Scheidell 1 Stephen Scheidell Ethical Theory Annotated Bibliography Part 1: Primary Sources: Wittgenstein, Ludwig. Philosophical Investigations.

2nd Re ised Ed. !.E.". #nscom$e. %&'ord, (): *lac+well Pu$lishers, 1,-.. Wittgenstein $rea+s with his earlier thought on language, a$andoning the search 'or a uni'ying logic o' language. /n its place, he posits the concept o' a language0game. #ccording to this conception, the meaning o' an utterance is its use in a 'orm o' li'e. This conception o' language as a 'orm o' li'e will ser e as a starting point 'or in estigation into the nature o' linguistic participation. This speci'ic 'orm o' participation will $e treated as a 1 ision o' the good2 inherent in language2s ery structure. /' this is correct, then the argument can $e made that human persons share an ethical structure $y participating in language. !rice, Paul. Studies in the Way of Words. 3am$ridge, "assachusetts: 4ar ard (ni ersity Press, 1,,1. !rice $ro+e with the ordinary language school $y arguing that more goes into the use o' an utterance than its meaning. 5e eloping the idea o' implicature, he contends that the 3ooperati e Principle 6certain 1ma&ims o' con ersation27 'actor into what in'erences we normally ma+e. 4e $elie ed that the word0$y0word meaning o' the utterance, the circumstances under which the utterance was made, and tacit o$ser ation o' the ma&ims collecti ely 'actored into how an utterance is employed $y a normal language user. This pro8ect will attempt to situate the 3ooperati e Principle within linguistic participation. /' success'ul, one could argue that $eing linguistically adept in ol es $eing attuned to the ethos o' natural human language9namely participation. /n this

Scheidell 2 sense, to teach a language is to teach an ethic. Secondary Sources: *a+er, !ordon and 4ac+er, Peter. Wittgenstein: Understanding and Meaning: Volu e ! of an Analytical "o entary on the Philosophical Investigations. 3hicago, /llinois: (ni ersity o' 3hicago Press, 1,.:. *a+er, !ordon and 4ac+er, Peter. Wittgenstein: #ules$ %ra Volu e ' of an Analytical "o (): *asil *lac+well, 1,.-. This te&t, along with its second olume, will 'acilitate a close reading o' the /n estigations. Wor+ing out participation as a structurally necessary ethical category 'or language will turn on the use o' these authoritati e commentaries. Soames, Scott. Philosophical Analysis in the ()entieth "entury$ Volu e ': (he Age of Meaning. Princeton (ni ersity Press: Princeton, ;ew <ersey, 2::-. #s an historical o er iew o' analytical philosophy in the latter hal' o' the 2: th century, Soames2 wor+ will 'acilitate situating $oth Wittgenstein and !rice within the larger pro$lems in which they were engaged. Soames e''ecti ely shows the impact and import o' these two thin+ers. Part ': "ac/ntyre, #lasdair. After Virtue: A Study in Moral (heory. =rd ed. ;otre 5ame, /ndiana: (ni ersity o' ;otre 5ame Press, 2::>. The pro8ect will engage all three ma8or schools o' ethical methodologies. ;e ertheless, it will 'ocus on articulating the ways in which linguistic participation ar and &ecessity:

entary on the Philosophical Investigations. %&'ord,

Scheidell = and $eing $rought up into a linguistic community are trainings into certain irtues. "o ing away 'rom "ac/ntyre2s pro8ect, howe er, this one will emphasi?e the linguistic participation as a $aseline, shared structural irtue. *aron, "arcia and Pettit, Phillip and Slote, "ichael. (hree Methods of *thics. %&'ord, (): Wiley0*lac+well, 1,,>. This te&t permits a representati e 'rom the ma8or ethical methodologies to e&press and ad ocate their respecti e position. *y engaging this de$ate, it will $e shown that the linguistic ethic is not to $e treated as a 'ourth, competing option. Rather, it can in 'act $e argued that the linguistic ethic permits itsel' to $e articulated, one might say interpreted, in terms o' any o' these methods. That is to say, that the linguistic ethic will $est ser e as a $order, or possi$le correcti e, to e&istent moral in@uiries. Prospects for a "o on Morality. !ene %ut+a, <ohn P. Reeder. Princeton, ;ew

<ersey: Princeton (ni ersity Press, 1,,2. (se o' this anthology will 'ocus on post0modern challenges to theory9 speci'ically the new claims o' moral s+epticism. ;amely, these claims are that 6a7 uni ersal or common norms do not e&ist. Rather, each society constructs its own norms and that 6$7 i' they did, we cannot step out o' our own culture to a neutral standpoint 'rom which to ma+e criti@ues. The linguistic ethic may a oid these pro$lems $y 6a7 starting 'rom a shared human phenomenon9language, and 6$7 not re@uiring a 1neutral2 standpoint. Rather, $y e&plicating the linguistic phenomenon, one starts 'rom one2s own cultural, historical, and social conte&t. %ne ad ances the research $y in iting other natural languages into the in@uiry in order to ha e language0speci'ic aspects distinguished 'rom essential structures.