Novembre 1991-2

Home Office blunder reveals 11% spending rise. By Philip Webster, Chief Political Correspondent.
526 mots 6 novembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved rise of &'( in spendin! on the immigration service ne)t year to handle the recrd n*mber of people see+in! asyl*m in Britain $as disclosed 2& ho*rs ahead of the a*t*mn statement in a ,ome -ffice bl*nder yesterday. s a res*lt of an .administrative error., a press release !ivin! details of /enneth Ba+er0s settlement $ith the Treas*ry, amo*ntin! to an 11( increase on la$ and order ne)t year, $as iss*ed a day early. The e)tra spendin!, to be o*tlined today, $ill be devoted to f*lfillin! 1r Ba+er0s pled!es to recr*it an e)tra 1,''' police officers, ti!hten 2ail sec*rity, end sloppin! o*t in prisons, reinforce the immigration service, and to ma+e e)tra f*nds available for victim s*pport and marria!e !*idance. 3pendin! on the immigration service is to !o *p in 199245 by 6&7m, to 6166m. The !overnment is pled!ed to recr*it 851 e)tra immigration staff to speed the handlin! of applications for political asyl*m. pplications are r*nnin! at abo*t 1,''' a $ee+. 1inisters believe that many asyl*m see+ers are bo!*s and are tryin! to avoid immigration controls. .This $ill enable *s to deal 9*ic+ly and fairly $ith the !ro$in! n*mbers of people arrivin! in the :/ to see+ asyl*m as $ell as to deal $ith e)tra passen!er traffic $hen the Channel t*nnel is completed,. 1r Ba+er says in the release. ,e adds that the need to control p*blic spendin! means it is impossible to satisfy all demands on ,ome -ffice services. .#onetheless, this is a balanced pac+a!e $hich addresses o*r main priorities and sho*ld enable *s to meet o*r ob2ectives as effectively, efficiently and economically as possible.. The 11( increase ta+es ,ome -ffice spendin! from 65,59'm in 199142 to 65,97'm in 199245, 66,59'm in 19954& and 66,66'm in 199&45. ;ncreased provision for the police $o*ld allo$ recr*itment of an e)tra 958 officers, brin!in! ma)im*m possible stren!th in forces thro*!ho*t <n!land and Wales to more than 129,''', a rise of nearly 1',&'', or 9(, over the past 12 years. The 1etropolitan Police $o*ld have reso*rces for 5'' additional operational officers in 199245, $ith 2'' of the ne$ posts created thro*!h savin!s by handin! des+ 2obs to non4police staff. 1r Ba+er says= .There is no more visible demonstration of o*r commitment to contin*in! the fi!ht a!ainst crime than the s*bstantial increases in police manpo$er since $e came to office.. ;ncreased spendin! on the prison system is desi!ned to enable pro!ress $ith reforms o*tlined in the recent 2ails $hite paper respondin! to recommendations by %ord >*stice Woolf0s en9*iry into last year0s 3tran!e$ays riots. These $o*ld incl*de endin! .the deplorable practice of sloppin! o*t. by providin! in4cell sanitation at a cost of 61&.5m in 199245 and 611.5m in the follo$in! financial year, 1r Ba+er says. Prisoners0 earnin!s $ill also be increased and 1,6'' e)tra prison staff $ill be recr*ited. The settlement also allo$s for the r*nnin! costs of Britain0s first private 2ail, The Wolds remand centre on ,*mberside, d*e to open ne)t year. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnb6'11*'
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$%&'!() &*"!+$% , -uieting t.e Home Front , prime minister needs to give part/ clear lead on ec. 856 mots 6 novembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved >ohn 1a2or0s serio*s diffic*lties over <*rope concern the s*bstance of ne!otiations. ;nternal Conservative splits, this $ee+0s bro*haha not$ithstandin!, are m*ch more tractable. The !reat ma2ority of his party is li+ely to bac+ any deal $hich he is able to recommend. B*t he does not yet +no$ in $hich direction he $ill be leadin! it. ;t is impossible to say yet $hether a!reement $ill be reached at 1aastricht in five $ee+s0 time or $hat the terms $ill be. Conse9*ently, recent ne$spaper polls of Tory bac+bench attit*des, s*!!estin! that at least 5' to &' $o*ld rebel, are lar!ely meanin!less. They have been cond*cted in a vac**m. The !overnment has clo*ded the pict*re by sendin! o*t apparently conflictin! si!nals. %ast 1arch in Bonn, 1r 1a2or so*!ht to distance himself from 1ar!aret Thatcher by tal+in! of p*ttin! Britain at .the very heart of <*rope.. 1ore recently, notably in his party conference speech in -ctober, his drift has been more ne!ative. This is partly a matter of ne!otiatin! tactics. ;t also reflects $hat ?o*!las ,*rd yesterday described in The ,a!*e as .the a$+$ard b*t necessary role of Britain to as+ the practical 9*estions abo*t the effect of a policy before it is a!reed $hen others have been ready to si!n first and as+ after.. British diplomacy has already s*cceeded in prod*cin! draft proposals on economic and monetary *nion $hich leave open $hether Britain $ill event*ally adopt a sin!le c*rrency. <ven the sceptical #i!el %a$son believes that this deal is .at least somethin! $e co*ld live $ith.. Britain0s c*rrent ne!otiatin! position has the s*pport of most Tory 1Ps. The <*ropean Comm*nity is divided over $hether it sho*ld have a centralised forei!n policy and a defence identity, and $hether to e)tend the <*ropean Commission0s areas of competence. s 1r ,*rd has ri!htly $arned, the British p*blic is concerned abo*t .over4activity. by the Commission, and its insertion of its a*thority into .the noo+s and crannies of everyday life.. The cabinet is *nanimo*sly opposed to the involvement of Br*ssels in British social and employment policy,internal sec*rity, immigration and criminal 2*stice. The ne)t steps $ill be 1r 1a2or0s meetin! on 3*nday $ith Chancellor ,elm*t /ohl and the conclave of <C forei!n ministers at the end of ne)t $ee+. fter these tal+s the !overnment sho*ld have a m*ch clearer idea of $hether a!reement $ill be possible at 1aastricht. 1r 1a2or has arran!ed a t$o4day Commons debate in t$o $ee+s0 time to state his principles and to hear 1Ps0 vie$s. 1r 1a2or $ants to ens*re that $hatever happens at 1aastricht, he avoids banner headlines proclaimin! .1a2or fails.. ;f no a!reement is reached alon! the lines of Britain0s c*rrent ne!otiatin! position, 1r 1a2or need not concern himself that there $ill be any serio*s Tory revolt. -nce the $hips have !ot to $or+ on Tory 1Ps, it $o*ld be s*rprisin! if many more than t$o do@en openly voted a!ainst the !overnment. There is no dan!er to the !overnment0s ma2ority, only embarrassin! headlines abo*t revolts. 3ome of the rebels may, of co*rse, be famo*s ones, led perhaps by his predecessor herself. B*t, as Chris Patten, the Tory chairman, br*tally remar+ed yesterday, the leadin! critics are 1Ps retirin! at the ne)t election $ho do not have to live $ith the electoral conse9*ences of their actions. 1r 1a2or does. B*t he mi!ht vie$ $ith a certain e9*animity the prospect of bein! attac+ed by 1rs Thatcher, slappin! her do$n, and then provin! in the aftermath that the party bac+s him, not her. ;f <C leaders fail to reach a!reement at 1aastricht and any later s*mmit in ?ecember, 1r 1a2or sho*ld be able to ar!*e that he has ne!otiated in !ood faith to defend Britain0s interests. #o other party, especially the s*perficially more pro4<*ropean %abo*r party, co*ld have done any better. The stron!ly pro4<*ropean Tory 1Ps co*ld do little more than m*tter. The only $ay 1r 1a2or can mishandle the political mana!ement is by failin! to !ive a clear lead before 1aastricht. That $o*ld conf*se his party and ris+ ma)imisin! opposition after the s*mmit. 1ost Tory 1Ps tr*st his 2*d!ment and are ready to respond to his lead. The test of his s+ills in the ne)t fe$ $ee+s $ill be his cond*ct of the ne!otiations themselves. By comparison, handlin! his party is a piece of ca+e. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnb6'11s*
&utumn 0tatement , $egal &id funds earmar1ed for rising costs. By Arances Bibb, %e!al ffairs Correspondent. 219 mots 8 novembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved %e!al id 4 The Bovernment is e)pectin! le!al aid to cost an e)tra 6159m in 199245, brin!in! the total bill for that year to 6758m, accordin! to the a*t*mn statement. The h*!e increase is the main reason for a lar!e rise in the b*d!et of the %ord Chancellor0s department for 199245 of some 6222m over 199142= a rise of 19.5( in cash terms or 1&.5( in real terms to a total of 61,565.265m. The e)tra 6222m $ill provide for abo*t 2'' e)tra staff $hile 6159m !oes on le!al aid. The 2'' e)tra staff incl*de &7 for $or+ arisin! from the ne$ syl*m Bill, incl*din! e)tra immigration ad2*dicators, chairmen and members of trib*nals and others to deal $ith the ne$ accelerated appeals process. %e!al aid e)pendit*re this year has been forecast at 6697m so the predicted rise to 6758m for ne)t year is by more than 2'(. The le!al aid bill for 199245 $as serio*sly *nderestimated at 68&2m in last year0s a*t*mn statement. The %a$ 3ociety said that the increase represented an attempt to rectify the serio*s *nderf*ndin! that occ*rred in the last financial year. .;t does not mean a le!al aid bonan@a,. said a spo+esman. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnb8'121s
P%OP$% pass .ars. 2udgment on left , Opinion poll. 568 mots 8 novembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved Arom Philip >acobson in Paris. The Arench yesterday passed their harshest 2*d!ment yet on the 3ocialist !overnment $hen an opinion poll s*!!ested that no candidate of the left can hope to $in the ne)t presidential election. Barely 25( of those polled intend to s*pport a 3ocialist, $hoever stands, $hile more than 5'( $o*ld bac+ either of the t$o most li+ely conservatives. ccordin! to the BC DParis 1atch poll, neither 1ichel Eocard, $ho $as sac+ed as prime minster earlier this year, nor >ac9*es ?elors, $hose name has been e)tensively canvassed as a possible 3ocialist s*ccessor to President 1itterrand, $o*ld have m*ch chance. E*nnin! a!ainst either man, either >ac9*es Chirac, the former conservative prime minister and leader of the EPE, or Calery Biscard d0<stain!, 1 1itterrand0s conservative predecessor, $ho heads the :?A, $o*ld $in a clear ma2ority. ltho*!h 1 1itterrand0s term e)pires only in 1995, his *nconvincin! recent leadership has created !ro$in! tension $ithin the 3ocialist party as it !rapples $ith a m*ltit*de of social and economic problems. Whatever his aides say officially, it is by no means certain that he $ill han! on *ntil the last moment. premat*re resi!nation $o*ld mean an early election. While the endless s9*abblin! $ithin the mainstream parties of the ri!ht has serio*sly $ea+ened their challen!e to the present minority !overnment, the fact that voters appear to prefer 1Chirac or 1Biscard d0<stain! to any candidate on the left $ill be seen as another nail in the 3ocialists0 coffin. With <dith Cresson no$ the most *npop*lar Aifth Eep*blic prime minister, and 11itterrand0s standin! in the polls also fallin! steadily, the political o*tloo+ has never seemed so blea+. Festerday0s poll also confirmed the !ro$in! stren!th of >ean41arie %e Pen and his e)treme ri!ht4$in! #ational Aront, $hich is ridin! hi!h on the sensitive iss*es of immigration and la$ and order. ?ependin! on ho$ the .respectable. ri!ht !oes into the ne)t presidential campai!n specifically, $hether 1 Chirac and 1 Biscard d0<stain! both stand independently he co*ld be e)pected to collect bet$een 15 and 18.5( of the vote on the first ro*nd Gro*!hly t$ice as m*ch as any comm*nist candidateH. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnb8'121a
+H&(+%$$O* 4o.l sa/s alliance is 1e/ element in defence strateg/ FO* %5*OP%. &57 mots 8 novembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved Arom ;an 1*rray in Bonn. ,elm*t /ohl, the Berman chancellor, fle$ to the #ato s*mmit in Eome yesterday after promisin! the B*ndesta! that the alliance, and not the Western <*ropean :nion GW<:H, remained .the *nreno*nceable fo*ndation for a stable sec*rity policy in <*rope.. ;n a speech settin! o*t !overnment policy before the #ato and <*ropean Comm*nity s*mmits, ,err /ohl $as at pains to soothe merican and British concerns that Bermany $as considerin! ma+in! the W<: responsible for <*ropean sec*rity. ,e remained adamant that Bermany $anted a treaty on political *nion a!reed at 1aastrich, incl*din! 9*alified ma2ority votin! on sec*rity and forei!n policy. ,is aim $as, he said, to see <C forei!n policy .anchored in a comm*nity instit*tion. and involvin! the <*ropean Commission. ,err /ohl emphasised that Berman troops in the <*ropean army, $hich he and President 1itterrand proposed last month, $o*ld not act independently of #ato. ,o$ever, he said= . *nited <*rope is, in the lon! r*n, *nthin+able $itho*t a common <*ropean defence.. ,err /ohl said that the fi!htin! in F*!oslavia $as a !ood e)ample of $hy <*rope sho*ld have its o$n common forei!n and sec*rity policy. Bermany $o*ld contin*e to press for the <C to reco!nise the independence of the F*!oslav rep*blics. ,e said a stren!thenin! of the <*ropean pillar of #ato $as needed, .s*ch as o*r transatlantic partners have lon! demanded.. To achieve this, he said, the W<: members needed re!*lar political cons*ltation to form a 2oint position on all important 9*estions, $hile there had to be closer co4operation bet$een the alliance and the W<: and bet$een the <C and the W<:. -n a military level, in close co4operation $ith the alliance, a military plannin! and co4ordination staff needed to be formed and there had to be stron!er lo!istical and armaments co4operation $ith the aim of creatin! a <*ropean armaments a!ency. ;t $as noticeable that the chancellor0s speech $as conciliatory abo*t #ato on the eve of the alliance s*mmit, $hile, $ith 1aastricht still five $ee+s a$ay, ,err /ohl maintained a to*!h line over the <C. ,e sho$ed that on monetary *nion Bermany is still at lo!!erheads $ith Arance abo*t the stat*s of the <*ropean 1onetary ;nstit*te, $hich $o*ld temporarily control the policy. ,e spelt o*t lon!4+no$n Berman positions on political *nion, s*!!estin! that there had been no real chan!e in attit*des despite months of ne!otiation. Tho*!h Britain has made it clear, for e)ample, that it $ill not a!ree that immigration controls sho*ld come *nder <C la$s, ,err /ohl insisted that this $o*ld be an essential element of the <*rope of the f*t*re. ,e added that the <*ropean parliament m*st be allo$ed to elect members of the <*ropean Commission. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnb8'1218
".ird draft treat/ still defies 7ritain on union. 822 mots 7 novembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved Arom Beor!e Broc+, <*ropean <ditor in Br*ssels. ne$ version of the <*ropean Comm*nity0s political *nion treaty retains the controversial aim to $or+ to$ards a .federal !oal., an e)pression $hich British ministers have said is *nacceptable. The te)t, $hich $ill be delivered to British ministers this $ee+end, also proposes $ide e)tensions of <C po$ers, accordin! to senior ?*tch so*rces. The draft, the third version of the treaty to be prod*ced this year, indicates that the <C $ill be !iven ne$ po$ers to set comm*nity policies and la$s for ed*cation, health, c*lt*re, ind*stry, to*rism, cons*mer affairs, ener!y, the environment and social affairs. -n the frin!es of the #ato s*mmit meetin! in Eome, >ohn 1a2or, appealed to E**d %*bbers, his ?*tch co*nterpart and the present <C president, not to .bo) him in. by draftin! an <C political *nion treaty *nacceptable to Britain. The te)t of the draft, ho$ever, s*!!ests battles to come. 1r 1a2or o*tlined +ey points $hich he said sho*ld be e)cl*ded from the te)t if Britain $as to si!n the treaty at the 1aastricht meetin! ne)t month. ,e $ants no si!nificant e)tension of le!islative po$ers for the <*ropean parliament, and told 1r %*bbers he $anted no reference in the te)t to e)tendin! the po$ers of the <*ropean Commission to social and forei!n policies. With only a month to !o before 1aastricht, the ?*tch !overnment is abo*t to distrib*te a ne$ te)t $hich $ill be debated by the comm*nity0s forei!n ministers for t$o days ne)t $ee+. ?o*!las ,*rd, the forei!n secretary, said this $ee+ that the <C co*ld not enlar!e its membership to incl*de <ast <*ropean states by .treadin! the federalist road.. B*t the ?*tch believe that on the most diffic*lt iss*es Britain is isolated or in a small minority. ?*tch so*rces say that the te)t $ill +eep a cla*se opposed by 1r ,*rd at a meetin! here on 1onday, $hich $o*ld create a common <C visa for short4term visitors to <C co*ntries. Whitehall officials fear that this meas*re, ho$ever limited, $o*ld !ive the <*ropean Commission and co*rt of 2*stice po$er to shape national immigration policy. part from this e)ception, the treaty separates 2*dicial and forei!n policy into systems for co4operation bet$een !overnments. The form*las on 2oint forei!n policy and a f*t*re <*ropean army $ill be open4ended, b*t $ill fall $ell short of meetin! British ob2ections. 1a2oity votin! on forei!n policy, totally opposed by Britain, $ill be retained in atten*ated form. -nly minor chan!es $ill appear in another section re2ected by 1r ,*rd, dealin! $ith employment and $elfare la$. British ministers oppose any e)tension of <C po$ers in social matters. The ?*tch !overnment, $hich too+ over the presidency last >*ly, sa$ its o$n version of the treaty thro$n o*t by an!ry !overnments several $ee+s a!o. The treaty tal+s then reverted to $or+in! on a te)t prod*ced in >*ne by the %*)embo*r! !overnment and its lon! list of ne$ po$ers for the <C has been retained. ?*tch so*rces said that the draft $o*ld leave open the iss*e of ho$ many comm*nity decisions $o*ld be made by 9*alified ma2ority votin!. fter hints from Britain that the !overnment $ill probably not oppose the introd*ction of ma2ority vote decisions on environmental la$s, this $ee+end0s version $ill s*!!est that chan!e. The ne$ te)t $ill not attempt to resolve a deadloc+ bet$een Britain and Arance over defence policy. The ?*tch plan to ma+e brief references to defence in the treaty doc*ment and to attach a separate declaration settin! o*t the f*t*re relations bet$een the comm*nity, the nine4nation Western <*ropean :nion and #ato. B*t at the last meetin! of W<: ministers Arance bloc+ed disc*ssion of the declaration on the !ro*nds that the treaty $ordin! sho*ld be decided first. Britain $ill no$ re2ect any reference to defence *nless the declaration ma+es clear that <C defence $ill not tread on #ato territory.
