METE 227 INTRODUCTION Dr.

BLGE MER

METALLURGICAL & MATERIALS ENGINEERING

RESEARCH AREAS

MATERIAL AGES

MATERIALS
Materials can be classified according to structural, physical, electrical, optical and magnetic properties, area of use, etc. All these properties are closely related with bonding type and energies between atoms. However if a group of material shows close resemblance in all properties we can classify them in one category. So according to this: Metals, Polymers, Ceramics and Composites can be the general classification of materials.

Materials

Metals

Polymers

Ceramics

Composites

WORLD STEEL PRODUCTION

THE MERIT OF DEVELOPMENT

METALS

CERAMICS

POLYMERS

COMPOSITES

ADVANCED MATERIALS

ADVANCED MATERIALS
Andre Geim Konstantin Novoselov

Nobel Prize in Physics 2010

ADVANCED MATERIALS

Biomedical Materials and Implants

ADVANCED MATERIALS MEMS (Micro-ElectricalMechanical Systems)

ADVANCED MATERIALS

To see a World in a Grain of Sand And a Heaven in a Wild Flower, Hold Infinity in the palm of your hand And Eternity in an hour. W. Blake, 1757-1827

NANO MATERIALS

NANO MATERIALS

MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

is the investigation of the relationship among processing, structure, properties and performance of materials.

MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

2003 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning

AUTOMOTIVE CHASSIS

MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING What is Materials Science and Engineering ?

is the investigation of the relationship among processing, structure, properties and performance of materials.

MATERIAL RECYCLING & ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

MATERIAL RECYCLING

ENVIRONMENT: MATERIAL INPUT & OUTPUT

MATERIAL SELECTION PROCESS

1. Pick Application
Determine required Properties

Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, deteriorative.

2. Properties 3. Material

Identify candidate Material(s)

Material: structure, composition.

Identify required Processing Processing: changes structure and overall shape

ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping forming, joining, annealing.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES & APPLICATIONS

ex: hardness vs structure of steel
(d)

600
Hardness (BHN)

500
400
(a)
30 m

(c)
(b)
4m

30 m
Data obtained from Figs. 10.21(a) and 10.23 with 4wt%C composition, and from Fig. 11.13 and associated discussion, Callister 6e. Micrographs adapted from (a) Fig. 10.10; (b) Fig. 9.27;(c) Fig. 10.24; and (d) Fig. 10.12, Callister 6e.

300
200
30 m

100 0.01 0.1

1 10 100 1000 Cooling Rate (C/s)

Processing can change structure

ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES & APPLICATIONS

Electrical Resistivity of Copper:
Adapted from Fig. 18.8, Callister 6e. (Fig. 18.8 adapted from: J.O. Linde, Ann Physik 5, 219 (1932); and C.A. Wert and R.M. Thomson, Physics of Solids, 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill Company, New York, 1970.)

Adding impurity atoms to Cu increases resistivity.

Deforming Cu increases resistivity.

THERMAL PROPERTIES & APPLICATIONS

Space Shuttle Tiles:

--Silica fiber insulation offers low heat conduction.

Thermal Conductivity of Copper:

Fig. 19.0, Callister 6e. (Courtesy of Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, Inc.)

--It decreases when you add zinc!

Adapted from Fig. 19.4W, Callister 6e. (Courtesy of Lockheed Aerospace Ceramics Systems, Sunnyvale, CA)

Adapted from Fig. 19.4, Callister 6e. (Fig. 19.4 is adapted from Metals Handbook:

Properties and Selection: Nonferrous alloys and Pure Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed., H. Baker,
(Managing Editor), American Society for Metals, 1979, p. 315.)

MAGNETIC PROPERTIES & APPLICATIONS

Magnetic Storage:

--Recording medium is magnetized by recording head.

Magnetic Permeability vs. Composition:

--Adding 3 atomic % Si makes Fe a better recording medium!

Fig. 20.18, Callister 6e. (Fig. 20.18 is from J.U. Lemke, MRS Bulletin, Vol. XV, No. 3, p. 31, 1990.)

Adapted from C.R. Barrett, W.D. Nix, and A.S. Tetelman, The Principles of Engineering Materials, Fig. 1-7(a), p. 9, 1973. Electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.

OPTICAL PROPERTIES & APPLICATIONS

Transmittance:

--Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or opaque depending on the material structure.
single crystal polycrystal: low porosity polycrystal: high porosity

Adapted from Fig. 1.2,

Callister 6e.

(Specimen preparation, P.A. Lessing; photo by J. Telford.)

COURSE CONTENT
INTRODUCTION TO MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (Ch.1)
ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND INTERATOMIC BONDING (Ch.2) Atomic Models, Primary and Secondary Interatomic Bonds (1 week)

(1/2 week)

THE STRUCTURE OF CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS (Ch.3) (3/2 weeks) Crystal Structures, Crystallographic Directions and Planes
IMPERFECTIONS IN SOLIDS (Ch.4) (1 week) Point, Linear, Interfacial and Bulk Defects ATOMIC DIFFUSION (Ch.5) (1 week) Diffusion mechanisms, steady state, non-steady state diffusion MECHANICAL PROPERTIES of METALS (Ch.6) Elastic Deformation, Plastic Deformation (1 week)

COURSE CONTENT
DISLOCATIONS and STRENGTHENING MECHANISMS (Ch.7) (2 weeks) Dislocations and deformation, slip systems, deformation of polycrystalline materials, Strengthening mechanisms in metals, strain hardening FAILURE (Ch.8) (2 weeks) Fracture, fracture mechanics, Fatigue, Crack initiation, Creep

CORROSION and DEGRADATION of MATERIALS (Ch.17) (2 weeks) Corrosion of metals, corrosion rates, Environmental effects, Forms of corrosion, Oxidation

THERMAL PROPERTIES (Ch.19) (1 week) Thermal expansion, Heat capacity, Thermal conductivity, Thernal stresses,

OPTICAL PROPERTIES (Ch.21) (1 week) Opacity, Translucency, Transparency, Refraction, Reflection, Absorption, Transmission Color, Luminescence, Photoconductivity, Lasers, Optical Fibers

Subatomic level (Ch 2) Electronic structure of individual atoms that defines interaction among atoms (interatomic bonding).

Atomic level (Chs 2 & 3) Arrangement of atoms in materials (for the same atoms can have different properties, e.g. two forms of carbon: graphite and diamond)
Microscopic structure (Ch. 4) Arrangement of small grains of material that can be identified by microscopy. Macroscopic structure Structural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye. MetE 229

Imperfections in Solids
Is it enough to know bonding and structure of materials to estimate their macro properties ?

BONDING + STRUCTURE + DEFECTS

PROPERTIES

Defects do have a significant impact on the properties of materials

COMPLETE DEVICE RESEARCH FLOWCHART

PERIODIC TABLE

GaN

Basal c-plane

Crystal Planes

Configuration of Ga and N atoms in wurtzite unit cell

WAVELENGTH RANGE

UV Solar Blind

III-NITRIDES APPLICATION AREA

Space & Energy Technologies Defense Technologies Display & Solid State Lighting Technologies

Bio & Medical Technologies

Media Storage Technologies

Marine Science & Water purification

GLOBAL WARMING/ENERGY SAVING POTENTIAL

Source: UCSB Engineering Insights 2006, Steven P. DenBaars

EPITAXIAL GaN GROWTH

MBE
Molecular Beam Epitaxy

MOCVD
Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Phase Deposition

HVPE
Hydride Vapor Phase Epitaxy

Improving a device