Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Hierarchy of Objectives Corporate Objectives
Hierarchy of Objectives Corporate Objectives
Hierarchy of Objectives Corporate Objectives
several !ene.its to man2 sta4e olders !e$ause o. t e "rowt and e0'ansion o. a !usiness% - e "rowt o. a !usiness results in its !e$omin" more $om'etitive% 6rowin" demand leaves survival no more a $on$ern% Lar"er .irms are a!le to dominate a mar4et, en#o2 mono'ol2 'ower to a $ertain e0tent and raise 'ri$es too% - e2 are less 'rone to ta4e: overs and also !ene.it .rom e$onomies o. s$ale% 6rowin" !usinesses are a!le to !ene.it .rom diversi.i$ation and so redu$e ris4s% - e2 are a!le to introdu$e new ran"es o. 'rodu$ts so i. one ran"e .ails, t ere are man2 ot ers and so t e entire !usiness doesn8t .ails% )ana"ers are i" l2 motivated as t e2 ave "reater status "et i" salaries and .rin"e !ene.its i. t e2 ma4e t e "rowin" !usiness wor4 to .ull 'otential% +ire$tors and mana"ers also ave more 'ower and re$o"nition% - e em'lo2ees 'art o. an e0'andin" !usiness ma2 .ind t eir #o!s more se$ure Bi. $a'ital intensiveness isn8t used@ and $ould also "et i" er wa"es and so ma2 !e "reatl2 motivated% 6rowt ma2 also "ive i" er 'ro.its and so "reater returns to investors Bs are olders and owners@% But "rowt as its own draw!a$4% ,. !usiness "row !e2ond a $ertain si/e, t e2 ma2 .a$e dise$onomies o. s$ale !e$ause o. 'oor $ommuni$ation and .rustration amon"st wor4ers% -oo ra'id e0'ansion ma2 result in severe $as .low 'ro!lems t at $ould $ause a 'ro.ita!le !usiness to !e$ome insolvent% Also in$rease in sales ma2 ave !een 'ossi!le onl2 !2 redu$tion in 'ro.it mar"ins% So even t ou" t e !usiness "row, it as lower 'ro.it mar"ins% So even t ou" t e !usiness "rew, it as lower 'ro.its and so low returns to investors% - en t e !usiness ma2 !e re:investin" a i" er 'er$enta"e o. 'ro.its to "row w i$ would result in an"er amon"st t e owners / s are olders% ;inall2 it ma2 !e t at movin" into new mar4ets awa2 .rom t e C$ore8 a$tivities would result in a loss o. .o$us and una$om'lis ment o. t e $entral aim o. t e or"ani/ation leadin" to a loss o. dire$tion as well% - is would result in ine..i$ien$2, low 'rodu$tivit2 and in$reased $osts%
Unit 1 9a"e = o. 11
5eal 6+9
Boom 6rowt 5e$ession Slum' time Boom ma2 lead to in$rease in 'ri$es t at $auses .all in a""re"ate demand and so em'lo2ment is redu$ed and so overall 6+9 .alls and 'ur$ asin" 'ower de$reases% At slum' stron" investors !u2 sto$4 at t is 'oint as sto$4 'ri$es are low so t e2 4now t at 'ro.its on$e "row t e sto$4s would !e ver2 i" % 2% ,n.lation "eneral and 'ersistent rise in t e levels o. 'ri$es over a 'arti$ular 'eriod o. time% &auses o. ,n.lation% Ba@ $ost 'us in.lation B!@ demand 'ull in.lation B$@ monetarist view o. in.lation Ba@ - is is w en $osts o. 'rodu$tion in$reases e%"% .uel 'ri$e rises, raw materials in$rease, i" er wa"es so 'ri$es are in$reased% B!@ )onetarist view is t at w en mone2 su''l2 in$reases so 'ri$es in$reases, interest rates de$rease, installment !u2in" is en$oura"ed so .low o. mone2 in$reases so a""re"ate demand in$reases t at 'us es t e 'ri$es% 6overnment monetar2 'oli$2 is related to t e mone2 su''l2 : re.lationar2 / e0'ansionall2 monetar2 'oli$2 : de.lationar2 / $ontra$tionar2 monetar2 'oli$2 5e.lationar2 "overnment de$reases rates, installment !u2in" leasin", !orrowin", s'endin" and so overall mone2 su''l2 in$rease% So all t ese measures in$reases demand so 'rodu$tion will in$rease% +e.lationar2 "overnment in$reases interest rates leasin", installment !u2in", s'endin", !orrowin" so over all mone2 su''l2 de$reases so all t ese measures de$reases demand to lower in.lation% +e.lation de$rease in 'ri$e +is:in.lation level o. 