-ne of the sharpest last4min*te conflicts $ill be over a short chapter in the draft on .ind*strial policy.. Britain and several other !overnments say that there is no need for a va!*ely $orded cla*se, inherited almost *nchan!ed from the %*)embo*r! draft $hich said that the <C .shall ens*re that conditions necessary for the competitiveness of the comm*nity0s ind*stry e)ist.. Britain ar!*es that this, and similar va!*e form*las, co*ld allo$ ind*strial s*bsidy and protection. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnb7'12ft
:ore ;noo1s and crannies< meddling on =a/ , %+ intervention. 725 mots 7 novembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved fter a $ee+ in $hich road4b*ildin!, maternity pay and fra*d la$s have all been s*b2ects of disp*te bet$een %ondon and Br*ssels, 1ichael ?ynes st*dies the limits of comm*nity po$er Britain0s ob2ections to the increasin! tendency of <*ropean Commission officials to intervene in $hat ?o*!las ,*rd, the forei!n secretary, described as the .noo+s and crannies. of everyday life are not $itho*t fo*ndation. Westminster has already conceded soverei!nty over a vast ran!e of iss*es, from levels of a!ric*lt*ral s*bsidies to the ne$ prefi) for international telephone diallin! codes. The days $hen ministers and civil servants co*ld contemplate le!islative initiatives $itho*t reference to Br*ssels are a distant memory. There remain, ho$ever, many areas of activity in $hich the commission has no a*thority, and many more $here the dividin! line bet$een comm*nity and national la$ is poorly defined. ,o$ever, the decision to abolish internal barriers to trade $ithin the <C by the end of 1992 has an ine)orable interventionist lo!ic, effectively propellin! the commission into areas of domestic life *nforeseen $hen the sin!le mar+et pro!ramme $as la*nched in 1975. 3*ch interventionism has been e)acerbated by the tendency of some commissioners to en!a!e in empire b*ildin!, $hich is deeply resented in Whitehall. ;ndeed, the @eal $ith $hich Br*ssels has approached the tas+ of demolishin! internal barriers to trade has created a rich fol+lore, in $hich commission officials are depicted as *nhin!ed b*rea*crats $ho $ill not rest *ntil they have harmonised all aspects of life, incl*din! the attempt to force *s to drive on the ri!ht, c*t o*r la$ns only bet$een midday and 2pm on 3*ndays, and eat only <C4approved sa*sa!es and ice cream. 1inisters are presently en!a!ed in a f*ndamental and often acrimonio*s debate $ith their <*ropean co*nterparts abo*t the e)tent to $hich the competence of the comm*nity sho*ld be e)tended to ne$ areas, incl*din! monetary and economic *nion, defence and forei!n affairs. That debate has hi!hli!hted the de!ree to $hich soverei!nty has been conceded, m*ch of it $illin!ly, forcin! ministers into fi!htin! a rear!*ard action to defend those areas $here they believe that the commission sho*ld not act. 1r ,*rd is determined to see a clear and precise definition of comm*nity po$ers incorporated into the proposed political *nion treaty d*e to be si!ned at the <C s*mmit meetin! at 1aastricht in ?ecember. 1r ,*rd $ants the treaty to enshrine the principle of s*bsidiarity devolvin! po$er to the lo$est possible level thereby establishin! strict bo*ndaries bet$een comm*nity and national la$. reas $here the commission0s role is most contentio*s incl*de= 3ocial policy= fe$ iss*es have !enerated as m*ch controversy as the commission0s attempt to e)tend its infl*ence in an effort to !ive the sin!le mar+et a so4called social dimension. The proposed social charter, coverin! everythin! from $or+er participation schemes to improved maternity benefits, is opposed by Britain on the !ro*nds that it $ill increase b*siness costs and red*ce employment prospects. The environment= the *nprecedented re9*est by Carlo Eipa di 1eana, the environment commissioner, for a halt to $or+ on m*lti4million po*nd road pro2ects, incl*din! the proposed e)tension of the 15 thro*!h T$yford ?o$n, ,ampshire, provo+ed o*tra!e from Conservative 1Ps. The incident prompted >ohn 1a2or to $rite to >ac9*es ?elors, the commission president, complainin! abo*t commissioners e)ceedin! their po$ers. 3i!nor Eipa di 1eana had acc*sed the !overnment of failin! to carry o*t a f*ll environmental impact assessment on the pro2ects, as re9*ired by <C la$. The !overnment insists that the pro2ects $ere initiated before the <C le!islation came into effect. 1inisters $ere $ell a$are that 3i!nor Eipa di 1eana $as preparin! to initiate le!al proceedin!s a!ainst Britain. ;t $as, ho$ever, his personal re9*est to stop $or+ *ntil the disp*te had been settled, $hich he had no a*thority to ma+e at this sta!e, that inf*riated the !overnment. !mmigration= Britain s*pports proposals to harmonise <*ropean Comm*nity visa, asyl*m and immigration proced*res as part of the attempt to create the conditions *nder $hich there can be free movement of people aro*nd the <C from 1995. ,o$ever, the !overnment is adamant that harmonisation of conditions of entry sho*ld remain the responsibility of national !overnments, $or+in! to!ether thro*!h the Trevi Bro*p of 2*stice Page > of 119 2013 Factiva !nc. "ous droits r#serv#s.
and interior ministers, rather than bein! transferred to Br*ssels. Aor e)ample, it s*pports a common to*rist visa for all 12 <C co*ntries, b*t it insists that this m*st be by inter4!overnmental a!reement, and not dele!ated to commission competence. Ee!ional development= Britain has lon! been embroiled in a disp*te $ith Br*ssels over the *se of <*ropean re!ional development and social f*nds. The !overnment has been acc*sed of syste matically ab*sin! <C money by *sin! it as a s*bstit*te for national spendin! rather than addin! it to f*nds already earmar+ed for re!ional development or social schemes. The commission has $ithheld millions of po*nds on the !ro*nds that the !overnment $o*ld not *se the money properly. Britain ar!*es that the commission has no ri!ht to dictate re!ional policy. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnb7'12f9
;?uppie fascism< beguiles voters in @ienna poll. By nne 1c<lvoy. 891 mots 9 novembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved The placid city of Cienna $ill don its 3*nday best and head for the polls tomorro$ in $hat is already bein! called an .earth9*a+e election. e)pected to sha+e the fo*ndations of *stria0s post4$ar consens*s. The e)treme4ri!ht Areedom party is set to overta+e the conservative People0s party as the second lar!est party and the social democrats are threatened $ith the loss of their absol*te ma2ority in the city for the first time since 19&9. poll by the $ee+ly ma!a@ine, Profil, predicts that the Areedom party $ill pass the 2'( mar+ in the capital $ith the People0s party la!!in! at aro*nd 18(. :nnerved by the fall of the ;ron C*rtain and the pro)imity of the F*!oslav conflict, *strians are s*cc*mbin! to the charms of the party $hich ma+es no bones abo*t its $ish for an absol*te halt to immigration and !eneral distr*st of forei!ners. ;n the same poll, &1( of those 9*estioned cited policy to$ards forei!ners as their main consideration $hen choosin! a candidate. The Areedom party is led by >or! ,aider, as smooth a charmer as one co*ld hope to meet, $ith a $ide disin!en*o*s smile and a dashin! all*re rare in the morib*nd $orld of *strian politics. ,e is not standin! in the election, b*t the local candidate <r$in ,irnschall is vie$ed as a cypher for the leader0s policies. -n the s*b2ect of his o$n vie$ of forei!ners ,err ,aider is slippery. B*t as if by osmosis, the voters !et the messa!e intended for them. #ot that he has anythin! a!ainst forei!n citi@ens, he anno*nced to ripples of approval at a rally last ni!ht, it is 2*st that there are 9*ite eno*!h of them in *stria as it is. The ripples s$elled into a cheer. . nd let0s be honest,. he contin*ed, .a lot of those see+in! to enter o*r co*ntry from the <ast are not al$ays the most dili!ent and respectable of people.. The cheer s$itched !ear a!ain to become a foot4stampin! roar. When ,err ,aider be!an his career in the so*thern province of Corinthia, his rhetoric and the *nderc*rrent of racism in his speeches $ere considered a mere sop to the ri!ht$ard4leanin! r*ral voters. B*t the party has steadily !ained !ro*nd across the co*ntry. ;n the !eneral election last year, it sapped s*pport from a tired4loo+in! People0s party and is also ma+in! inroads into the social democratic vote nation$ide. ;f it mana!es to overta+e the People0s party in Cienna, it $ill have forced its $ay to acceptance as a coalition partner, despite the increasin!ly d*bio*s ass*rances of the t$o other parties that they $ill have nothin! to do $ith it. ;ts rallies no$ attract not only the hard core of older ri!ht4$in! voters $hich $as the party0s ori!inal constit*ency Git $as fo*nded by former na@isH, b*t an increasin! n*mber of prospero*s yo*n! voters, disenchanted $ith the cosy and often corr*pt consens*s of constant coalition and bac+room deals bet$een the t$o main parties. While his enemies call the phenomenon, .y*ppie fascism., ,err ,aider terms his cre$ .the incorr*ptibles.. ,e has been 9*ic+ to capitalise on fears that the co*ntry co*ld be overr*n his $ord is .s$amped. by economic mi!rants and asyl*m see+ers. The poster campai!n, *nder the motto .Cienna m*st be safe a!ain., establishes the s*bconscio*s lin+ bet$een forei!ners and violent crime $itho*t havin! to state it e)plicitly. ;n addition to stoppin! immigration, ,err ,aider $o*ld have all ille!al $or+ers immediately deported. .; simply stand for $hat ordinary people thin+,. he said. ,e also has a +nac+ of choosin! emotive iss*es to freshen his campai!n, s*ch as the state of ed*cation. ;n Cienna, he claims that the n*mber of forei!n children in school classes is holdin! bac+ their *strian classmates. The s*!!estion is that the children do not spea+ the lan!*a!e properly, so that lessons have to be slo$ed do$n to cater for them. ;n the fi!*res he prod*ces to s*pport the claim, he i!nores the fact that the ma2ority of the children have lived in *stria for many years and spea+ fl*ent Berman. The tactic has forced the other parties to radicalise their o$n platform on the iss*es involved. The People0s party, fearin! that it $ill lose voters concerned abo*t immigration, reacted last $ee+end by proposin! a ceilin! of one forei!n schoolchild to every t$o *strians in a class.
