl ester

Compound type Ester Ester Ester Ester Ester Ester Amine Ester Ester Ester Ester

44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59

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