What is Hygiene & Sanitation?

Food safety Hygiene & sanitation refers to the conditions and practices that preserve the quality of food to prevent contamination and foodborne illnesses. Hygiene means if food looks good and presentable. No sign of dirt or being spoiled, its washed and looks very cooked sanitation is much more important. Its if the food is clean with few germs, then it has good sanitation. Bad sanitation is usually due to improper handling of the food (someone sneezes on it, doesnt washes his hand before touching it, raw food touching ready-to-eat foods, etc.)

What About Bathing? Bathing is the washing of the body with a fluid, usually water or an aqueous solution, or the immersion of the body in water. It may be practised for personal hygiene, religious ritual or therapeutic purposes. By analogy, especially as a recreational activity, the term is also applied to sun bathing and sea bathing. Bathing can take place in any situation where there is water, ranging from warm to cold. It can take place in a bathtub or shower, or it can be in a river, lake, water hole, pool or the sea, or any other water receptacle. The term for the act can vary. For example, a ritual religious bath is sometimes referred to as immersion, the use of water for therapeutic purposes can be called water treatment or hydrotherapy, and two recreational water activities are known as swimming and paddling.

Explain about cleaning the hands? Wash hands the right wayfor 20 seconds with soap and running water. Washing your hands the right way can stop the spread of illness-causing bacteria. Heres how to do it: Wet your hands with warm or cold running water and apply soap. Rub your hands together to make a lather and scrub them well. Be sure to scrub the backs of your hands, between your fingers, and under your nails. Bacteria can hide out here too! Continue rubbing hands for at least 20 seconds. Need a timer? Hum Happy Birthday from beginning to end twice. Rinse your hands well under running water. Dry your hands using a clean towel or air dry. And when to do it:

Before eating food. Before, during, and after preparing food. Before and after treating a cut or wound. Before and after caring for someone who is sick. After handling uncooked eggs, or raw meat, poultry, seafood, or their juices. After blowing your nose, coughing, or sneezing. After touching an animal or animal waste. After touching garbage. After using the toilet.

What is chlorination? Microorganisms can be found in raw water from rivers, lakes and groundwater. While not all microorganisms are harmful to human health, there are some that may cause diseases in humans. These are called pathogens. Pathogens present in water can be transmitted through a drinking water distribution system, causing waterborne disease in those who consume it. In order to combat waterborne diseases, different disinfection methods are used to inactivate pathogens. Along with other water treatment processes such as coagulation, sedimentation, and filtration, chlorination creates water that is safe for public consumption. Chlorination is one of many methods that can be used to disinfect water. This method was first used over a century ago, and is still used today. It is a chemical disinfection method that uses various types of chlorine or chlorine-containing substances for the oxidation and disinfection of what will be the potable water source.

Summary of Water purification Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants, suspended solids and gases from contaminated water. The goal of this process is to produce water fit for a specific purpose. Most water is disinfected for human consumption (drinking water) but water purification may also be designed for a variety of other purposes, including meeting the requirements of medical, pharmacological, chemical and industrial applications. In general the methods used include physical processes such as filtration, sedimentation, and distillation, biological processes such as slow sand filters or biologically active carbon, chemical processes such as flocculation and chlorination and the use of electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light. The purification process of water may reduce the concentration of particulate matter including suspended particles, parasites, bacteria, algae, viruses, fungi; and a range of dissolved and

particulate material derived from the surfaces that water may have made contact with after falling as rain.