,elm*t Iil+, the socialist mayor of the city, mindf*l of his party0s election chances, dismissed the recent desecration of the main >e$ish cemetery as a .boyish pran+.. nti4semitism has al$ays been the *nspo+en norm in *stria, tho*!h there are only 8,''' >e$s compared $ith a pre4$ar pop*lation of abo*t 185,'''. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnb9'127d
*ace ro= looms on as/lum bill. By ndre$ Brice and ?avid ,*!hes. 555 mots 1' novembre 1991 The 3*nday Times 3T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved ne$ race ro$ threatens to er*pt in the ,o*se of Commons this $ee+ $ith an all4o*t %abo*r assa*lt on the !overnment0s plans to c*rb the n*mbers of immi!rants claimin! political asyl*m. Eoy ,attersley, the shado$ home secretary, yesterday promised a hard4hittin! attac+ on /enneth Ba+er0s asyl*m bill at its second readin! on Wednesday. .The more ; loo+ at the bill, the more ; despise it,. ,attersley said last ni!ht. Both %abo*r and !overnment front benches plan to steer clear of the acc*sations of racial pre2*dice that so*red the %an!ba*r!h by4election last $ee+. B*t %abo*r 1Ps remain an!ry at $hat they claim $as racist Tory literat*re a!ainst sho+ /*mar, the s*ccessf*l %abo*r candidate. 1inisters have re2ected %abo*r0s char!es, callin! them a .silly smear.. >ohn 1a2or is said by close collea!*es to be .f*rio*s. over the alle!ations. ltho*!h ,attersley said he $as .appalled. by the Tory campai!n in %an!ba*r!h, he said immigration and asyl*m $ere separate iss*es and he did not plan to raise the by4election in Wednesday0s speech. B*t %abo*r leaders intend to press the iss*e in the r*n4*p to the election. .-*r messa!e to the ethnic minorities is= yo* cannot tr*st these people,. said >ac+ C*nnin!ham, %abo*r0s campai!ns co4ordinator. .The Tories have stirred *p tro*ble for their o$n ethnic minority candidates.. T$o Tory candidates from the ethnic comm*nities are standin! in Tory4held seats= Cheltenham, $hich had a 8.7( ma2ority in the 1978 election and $here a ri!ht4$in! revolt a!ainst the ne$ candidate $as cr*shedJ and Brentford and ;sle$orth, $hich had a 1&.5( ma2ority. 1inisters believe %abo*r is deliberately $hippin! *p a race ro$. .We have no intention of playin! this !ame,. one senior minister said yesterday. .There is no one in British politics $ho detests racism more than >ohn 1a2or. %abo*r are *sin! this to cover *p $hat $as for them a very disappointin! res*lt in %an!ba*r!h. ;t0s contemptible.. 3ome ministers say privately, ho$ever, that the ne$ asyl*m bill $ill brin! s+illed man*al $or+ers, the m*ch4co*rted C2s, bac+ into the Tory fold after a critical $ea+enin! in their s*pport d*rin! the recession. Those voters $ere cr*cial to 1ar!aret Thatcher0s three election victories, especially in the West 1idlands. 1ori opinion poll for The 3*nday Times sho$s the asyl*m bill has over$helmin! p*blic s*pport, $ith 87( of people in favo*r and only 15( opposed. mon! C2 voters s*pport is even stron!er, $ith 75( s*pportin! the bill and only 11( a!ainst. 3pea+in! at %abo*r0s conference last month, ,attersley acc*sed the Tories of plannin! a .s9*alid appeal to racism. before the !eneral election and said %abo*r $o*ld fi!ht the asyl*m bill .$ith the ferocity that comes from contempt.. ttac+in! the bill last $ee+, ,attersley acc*sed Ba+er and tabloid ne$spapers $hich s*pported him of choosin! to .conf*se asyl*m $ith immigration.. ,e said Ba+er had *sed his Tory conference speech to .ma+e the co*ntry0s flesh creep $ith stories abo*t 8m E*ssians movin! $est., $hereas only 118 E*ssians applied for asyl*m last year. 3enior ministers insisted yesterday that le!islation $as essential. syl*m applications have risen tenfold in the past three years, reachin! nearly 1,''' a $ee+. The asyl*m bill is desi!ned to process these applications more s$iftly. ?oc*ment st''''''2''1112&dnba''a+$
".e Final 'a/s , 'eat. of *obert :aA=ell. &,968 mots 1' novembre 1991 The 3*nday Times 3T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved The north tlantic is cold in #ovember, even off the temperate Canaries. >ose Arancisco Perdoma, a 214year4old 3panish air4sea resc*e diver, str*!!led in his oran!e $ets*it and flippers to manip*late the h*!e b*l+ of a man0s body into the special bas+et *sed for liftin! s*rvivors from the sea. ;n the !atherin! d*s+ the searchli!ht from the clatterin! helicopter hoverin! overhead ill*minated a macabre scene, revealin! a na+ed man $ith his dead eyes starin! bac+ at the s+y. The bas+et $as too small. lar!e nylon harness had to be $inched do$n instead. Wor+in! in $ater flattened by the helicopter0s rotor blades, the fro!man event*ally mana!ed to !et this *nder the corpse0s o*tstretched arms, and the body $as lifted *p and manhandled aboard by the $inchman and t$o cre$ members. .;t $as na+ed, stiff and floatin! face *p, not face do$n $hich is normal,. said the fro!man after$ards, in a flat, matter4of4fact voice. .The body $ei!hed a lot and it needed all of *s to !et it on board.. There $as no real do*bt $ho it $as. s ni!ht fell the t$o 3*perp*ma helicopters, a civil !*ard helicopter and the Ao++er Ariendship li!ht plane from the 3panish air force ret*rned to base. The sea search, $hich had ta+en almost five4and4a4half ho*rs, $as over. s the s*n set on T*esday evenin!, Eobert 1a)$ell, the ref*!ee $ho rose to be a real4life Citi@en /ane, had been fo*nd dead in the $ater, apparently fallen from the dec+ of his l*)*rio*s ocean4!oin! yacht. ;t $as a thriller $riter0s end to an e)traordinary life. B*t the le!end $as 2*st be!innin!. Was it s*icideK Was he p*shed, or did he fallK Betty 1a)$ell, the tycoon0s Arench $ido$, and his son Philip, a fl*ent 3panish spea+er, had been on their $ay to %as Palmas, capital of the Canaries, in their private plane even as the corpse $as bein! lifted from the $ater. #o$ the plane diverted to Bando, the airport $here the body had been ta+en. To!ether they performed the !risly rit*al of formal identification, and tossed aside any 9*estion of s*icide= .;t is absol*tely o*t of the 9*estion,. said Betty 1a)$ell. d*ty 2*d!e from the nearby to$n of Telde $as s*mmoned and, after e)aminin! the corpse, covered by a sheet in the belly of the helicopter, !ave the le!al order for it to be transferred to the mor!*e on the $estern o*ts+irts of %as Palmas. The three patholo!ists $ho carried o*t the a*topsy fo*nd only a little $ater in the l*n!s, and said the bi! man had been dead before he hit the $aterJ %*is B*tierre@, the 2*d!e, prono*nced death by nat*ral ca*ses, pres*mably a heart attac+, and dismissed a !ra@e on the head as havin! been ca*sed d*rin! the recovery operation. The 114man cre$ of the yacht, the %ady Bhislaine named after the yo*n!est da*!hter, a dar+4haired bea*ty on $hom her father doted $ere 9*estioned one by one b*t none had seen hm fall. nd none co*ld offer any e)planation. The captain filled in a death certificate for the British cons*l, $ho said that the cre$ $ere .shoc+ed and distressed, totally nonpl*ssed.. The investi!atin! ma!istrate, ;sabel -liva, $or+in! from her office in the inland to$n of Banadilla, decided the circ*mstances re9*ired f*rther investi!ation. B*t the family $ere +een that the body of Eobert 1a)$ell, born >an %*d$i! ,och, the >e$ish boy from 1ittele*ropa, sho*ld be loaded on an aircraft to be flo$n to >er*salem before the 3abbath sh*tdo$n and th*s in time for today0s f*neral. The mortal remains $ere first pl*ndered by the patholo!ists. The man $ho in life had scorned doctors and seemed to defy a!e and disease, had in death no defence left= elements of internal or!ans and scrapin!s from beneath the fin!ernails $ere removed and sent for e)amination to mainland 3pain and bac+ to -)ford. Were there any traces of dr*!s or any si!n that he had str*!!led $ith an attac+erK 1a)$ell0s t*m*lt*o*s career had reached a pea+ of tension= his !lobal empire had never been lar!er b*t it no$ loo+ed perilo*sly over4e)tended. The man $ho had died in s*ch mysterio*s circ*mstances had been starin! into the abyss. ,is last 2o*rney had be!*n five days earlier. -n the evenin! of Wednesday, -ctober 5', the late d*ty secretary at 1a)$ell0s ninth4floor office in #e$ Aetter %ane, ne)t to the ?aily 1irror, telephoned B*s Ean+in, captain of the %ady Bhislaine, to inform him that 1a)$ell $o*ld be arrivin!, alone, to 2oin the yacht in Bibraltar the ne)t day. ;t $as *n*s*al for him to be alone. :s*ally his Port*!*ese b*tler of seven years0
standin!, >oseph Caetano Pereira, $o*ld be in attendance. .; cannot remember a time $hen ; did not !o to the boat $ith him,. he says. ;t $as *n*s*al, too, that Charlotte, his pro!ramme mana!er, or at least one of the secretaries, did not !o. B*t all his staff had lon! learnt to ta+e nothin! for !ranted. 1a)$ell rose early. ,e al$ays did. Aor Bob 1a)$ell, sleep never 9*ite !ot ro*nd to +nittin! *p life0s tro*bled sleeve of care. ,e fo*nd it a necessary inconvenien ce that interfered $ith b*siness, preferrin! to catnap, a habit !ained in $artime, .li+e Ch*rchill, yo* +no$., as he $as fond of sayin!. ,e had slept in the l*)*rio*s pentho*se above 1a)$ell ,o*se. ,is !rand home, ,eadin!ton ,all on the o*ts+irts of -)ford, $as Betty0s preserve. The flat in %ondon, e)trava!antly decorated $ith pillars of !old and !reen marble, h*n! $ith tapestries, 18th4cent*ry Arench paintin!s and dia!rams of the pyramids, $as his head9*arters. ;t $as literally sleepin! on top of the 2ob. t 6.5'am, 2*st before da$n, he climbed the stairs o*t on to the parapet at the ed!e of the he)a!onal roof, then *p the metal staircase to the helipad of !reen strot*rf $here the small five4seat helicopter s9*atted a!ainst the li!htenin! s+y. ,e $o*ld, as *s*al, have !lanced across at the $indsoc+ fl*tterin! on the roof of the ?aily 1irror b*ildin! ne)t door. fe$ years earlier a coathan!er had been fo*nd $ed!ed into it, +eepin! it strai!ht no matter $hat the $ind. 1a)$ell, al$ays $ary abo*t travellin! in helicopters, had interpreted it as an attempt at sabota!e if not m*rder. ,e had ordered that the c*lprit be fo*nd and sac+edJ the entire staff had been interro!ated b*t the investi!ation yielded no res*lts. The helicopter pad $as his pride and 2oy. ,e ro*tinely i!nored the official restrictions on the n*mber of fli!hts allo$ed over central %ondon. ;t $as part of the caref*lly constr*cted personal infrastr*ct*re net$or+ that made the $orld his oyster. Within min*tes he co*ld be en ro*te to any$here in the $orld. ,e $as fond of sho$in! it off to impress visitors. ;t $as 2*st a year since he had entertained Calentin Pavlov *p here on the roof $ith champa!ne and caviar $hile sho$in! him the si!hts of %ondon. ,e had boasted p*blicly $hen .my friend. Pavlov became 3oviet prime minister shortly after$ards. B*t Pavlov had been in the co*p a!ainst 1i+hail Borbachev and $as no$ in 2ail a$aitin! trial for treason. Aor a lon! time no$, thin!s had be!*n to !o $ron! for 1a)$ell. To ma+e matters $orse, he had a bad cold. ,e had a horror of doctors, b*t an even !reater horror of infl*en@a, $hich he +ne$ co*ld be fatal to a man $ith only one !ood l*n!. ,e had lost half of the other in an operation to remove a t*mo*r. 3o $hen a fe$ days a$ay $ere s*!!ested, he a!reed. The yacht $as, after all, virt*ally another home in a $armer climate, some$here to refresh his ener!ies. ,e $as a man of action. Travel revitalised him. ,e $as his o$n masterJ he $o*ld be bac+ by 1onday, or sooner if he felt li+e it. s the tall, thin helicopter pilot opened the door and p*t 1a)$ell0s b*l!in! maroon briefcase made in Poland and mar+eted thro*!h a company r*n by his da*!hter, Bhislaine on the rear seat, 1a)$ell climbed into the front, clappin! the earphones on his head. Within seconds they $ere aloft, hoverin! for a fe$ min*tes and then t*rnin! north across the $a+in! city to$ards %*ton. -n the r*n$ay the ne$ B*lfstream ;C, delivered only a year a!o and$ith a transatlantic capacity that enabled him to fly from %ondon to #e$ For+ $itho* ref*ellin!, stood ready. ,e $as pro*d of its personalised Berm*da re!istration= CE4B-B. 1a)$ell0s ba!s, delivered separately by car, $ere loaded on board and he climbed in, sittin! in his *s*al seat at the front of the bri!ht cabin decorated $ith frit, flo$ers and a television for $atchin! videos. The ste$ardess made s*re he $as comfortable, as he eased off his shoes. Within 15 min*tes of his arrival at %*ton, they $ere airborne. ;t had been a bad year. <ven for a man $ho thrived on stress, the setbac+s $ere be!innin! to ta+e their toll= the demands made by his creditorsJ the vast debt of 1a)$ell Comm*nication Corporation G1CCH, his main company, and the fallin! share price that prompted. ;n an attempt to retrench, he had floated &9( of the shares in 1irror Bro*p #e$spapers G1B#H, offerin! readers ndy Capps as the PE men had called them a promise that t*rned so*r as the shares fell far belo$ the iss*e price. ,e even mort!a!ed the 1irror Bro*p head9*arters in central %ondon and the offices of BB, another 1a)$ell s*bsidiary, in $est %ondon, for 67'm. Then Peter Wal+er, the former cabinet minister, had $ithdra$n as chairman4desi!nate of 1CC, a move that dismayed the financial instit*tions, $hich had believed Wal+er $o*ld *sher in a ne$ era of more conventional mana!ement. -n top of that had come the alle!ations by the BBC0s Panorama pro!ramme abo*t fo*l play in the 1irror0s spot4the4ball competition and nefario*s s*!!estions abo*t his b*siness operations. 1a)$ell $as a man $ho insisted on holdin! all the strin!sJ $hen they be!an to *nravel all the strain came bac+ to him personally.,e felt there $as a !iant conspiracy a!ainst him. The past fortni!ht had seen more bad p*blicity $ith alle!ations by merican a*thor 3eymo*r ,ersh that #ic+ ?avies, the 1irror forei!n editor, had had lin+s $ith 1ossad, the ;sraeli secret service. ,ersh had tried to implicate 1a)$ell, too. Page 13 of 119 2013 Factiva !nc. "ous droits r#serv#s.
1a)$ell did have political connect ions aro*nd the $orld. ,e $as pro*d of them, pro*d of bein! an a!ent of infl*ence, ever net$or+in!, ever callin! on top statesmen, from east or $est, and relatin! their vie$s to leaders in the opposin! camp. ;t had started thro*!h his Per!amon Press, $hich p*blished the cr*dely propa!andist and *ncritical a*tobio!raphies of eastern bloc leaders. ;t ca*sed him some embarrassment after the pop*lar revol*tions of 1979. ,e had been, after all, a personal friend of Todor Ihiv+ov of B*l!aria Gno$ on trial for treasonH, and on first name terms $ith B*stav ,*sa+ of C@echoslova+ia, /onstantin Chernen+o, briefly 3oviet president, and even Eomanian dictator #icolas Cea*sesc*. #obody do*bted Captain Bob0s ability to deal $ith controversy, b*t even insiders $ere $orryin! that all this $as $earin! him do$n. There $ere $hispers as lon! a!o as last sprin! that 1a)$ell0s reno$ned concentration and !rasp of min*tiae $ere slippin!. By the end of the 197's, he $as in control of a vast media empire, one of the top 1' in the $orld, employin! 2',''' people and !eneratin! billions of po*nds of reven*e. ;n !ood times the ban+ers $ere happy to lend him money. 1a)$ell had borro$ed massively to p*rchase 1ac1illan, one of merica0s top p*blishers, and -fficial irline B*ides for a total of 62.1bn. ;nstead of sellin! off assets to raise cash, he borro$ed more thro*!h the net$or+ of privately4o$ned companies he *sed to control 1a)$ell Comm*nication Corporation and 1irror Bro*p #e$spapers. ,e p*t *p the shares they o$ned in his p*blic companies as sec*rity. B*t $hen the shares in those companies $ent do$n, the val*e of the sec*rity $ent do$n. 3o the lenders either $anted more, or they sold the shares, drivin! the price lo$er still. 1a)$ell $as ca*!ht in a vicio*s do$n$ard spiral that $as lar!ely of his o$n ma+in!= a spider trapped in his o$n $eb. The recession had +noc+ed the ed!e off 1CC profits, ma+in! it increasin!ly diffic*lt for him to meet his debt repayments. ,is investment ban+er, Boldman 3achs, had 2*st sold a h*!e n*mber of 1CC shares, p*shin! the price lo$er still. With the anno*ncement of the corporation0s interim res*lts loomin!, the o*tloo+ $as blea+. By the time the plane ban+ed to land on Bibraltar0s remar+able airfield 2*ttin! o*t into the 1editerranean, still bl*e beneath clear a*t*mn s+ies, the time to thin+ had done 1a)$ell0s h*mo*r little !ood. B*s Ean+in, the captain of the yacht, $as there to meet him. .,e $as sho*tin! at everybody $hen he came in. ,e $anted to +no$ $hether his yacht $as in the harbo*r. ,e *pset both the c*stoms and the immigration,. accordin! to Eobert 3heriff, the Bibraltar airport s*pervisor. B*t the staff $ere *sed to his ra!es. 1a)$ell $as a fre9*ent visitor. #ot only $as Bibraltar a handy berth for the %ady Bhislaine, b*t the island $as also home to one of the +ey holdin! companies to $hich m*ch of the comple) $eb of 1a)$ell investments co*ld be traced. 1a)$ell $as met in the arrivals hall by Ean+in and Charlie Eodri!*e@, a shippin! a!ent at Bibraltar harbo*r $ho loo+ed after the %ady Bhislaine $hen it $as berthed at the local marina. Ean+in, a tr*sted aide, sho$ed 1a)$ell into the bac+ seat of a hired $hite 1ercedes limo*sine. Eodri!*e@ loaded a second car $ith ba!s and follo$ed the 1ercedes do$n to the $aterfront. ?avid Wyatt, an employee at the 3hip0s Chandlers, a 9*ay4side shop $hich services the %ady Bhislaine, sa$ 1a)$ell arrive. Wyatt had been notified earlier that day that the boat $o*ld be leavin! for 1adeira in the afternoon. T$o of the cre$ had been to 3afe$ays to b*y meat, e!!s, b*tter, mil+, bread, fr*it and ve!etables. They had also bo*!ht t$o cases of $ine and beer. 1a)$ell dran+ only one of t$o brands= Pilsner :r9*ell from C@echoslova+ia or the ;talian #astro @*rro. Wyatt sa$ 1a)$ell !o *p the !an! plan+ of the %ady Bhislaine. 1erc*rial as ever, his bad h*mo*r on landin! had no$ apparently evaporated. 1a)$ell seemed rela)ed and chatted cas*ally to Ean+in. With them $as the ste$ardess, $ho stayed $ith 1a)$ell *ntil shortly before the boat slipped its moorin!s at &pm. 1a)$ell li+ed bein! s*rro*nded by pretty $omen. s his death bro*!ht anecdotes cra$lin! o*t of the $ood$or+, 1adeleine ,*lt, 25, a 3$ede $ho had been a member of the cre$ last year, told the #e$ For+ Post, hostile rival to 1a)$ell0s ?aily #e$s, that she had once overheard him tell his son /evin abo*t his fantasy of fa+in! his death and slippin! off to a 3o*th merican hidea$ay. The yacht had been sched*led to call at 1arbella, Berm*da and then #e$ For+. ;t $o*ld !o on to the Caribbean $here 1a)$ell $o*ld 2oin it for Christmas as he had done last year. B*t the sched*le had been chan!ed at the last moment. .1r 1a)$ell is !oin! to spend a fe$ days $ith the boat en ro*te to 1adeira and his plane is to meet him there,. Ean+in told Wyatt. The trip to 1adeira, 6'' miles so*th$est of Bibraltar, too+ nearly &7 ho*rs. The %ady Bhislaine arrived shortly before nine on 3at*rday mornin!, to be met by the local pres s, tipped off that 1a)$ell0s plane had Page 16 of 119 2013 Factiva !nc. "ous droits r#serv#s.
