tl tt

l* I
I
i i

I'

,.;

I I

-f-. ,.--:

'

?,.
I.
I.
Reaction Rates

PROBLEM

SEl'l

CI.IEMICAL KINETICS

Meanlng of reaction rate rraitorsiftecting rates of reac[ion

?.1.

;..i.. concenl'ratioti o[reactants or ra[e law 2.2.1. Rate equation 'Mass AcLiott Z.Z':. Law of 2'2.3' Rate constant order of reaction 12 q' i,z-,s. Half-tife of a reaclron
2.3. TemPera[ure
Z.:,f
Arrhenius Equation
- ^.

Nature'ofreactants

iJr

7.q.

EnergY of activa[ion i':'z' " CatalYst

Heterogeneouscatal\'sls reaction Theones on Coltision Theory.1 3.1.1. Ac$vation energY

2'4'1' 1qi

HomogetteouttuflT:::.

.^ -=t.trrciq

rates

3.1. :''' . factor 3'I'2.' S[eric 'ir'-:^^ of colltston FrequencY ' 3'1'3' tli"ansition State Theory
3.7'
Reaction Meclranism

'

'

I.

1'

:t5:H::;fiti?l'..0
:Hil:i.'il":f'lon'

rare-deternrinins

step

'

o'oounation'

termination steps
NUCLTAR CHEMISTRY

reactions i' RadiOactivttY^-r ,eactiofis versus nuclear chemtcat DecaY ,Radioactive rT rr' 'd Induced RadioactrvitY r. nuoiouttltt 3p6 g6ificially ff::: Rea 2. Nuclear
t

l'nii.r"utTransmutailon
4:,. Electron CaPlure

;. Transuranium Elemenu
Energy nuclear Bindinq and Dgfect Mass

r\r '"'

1' Nut["ar StabililY

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fiuclear fitiian ;:nd I luclear Fusion

El{eclof l).arjiatir:n on 14atter - lJnif; r"rsr:d foi mcasuring radiation'

t,pplicaii ans of
Each
Ba d i oi soto Pes

of the follovring nurnbers con5ists of the follovring the tvro quarrtities another in colurnn il, 'i;; ;;; it cornPare A iF the quantity.ln Column I is greater greater B if the quantibl in Column II is
C

quantitiesr one in coltrrnn

and choose

and

if the tvlo quantities a're

Colurnn

equal

,..\

D if the relationship

" Colu6nn ii ---*i P is a first order reaction trtz 0f reaction at 50'C al25'C t:: of reaction
I
P,

*;;;iil;;*termined

-:..^^ ,^6^.marie information from the given

Er- c,i P.xn

I
e

l*i[;'j',,,,,,
'v,
I

.-i

''

Ea of P;n

.. II

':lf-iife

0i the

qrder t.,r'i5'''r?..

:crcrd

'
.

P,at= canstant v,'he'n lA1,

ta

514

Reie'constant vilhen [A]:

= ]0 l'1
lxlo = z0
a[ir'I

ior'the reaction Rate Constant = 50 s-r

Eawhenlxl' ='io

tt'

Ea v'rhen

c Rate of disappearance of

fi
L,

*tte**eanswer vrhich is best is 5 sei. tre harf _.rife ofa first order reacti.n
1/c,

-7 by suggested answers' statements belout is followed orlncomplete questions Fscfi afthe

in each'case'
How rong vl,r

7g + Bz -'-"-+ Z * .t r,l-r r ilt ,t( { ,

,,

formation of Z

to it take to reduce the reactant

of itsoriginal value? 'Ll

A)
-)

production of Hzo: the has been-proposed for rea$ion sequenre-of -cataryzed "- -Z The,ioJrovring H2SO4 + 2 HI +

5.sec

10

sec

c).i5

sec :
Iz

D) 20 sec E) 25'sec

HrO + S9-)
Z

i''--+

Hi ---t
HzO

'i

Hz

HrSO. Slnat is/are the catalYft/s?

---+

+ t50)

+ tPAt

I.