'ri$es are "oin" u' !ut at a slower rate t an !e.ore% Slum' in.lation in$rease in in.lation, so em'lo2ees ave to !e laid o.. !e$ause o. $ost o. 'rodu$tion, $ause o. slum'% -raditional relation is, w en in.lation is i" unem'lo2ment is low%
Fiscal policy of o!"#$%"$&s' 6overnment !ud"et: "overnment 5evenue -a0ation i" ta0es "overnment E0'enditure So$ial 1el.are, dis'osal in$ome +e.en$e, distri!ution o. wealt / serve 'ri$es .all demand .alls redu$es e$onom2 <% Unem'lo2ment is a situation w ere 'eo'le w o are willin" and a!le to wor4 $annot .ind 'ro'er #o!s% Bor a''ro'riate #o!s@ -2'es: Bi@ &2$li$al Unem'lo2ment Bii@ Stru$tural Unem'lo2ment Biii@ ;ri$tional Unem'lo2ment Biv@ Seasonal Unem'lo2ment Bv@ -e$ nolo"i$al Unem'lo2ment Bvi@ 5e"ional Unem'lo2ment Bvii@ (oluntar2 Unem'lo2ment Bviii@ 5esidual Unem'lo2ment 1% &2$li$al is due to re$ession in overall e$onom2% 2% +eindustriali/ation% Stru$tural is due to an2 reason a industr2 Be%"% te0tile@ is de$line% Even in tertiar2 se$tor <% 1 en 'eo'le swit$ #o!s so in !etween time is .ri$tional% =% 1 en em'lo2ment situations $ an"e due to season e%"% a"ri$ulture, woolen "arments in summer, $onstru$tion w en 'ro#e$ts are !ein" made so on$e $om'leted t e 'eo'le are unem'lo2ed% >% -e$ nolo"i$al is due to automation i%e% w en industries !e$ome $a'ital intensive% E% 1 en .a$tories move .rom one re"ion to anot er so unem'lo2ment in t e le.t re"ion% 1 en unem'lo2ment o$$urs in an2 one re"ion% 7% (oluntar2 is w en 'eo'le $ oose not to wor4 !e$ause o. unem'lo2ment !ene.its even t ou" t e2 are a!le to wor4% Bwillin" & a!le !ut want to dela2@ e%"% wantin" .or a i" er salar2 'a2% F% 5esidual is due to disa!ilities o. 'eo'le i%e% w en t e2 !e$ome ' 2si$all2 and mentall2 disa!led !ut to onl2 a $ertain e0tent% - ese are 'eo'le wit sim'le disa!ilities% I%pac&s of U$"%ploy%"$& 1% lowered a""re"ate is demand due to de$rease in 'ur$ ase 'ower as in$omes are low as unem'lo2ment & % +ue to t is out'ut de$reases% 2% lesser ta0 revenues .or t e "overnment "overnment e0'enditure in$reases, !urden on wor4in" 'o'ulation in$reases% <% so$ial $osts $rime rate , .rustration and sui$ide , measures a"ainst "overnment% =% wasta"e o. a ver2 im'% .a$tor o. 'rodu$tion i%e% la!our 'rodu$tion 'ossi!ilit2 $urve not a$ ieved e..i$ient utili/ation o. ;*9s is not 'ossi!le% Unem'lo2ment means e0'loitation o. em'lo2ees are 'ossi!le as t e2 are des'arate% So low wa"es rates% >% !alan$e o. 9a2ments ,t is a summar2 o. all t e 'a2ments made !2 a $ountr2 and 'ro$eeds ta4en !2 a $ountr2 over a 'arti$ular 'eriod o. time w i$ is one 2ear% ,t is a$tuall2 t e monetar2 re$ord o. transa$tions o. one $ountr2 wit t e rest o. t e world% ,t is a summar2 o. $as .lows% Sur'lus o. !o' o "overnment invests t e mone2 into some ot er $ountr2% o "ive loans to ot er $ountries Unit 1 9a"e E o. 11