landed at A*nchal airport. 1a)$ell as+ed for a car and a 1ercedes $as 9*ic+ly arran!ed to ta+e him into the to$n. ,e declined to tal+ to reporters. 1a)$ell the press baron $as $ary of the press. t home 2o*rnalists $ere di!!in! deeper and deeper into his finances, tryin! to piece to!ether the complicated $eb of his b*siness interests. ,is habit of movin! assets from p*blic to private arms and bac+ a!ain raised eyebro$s. The sheer comple)ity of his empire and the vast n*mber of private 1a)$ell s*bsidiaries in Aebr*ary of this year he $as a director of at least 81 companies stymied o*tsiders0 and insiders0 attempts to form a clear pict*re of the totality. 1a)$ell0s one hand mi!ht +no$ $hat 1a)$ell0s other hand $as doin!, b*t no4one else did. nd he $as not !oin! to tell them. fter seein! local si!hts, 1a)$ell ret*rned to his yacht. ,e had as+ed for a !ood place to !o s$immin! and been recommended a beach on the island of ?esertas, abo*t 25 miles from A*nchal. The %ady Bhislaine ret*rned from there that evenin!. 1a)$ell $ent for a short trip to the local casino, p*rs*ed once more by the press. 1*ch to his irritation, he $as at first ref*sed entry beca*se he had no identification. member of the cre$ $as sent bac+ to the boat to !et his passport $hile 1a)$ell sat in a cafe drin+in! beer. ;t $as not the sort of h*miliation he end*red $ith !ood h*mo*r. The follo$in! day, 3*nday, the $eather $as a!ain fine. 1a)$ell seemed rela)ed. ?ressed in shorts and a short4sleeved bl*e shirt, he chatted on the brid!e $ith Ean+in, $ho later recalled him as bein! in a .very, very !ood mood.. B*t there $ere other opinions. %ocals remember seein! him bein! served l*nch on the stern of the ship. .,e seemed a tired man,. said a shippin! a!ent $ho had !reeted him on arrival at A*nchal. .,e $as not very happy, he $asn0t tal+in! too m*ch. ,e didn0t loo+ cheerf*l.. While the boat too+ on e)tra diesel to prepare for its trip across the tlantic, 1a)$ell ref*sed to confirm his o$n immediate travel plans. The 2et $as on standby at A*nchal airport. ,e considered flyin! immediately to #e$ For+ $here he $as d*e for a meetin! on T*esday. There $as also a dinner in %ondon on 1onday, b*t he had no scr*ples abo*t cancellin! en!a!ements, even at the last min*te. 1a)$ell delayed his decision. .-n 3*nday mornin! he still hadn0t made *p his mind $hether he $as !oin! to fly o*t or ta+e the boat to Tenerife,. said a local shippin! a!ent. 1a)$ell spent the day on board the %ady Bhislaine. By midday Ean+in had told the a!ent that 1a)$ell had decided to stay on the boat for its 25'4mile 2o*rney to Tenerife. t &pm the ship, $ith 1a)$ell and 11 cre$, left A*nchal. ;t arrived at 3anta Cr*@, Tenerife, at 1'am the follo$in! mornin!, the last f*ll day of Eobert 1a)$ell0s life. ;t $as to be a day of telephone calls and b*siness conversations, a pl*n!e bac+ into the $hirlpool of schemes and dreams, the thin!s that, for 1a)$ell, made life $orth livin!. Those he spo+e to in %ondon $ere s*rprised by his *n*s*ally !enial tone. t l*nchtime on 1onday he called <rnie B*rrin!ton, a %ancastrian $ith a dry h*mo*r $ho $as his nominal dep*ty at 1B#. B*rrin!ton $as in the 1irror e)ec*tives0 dinin! room at ,olborn Circ*s. <)pectin! the *s*al br*s9*e manner, he $as s*rprised to hear 1a)$ell, almost apolo!etically, say= .;0m sorry to dist*rb yo* d*rin! yo*r l*nch. ; 2*st $anted to +no$ if there $as anythin! ; sho*ld +no$.. ss*red by B*rrin!ton that all $as 9*iet, he apolo!ised a!ain and ran! off. ;n fact he had be!*n ma+in! plans for the $ee+ the previo*s evenin! in a telephone conversation $ith his son ;an abo*t a speech he $as sched*led to deliver on 1onday to a dinner at the n!lo4;sraeli ssociation. ;an later recalled= .; ran! him abo*t 1'.5' on 3*nday ni!ht to remind him of the n!lo4;sraeli dinner. That $as important to him, and he had been very +een to do it. ,e said= L;0m really not too $ell, and ;0m not s*re ;0m !oin! to be *p to it.0 ,e had this cold $hich had been han!in! on and han!in! on. ; +ne$ $hat $as !oin! to happen that ; $o*ld have to !ive the speech $hich $as $hat had happened often before b*t this one $as important to him. ;n the end $e said $e $o*ld tal+ abo*t it the ne)t day, 1onday. .-n 1onday ; $as in the office early $e $or+ very lon! ho*rs here and in to*ch $ith him. ,e $as still plannin! to fly bac+, altho*!h still complainin! he didn0t feel $ell eno*!h. ; $or+ed o*t the last possible moment he co*ld board his plane and be bac+ in time, and factored that in. By l*nch the time had passed, and he still hadn0t decided to come bac+. 3o ; ran! him a!ain, and $e then spent the afternoon $ritin! this speech. ; $as $ritin! it here, and he $as addin! in bits and it $as to and fro all afternoon. Then, 9*ite late, $e let them +no$ he $asn0t !oin! to do it, and ; !ave it and it $ent do$n $ell. ;t $as a !ood speech, typical Bob, f*ll of fi!ht and vi!o*r, +ic+in! the hell o*t of 3yria.. 1a)$ell also ran! 3am*el Pisar, a Paris4based international la$yer $ho $as his friend and confidant. n *sch$it@ s*rvivor, Pisar shared 1a)$ell0s latter4day Iionism and his fascination $ith <astern <*rope. Pisar had re!*larly accompanied him on trips to Warsa$, Pra!*e and 1osco$, tho*!h even he had been forced to sit in the corridor $hen 1a)$ell met Borbachev. Pisar said they tal+ed of plans for the immediate f*t*re, chief amon! them $as 1a)$ell0s e)citement at bein! nominated by the 3cientific ;nstit*te of Arance to receive the %e!ion d0honne*r, the co*ntry0s hi!hest a$ard. ,e $as also to be made 1an of the Fear by the >e$ish 3cientific and C*lt*ral ;nstit*te at the Pla@a ,otel,
#e$ For+, later this month. .There $as some satisfaction in his voice. man that contemplates s*icide does not thin+ that $ay,. Pisar said after$ards. The pair la*!hed at the 2o+es 1a)$ell had inserted into the speech $hich ;an $o*ld no$ have to deliver. t 7.2'pm on 1onday, 1a)$ell stepped on to the 3anta Cr*@ doc+side alone. ,e hailed a ta)i, $hich too+ him to the five4star ,otel 1encey. ,eads t*rned as 1a)$ell0s b*l+y fi!*re entered the resta*rant, and he $as sho$n to his seat, appropriately eno*!h at table 1. 1a)$ell0s bei!e bla@er and chec+ tro*sers $ere cas*al b*t smart. ;t $as his 224stone frame and bl*e baseball cap that made him impossible to i!nore. 1a)$ell !a@ed o*t over the hotel0s tropical !ardens and as+ed 3er!io Eodri!*e@, the hotel0s head $aiter, for his recommendation. ,e re2ected the more s*bstantial hors4d0oe*vre in favo*r of a !reen salad. ?espite the fact that his b*l+ fitted his !iant4si@ed p*blic ima!e, 1a)$ell, $ho had once been a trim army officer, had never been happy $ith his $ei!ht as he !re$ older. ,is tailor, 3am*el 3te$art, said 1a)$ell al$ays chose the finest $ools and sil+s for his s*its, $hich cost *p to 61,8'' each. .The earlier clothes $ere too small for him,. said 3te$art, 7'. B*t 1a)$ell never complained he merely arran!ed another 9*ic+fire fittin! and pic+ed *p the bill. While he $as $aitin! for his meal, he dran+ ?orada CCC beer. ,e too+ Eodri!*e@0s advice and ordered ha+e $ith clams in a parsley and m*shroom sa*ce. fter his meal, 1a)$ell t*rned do$n dessert and coffee, b*t too+ a ci!ar from his 2ac+et poc+et and lit it. ltho*!h he banned ci!arette smo+in! in his presence, 1a)$ell en2oyed top4!rade ,avana ci!ars and tended after dinner to act li+e a na*!hty schoolboy ind*l!in! in stic+y s$eets. s+ed if he had en2oyed the meal, he replied= .Cery !ood, perfect.. ltho*!h 1a)$ell had seemed rela)ed d*rin! the meal, staff noticed that he $as in physical diffic*lty. .,e seemed short of breath and +ept tryin! to dra$ in air. -ne of the $aiters commented on it, b*t $e ass*med it $as beca*se he $as so lar!e,. said Eodri!*e@. Before settlin! the bill, 1a)$ell prod*ced a $al+ie4tal+ie from his 2ac+et poc+et and tried *ns*ccessf*lly to ma+e a call. Waiters ass*med he $as attemptin! to rin! the %ady Bhislaine, b*t the person at the other end appeared *nable to hear. The bill came to &,5'' pesetas G62&H. ,e as+ed if the service had been incl*ded and $as told that it had been, b*t he ro*nded it *p to 5,''' G627H pesetas all the same. t 9.&5pm, 1a)$ell $al+ed off to$ards his $aitin! ta)i, leavin! his third bottle of beer half4empty and an *nfinished ci!ar on the table. To all appearances it had been a solitary b*t not an *nhappy last s*pper. #othin! s*!!ested he +ne$ it $as his last. The only s*!!estion that he $as *n*s*ally distracted $as that he left his 2ac+et on his chair, b*t for a man normally s*rro*nded by a retin*e of fl*n+eys it $as not an *nprecedented lapse. Eodri!*e@ chased after him, catchin! *p before he reached the reception area. ,e said that 1a)$ell had .seemed preocc*pied. after he had been *nable to ma+e his phone call. Within min*tes 1a)$ell $as bac+ on his yacht. ,e told the captain to ta+e the boat o*t of harbo*r and cr*ise, as if he $anted to sha+e off the d*st of the city. B*t $ithin a little time he $as bac+ on the telephone to Pisar in Paris a!ain. ,is son ;an also called a!ain to report on the speech= . t 11.5' ; ran! him to tell him ho$ it $ent. ;t $as either the last call to him or the pen*ltimate call ;0m not s*re. ,e as+ed me ho$ it had !one, and $ho $as there, and ; told him %ord this and %ady that, and he $as very impressed and very complimentary. ,e $as in !ood form, despite his cold. .; said to him, LFo* realise that tomorro$ is a bi! day and $e have all these bi! meetin!s set *p, and yo* $ill be bac+ for those, $on0t yo*K0 ,e promised he $o*ld. We ended, L3ee yo* tomorro$ then.0 LFo* betM.0 ;t $as the last $ord any of his family heard from him. ,o$ did he dieK ;an 1a)$ell says he +no$s no more than has so far been iss*ed by the 3panish a*thorities, $hom he said had been very thoro*!h. ?etectives searched the boat on Ariday for si!ns of fo*l play, b*t fo*nd nothin!. B*t his son says he has a feelin! in the pit of his stomach that not all the tr*th has yet emer!ed. ;f his father ha d s*ddenly felt the stabbin! pain of a heart attac+, ;an is s*re he $o*ld have instinctively thro$n himself in$ards, a$ay from the rail. .,is every instinct $o*ld have been to s*rvive.. The apparent facts are fe$. -ne member of the cre$ has testified to seein! him on dec+ at abo*t &.25am $hen the %ady Bhislaine $as si) miles so*th$est of Brand Canary. ,alf an ho*r later, at &.55am, 1a)$ell telephoned the brid!e to as+ for the air4conditionin! to be t*rned do$n. ;t $as an *ns*rprisin! re9*est. ,e had still not sha+en off his cold and re!*larly complained of dra*!hts. B*t it $as not for another si) ho*rs, $hen an *r!ent call came thro*!h from #e$ For+, that anyone noticed 1a)$ell $as missin!. -nly then did the cre$ search the boat, fo*r times, in vain, before contactin! %ondon and sendin! a satellite distress si!nal. 3ometime d*rin! the early ho*rs of T*esday mornin!, Eobert 1a)$ell ended *p dead in the tlantic. ;f the simple e)planation is tr*e, he had emer!ed na+ed from his stateroom and strolled to the bac+ of the boat, to the one place $here the railin! !ave $ay to a lo$ rope, and there, s*ddenly, he $as sei@ed by the blindin! pain of a heart attac+ and toppled for$ard into the sea. The same thin! almost happened to 1ar+ t+ins, a
former policeman $ho $as one of the cre$. ,e nearly fell overboard at the same spot $hile the 1a)$ells $ere leavin! the boat on Ariday. 1*ch may depend on this scenario notably 62'm in ins*rance money payable in the event of accidental death. ;n other $ords, if he $as dead before he fell from the boat then the verdict m*st be death from nat*ral ca*ses. B*t if somethin! happened or if the fall itself !ave ca*se to a heart attac+, then the verdict co*ld be misadvent*re. The simple e)planation is not impossible, b*t it is not the only one. There $as a !rand romantic side to 1a)$ell0s character. The pict*re of the elderly, over$ei!ht tycoon comm*nin! $ith nat*re in the privacy of a cherished section of his o$n *niverse, in $hich he $as almost a !od, is not incompatible $ith 1a)$ell the man, lar!er than life and pro*d of his le!end. B*t his $as a *niverse *nder threat. ,e had many enemies, real and ima!ined. ,is b*siness empire and his political contacts $ere ine)tricably interlin+ed. The $eb spanned three continents and had bro*!ht 1a)$ell into contact $ith both statesmen and sco*ndrels, $ith other captains of ind*stry, many of $hom $ere his bitter rivals, $ith $orld leaders and $ith their shado$y servants= $hatever alle!ations he mi!ht have denied, even 1a)$ell $o*ld have admitted, $ith a certain vain!lory, that 1ossad, the /BB, the P%-, ;slamic >ihad, the C; and 1;5 all had copio*s files on him. ?id 1a)$ell, the real4life Citi@en /ane, have a Eoseb*d of his o$n l*r+in! in some closetK ,is coffin, lo$ered into its first4class final restin! place on the 1o*nt of -lives today, may ta+e that secret $ith him. ?oc*ment st''''''2''1112&dnba''a+m