SOz

. II:H,sO{
B)

'm.HI
* g

A)

L' 1,

iI tr

Ii, m, w

c) I,

iv

LV.i,
D)

Il,III

3.

irrry v"-''' 'A v/hickof the foltovring'enbrgy

mechanism? prbfiles co rresponds to the follorrying

AB

(slow)' ----+ AB C -== ABC (fast)

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Progress of reaction

Progress of reaction

iL
t ta

\\*._

lI

/'\i\
\/ ,'.,
E)

Progress of reaction
A)

Progress of reactton

B)

IIi

c) iI'

N
Y*Jo

D)

Il

I' II

4.

cquses a candle \'Jhich of the foilorvin$

1. an int'"u="]ilil;;;;tttration-of concentr-ation of O2 11. ln increase in the of [ltt'w;t:': III' nn int"ut* in thc sLrrl'acc arca
D)

of oz than in air? burn'faster in an atmosphere the wax

o;,* ul,l'$0"'"';,',lTll"
I' IIIII.
d

Ir

'

E)r' 1I' ,r' Iv

5.Inthereaction:A+ZB-P,itis.foundthaldoublingtheConcentrationofbo|hAandB oo"io ' "'$:;r?:ii?J::fi'"il""""d order i'r B the rate bv rour EI!'- YL'l^' 'i' increases Ir oroel rlr in B
first order in A' hrst in A' zero'o(er in order in "'onO'Jra"r ze'o order in A' Second B) l', iI',

g
B

f,rist order V' second ordt' in A'

A)

I, II.

lll

o I', llD) I1l' N

::Tp::t::

E) 11'

lll' v

" , ; *."+1,$;'fl.:1.,1 ru:.fx"*TT::flI"-:i;tr#!:il'ffersv E) I, IV barrier ttt D) 1l' iv u1t'' .,c)u' A) 1, lI, ill "'' "

wrrv

oes

T[ :fiiffi l,li:,fi:'':il..}f ff:fff.

is i':creased

ll;

to cross rhe

T.Whichofthefollowingeeuatiolsj,]'aPRlicautgforthenelreaction:A+B'_l2C,which mechanism? srnir*Jep' ni*oruc;iur oroceeds uy a 69* "4fi;r-'"1" =o "."-_,n.* A) hatr _.*E -. o of nr A k [A][B] tAllBl

:i :E:iffi5n'if ii
;i ffii;ili-* the above
fj
att of

['= *t' er oi"pp*"unce t2303)t + rosrAl"

or A

Hf of $tf e!cz!Dbn Tdboof dryn ljort jh/dpn

;r-r'.
.r

rii::i:i

i"i.t.*ra I.TheenergYofatlreactingmoleculesisfarbelowtlteenergybarricr, ii. ' ,lu i"..ting molecules are are nor properly oriented' IiI. I!0 catalys[ was added' and B were added' N. flot "nougll amounts of A ' D) I' II' IIi E) l' II' lil' iv
A) I,

are gat.,:, *:t:,T,l:d_I a rigid container. No rcaclion w'rs oi"'sttvctl' A and B, both of which possibly aciount for the observation?

ei i,-il'cl iII,

iv

is GORRECT 9. \ryhich of ihe following statements rhe rate tiint it"t'on decreasps ".*o::,8-

2A about the second order"reaction:

"t"r'".

*r t] + c ?

' I.
.

l;

ili. iV. v.
I, Ii,

ffi;il f:rl'l:,?:,i['J;l;;,?X,ffiffi,t;i;, ntin.' to % of its original value after 20 , . ,. line' stiaighr a yields uutt" time
}
B)1,

ctd rerrrtcer ill :::::::ll':t or A wirr be rerl concPntration *

A plot of 1nl rate of disappearance of The rate of iormation of C is on*fluffin. -Tt-lol.rs doubled' -the rate cf,niumption or n quaUiup'*