Preparation of ice Ice cream was made by hand in a large bowl placed inside a tub filled with ice and salt. This was called the pot-freezer method. French confectioners refined the pot-freezer method, making ice cream in a sorbetire (a covered pail with a handle attached to the lid). In the pot-freezer method, the temperature of the ingredients is reduced by the mixture of crushed ice and salt. The salt water is cooled by the ice, and the action of the salt on the ice causes it to (partially) melt, absorbing latent heat and bringing the mixture below the freezing point of pure water. The immersed container can also make better thermal contact with the salty water and ice mixture than it could with ice alone. An electric ice cream maker The hand-cranked churn, which also uses ice and salt for cooling, replaced the pot-freezer method. The exact origin of the hand-cranked freezer is unknown, but the first U.S. patent for one was #3254 issued to Nancy Johnson on September 9, 1843. The hand-cranked churn produced smoother ice cream than the pot freezer and did it quicker. Many inventors patented improvements on Johnson's design. In Europe and early America, ice cream was made and sold by small businesses, mostly confectioners and caterers. Jacob Fussell of Baltimore, Maryland was the first to manufacture ice cream on a large scale. Fussell bought fresh dairy products from farmers in York County, Pennsylvania, and sold them in Baltimore. An unstable demand for his dairy products often left him with a surplus of cream, which he made into ice cream. He built his first ice cream factory in Seven Valleys, Pennsylvania, in 1851. Two years later, he moved his factory to Baltimore. Later, he opened factories in several other cities and taught the business to others, who operated their own plants. Mass production reduced the cost of ice cream and added to its popularity. The development of industrial refrigeration by German engineer Carl von Linde during the 1870s eliminated the need to cut and store natural ice, and, when the continuous-process freezer was perfected in 1926, commercial mass production of ice cream and the birth of the modern ice cream industry was underway. The most common method for producing ice cream at home is to use an ice cream maker, in modern times, in general, an electrical device that churns the ice cream mixture while cooled inside a household freezer, or using a solution of pre-frozen salt and water, which gradually melts while the ice cream freezes. Some more expensive models have an inbuilt freezing element. A newer method of making home-made ice cream is to add liquid nitrogen to the mixture while stirring it using a spoon or spatula for a few seconds; a similar technique, advocated by Heston Blumenthal as ideal for home cooks, is to add dry ice to the mixture while stirring for a few minutes Some ice cream recipes call for making a custard, folding in whipped cream, and immediately freezing the mixture.

Dishwashing Dish-washing is the process of cleaning cooking utensils, dishes, cutlery and other items. This is either achieved by hand in a sink or using dishwasher and may take place in a kitchen, utility room, scullery or elsewhere. Dish-washing is usually done using an implement for the washer to wield, unless done using an automated dishwasher. Commonly used implements include cloths, sponges, brushes or even steel wool As fingernails are often more effective than soft implements like cloths at dislodging hard particles, washing simply with the hands is also done and can be effective as well. Dishwashing detergentis also generally used, but in principle all that is required is water. Rubber gloves are often worn when washing dishes by people who are sensitive to hot water or dish-washing liquids. According to dermatologists, the use of protective gloves is highly recommended whenever working with water and cleaning products, since some chemicals may damage the skin, or allergies may develop in some individuals. Dish gloves are also worn by those who simply don't want to touch the old food particles. Sanitization An automated dishwasher Where dishes are to be shared among many, such as in restaurants, sanitization is necessary and desirable in order to prevent spread of microorganisms. Most institutions have a dish-washing machine which sanitizes dishes by a final rinse in either very hot water or a chemical sanitizing solution such as dilute bleach solution (50-100 parts per million chlorine; about 2ml of 5% bleach per litre of water, approximately one capful bleach per gallon water). Dishes are placed on large trays and fed onto rollers through the machine.[citation needed] While not environmentally friendly, the use of bleach is critical to sanitation when large groups are involved: it evaporates completely, it is cheap, and it kills most germs. Cabinets, refrigerators, countertops, and anything else touched by people in a large group setting should be periodically wiped or sprayed with a dilute bleach solution after being washed with soapy water and rinsed in clean water. However, bleach is less effective in the presence of organic debris, so a small amount of food residue can be enough to permit survival of e.g. Salmonella bacteria. Scrubbing followed by soaking in bleach is effective at reducing Salmonella contamination, but even this method doesn't completely eliminate Salmonella bacteria. In hand-washing, plastic brushes with nylon bristles are preferred to wash clothes or sponges, which can spread microorganisms. Use of soap or sanitizer is mandatory in hand-washing in public food facilities.