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0ic1 :arseilles .ears a deat. rattle in doc1s. By 3t*art Wavell, 1arseilles. 711 mots 1' novembre 1991 The 3*nday Times 3T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved >ean41arc Babo*ri, patron of the inaptly named ;le de Bea*te, sl*mped behind the bar of his doc+side cafe, mo*rnf*lly contemplatin! the empty tables. .1arseilles is finished,. he declared. .The doc+ers have +illed it. nd no$ this.. ,e held *p a ne$spaper chroniclin! ho$ the city0s last shred of di!nity had been torn a$ay. 3tri+es $ere paralysin! the !reat port of 1arseilles, its metro and b*s services, b*t that $as too common an occ*rrence to merit the headline .Blac+ Wednesday.. The city $as in mo*rnin! beca*se its idols, the -lympi9*e football team, $as o*t of the <*ropean C*p. To many it seemed li+e a death +nell. %ocal an!er abo*t the city0s declinin! fort*nes is t*rnin! on Eobert Ci!o*ro*), the increasin!ly isolated mayor, a hospital s*r!eon $ho $as re4elected by a landslide vote t$o years a!o. Ci!o*ro*) prono*nced 1arseilles sic+ and promised to operate. B*t the health chart no$ sho$s a terminally ill patient. The once4vibrant crossroads of <ast and West has an *nemployment rate of 19(, t$ice the national avera!e. 3hops are closin! in the city centre, ind*stry is settlin! in nearby i)4en4Provence and 1ontpelier, the 7'',''' pop*lation is in dramatic decline, and the !reat ships are desertin! 1arseilles for the less tro*blesome ports of nvers in Bel!i*m and Barcelona in 3pain. The city is bro+e. ?espite a m*nicipal debt of 61bn and an e)pected deficit of 65'm at the end of this year, Ci!o*ro*) can e)pect little sympathy from Arance0s socialist !overnment. socialist for 25 years, he has been banished from the party, ref*ses to cons*lt his socialist !ro*p and is en r*pt*re $ith his dep*ty. Ci!o*ro*), 65, is soft4spo+en, fond of ci!ars and $ine and devotes his fe$ p*blic *tterances to po*rin! scorn on traditional politics. ,is main sin, in the eyes of many, is that he lac+s the dynamism of his le!endary predecessor and mentor, Baston .The Eoc+. ?efferre, $ho for 55 years ran 1arseilles as his personal fiefdom $hile occ*pyin! a s*ccession of !overnment ministries. .When ?efferre th*mped the table in 1arseilles, people sat *p in Paris,. recalled a socialist city co*ncillor. .Ci!o*ro*) is colo*rless. ,e 2*st *tters banalities and no one listens.. ltho*!h he emer!ed as socialistleader in 1976, the national party fielded its o$n candidate a!ainst him three years later. ,eadin! a list of independents and e)iled socialists, Ci!o*ro*) s$ept the board. #o$ many believe the ri!ht4$in! #ational Aront $ill emer!e from a h*miliatin! defeat of >ean41arie %e Pen, its leader, $ho stood as 1arseilles0s candidate in the 1977 !eneral election, to e)ploit simmerin! racial tension. ltho*!h the city0s immi!rant s*b*rbs failed to e)plode d*rin! last s*mmer0s racial *nrest thro*!ho*t Arance, there is disbelief amon! $hites at official fi!*res sho$in! only 55,&7' immi!rants, mostly from north frica. ?is9*iet centres on the city0s main street, %a Canebiere, a once4!litterin! bo*levard $hich evo+ed comparisons $ith the Champs <lysee. #o$ a rash of pi@@a parlo*rs and fast4food 2oints radiates from side streets $here rab so*+s, sellin! cheap $ares, are held responsible for destroyin! the area0s l*)*ry ima!e. By 8pm most of the centre0s cafes and resta*rants are deserted. Within an ho*r the fast4food booths close and tramps be!in to pic+ thro*!h the r*bbish. Pedestrians $al+ in t$os, or are accompanied by alsatian do!s. Ci!o*ro*) claims immigration is not a serio*s iss*e. .When people have nothin! else to say, the tendency is to be a!ainst thin!s,. he said last $ee+. .!mmigration is an easy battle horse. B*t ; $on beca*se ; $as proposin! a pro!ramme $hich co*ld be carried o*t in my si)4year mandate.. Ae$ believe his sol*tions $ill stave off ban+r*ptcy. They incl*de a privatisation pro!ramme and a fashion instit*te directed by his &'4year4old $ife, $hich has been !reeted $th derision. ,is pop*larity sl*mped f*rther $ith the introd*ction of a means test on the elderly for free transport passes. Page 19 of 119 2013 Factiva !nc. "ous droits r#serv#s.
B*t Ci!o*ro*) has no ans$er to the disease attac+in! the heart of his city, its port. -n Wednesday, residents shr*!!ed $ith resi!nation $hen 1,''' 1arseilles doc+ers from the comm*nist4dominated CBT *nion 2oined a demonstration in Paris a!ainst the proposed abolition of 3panish c*stoms. .Aiddles have stran!led the port,. a former doc+er e)plained. .The *nion stri+es every $ee+, yet the doc+ers are the richest people in 1arseilles. ;t0s so bad that traders in Provence find it0s cheaper and less bother to import fr*it via Bel!i*m.. The rot is so deep that 1arseilles0s only s*ccessf*l prod*ct seems to be crime. Corpses t*rn *p re!*larly on the city0s o*ts+irts, victims of the eternal !an!land $ars, and *pmar+et residents in the Provence hinterland conceal their val*ables $hen they spot a car from 1arseilles. The dreaded re!istration n*mber, appropriately, is 15. ?oc*ment st''''''2''1112&dnba''a+i
0ign on t.e dotted line for an %mu t.at =ill never ta1e off. By 1orman 1acrae. 1,'25 mots 1' novembre 1991 The 3*nday Times 3T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved What sho*ld $e $ant to happen at 1aastricht on ?ecember 941', $hen >ohn 1a2or $ill consider t$o treaties $ritten in do*ble ?*tchK ;f he si!ns both, some Tory 1Ps may rebel. With that split a!ainst a leader loo+in! $et, nation$ide Tory s*pport $ill droop lo$er than in %an!ba*r!h. ;f 1a2or re2ects the treaties alone a!ainst the <C0s 11, earnest friends say this $ill also lose votes. The !reater dan!er is that it mi!ht $in the Tories oodles of them, of the $ron! sort. Arom Bremen to 1arseilles and /iev to %o*isiana, there is a sad ne$ )enophobic vote. ?on0t let0s l*rch a!ainst <*rope into it. Aort*nately, one of the 1aastricht treaties for economic and monetary *nion, aptly acronymed <m* is a harmless farce. The em* is a retarded ostrich that r*ns ro*nd in circles flappin!, beca*se it hasn0t yet noticed its $in!s are too small to fly. The <C0s <m* does the same, mis*nderstandin! $hat ma+es thin!s $or+. West Bermany0s central ban+ +ept Berman politicians and voters *ninflationary for admirable years beca*se B*ndesban+ s*cceeded Wehrmacht as the co*ntry0s most respected instit*tion. The Ban+ of <n!land and Ban+ of Arance are not held in similar love and a$e. What $o*ld be the $orst instit*tion to tell Arenchmen and Britons and Bree+s that they m*st please accept millions more *nemployed in order to +eep risin! inflation do$nK That $orst instit*tion $o*ld be a <*ropean central ban+, mainly r*n by Bermans, !*ardin! an *npop*lar ne$ sin!le <*ropean c*rrency. s #i!el %a$son says, any s*ch *ndemocratic international instit*tion co*ld breed resentf*l nationalism ri!ht across <*rope. nd yet it is nice a!ain to a!ree $ith that intelli!ent man %a$son is in favo*r of si!nin! the present proposed <m*. The virt*e of this latest <m* is that it can0t $or+. The only co*ntries to 2oin in a sin!le c*rrency *nder it $o*ld be those that $anted to, and the sin!le c*rrency $o*ld emer!e only if by 1998 at least seven <C members had achieved lo$ inflation $ith similar interest rates and stable c*rrencies. :nless mar+ets consider all co*ntries are al$ays of e9*al basic stren!th, and all al$ays at the same sta!e of trade cycle, yo* can0t have all these three thin!s at once. The interest rates yo* need to c*rb inflation or *nemployment m*st sometime differ from those yo* need to +eep e)chan!e rates stable. To si!n a non4bindin! a!reement that $e do hope all 12 of *s $ill march to!ether into nonsense is as pointless as a 2oint statement that yo* and ; intend to live to a!e 195 b*t it may be that pointlessness is better than ma+in! people cross. This latest <m* $ill not obli!e Britain to do anythin! immediately harmf*l, b*t si!nin! a chaotic treaty of political *nion $o*ld. The .political *nion. invitation to chaos started $hen the Bermans tried to be nice, beca*se the Arench feared that re*nification into Brossde*tschland co*ld ma+e !reat ne$ Berman 2ac+boots trample over <C decisions. The Bermans therefore proposed that <C decisions sho*ld be made more centralised and democratic, $hich are contradictory $ords. he effect has been to dele!ate more decisions to the *nelected and po$er4h*n!ry <*ropean commission, *nder corr*ption from protectionists. The <*rocommission does not merely standardise si@es for <*ropean condoms, b*t is tryin! to standardise ma)im*m $or+in! $ee+s and social contracts across <*rope, to allo$ *nions and employers to create <C4$ide le!ally bindin! a!reements. The ori!inal idea of the sin!le mar+et $as that cons*mers co*ld s$itch p*rchases from e)pensive Bermany to cheaper lands, b*t the <*rocommission is no$ sayin! cheaper lands can sell thin!s only if they adopt Berman costs. 3ome %atin politicians $ill blithely accept this, and then more blithely disre!ard it. Britain, once it had si!ned to add these ann*al billions to its ind*stries0 costs, $o*ld obey. 3*b2ection to that sort of political *nion m*st be averted, $ith or $itho*t tact. Eeal free4trade lo!ic, $hich $e $on0t achieve, is that <*ror*les sho*ld deal only $ith, for e)ample, poll*tion that crosses borders. ;f a co*ntry merely $ants foolishly to s*bsidise e)ports, that s*its cons*mers in other co*ntries fine. The Bermans $ant more po$er for the <*roparliament, $hose 1Ps0 attachment to locality rather than party label means that Gli+e the merican Con!ressH it $ill al$ays be a protectionist mess. The best parliamentary role $o*ld be as e)aminer of e)pendit*re by the commission, $ith a ri!ht to veto its directives b*t not enact ne$ ones. 3ome of o*r partners $ant a centralised <C forei!n policy G$hich $o*ld mean $affle and no policyH and an <C defence identity G2*st $hen anybody allied $ith merican technolo!y can $in almost cas*alty4less s$ift Page 21 of 119 2013 Factiva !nc. "ous droits r#serv#s.
$ars, b*t nobody else canH. Britain sho*ld $elcome 2oint <C cons*lates in 3amar+and and 2oint rapid deployment forces, b*t +eep its main po$der dry. To ar!*ments abo*t *nanimo*s or ma2ority votin ! on co*ncils of ministers, the ri!ht ans$er is= .With Polands, etc, $e sho*ld soon have t$o do@en instead of 12 ministers on each co*ncil. We sho*ld then ma+e these meetin!s into p*blic Gsometimes televisedH votin! systems after that.. 3ome partners $ant a common <C policy on dr*!s, or!anised crime, terrorism, immigration, asyl*m. There sho*ld be total co4operation bet$een police, 2*dicial and other a*thorities, b*t please don0t have a politician4fi)ed common policy as in a!ric*lt*re. We $ill +ill so many people if $e do. 1r 1a2or0s intent at 1aastricht sho*ld be to si!n the present meanin!less monetary treaty, b*t to si!n a political treaty only if it is also meanin!less or chan!es thin!s in a freer4tradin! direction than no$. That mi!ht mean no political a!reement at 1aastricht, b*t contin*ed debate thro*!h the ne)t si)4month presidency GPort*!al0sH and the one after that GBritain0sH. While the position papers are all in Port*!*ese, Britain $ill hold a !eneral election. ;t is *nli+ely that votes $o*ld s$in! to the party that !reeted <*rol*nacies *nder debate $ith obse9*io*s *r!es to 2oin them. 1ore $o*ld !o to those $ho treated most $ith a healthy belly la*!h. ?oc*ment st''''''2''1112&dnba''a+5
(ation buries :aA=ell =it. full .onours , 'eat. of *obert :aA=ell. 858 mots 11 novembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved Arom Eichard Beeston in >er*salem. Eobert 1a)$ell0s sense of the dramatic did not abandon him yesterday, as his final $ish $as !ranted at s*nset on the roc+y and $inds$ept slopes of >*daism0s most revered b*rial !ro*nd. 1r 1a)$ell $as !ranted $hat amo*nted to a f*ll, state f*neral $ith hono*rs on the 1o*nt of -lives overloo+in! >er*salem0s $alled city and the Temple 1o*nt. ;t $as attended by Chaim ,er@o!, the ;sraeli president, Fit@ha+ 3hamir, the prime minister, 3himon Peres, the %abo*r party leader, and nearly every minister and official in the ;sraeli hierarchy. .Eobert 1a)$ell $as a fi!*re of almost mytholo!ical stat*re,. 1r ,er@o! said in a e*lo!y. .Eisen from the perils of the holoca*st and the second $orld $ar to create and control a $orld comm*nications empire, he $as self4made in the literal sense. .We in ;srael have been deeply moved by his feelin! for this land and o*r ca*seJ the feelin! that led him to profo*nd concern and commitment, e)pressed in si!nificant involvement in many facets of o*r str*!!le for economic independence, for the absorption of the E*ssian immigration, for the sec*rity of the co*ntry and for the achievement of peace,. he said. N*ite ho$ far his ties $ith the >e$ish state $ent, and in partic*lar his dealin!s $ith the .sec*rity of the co*ntry., $ill probably emer!e only $hen the c*rrent investi!ations into his alle!ed lin+s $ith ;srael0s intelli!ence service, 1ossad, are completed. #ot$ithstandin! the many 9*estions $hich remain *nans$ered abo*t his life and death, his le!acy $as perhaps best s*mmed *p at his !raveside by <h*d -lmert, ;srael0s health minister and a close friend of 1r 1a)$ell. .,e once said to me, L fter all, ; have not done so badly for a yo*n! >e$ish boy from the shtetl G!hettoH,.0 1r -lmert said. .;ndeed, Bob 1a)$ell, yo* have not done badly at all. 1ay yo*r so*l rest in peace in this ancient !ro*nd $hich finally became yo*rs.. To the dolef*l incantations of the /addish, the >e$ish f*neral prayer, fo*r rabbis carried his shro*ded body to be interred. The settin! co*ld not have been more alien to 1r 1a)$ell0s l*sh -)ford residence, b*t as his $ido$, <lisabeth, remar+ed= .#o$ the circle closes. ,e has ret*rned to his roots.. ,is eldest son, Philip, $as in tears as he said= .1y father $as pro*d to be British ... We miss yo* and cry for yo*. We have a !reat loss.. 1o*rners at the !raveside, and those $ho arrived in their h*ndreds earlier in the day to pay their respects as his body lay in state, reflected the e)traordinary breadth of interests and contacts $hich he had ac9*ired in a lifetime of b*siness that too+ him from 1osco$ to #e$ For+. Briish socialites r*bbed sho*lders $ith ;sraeli ministers $hile >e$ish children from Chernobyl, resc*ed by 1r 1a)$ell0s intervention, $aited to pay their respects beside >apanese b*sinessmen. .; never met him, b*t ; +no$ he $as a !ood >e$J he helped me to come here from E*ssia and it is my d*ty to pay my respects,. one mo*rner said. ;n a scene $hich encaps*lated 1r 1a)$ell0s ability to cross ideolo!ical barriers bet$een <ast and West, #atan 3harans+y, a former 3oviet >e$ish ref*seni+ and ardent opponent of the /remlin, str*c+ *p a polite conversation $ith Cictor %o*is, the 1osco$4based /BB officer $ho had once represented 1r 1a)$ell0s Per!amon Press. .1a)$ell $as one of the first to come to the 3oviet :nion,. 1r %o*is said. .,e *nderstood ho$ the system $or+ed and said to me that, if he had stayed on in the 3oviet :nion instead of !oin! to the West, he $as s*re he $o*ld have become an important Comm*nist party chief.. Page 23 of 119 2013 Factiva !nc. "ous droits r#serv#s.