A"

foilowing is TRUE for 100 s' Whiclr of ttre of half-life a has P, 10.Aflrst'order rezjction: A,--_+ :^'r orr:riiifv of subsia:r':e invoived in the reactiott? 200 s' t;;ition eoes:o completion in200 sl; half of what ren';'irs ;ner 100's ai ine quanti\ "i"i ":#;i;q iftt' tuu,-v 100 s ror th: rea:iion

A)

IiI

IV

c) i', iv',

n; it'.

ttt

E)

III' lv' v

;i'il;
E)

g', rhe

,u*" o,unil*ir'; i;;;;;.,t-d.'q' begtns' i L i 100 s elapses befcre r=action

i'lone of ihe abo'^'e

reaction:' 2 HI ----r Hr atnt' 11,lr Is found tha[ the d:composition of HI is 6.r'ut,,;# zi ,nln t"'hen the pressure ls 0'5 pressure rin when the iniliai oi ,t ;'c*t the order of the reattion? D) third c) second B) t) insuificient data

* Ii,

at

StrS K

har a lratf*lifc

^'

i:i

;;;;;

rirst

by the reaction: s3214Bi lz. Ii--ntifu the process described B) beta decaY A) alPha

--3

,."*Po

-roe

decaY oi-'positton d.tuY

zrrs'v\1

C). gamma decaY

'E)

fission

t:. fnis
t

1 -,',a'-J--- llu'ru '+ A) c) ,o'BrW ---* ,r"'TB -,oe

capture by tungsten-181' reaction describes electron ' -01' -l- -toc

;i

"tu'w

'lsrW

--;

-1 t 75ru'Re

T5rurRe

+t,e

will prod.uce-{8j'',1^ 14. V/hich nuclear reaction decay by proton emissron

'-'ei" potu*ti"*-l:

positron'emission BJ' Dorasslum-ro decay by Potassium-3o ' ;i ffi*" caPture bY potassium-3a by capture 6i i'.utton produce U-238'lrom Pu-242V type of emissiont'vill

15. What

C)
t-

positron

emtssion

D)

proton emlsston-

Hf of drd elcz!Dbn Tdboof dgpn ljotl jh/dpn

@'
:t"Y/ 'iY/

Pt:&l *

Y r/ a'

/5
!) (/t

.<-

Ib

8g
a
5

tr

0,

o"'Z'

" ifi:?.$:trfi.i#4ffi,,,.,r#'u' A) beta

PaI

u,,n.

D)

neur.rcil

to gold-1BB-' 15.2. mercury-t88 decays B) Positron beta

A)

Partroe

C)

alPha

D'1 r;eut-rorr

to polonium-218 5.3. radon-222 decays

A) be[a-Particle B)

Posi".-ron

CJ alPhe

D")

neu?'on

?=

isotope decays lo a radium 5.4 thorium-Z30 '"";;';.i, B) Positrr'rn

'''
Lt

prttial

C)

alSit;:

D) neutro:i

4 17.1. st"'Cf + 5"6

StrnPIY the missing Particle'.

rl-r J o tr

A)

B)
B)

,*u'Frn

l^'r ,.r,i""ili,

D1 ':'l

zi?3

'oiuolr zrHe' 2a{e

17.2.

iH +

* 'C)
oin

A) ,lH r7.3

zaHe

C)

otn

D) -,'e

"ni ,tg "- :i':l

zesete

'u"'Xg

q ;!
-

D') -t'z

LJ.4

A)

o --,---> -'ot

D")

,f'io
14.

zceFe

IV,

Solve tlre following

prol;lints'

'

I;'lf'l1i#'il1;l'J/i[] ff,',i'j:.,|tji,',:'flli';3,il order'

s.ionO order; (D) third
d The follov,ring data obfaine

[ii;;;;'; er' t,)ftrst

14
A

:,ncentration of D is 0.150

c'rcier; (C)

Z. Exneriment ,n,r,uiiot,

A) What is the rate uq'"'ilonZ

'h

'3

i z

; ''q'ii" ''' o'l;''

il-

* -

a;'io ofi
o;o

+ Z C'--'- 3 D' ?5:.? !::tfre lnitial R'ate (t'4 min ') lnitial [c]' ini'itt tBl' ^" 4'o x 10" 1'7 t'10-r 4'o Y' 10" o 3'6 x 1o-r c'nstant? B) Whai is the value of the rate
reaction'- 7

h+

o':q 19 o3o,

o'10 o'zo
o'30
o'40

S.t4anybiologicalreactionsareacid_catalyzed'AQpicalmechanismconsistentyaiftthe '

.-p.iri*..ii
In which

. Rate = k LXI [HR1v, ieactant is given as follovrs: HA'is the acid and X is the

rate

equation
""

'.-

Io XH,

*=il [=..
--; ?