o 'ut in reserves de.i$it o. !o' o ta4e loans .rom ot er $ountries B,);, 1-*, 1orld Ban4@ o invite investors to invest in $ountr2 o ta4e out mone2 .rom reserves ,m'a$ts o. !o' de.i$it o lia!ilities in$rease o !an4ru't$2 o interest 'a2ments in$rease o e$onom2 $an "o to a slum' o .orei"n e0$ an"e rate de$rease as demand o. $urren$2 .alls o reserves "o down so out'ut de$rease unem'lo2ment in$reases ,m'a$ts o. !o' sur'lus o in.lation in$reases due to mone2 su''l2 in$reases and value o. mone2 de$reases% o -radin" $ountries $an im'ose 'rote$tion measures% ,m'ortant as'e$t, "oods o &urrent A/& visi!le trade & invisi!le trade o &a'ital A/& !i" .orei"n investments air !us% se$tor / loans o *t er investments !an4 transa$tions, remittan$es EG&AA76E 5A-ES o ,t is t e value o. one $urren$2 a"ainst anot er $urren$2 a''re$iation s'end less o. $urren$2 to !u2 o ,n$rease o. value s'end less to !u2 one unit o. anot er o &urren$2 de're$iation o +e$rease in value s'end more o. $urren$2 to !u2 one unit o. anot er o +e'ends on demand and su''l2 o. $urren$2
Unit 1 9a"e 7 o. 11
'ri$es leadin" to i" er rates o. in.lation% - is is $alled re.lationar2 or e0'ansionall2 monetar2 'oli$2% &ontrollin" in.lation so t at 'ri$es don8t in$rease a lot nor de$rease too mu$ sustains t e real 6+9 and so $ause $ontinuous e$onomi$ "rowt t at also 4ee's levels o. unem'lo2ment low% EG&AA76E 5A-E 9*L,&H E0$ an"e rate is t e 'ri$e o. one $urren$2 or t e value o. a $urren$2 in t e terms o. anot er $urren$2% - e 'oli$2 o. t e "overnment would !e to de$ide i. t e2 want it to .loat or to !e .i0ed% A .loatin" e0$ an"e rate is determined !2 t e demand and su''l2 o. t e $urren$2 in t e international mar4et% ,. t e demand in$reases, t en t e e0$ an"e rate a''re$iates as its value in$reases e%"% w en t e interest rates o. t e $ountr2 are i" % - is is "ood .or t e im'ortin" !usinesses as t e2 !u2 more in t e same amount o. mone2% Aowever, w en t e demand .alls, t en t e $urren$2 de're$iates and its value .alls e%"% i. E0 5u'ees I USJ1 and t e USJ de're$iates t en >0 5u'ees I USJ 1% - is s ows t at t e value o. ru'ee a''re$iates as less is to !e "iven in return o. J1% - is is "ood .or e0'orters% Aowever, too man2 .lu$tuations in t e e0$ an"e rate 'rove !ad .or domesti$ industries and its t e "overnment8s dut2 to 4ee' t e rates sta!le%
Unit 1 9a"e 9 o. 11
-o t e industr2
,. t ere is s4ill sur'lus t en wa"es will de$line and i. t ere is s4ill s orta"e t en wa"es will rise% -o $over s4ill s orta"es 1@ -o ire more trained sta.. 2@ -rainin" 2our e0istin" em'lo2ees Advanta"es o. irin" new trainin" em'lo2ees 1@ Saves time 2@ 7ew em'lo2ees $an !rin" new ideas to !usiness% +isadvanta"es 1@ .rustration would !e $reated !e$ause t e2 Be0istin" em'lo2ees@ will t in4 t at t e2 s ould !e trained rat er t en trainin" new 'erson% 2@ $ost o. trainin" in$reases% State intervention to andle la!our mar4et + 1@ "overnment set u' a minimum wa"e rate S i. "overnment in$reases t e level o. wa"e rate t en su''l2 would !e more !ut demand would !e less so em'lo2ees .rom A to B will !e$ome unem'lo2ed% S + A B
Unit 1 9a"e 10 o. 11
MARKET FAILURE
)ar4et .ailure w en t e resour$es are not utili/ed e..i$ientl2% 5esour$es $an !e underutili/ed i%e% w en resour$es are not .ull2 used 5esour$es $annot !e over utili/ed% -2'es o. mar4et .ailure Be0am'les@ 1% E0ternal $ost Be..e$t on "ood, $onsumers and wor4ers@ 2% ,nadeDuatel2 trained la!our Be..e$t on "ovt%, $onsumer and $om'anies@ <% E0'loitation !2 mono'olies
Unit 1 9a"e 11 o. 11