Carpet beetles Carpet beetles are very tiny little beetles, of the order Dermestidae. The most commonly found form of this insect is its larvae, which during their last larval molt, tend to climb up flat surfaces. In homes, this usually means the walls, and they're usually fairly conspicuous. They appear as a small grubs with brown and white rings, lined with hairs. These hairs, also known as urticating hairs, can break off if you touch them with bare skin, and can cause some itching and irritation. The adults, on the other hand, are very small beetles, with an attractive brown, white and orange mottled pattern, created by a series of colored scales on their backs. The adults do not cause any damage directly, as they tend to feed on primarily pollen. The larvae however, can be a problem. Dermestid larvae have diverse tastes in food. Although, true to their namesake, they eat carpet fibers, they also have a taste for wool, fur and other animal based natural fibers, as well as some plant based fibers. They also have a tendency to eat away at cartilage, and dried flesh, making them useful to people making skeletal models of animals, as they can quickly clean a carcass down to a skeleton. This however makes them a hated enemy of people keeping taxidermied animals, and especially people who maintain insect collections. (An unfumigated collection of insects rapidly turns to dust and frass in a very short time.) In addition to animal products, the larvae also have a taste for flour, baking mixes and other bulk stored food, joining a host of other larder invading beetles, like grain weevils, and grain beetles. They are also apparently extremely difficult to get rid off. For example, if they enter your mattress, you can't kill them from the outside. Or they go under your carpet, or behind a baseboard. Typical pest control doesn't help, meticulous housekeeping is the answer. Some people are unfortunate enough to move into an apartment with these guys, and there isn't much that can really be done, especially as they're so small and unnoticeable, unless population density becomes high enough to force larva to expand their diet. They can be quite common in areas where people frequently move, and a few could probably hitch a hide and start to live in your new home with you. Having one giant Moving Day probably doesn't help. In theory, if it was a piece of specific furniture, like a couch that was infected in particular, you could fumigate it, and it would in theory, kill the larva. However fumigation is both expensive, and dangerous. In a sense, this pest invasion is, besides fleas, one of the malignant side effects of the trend of wall-to-wall carpeting. On an interesting note, relatives of the carpet beetles seen here are often found on dried corpses of animals, as well as humans, eating the hair, dried tissue and cartilage. As a result, they may be forensically significant in determining time of death on bodies. In particular, they are some of the last visitors to a corpse, as they prefer to hang around something dried out, as opposed to a messy, smelly and wet corpse. They help finish the jobs that flies started, in the last removal of dried tissue, cartilage and hair, and transforming the corpse finally into a relatively clean skeleton.

Personal grooming Personal grooming is the term for how people take care of their body and appearance. Habits that are considered personal grooming include bathing, dressing, applying make-up, hair removal, and taking care of one's teeth and skin. A person's personal grooming routine may determine how he or she feels about themselves, and how other people perceive him or her. One of the most important aspects of personal grooming is bathing regularly. While bathing, a soap product should be used to clean the body. Hair should be cleansed using a shampoo, and a hair conditioner may be applied. Hair should be kept clean and combed daily. Regular haircuts usually keep hair healthy and in good condition. Hair can be styled in many different ways using a variety of different styling products. After a bath or shower, many people take care of their skin and teeth. Skin care typically consists of using products designed to clean, exfoliate, moisturize, and improve the appearance of the skin. Taking care of one's teeth generally involves a flossing and brushing the teeth using toothpaste. Mouthwash may also be used. Some people opt to use a toothpaste that has whitening properties in order to brighten the color of the teeth. Many men and women choose to include body and facial hair removal in their personal grooming routine. Women may shave or wax their legs, underarms, and bikini area. Men often shave their facial hair and may use a trimming tool to remove hair from their ears and nose. Eyebrows can also be groomed by waxing or using a pair of tweezers to pluck out stray hairs. Cologne, perfume, and deodorant are often used by both men and women. Deodorant is applied to the underarm area in order to control body odor. The type of perfume or cologne selected is a matter of personal taste. Perfume and cologne should be applied in small amounts in order to not produce an overwhelming smell. Women often apply cosmetics to enhance the features of their face. Make-up products commonly used are face powder, blush, and lipstick. Eye shadow, eye liner, and mascara may also be used on the eyes. Dressing is also an important part of personal grooming. Clothes should be clean and free of stains, holes, and wrinkles. Properly fitting clothes look best. Wearing clothing that is too big or small in size can make a person look unkempt. Good personal grooming can make a person look polished and well put together. Looking good usually improves a person's self-esteem and confidence. A person that is well-groomed is often better perceived by others than a person that does not take as much care with his or her appearance.