lso amon! those attendin! the f*neral or the lyin! in state $ere 1r 1a)$ell0s three sons and three of his fo*r da*!htersJ 1oshe #issim, ;srael0s dep*ty premierJ 1oshe rens, defence ministerJ riel 3haron, ho*sin! ministerJ Fit@ha+ 1odai, minister of financeJ 3am Pisan, a la$yerJ Ben2amin #etanyah*, head of 1r 3hamir0s peace policy teamJ 1ar+ <lliott, the British ambassador, a family friendJ ?avid 1acClellan, cons*l4!eneral, representin! the British !overnmentJ and Berald /a*fman, shado$ forei!n secretary, representin! the %abo*r party. mon! family friends $ere %ord Co!!an, the former rchbishop of Canterb*ryJ Bail Eonson, $ife of the financier Berald EonsonJ and 3ir 1ichael Eichardson, 1r 1a)$ell0s personal ban+er. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnbb'12!*
7ritain re2ects latest draft of %uropean treat/. By Eichard Aord and ;an 1*rray. 6'1 mots 11 novembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved The prime minister held &1D2 ho*rs of .friendly and constr*ctive. tal+s yesterday $ith ,elm*t /ohl in a bid to $in Berman s*pport for British opposition to cr*cial areas of the latest draft treaty for <*ropean political *nion. ;n %ondon last ni!ht, >ohn 1a2or said his disc*ssions $ith the Berman chancellor had been .very positive. We $ill be meetin! a!ain.. 2oint statement said they $ere .determined to $or+ to!ether to$ards a s*ccessf*l o*tcome in 1aastricht.. 1r 1a2or intends to hold bilateral tal+s $ith other <*ropean Comm*nity leaders to $in concessions before the ?ecember s*mmit. ,e $ill meet E**d %*bbers, the ?*tch prime minister, Bi*lio ndreotti, the ;talian prime minister, and President 1itterrand. ,e $ill also meet ,err /ohl a!ain, probably in %ondon on #ovember 28. ,o*rs before 1r 1a2or0s arrival in Bonn the !overnment had re2ected parts of the ne$ draft of the treaty, $hich retains the aim of $or+in! to$ards a federal !oal. -fficials spent yesterday st*dyin! a te)t of the treaty on political *nion, $hich had arrived in %ondon late on 3at*rday. senior !overnment so*rce said that some pro!ress had been made, b*t parts of the ne$ draft, prepared by the ?*tch presidency, remained *nacceptable to Britain. The so*rce said= .We are still $or+in! to$ards !ettin! an a!reement at 1aastricht, and $ant to do that. There are thin!s in the present te)t that s*it *s ... b*t there are bits $e cannot live $ith, and as it stands $e cannot si!n it.. mon! the parts of the te)t Britain is opposed to is the incl*sion of the $ords vocation federale pointin! to the *ltimate achievement of a federal !oal plans to !ive the <C competence in areas dealin! $ith immigration and 2*stice, and an e)tension of the comm*nity0s competence to a $ide ran!e of areas incl*din! ed*cation, health, c*lt*re, ener!y, and research and development. 1inisters also oppose proposals to !ive !reater po$ers on social iss*es relatin! to employment le!islation. The !overnment considers the te)t definition of the $ord s*bsidiarity the concept that f*nctions sho*ld be e)ercised at the comm*nity level only if they cannot be done better at a national level to be $ea+. so*rce said= .We either $ant some definition $hich is very stron! or nothin! in the te)t at all.. The !overnment is still concerned by s*!!estions that the <*ropean parliament may have po$ers to bloc+ proposals from the co*ncil of ministers, and opposes anythin! that $ill !ive e)tra le!islative po$er to the <*ropean parliament. *nanimo*s decision last Ariday of the B*ndesrat, Bermany0s *pper ho*se, means it $o*ld ref*se to ratify the treaty on political *nion if it hived off any of the po$ers no$ vested in state parliaments. 1r 1a2or0s disc*ssions $ith ,err /ohl to*ched on all the contentio*s iss*es b*t, after last $ee+0s #ato s*mmit, $hen ,err /ohl made plain that he accepted the .Lprimacy. of the alliance in the defence of <*rope, there remained little ar!*ment over a common .<*ropean defence identity. $hich both !overnments no$ accept as an in!redient of political *nion. Whitehall is less happy abo*t ideas for 9*alified ma2ority votin! on forei!n policy, altho*!h even here a consens*s is emer!in! aro*nd a system, proposed by Bermany, in $hich co*ntries $o*ld be as+ed to a!ree *nanimo*sly on those areas $here a ma2ority decision co*ld be ta+en. This form*la $o*ld allo$ a co*ntry to veto a policy or to allo$ itself to be o*tvoted on iss*es $hich it did not consider to be vital. ?efinin! the different areas $ill not be easy. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnbb'12fr
Far,rig.t gains in @ienna cit/ council poll. By Brenda Ao$ler in Cienna. 29' mots 11 novembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved Cienna0s r*lin! 3ocial ?emocratic party 2*st retained its absol*te ma2ority in elections to the city co*ncil yesterday, preliminary res*lts sho$. ;n an *pset predicted by opinion polls, the Areedom party of the far ri!ht overtoo+ the conservative People0s party, traditionally *stria0s second4stron!est. Preliminary res*lts sho$ed the 3ocialists had &8.8( of the vote, or 52 seats, in the 1''4seat co*ncil. The Areedom party more than do*bled its vote to 22.6(, or 25 seats, after campai!nin! for an immediate halt to immigration. The party has been criticised for fannin! )enophobia amon! the capital0s 1.5m inhabitants, more than 25',''' of $hom are forei!ners. :sin! slo!ans li+e .Cienna m*st remain the hometo$n of the Ciennese,. the party !ained si!nificantly in areas $ith hi!h proportions of forei!ners. The People0s party $on 17.1( of the poll and 17 seats. The losses by the 3ocialists and the People0s party co*ld serio*sly $ea+en their federal coalition !overnment, $hich has already been sha+en by similar losses this a*t*mn to the Areedom party in provincial elections in 3tyria and :pper *stria. B*t both Aran@ Cranit@+y, the 3ocialist chancellor, and <rhard B*se+, the vice4chancellor, $ho belon!s to the People0s party, said the res*lts $o*ld not affect the coalition. ;n fo*rth place $ith 9.1( of the vote $as the Breen party, $hich $ill be represented in the city co*ncil for the first time. >or! ,aider, leader of the Areedom party, $hich $on 12.9( more votes than it did in the city0s last elections in 1978, told 2o*rnalists= .Becomin! the second stron!est party in Cienna is $itho*t a do*bt a historical milestone.. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnbb'12er
@isiting 7ritis. prime minister tries to bridge gaps bet=een countries. By Beor!e Broc+. 626 mots 11 novembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved s >ohn 1a2or and ,elm*t /ohl, the chancellor of Bermany, sat do$n in Bonn last ni!ht to bar!ain over the <*ropean Comm*nity0s 1aastricht treaty, a problem +no$n as ./ohl0s lin+a!e. loomed lar!e bet$een them. .%in+a!e. is the diplomatic shorthand for the chancellor0s insistence that the <C0s political and monetary *nion ne!otiations m*st be completed to!ether. <ver since ,err /ohl conceded a Arench demand for closer economic and monetary inte!ration in <*rope, he has al$ays insisted that .politica *nion. sho*ld be a!reed sim*ltaneo*sly. That deal $as str*c+ by ,err /ohl and President 1itterrand of Arance in pril last year. Britain has str*!!led thro*!ho*t this year0s political and monetary ne!otiations beca*se 1ar!aret Thatcher had nothin! to do $ith the ori!inal Aranco4Berman a!reement and beca*se Britain has little real $ish for either monetary or political *nion. Both Arance and Bermany $ere s*pposed to !ive *p somethin!. Bermany $o*ld concede a meas*re of Arench infl*ence on the mar+ $hile Arance $o*ld creep closer to federal political *nion and s$allo$ its lon!4standin! ob2ections to !ivin! the <*ropean parliament more clo*t. B*t hard bar!ainin! at the treaty conferences thro*!ho*t this year has *pset this neat s$ap. The monetary *nion treaty has been $ritten on Berman terms= monetary ri!o*r ta+es precedence over economic inte!ration and the <*ropean central ban+ is desi!ned to be as independent at the Berman B*ndesban+. ltho*!h the ro$s over the sin!le c*rrency are not over the shape of the monetary treaty is settled. 1ean$hile, the political *nion tal+s have hit sna! after sna!, $ith little real consens*s. The Berman !overnment is left tyin! to!ether t$o sets of tal+s !oin! at different speeds. This strained .lin+a!e. means that political *nion has slo$ed do$n and ambitions $ill have to be scaled do$n f*rther for a combined treaty to be a!reed at 1aastricht. ltho*!h there are five o*tstandin! problems $hich co*ld r*in the tal+s $hich open fo*r $ee+s from today, there are stron! si!ns that federalist ambitions $ill have to be dil*ted to clinch a political *nion deal that $ill preserve the a!reement over monetary *nion. Both the Berman and ;talian forei!n ministries have been si!nallin! that the political *nion treaty may simply lay the !ro*nd$or+ for yet another attempt to clinch a federal <*rope in the mid4199's. ;f those hints are acc*rate indicators of their leaders0 li+ely stance at 1aastricht, then 1r 1a2or may be presented $ith a treaty he can si!n. B*t for the time bein! Britain and Bermany are on oposin! ides on fo*r +ey iss*es. Bermany, faced $ith a flood of immi!rants and ref*!ees from <astern <*rope, $ants the problems of asyl*m and immigration dealt $ith in Br*ssels. Britain is happy to e)pand the scope of co4operation bet$een !overnments, b*t $ants immigration +ept o*t of the hands of the <C commission or co*rt. Bermany is in the Arench4led ma2ority $hich $ants ma2ority votin! *sed to settle common <C forei!n policies. Bermany has si!ned a 2oint statement on the f*t*re of <*ropean defence $ith Arance $hich is ambi!*o*s abo*t ho$ an <C army mi!ht fit $ith the e)istin! #ato alliance. %astly, Bermany has s$allo$ed its do*bts abo*t the costs of allo$in! the <C to set minim*m r*les for social and employment la$s and lines *p $ith the states $antin! to b*ild ne$ social po$ers into the treaty. -nly Britain resists the chan!e. The <C0s forei!n ministers meet for t$o days this $ee+ in the ?*tch coastal resort of #oord$i2+ to debate a ne$ draft of the political *nion treaty prepared by the ?*tch !overnment $hich holds the rotatin! <C presidency. -ne iss*e they may solve is the 9*estion of ne$ po$ers for the <*ropean parliament. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnbb'12eo
)iancarlo Parretti see1s visa to retain :):B5nited &rtists. By Philip Eobinson in #e$ For+. 175 mots 12 novembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved Biancarlo Parretti, $ho is involved in a co*rt case to retain control of 1B1D:nited rtists, the film ma+er, is en!a!ed in a ne$ battle to re4enter merica. The ;talian financier had to leave merica $hen his temporary visa e)pired on -ctober 51. Permission to stay $as revo+ed several $ee+s a!o by immigration officials, $ho alle!ed that he had mis4stated his bac+!ro*nd. They then said they had overstated the case and 3i!nor Parretti reapplied for a ne$ visa. Ee!ainin! access to merica is important if 3i!nor Parretti is not to earn the title of one of the shortest4lived film ma+ers in ,olly$ood. ,is Pathe Comm*nications Corporation paid O1.5bn for 1B1D:nited rtists, abo*t a year a!o, b*t 3i!nor Parretti co*ld lose the st*dio if he loses the case. Credit %yonnais, the Arench ban+ that is PCC0s main lender, has been in a fo*r4month co*rt battle $ith 3i!nor Parretti since it o*sted him as chairman of PCC and then alle!ed he breached a loan a!reement. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnbc'12mo
far,rig.t s=eeps on=ard !( %$%+"!O(0. By nne 1c<lvoy. 665 mots 12 novembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved The cosy and often corr*pt consens*s of post4$ar *strian politics has ended $ith the *ltra4ri!ht Areedom party overta+in! the conservative People0s party as the second lar!est party in Cienna, ta+in! nearly a 9*arter of the votes. The Areedom party, led by >or! ,aider, an en!a!in! dema!o!*e, had campai!ned for 3*nday0s election almost e)cl*sively on the iss*e of forei!ners in *stria, proposin! an absol*te stop to immigration. ;t !ained a five point lead over the conservative People0s party, $hich traditionally shares po$er $ith the social democrats nation$ide. The 3ocial ?emocratic party also dropped 1'( on its 1978 res*lt. The Ciennese, $hose e9*animity ver!es on torpor, are at once pert*rbed and attracted by this c*c+oo in the nest. ,err ,aider0s political base is Carinthia, *stria0s deep so*th, $here he b*ilt his career on the traditional e)treme4ri!ht vote. This time he !ave his campai!nin! a more *rbane tone b*t made s*re that a basic anti4forei!ner messa!e !ot thro*!h, partic*larly to $or+in!4class voters fearin! that a flood of cheap labo*r from the <ast $o*ld endan!er their 2obs and e)acerbate the city0s ac*te ho*sin! problem. Coters across the political spectr*m $ere an)io*s to protest a!ainst the h*mdr*m and often ineffect*al policies $hich the decades of inbreedin! bet$een the 3ocial ?emocrats and the conservatives has prod*ced and $hich has rendered the !overnment incapable of reactin! to chan!ed circ*mstances in the re!ion. B*t the e)tent of ,err ,aider0s s*ccess in the capital city, $here he has almost tripled his share of the vote since 1978, is be!innin! to concern many in *stria $ho are $onderin! e)actly $here his rapid rise $ill end. ,e has already said that he $o*ld li+e to be chancellor of *stria one day and the Cienna res*lt brin!s his *ntil recently sp*rned party o*t of the Bier!arten and into the dra$in! room. ;t also ma+es it an *navoidable coalition partner in f*t*re !overnments. ,ans 1ayr, the 3ocial ?emocrats0 chairman, said ,err ,aider0s !ain had .bro*!ht into politics a spectre $hich $e $ill all have to deal $ith for some time. The hatred $hich has been so$n in this election $ill be reaped in the f*t*re.. B*t both his party and the conservatives +no$ that the s*ccess of the Areedom party is a prod*ct of a morib*nd political consens*s, established to !ive *stria stability in the early post4$ar years b*t $hich has lon! o*tlived its *sef*lness. nneliese Eohrer, political editor of ?ie Presse said= .,aider co*ld never have !ot this res*lt if the main parties had not been so *nsatisfactory to the voters. ; $o*ld dra$ a ca*tio*s comparison $ith the Weimar rep*blic, $here political paralysis allo$ed the e)tremists thro*!h in a time of *pheaval and *ncertainty.. Cienna is the city most directly affected by the chan!es in <astern <*rope and the potential mass fli!ht of ref*!ees in F*!oslavia. ,err ,aider has concentrated his campai!nin! in $or+in!4class, traditionally socialist, areas, brin!in! ro*sin! rhetoric and promises of firm action .a!ainst the s$ampin! of o*r co*ntry. to people an)io*s for reass*rance. ,aider0s father $as a prominent 3 man, his mother a ,itler Fo*th leader, and, once in a $hile, $hen he considers it tactically advanta!eo*s to $oo the older voters $ith a dose of Third Eeich nostal!ia, he allo$s himself caref*lly timed .slips., anno*ncin! in the s*mmer that ,itler had at least bro*!ht *stria an effective 2ob4creation policy. -ther trappin!s of the Areedom party brin! bac+ memories never far belo$ the s*rface in *stria. ,err ,aider al$ays travels $ith a visible !*ard of heavies and delays his entries on to the platform *ntil the cro$d is in the re9*ired fren@ied state of e)pectation. ,is nat*ral constit*ency is amon! the nostal!ic elderly na@is of the provinces. B*t yo*n! people of all classes in the cities are e)cited by the challen!e he presents to political shibboleths. ?istr*st of forei!ners, al$ays latent, is no$ o*t in the open. Page 29 of 119 2013 Factiva !nc. "ous droits r#serv#s.
