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Bar Sane Scu 2009
Bar Sane Scu 2009
e
1
x
2
x
1
_
x
2
x
1
e
x
x dx 1
where x
2
x
1
= GL is the length of the strain gage grid; e
x
(x)
is the strain in the direction of the strain grid laments.
In the non-uniform bi-axial state of stress, the R.G. Boi-
ten and Ten Cate method [11] can be used in order to cor-
rect the experimental data
e
1
S
_
S
e
x
x; y dS 2
where S is the strain gage grid surface.
In the paper [8], Ajovalasit presented an analytical
method that can be used in order to correct the experimen-
tal data affected by the hole eccentricity. Because the
mathematical problem is complex one, he used Eq. (1) in-
stead of Eq. (2). Using this way, we must do only a usual
integral, instead a double one but, of course, the precision
of obtained equations is affected. The present paper use Eq.
(2) in order to obtain a better formula for experimental
data correction (affected by the hole eccentricity).
3. Presentation of a new method
In Fig. 1, a strain gage grid near a hole with eccentricity
is presented. The wrong position of hole has the center in
O
0
, instead of O. In Figs. 2 and 3, the gage grid reported at
its own system of axis is presented. The average value of
the strain gage output can be determined using the R.G.
Boiten and Ten Cate method
e
1
S
_
x
2
x
1
dx
_
y
2
y
1
e
x
x; y dy 3
e
1
S
_
x
2
x
1
dx
_
0
y
1
e
x
x; y dy
_
x
2
x
1
dx
_
y
2
0
e
x
x; y dy
_ _
4
For a symmetric function (as e
x
in the area near a hole in a
plate in tensile), we ca write
_
0
y
1
e
x
x; y dy
_
y
1
0
e
x
x; y dy 5
From Eqs. (4) and (5) we can write
e
1
S
S
00
S
00
_
x
2
x
1
dx
_
y
1
0
e
x
x; y dy
S
0
S
0
_
x
2
x
1
dx
_
y
2
0
e
x
x; y dy
_ _
6
and
e
1
S
S
00
e
00
S
0
e
0
_ _
7
where the grid surface is
S S
0
S
00
8
The main residual stresses are calculated for a plate in a
plane state of stress, with a through hole in it, function of Fig. 1. Strain gage grid near an eccentric hole through a plate.
Fig. 2. Strain gage grid in xy system of reference.
Fig. 3. Strain gage grid in x
00
y
00
system of reference.
P. Barsanescu, P. Carlescu/ Measurement 42 (2009) 474477 475
a and
b coefcients, which take account of integration ten-
dency of strain gages. The two coefcients are well known
from the literature [10] and are determined for a centric
hole (with the center in O). For this particular situation,
we have (Figs. 2 and 3)
y
1
y
2
GW
2
9
S
0
S
00
S
2
10
e
0
e
00
e 11
In order to calculate the residual stresses for a through cen-
tered hole,
a and
b coefcients are used (Fig. 4):
a
2
wr
2
r
1
1
r
2
h
1
h
2
12
b
21m
wr
2
r
1
1
r
2
21m
1m
h
1
h
2
sin2h
1
sin2h
2
1
r
2
sin2h
1
cos
2
h
1
2r
2
1
sin2h
2
cos
2
h
2
2r
2
2
_ _
_
13
where
w
2GW
D
r
1
2R
1
D
r
2
2R
2
D
r
D
D
0
D
2R
0
D R
1
R
2
14
Inorder tocorrect theerrors introducedbyhole eccentricity.
For an eccentric hole, the correction can be made simply
using Eq. (7) and coefcients
a
e
;
b
e
, instead of
a and
b. The
a
e
;
b
e
coefcients are calculated for two strain gages near a
centric hole, having the grid width 2(GW/2 + DGW) and
2(GW/2 DGW), respectively
a
e
1
GW
GW
2
DGW
_ _
a
0
GW
2
DGW
_ _
a
00
_ _
15
b
e
1
GW
GW
2
DGW
_ _
b
0
GW
2
DGW
_ _
b
00
_ _
16
where
a
0
;
b
0
and
a
00
;
b
00
are determined using Eqs. (12) and
(13), but applied for S
0
and S
00
, respectively, surfaces.
Developing the equations we obtain
a
e
R
2
0
GW GL
Dh
0
Dh
00
17
b
e
21 m
a
e
R
2
0
1 m
GW GL
_
sin2h
0
1
sin2h
0
2
_ _
sin2h
00
1
sin2h
00
2
_ _
R
2
0
2
1
R
2
1e
sin2h
0
1
cos
2
h
0
1
sin2h
00
1
cos
2
h
00
1
_ _
_
1
R
2
2e
sin2h
0
2
cos
2
h
0
2
sin2h
00
2
cos
2
h
00
2
_ _
__
18
where
Dh
0
h
0
1
h
0
2
Dh
00
h
00
1
h
00
2
19
The method presented above it is a very easy way to cor-
rect the errors introduced by eccentricity. It is in the same
time more accurate, because Eq. (2), good for a plane stress
of state, was used in this demonstration, instead of Eq. (1),
good for axial state of stress and used by the actual meth-
ods for error correction.
4. Conclusions
The hole eccentricity of is an important source of error,
which affect the accuracy of residual stress measurement
by the hole-drilling method. Although in practice the opti-
cal alignment is used, the eccentricity cannot be zero.
A very easy and more accurate method for errors intro-
duced by eccentricity correction has been presented in this
paper. It takes account of the plane (bi-axial) state of stress
in the strain gages area reduces the case of the eccentric
hole at the well known case of the centric hole.
Acknowledgements
The researches presented in this paper are partially sup-
ported by Romanian Ministry of Education and Research,
Contract No. 49/2006 (CEEX Rolight) and Contract No.
7016/2007 (PN II Modis).
References
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476 P. Barsanescu, P. Carlescu/ Measurement 42 (2009) 474477
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P. Barsanescu, P. Carlescu/ Measurement 42 (2009) 474477 477