What Is Bacterial Contamination? Bacterial contamination is a situation which occurs when bacteria end up in a location where they are not supposed to be. It is often used to refer to contamination of food by bacteria which can cause disease, but can also occur in other settings. This situation is not desirable, because it can pose a health threat and cause other problems. As a result, steps are taken to avoid contamination in settings where it can become an issue. In the case of food, bacterial contamination can happen at many steps along the supply chain from producer to dinner table. Bacteria can be present in the water and soil, and ride along with crops. They can also be transferred from people who handle the food, or introduced to food via dirty equipment, ranging from fouled packaging equipment to dirty pans in a restaurant. Contamination with bacteria at home often occurs as a result of leaving food out on the counter, not keeping food cold, or failing to wash hands before handling food. Once in the food, the bacteria can multiply, making the leap to a human host when someone consumes the food. Bacterial contamination can also be a problem in medical clinics, operating rooms, and other health care settings. The bacteria can be transferred from patients or health care providers, and they may end up on surgical instruments, medical equipment, door knobs, and numerous other sites. In health care settings, this is an especially big issue because sick people are at risk of becoming more sick if they are exposed to harmful bacteria. In scientific research, bacterial contamination of specimens can be an issue, as can contamination of specimens taken for analysis by a pathologist. The presence of unwanted bacteria can foul an experiment, throw off pathology results, or simply confuse a researcher. Bacteria spread readily through labs via a variety of surfaces, including equipment which is not properly sterilized, dirty hands, and through ventilation systems. Prevention of bacterial contamination can be challenging. Keeping spaces clean and observing proper handling procedure is a big part of prevention. Simple steps like washing hands, dipping shoes in an antibacterial bath after exiting a patient's room, and wearing gloves to handle specimens can cut down a great deal on the risk of passing bacteria from one place to another. It is also important to conduct regular testing to check for bacterial contamination so that it can be identified before it makes someone sick or causes problems with an experiment or test.

Woodworm Woodworm is a generic description given to the infestation of a wooden item (normally part of a dwelling or the furniture in it) by the wood-eating larvae/grubs of one of many species of beetle.
Woodworm infestation is generally controlled with chemical insecticides. However, it is also advisable to investigate and solve possible damp issues, as dry wood is not usually affected, and wood that remains damp may be re-infected at a later date.

Ants Ants are small insects typically having a sting and living in a complex social colony with one or more breeding queens. It is wingless except for fertile adults, which form large mating swarms, and is proverbial for its industriousness. Fleas Fleas are the insects forming the order Siphonaptera. They are wingless, with mouthparts adapted for piercing skin and sucking blood. Fleas are external parasites, living by hematophagy off the blood of mammals and birds. Head lice Head lice are wingless insects spending their entire life on the human scalp and feeding exclusively on human blood. Humans are the only known hosts of this specific parasite, while chimpanzees host a closely related species, Pediculus schaeffi. Other species of lice infest most orders of mammals and all orders of birds. Like all lice, head lice differ from other hematophagic ectoparasites such as the flea in that lice spend their entire life cycle on a host. Head lice cannot fly, and their short stumpy legs render them incapable of jumping, or even walking efficiently on flat surfaces. Bed bugs Bed bugs are parasitic insects of the cimicid family that feed exclusively on blood. Cimex lectularius, the common bed bug, is the best known as it prefers to feed on human blood although other Cimex species are specialized to other animals, e.g., bat bugs, Cimex pipistrelli (Europe), Cimex pilosellus (western US), and Cimex adjunctus (entire eastern US). The name of the "bed bug" is derived from the preferred habitat of Cimex lectularius: warm houses and especially nearby or inside of beds and bedding or other sleep areas. Bed bugs are mainly active at night, but are not exclusively nocturnal. They usually feed on their hosts without being noticed. Rats Rats are various medium-sized, long-tailed rodents of the superfamily Muroidea. "True rats" are members of the genus Rattus, the most important of which to humans are the black rat, Rattus rattus, and the brown rat, Rattus norvegicus. mice

A mouse (plural: mice) is a small mammal belonging to the order of rodents, characteristically having a pointed snout, small rounded ears, and a long naked or almost hairless tail. The best known mouse species is the common house mouse (Mus musculus). It is also a popular pet. In some places, certain kinds of field mice are also common. They are known to invade homes for food and occasionally shelter.

Dress and declaration Dress codes are written and, more often, unwritten rules with regard to clothing. Clothing like other aspects of human physical appearance has a social significance, with different rules and expectations being valid depending on circumstance and occasion. Even within a single day an individual may need to navigate between two or more dress codes, at a minimum these are those that apply at their place of work and those at home, usually this ability is a result of cultural acclimatization. Different societies and cultures will have different dress norms although Western styles are commonly accepted as valid. The dress code has built in rules or signals indicating the message being given by a person's clothing and how it is worn. This message may include indications of the person's gender, income, occupation and social class, political, ethnic and religious affiliation, attitude and attitude towards comfort, fashion, traditions, gender expression, marital status, sexual availability, and sexual orientation, etc. Clothes convey other social messages including the stating or claiming personal or cultural identity, the establishing, maintaining, or defying social group norms, and appreciating comfort and functionality.