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'utc. proposals ignore 7ritis. ob2ections to federal goal. By Beor!e Broc+. 616 mots 12 novembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved With less than a month to !o before the 1aastricht <*ropean Comm*nity s*mmit, the !overnment is faced $ith a draft treaty on political *nion $hich overr*les its ob2ections on 2oint forei!n policy, e)tensions of comm*nity po$er and the .federal !oal.. The latest version of the treaty, $hich emer!ed from the ?*tch !overnment yesterday, contains ne$ sections on 2oint <C social and forei!n policies $hich $ill be partic*larly *n$elcome to the !overnment in its efforts to tone do$n the final te)t for <C leaders at their meetin! early ne)t month. The cla*ses e)tendin! <C po$ers to set minim*m r*les in $elfare and employment la$ have been made more detailed. #e$ te)t s*!!ests that some la$4ma+in! co*ld be done by trade *nions, employers0 or!anisations and ma2ority votes by <C !overnments. Both chan!es $ill be opposed by Britain, diplomatic so*rces said last ni!ht. fter ten months of debate, the latest draft proposes the !reatest e)pansion of <C po$ers in the comm*nity0s 554year history, most of $hich is *n$anted by the !overnment. >ohn 1a2or and ?o*!las ,*rd, the forei!n secretary, have been tryin! to pers*ade their <*ropean co*nterparts that a deal can be done on both political and monetary *nion at 1aastricht if British reservations can be met on a fe$ sensitive topics. B*t the prime minister appears to have made little pro!ress at his $ee+end meetin! in Bonn $ith ,elm*t /ohl, the Berman chancellor, $ho is the sin!le most infl*ential po$er4bro+er in the comm*nity. 1r ,*rd $ill ar!*e stron!ly a!ainst the latest proposals for inte!ratin! forei!n policy $hen he 2oins <C forei!n ministers for a t$o4day debate on the ne$ treaty draft at the ?*tch seaside to$n of #oord$i2+ today and tomorro$. The ne$ draft proposes a 2oint <C forei!n policy $hich $o*ld try to bind states more ti!htly to an a!reed line. <C s*mmits $o*ld desi!nate specific s*b2ects, anythin! from co4operation on $eapons desi!n to .transatlantic relations., as fit for 2oint action. #ine of the 12 <C co*ntries s*pport this approach to stren!thenin! the comm*nity0s forei!n policies, $hich have been criticised in both the B*lf $ar and the disinte!ration of F*!oslavia. 1r ,*rd $ill ar!*e that the proposed form*las in the treaty are too va!*e to be $or+able. nother proposed cla*se $o*ld bind Britan and Arance to follo$ a!reed <C lines in the :nited #ations 3ec*rity Co*ncil. t the re9*est of a ma2ority of <C !overnments, led by Bermany, the ?*tch !overnment has be!*n the process of brin!in! immigration into <C decision4ma+in!. 1*ch proposed co4operation bet$een police forces and 2*dicial systems is planned *nder a system of inter4!overnment co4operation, b*t the ne$ doc*ment p*ts several parts of national immigration policy *nder the traditional <C instit*tions, the <*ropean Commission and the <*ropean Co*rt. The treaty clearly foresees that all immigration policy $o*ld event*ally come $ithin <C po$ers, b*t the ne$ draft s*!!ests <C4$ide r*les for short4term visitors and visas. The te)t also creates or e)tends <C po$ers in ed*cation, research and development, the environment, ener!y, .trans4<*ropean net$or+s. for telecomm*nications, ener!y and transport, to*rism, cons*mer protection, .civil protection., c*lt*re and ind*stry. Britain $o*ld happily see many of these dropped, altho*!h the comm*nity already ta+es action in many of these fields *nder a !eneral enablin! cla*se in the present treaty. The sections ina*!*ratin! <C ind*stry and ener!y policy are especially *nattractive to the !overnment beca*se their loose phrasin! leaves room for s*bsidy, trade protection and distortion of mar+ets. The treaty proposes lar!e increases in the delay and effective veto po$er of the <*ropean parliament, $hich may $ell provo+e ob2ections from not only Britain b*t other co*ntries. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnbc'12ld
Foreign 0ecretar/ concedes more po=er to %uro :Ps. By Beor!e Broc+ in #oord$i2+ and Eobin -a+ley. 785 mots 15 novembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved ?o*!las ,*rd si!nalled Britain0s first real concession in the ne!otiations on <*ropean political *nion yesterday $hen he a!reed that the 3trasbo*r! parliament sho*ld have the po$er to veto some decisions by <C ministers. Britain has opposed any e)tension of the parliament0s po$ers and 1r ,*rd0s acceptance of a veto, albeit $ith ti!ht restrictions, $as $elcomed by his fello$ forei!n ministers. B*t ?o$nin! 3treet denied that there had been any chan!e in British policy and officials insisted that the concession $o*ld apply only to a fe$, .lar!ely irrelevant. iss*es. 3ome diplomats in the ?*tch to$n of #oord$i2+, $here the forei!n ministers are holdin! t$o days of tal+s on the treaties d*e to be si!ned at the 1aastricht s*mmit ne)t month, interpreted the denial as an attempt to forestall o*tra!e amon! Conservative anti4federalists and to avoid a $idenin! of the split $ithin the party. That rift became increasin!ly apparent yesterday as 3ir #orman Ao$ler challen!ed the *ltra4sceptic William Cash for the Tory <*ropean affairs committee chair $hile #orman Tebbit derided the prime minister0s approach to the s*mmit. There had been s*!!estions that 1r Tebbit $o*ld enter the chairmanship contest if 3ir #orman stood, and last ni!ht his critics scorned him for d*c+in! a direct challen!e and claimed that his bl*ff had been called. B*t he s*!!ested in a television intervie$ that he had held bac+ for the sa+e of party *nity and beca*se bac+bench committees sho*ld not be r*n by .recycled cabinet ministers.. ,e $ent on to e)press p*@@lement over >ohn 1a2or0s tactics in the r*n4*p to the s*mmit and hinted that he mi!ht vote a!ainst the !overnment after the t$o4day debate on <*rope ne)t $ee+. The !overnment indicated last $ee+ that the debate $o*ld be on a s*bstantive motion and that 1Ps $o*ld be $hipped, b*t 1r Tebbit said yesterday it $o*ld be *n$ise to force people li+e him into a corner. nti4federalist 1Ps have already protested that 1Ps sho*ld be allo$ed to vote accordin! to their conscience, and the vote $ill be seen as an early test for the concession on po$ers for the <*ropean parliament. That concession means that the 3trasbo*r! assembly $ill have direct po$er over <C la$s for the first time since the comm*nity0s fo*ndation. B*t 1r ,*rd insisted that the veto sho*ld be available on no more than three topics. ,e also said that Britain $o*ld not accept ne$ <C po$ers over several of the iss*es in the latest draft of the political *nion treaty, and 1r 1a2or told the Commons yesterday there $as .still some $ay to !o. bfore Britain $o*ld be prepared to si!n the treaty. ,e maintained, ho$ever, that pro!ress $as bein! made on both political and monetary *nion and he hoped a!reement $o*ld be reached before the s*mmit. E**d %*bbers, the ?*tch prime minister $ho $ill chair the s*mmit, mean$hile a!reed that some *n$elcome parts of the political treaty co*ld be re$ritten. ;n an intervie$ $ith The Times, he said he $o*ld loo+ a!ain at the section of the treaty tal+in! abo*t the <C0s a .federal !oal. and added that 1r 1a2or $as ri!ht to ar!*e a!ainst a .:nited 3tates of <*rope.. ,e added, ho$ever, that 1r 1a2or +ne$ that Britain0s po$er and infl*ence $o*ld d$indle if 3ir #orman Ao$ler0s challen!e to 1r Cash $as last ni!ht deno*nced by <*ro4sceptics, and 3ir Teddy Taylor, secretary of the <*ropean Eeform Bro*p, said it co*ld lead to a bloodbath. Eeform !ro*p members are bein! .$hipped. to s*pport 1r Cash, $ho has also been endorsed by the ri!ht4$in! 92 Bro*p. ?o$nin! 3treet said that 1r 1a2or had not spo+en to 3ir #orman nor s*!!ested that he stand, b*t the former minister $ho has already been si!ned *p to $or+ closely $ith 1r 1a2or d*rin! the election campai!n is seen as the prime minister0s candidate. 1r Tebbit said d*rin! his television intervie$ that that $as a .!reat pity.. .; thin+ bac+bench committees are best in the party $hen they are operated *nder the chairmanship of real bac+benchers, not recycled cabinet ministers,. he said. .;t is a !reat pity in that 3ir #orman is bein! seen as the prime minister0s man and the $hips0 office candidate.. Page 32 of 119 2013 Factiva !nc. "ous droits r#serv#s.
1r Tebbit, $ho last year failed to mobilise a bi! revolt a!ainst the !overnment on immigration from ,on! /on!, said that he had been *nder !reat press*re to stand a!ainst 3ir #orman, b*t added= .; did not $ant to do that. ; did not $ant to pic+ a 9*arrel $ith him. >*st thin+ of the dama!e if ; had stood a!ainst Ao$ler and $on. That $o*ld not have helped the prime minister at all.. 1r Tebbit $as openly critical of 1r 1a2or0s stance, ho$ever, sayin!= .What is the !overnment0s aim at 1aastrichtK ;s it to ta+e *s alon! the road to$ards a federal <*rope, hopin! $e $ill never !et thereK -r is it to ta+e *s alon! the road to a sin!le c*rrency $hich means $e effectively lose o*r Chancellor of the <)che9*erK ; am not s*re $hat the !overnment $ants o*t of this conference e)cept an a!reement.. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnbd'12s+
7ogus refugees ;bleed C100m out of 7ritain<. By ndre$ %ycett. 675 mots 15 novembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved :p to &',''' people see+in! asyl*m in Britain this year are bo!*s applicants $ho may be drainin! the e)che9*er of over 61''m in social sec*rity payments. <n9*iries by The Times indicate that in spite of the !overnment0s asyl*m bill, *nveiled on #ovember 1 as a to*!h response to the b*r!eonin! n*mber of false applications, the social sec*rity department is ill4e9*ipped to stop bo!*s claims. The ne$ meas*res, $hich incl*de fin!er4printin! those see+in! asyl*m and the introd*ction of a sec*rity4printed application form to deter for!ery and m*ltiple applications, are an indication of the e)tent of the deception. ddressin! the Eef*!ee Co*ncil0s ann*al conference last $ee+ Peter %loyd, the immigration minister, said that only a 9*arter of asyl*m applicants $ere !en*ine ref*!ees. .1any of the rest remain beca*se delays in decidin! their cases allo$ them to p*t do$n roots $hich ma+e removal *nreasonable or impracticable,. he said. Those not !ranted asyl*m immediately are !iven .e)ceptional leave to remain.. 3ee+in! to e)plain the rationale behind the bill, 1r %loyd said that a n*mber of myths had arisen. -ne $as that asyl*m see+ers arrive here after dan!ero*s 2o*rneys. .The fact is, three49*arters of them are already in the :/ as visitors, st*dents or ille!al entrants. They see+ asyl*m beca*se they $ant to e)tend their stay. Bo!*s asyl*m see+ers deval*e the meanin! of the $ord Lref*!ee0.. ccordin! to the ,ome -ffice, more than 5',''' asyl*m applications are e)pected this year, *p from 5,''' fo*r years a!o. ;f only 25( are !en*ine, nearly &',''' asyl*m see+ers are in this co*ntry *nder false pretences, altho*!h the Eef*!ee Co*ncil re2ects that fi!*re. The social sec*rity department said that it had no fi!*res on ho$ many claim $elfare benefits. ,o$ever, a ?33 so*rce admitted= .The vast ma2ority have no means of s*pport and claim benefit.. The avera!e level of benefit is 65,''' a year. ;ncreasin!ly, asyl*m see+ers come from a handf*l of co*ntries, lar!ely from $est and central frica. ;n 3eptember, t$o4thirds of the 5,525 ne$ applications $ere fricans, $ith the lar!est n*mber of applications comin! from Iaire. ?33 officer $ho investi!ates benefits fra*d in %ondon says that, in spite of political t*rmoil in central frica, most of those applications are li+ely to be not only bo!*s b*t also the res*lt of or!anised crime. series of raids by police, actin! in con2*nction $ith the ,ome -ffice and the ?33, has hi!hli!hted the e)tent of m*ltiple benefits claims partic*larly by Iaireans. ;n one case ei!ht Iaireans made claims in 1'' names, in another one man received benefits in &9 names. Ae$, ho$ever, have been s*ccessf*lly prosec*ted. .Compared $ith the n*mbers of cases, the clear4*p rate has been pathetic. Benefits fra*d has become a national sport. syl*m see+ers thin+ it0s hilario*s, the $ay this co*ntry hands them o*t money,. the ?33 officer said. .The !overnment $ants to ma+e a sho$ of asyl*m see+ers. ;t says $e0re bein! invaded by hordes of aliens. B*t that0s not tr*e. Eather, $e0re bein! ripped off by a fe$ do@en hardened criminals.. %ast year his department made abo*t 9'' investi!ations into benefits fra*d. This year, $ith no e)tra staff, the total is nearly do*ble. tho*sand cases involve asyl*m see+ers or ref*!ees. T$o have been prosec*ted s*ccessf*lly. :ntil recently, claimin! asyl*m has been easy. pplicants simply $rote to the ,ome -ffice statin! their claim. T$o4thirds have no valid doc*ments or other form of identification. #evertheless, *nder the 1951 :# Convention on Eef*!ees, the ,ome -ffice is bo*nd to assess their claims. When it $rites bac+ ac+no$led!in! a claim, this doc*ment is $idely *sed to obtain benefits. 1i+e Arancis, principal fra*d officer for the ?33 benefits a!ency, said= .;t is not easy $hen identities are so hard to prove. We0re not screenin! o*t political asyl*m cases and treatin! them as fra*d*lent from the be!innin!. -*r policy is to deal $ith cases referred from the police and other a!encies. There0s eno*!h $or+ for *s $itho*t see+in! it o*t.. Page 33 of 119 2013 Factiva !nc. "ous droits r#serv#s.