*fr'

(slow)

liili]

HA is Ure

onlY source of H' and A-'

Hf of sbd e!cz!Dbn Tdboof dgpn ljott jh/dpn

'/oo

Ct,

oli

hYjsl

$ O'
A) B)
aF)proacl\; uuing, a) Equilibrium Show lhatthe nrechanism is consistentlvith the rate lur* b) steady-state prinfiple. Sketch the reaction profile.
P

';;:i'il''',P" activallttft:#t Lrru ou''""";-C II the kl' Ir 20 KJ' what is -.20 aH = H For the rhe frrst e.iS min, frrsr order reaction: A .-+ p, AH i, l': at P' A reaction' * A. is 60 kl and the half*life of the lihlf-life of the reaction: A -.-+ P, at 50'C? itt -1 enougltAls'placed min' 35 is A B' 'r:--' A < -?! "r mirr? min.r r:acLio^n:j isactlon: .=i;;itoral pre the The half-life of rhe ssure aiter 1'10 the first order gas-phase oi.$rr. mm Hs' what is the a container so that ib';;";';;;z1s observed ra[e latt'

-+

tgn:i:tTt 'vith Propose a plausible mechanlsm ils-61---* 2 No2 Rare = [Nozcl] tt'lt'nl"itlttion'";

the i t'Tr''*;,"*'l+,

c+2

7-

of acelanlide for trre reaction been reported have temperatur:s constant at several The rate 'iil'= solution: acid in aqueous -t'rt I rcq n r v'1"
k (L mol'.

r)

Detei'nrine tlre activai':c*tnptgy

('C)

SZ :-':' 2i'0
O'f

0'1S2 ;;; 7l '5

0'233 30.0

0'26J 32.0

ir'0

graphica\\y''
rear:tionstepsintheorderoichain-iniii;tion'an''ir-hain-

r: Rear,ange and label r:re iollorruing :r' steps:

prnpagation

c-rHs follows + dimerization of:" czH+ we tl" ir:.qz x 10-r M-I s-'. Suppose one 9' Al r.iirion -'::the rate.".*;i'fJ;hir would remain after order kinerics. At 1400c, original concenlration iht fractiJil what start with 0'20 n4 ;rLtH"

reaction? stlp' What is the over-all Suggest a possible chain-ternrinatfon

+ O .--,-----+ CL 1. O, cl ^ gF'zcl : uu crit' ""Lr'" +oe -_+ Clo + oz rr -^_arinnT +

CIO
second

temperatures belor"'l 50g"c'

hour?
i ,.

10.It

sample of takes 165 min for a- 1'000-9

reCl

recl? )-5 what is the half-life of to decay to 0'1i g'

^n is 65-kg Perso ssr' 11-A - -'n'o* u iampte of 11.1'

Wnat is

Hil'..;.'ri*IJ[ny:rm""'ffi;:ii?i!]''l'o , l',i '

11

tiri

of beta radiation coming for 95 s to a 28-mG source exposed accidentally per second (dps)? source in disint egrations activity of the radiaflon

4 ?r[,T ;,'ffT#;'JJ'.,

50% or the m*i:l:'{}$ is spread $". the .nii,,ii.g tl.q ui,,ojlJ.|-udiation is tr",tt au,oqj;-uy the person, p ve rts? n o'n s :?': L#T': : 1 ; ]?H'i i !: lfl *sa? icel's*:
i

Hf of $d elcz!Dbn Tdboof dgpn ljorl jh/dpn