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"ortuous struggle to mend "or/ part/<s divisions over %urope. By Eobin -a+ley, Political <ditor. 55& mots 15 novembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved When he be!an his bid for the Tory leadership last #ovember, >ohn 1a2or told The Times that the party0s divisions on <*rope $ere more apparent than real, insistin! that the .hard ec*. common c*rrency policy he ori!inated as Chancellor had been f*lly debated in a cabinet incl*din! #icholas Eidley, and $as bac+ed by 97( of the party. ,e had al$ays conceded that the hard ec* co*ld lead to a sin!le c*rrency, b*t only if it $as the free choice of <C parliaments and people. ,e $as a!ainst a <*ropean central ban+ and an imposed sin!le <*ropean c*rrency $hich, he said, $o*ld prod*ce .economic problems of the first ma!nit*de.. 1r 1a2or echoed the Thatcher approach, sayin! that Britain co*ld not .s$allo$ $hole. policies ori!inatin! from the <*ropean Commission. ,e ar!*ed, ho$ever, that tone and style mattered in <*rope as $ell as the s*bstance of policy. ;t $o*ld more often be a case of .Fes, b*t. rather than .#o, no, no., he said, addin!= .3ometimes it may be Lno, b*t0.. ll alon!, *ntil forced by the Tory rebels to sho$ more of his hand this $ee+, 1r 1a2or0s pro!ress in <*rope has been that of a former $hip cond*ctin! a caref*l party balancin! act. ;n his first speech as prime minister, on #ovember 5', he set the tone for $hat has become his theme son!= Britain had to be f*lly involved in developments in <*rope. .Fo* can0t infl*ence <*rope0s f*t*re from the terraces. Fo* have to be on the pitch and playin! hard.. B*t he added= .That does not mean that $e have to accept a federal <*rope. There is no 9*estion of that.. t his first <*ropean Co*ncil meetin! in Eome, on ?ecember 15, he charmed his <*ropean co*nterparts as he promised them that no one $anted confrontation. :sin! a s*btle code to dra$ a line *nder Thatcherism, he emphasised that he came from a !eneration $hich too+ a .very positive. vie$ of the <C. Privately, he *r!ed <*ropean collea!*es not to r*sh the pace on inte!ration, appealin! for time to s9*are his party. ,e came a$ay $itho*t havin! to $ater do$n Britain0s opposition to the sin!le c*rrency, the e)tension of ma2ority votin! in the <*ropean Co*ncil and increased le!islative po$ers for the <*ropean parliament. t the %*)embo*r! s*mmit late in >*ne, $here the ob2ective $as to avoid commitments on economic and political *nion, 1r 1a2or $as allo$ed to stall, b*t as treaty drafts from the ?*tch presidency have come and !one, his ne!otiatin! position has steadily crystallised. Britain is resistin! the e)tension of 9*alified ma2ority votin! and any <*ropean defence str*ct*re $hich *ndermines #ato, and $ill not s*rrender control of immigration, dr*!s and anti4terrorist policy. The need to ta+e a to*!h ne!otiatin! stance has made the prime minister so*nd more combative on <*ropean topics. ,o$ever, as that enco*ra!ed the party0s <*ro4sceptics, the <*rophiles and the m*ddled middle be!an cryin! o*t for definite leadership. The B*ildhall speech, $ith its $arnin! to the critics of the price to be paid for re2ectin! a <*rope everyone else $elcomed, $as the first instalment of that. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnbd'12rv
54 ministers .int at bottom line on compromise over closer union. By 1ichael Binyon, ?iplomatic <ditor. 8&' mots 15 novembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved The forei!n ministers secl*ded today and tomorro$ in #oord$i2+ for an intensive bar!ainin! session to see $hether a!reement can be reached at 1aastricht are be!innin! to !limpse Britain0s bottom line on political and economic *nion. Aor $ee+s, senior ne!otiators in Whitehall have been disc*ssin! the ma)im*m pac+a!e of concessions that the !overnment $o*ld be $illin! to ma+e to its <*ropean partners. 3o far, any possible concessions have been closely !*arded behind a facade of infle)ibility, in the hope that in the ne)t fo*r $ee+s Britain can pers*ade its partners to move as far as possible to$ards the British position. B*t cabinet ministers and senior Aorei!n -ffice officials a!ree that >ohn 1a2or $ill, in the end, be ready to deal. nd on 1onday the prime minister, in caref*lly coded lan!*a!e, hinted at some areas $here he mi!ht compromise. -n defence, he !ave a broad hint that the !overnment has !one far eno*!h in concedin! a <*ropean Comm*nity dimension. ,e said it made sense to ta+e e)istin! defence str*ct*res .and enhance them $ith increased <*ropean co4operation.. That is broadly in line $ith the n!lo4;talian defence paper $hich proposes the Western <*ropean :nion as a brid!e bet$een #ato and the <C, and $hich appears to have been $idely endorsed at last $ee+0s #ato s*mmit in Eome. Aorei!n policy is more of a stic+in! point, and 1r 1a2or $as firm that Britain $o*ld not !ive *p its ri!ht to ta+e vital decisions. Britain insists that decision ma+in! m*st be *nanimo*s and on an inter4!overnmental basis, a vie$ $idely shared by other !overnments. B*t it is $illin!, as a concession to the Bermans, to allo$ the e)ec*tion of a!reed policy, in certain areas, to be decided by ma2ority vote. 1r 1a2or also s*!!ested that Britain is ready to concede, rel*ctantly, some e)tension of ma2ority votin!. ,e cited the environment, $hich transcended national frontiers. There may also be other areas, despite his promised resistance to the .clamo*r for $ide4ran!in! e)tensions of Comm*nity competence.. Whitehall departments are bein! canvassed as to $hether there is a le!itimate Br*ssels interest in ed*cation, c*lt*re, health and research. -n the <*ropean parliament, Britain has set its face a!ainst 3trasbo*r! havin! .co4decision. the po$er of veto over the co*ncil of ministers. B*t 1r 1a2or made m*ch of Britain0s vie$ that the parliament sho*ld be *sed to control, and if necessary c*t do$n to si@e, the <*ropean Commission. ,e told the B*ildhall ban9*et that the commission $as *nelected, and m*st be .more ans$erable to elected members of the <*ropean parliament.. This is in line $ith the emer!in! vie$ here that increased po$ers of scr*tiny for the parliament co*ld $or+ in Britain0s favo*r, especially if s*ch po$ers co*ld be directed a!ainst >ac9*es ?elors. This may not be s*fficient for the Bermans and others $antin! federal le!islative po$ers, b*t it $o*ld def*se the criticism that Britain $ants to sideline 3trasbo*r!. 1r 1a2or also confirmed that Britain is ready to thro$ its $ei!ht behind efforts to broaden Comm*nity membership and *se the <C0s infl*ence to enco*ra!e democracy in <astern <*rope and liberalise $orld trade. Britain insists on +eepin! the Comm*nity o*t$ard4loo+in! beca*se the !overnment believes that the a!enda for the 1aastricht s*mmit is at least t$o years premat*re. ;t does not $ant the <C to ta+e any decisions no$ that $o*ld foreclose options *ntil it is +no$n ho$ many members there $ill be and ho$ the Batt $orld trade tal+s $ill be resolved. Britain $ill therefore insist concessions on internal development are balanced by commitments to +eep <C str*ct*res fle)ible.
1r 1a2or said little of his tal+s in Bermany beyond the a!reement $ith Chancellor /ohl to .avoid narro$ nationalism. and .safe!*ard the best traditions of o*r national life.. ,is obli9*e $ords refer to a detailed disc*ssion of the iss*e presently preocc*pyin! Bonn= immigration and the rise of )enophobic violence. Britain is adamant that decisions on asyl*m, altho*!h closely co4ordinated $ith <C partners, remain a separate pillar of the <C o*tside the competence of the Br*ssels commission. The ,ome -ffice is ready to broaden co4operation on dr*!s, policin!, terrorism, asyl*m and immigration b*t only on an inter4!overnmental basis. 1r 1a2or pressed the point enth*siastically on ,err /ohl on 3*nday in an attempt to def*se Berman calls for a Br*ssels role. ,e $ill do so a!ain at 1aastricht. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnbd'12r*
0ummit =ill be onl/ t.e start 'utc. prime minister sa/s. By Beor!e Broc+. 627 mots 15 novembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved The ?*tch prime minister, $ho $ill chair the 1aastricht s*mmit, yesterday s+etched a <*rope of the f*t*re made to loo+ as attractive as possible to a British !overnment still hesitant abo*t political and monetary *nion. ;n an intervie$ $ith The Times, E**d %*bbers said that >ohn 1a2or +ne$ that Britain0s po$er and infl*ence $o*ld d$indle if the co*ntry did not +eep pace $ith the rest of <*rope, b*t that the prime minister $as ri!ht to ar!*e a!ainst a :nited 3tates of <*rope on the merican model and a!ainst overcentralisin! po$ers in Br*ssels. 1r %*bbers, $hose co*ntry holds the <C presidency, said his !overnment $o*ld loo+ a!ain at the .A4$ord. in the treaty, $hich defines the <C as havin! a .federal !oal. and that *n$elcome parts of the draft treaty on social affairs co*ld be re$ritten. ,e s*pported 1r 1a2or0s assertion that a deal in the stalled $orld trade tal+s $as as important as the <C0s political and monetary *nion ne!otiations, $hich are sched*led to end $ith a ne$ treaty a!reed at 1aastricht. We needed a <*rope $ith .open $indo$s to the o*tside $orld.. s 1r %*bbers $as spea+in!, ho$ever, the <C0s 12 forei!n ministers $ere sittin! do$n in a resort hotel on the #orth 3ea coast 15 miles north of The ,a!*e to ar!*e over the latest version of the political *nion treaty edited by the ?*tch !overnment. ;t ma+es fe$ allo$ances for British reservations and b*l!es $ith e)tensions of <C po$er $hich %ondon has fo*!ht thro*!ho*t this year. Ta)ed a fe$ $ee+s a!o $ith >ohn 1a2or0s $ish to be .at the heart of <*rope., 1r %*bbers had replied $ith a 9*estion= .;s <*rope really in >ohn 1a2or0s heartK. Festerday, he filled in the ans$er. .;t is in his heart. ,e realises that the :/ o*tside <*rope $o*ld d$indle !rad*ally, shrin+ in its position. There0s more f*t*re for the :/, for its citi@ens, for its b*sinesses, for its society $ith the Comm*nity. nd that >ohn 1a2or +no$s. B*t he0s f*lly ri!ht, of co*rse, to ma+e a plea for a type of <*rope $hich is not brin!in! *s either the meltin! pot of the :nited 3tates or a bac+ door for centralisation and centralism.. ;n the past 17 months, 1r %*bbers said, the <C had scaled do$n its ambitions for political *nion. Bovernments had realised that they $anted only limited co4operation in sensitive fields s*ch as forei!n policy and immigration. The 1aastricht treaty $ill still have a lot of s*bstance, 1r %*bbers said. .B*t it $ill be basically a political *nion treaty $hich obli!es Gco*ntriesH to conver!e, to start to $or+ to!ether, to co4ordinate, to do thin!s to!ether.. fter a period of e)periment, !overnments $o*ld dra$ concl*sions and decide to co4operate more closely. ,e defended an open4ended pro!ramme for monetary *nion, o*tlined in the draft ?*tch treaty on <m*, $hich $o*ld allo$ any co*ntry to drop o*t at the last min*te. ;f the treaty binds 11 <C states e)cept for Britain to a sin!le c*rrency in five or si) years, he said, a fe$ states mi!ht feel that they had to .dra! a bit.. 1r %*bbers said that decentralisation $as more important than federalism. s+ed if the phrase describin! the <C0s .federal !oal. mi!ht be ta+en o*t of the treaty te)t, he ble$ dismissively at his coffee c*p. ;f the treaty0s openin! section creates .mis*nderstandin!s for certain member states or parliaments, then $e have to loo+ for a better form*lation.. B*t as 1r %*bbers sits in his octa!onal panelled office overloo+in! a la+e and r*minates over compromises, time is short. .3o $e don0t need any more theolo!y, 2*st concrete amendments.. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnbd'12rt
Ho= t.e timetable unfolds on t.e road to :aastric.t. 157 mots 15 novembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved %andmar+ meetin!s on the road to 1aastricht= Today= forei!n ministers contin*e meetin! at ?*tch resort of #oord$i2+ to thrash o*t final drafts on political *nion= immigration, forei!n and defence policy, po$ers of the <*ropean parliament. Tomorro$= 1 1itterrand and ,err /ohl be!in Aranco4Berman s*mmit in Bonn. #ovember 17= Western <*ropean :nion meets in Bonn at forei!n and defence minister level. #ovember 25= finance ministers meet in Br*ssels on sin!le c*rrency plans, economic conver!ence, <*ropean ban+. #ovember 28= 1r 1a2or and ,err /ohl hold f*rther n!lo4Berman s*mmit. #ovember 27= 1r 1a2or meets Bi*lio ndreotti, ;talian prime minister. ?ecember 145= A*rther finance ministers0 meetin! at ?*tch resort of 3chevenin!en. ?ecember 5= social affairs ministers meet on social charter. ?ecember 941'= <*ropean Co*ncil G<C s*mmitH meets at 1aastricht. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnbd'12rs
%'!"O*!&$ , & Precious *ig.t , PO$!"!+&$ &0?$5:. 651 mots 1& novembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved ;f political asyl*m is systematically ab*sed, it $ill lose its hono*red stat*s, becomin! mer!ed $ith the !enerality of immigration la$. ;t $ill fall into dis*se and freedom $ill s*ffer. /enneth Ba+er $as ri!ht in the Commons yesterday to ar!*e that the r*les for the screenin! of asyl*m see+ers to Britain, form*lated $hen ab*se $as less of a problem, need to be ti!htened. The c*rrent proced*res are in dan!er of bein! over$helmed by a near tenfold increase in the n*mber of applications over the past three years, to more than 5',''' this year. B*t ahead of yesterday0s second readin! of the asyl*m bill, 9*estions $ere raised abo*t $hether 1r Ba+er is ris+in! the e)cl*sion of !en*ine ref*!ees. The rchbishop of Canterb*ry and the Cardinal rchbishop of Westminster so*nded a $arnin! on this in a 2oint letter to The Times yesterday. :nder the 1951 :nited #ations convention on ref*!ees, Britain is bo*nd to admit those it is satisfied have .$ell4fo*nded. fears of persec*tion in their home co*ntries. t first, these $ere typically individ*al victims of comm*nist re!imes. #o$, many applicants are families or !ro*ps $ho fear !eneral rather than specific persec*tion, perhaps beca*se they belon! to an ethnic minority or live *nder a Third World dictatorship. nd there is an *ncertain line bet$een political and economic mi!rants. 1ass air travel has enabled many more to escape from economic and political *pheavals in the <ast and the Third World. There is indeed evidence of or!anised ab*se. B*t people claimin! asyl*m and ref*!ee stat*s are protected from e)p*lsion *ntil their claims have been ad2*dicated. Processin! has ta+en a lon! time, as m*ch as t$o years. :ntil no$ most applicants, incl*din! those not officially classified as ref*!ees, have been allo$ed to stay. The asyl*m bill has the le!itimate !oals of see+in! to chec+ ab*ses and of processin! applications more 9*ic+ly. The aim is to ens*re that most cases $hich !o to a f*ll hearin! are completed $ithin 9' days. pplicants $o*ld face ne$, to*!h credibility tests. ne$ streamlined appeals proced*re $ill be created $ith strict time limits, $hile po$ers are bein! so*!ht to prevent m*ltiple applications by fin!erprintin! asyl*m see+ers and to e)pel those already in Britain $ho are ref*sed asyl*m. There are t$o remainin! problems. Airst, some of the lan!*a!e *sed to 2*stify the bill ris+s treatin! asyl*m see+ers as !*ilty *ntil proved innocent. 3econd, the revised proced*res may e)cl*de !en*ine victims of persec*tion. The timetable for lod!in! an appeal is too ti!ht, in theory t$o days, tho*!h 1r Ba+er said he mi!ht reconsider this provided it did not add to the scope for ab*se. ccess to le!al aid is also bein! red*ced. These are serio*s fla$s. clever ab*ser of the system may be in a better position to !ain asyl*m than a victim of persec*tion $ho may not *nderstand the proced*res. The Bar Co*ncil and the archbishops ri!htly see .little virt*e in proclaimin! a $illin!ness to open the door to !en*ine asyl*m see+ers if the path to it is effectively bloc+ed by provisions $hich obstr*ct rather than facilitate access for fair ad2*dication on appeal.. 3treamlinin! c*rrent proced*res and red*cin! delay is 2*stified in vie$ of the li+ely f*rther rise in applicants from <astern <*rope and the 3oviet :nion. 1r Ba+er yesterday $arned of the dan!ers of an *ps*r!e of s*pport for fascist and racist !ro*ps, as in Bermany and Arance. Aaced $ith a comm*nity4$ide infl*), the <C needs to adopt common criteria for admission, even if Britain ri!htly insists on retainin! its o$n border controls. 3*ch barriers $ill not stem the flo$ of mi!rants, economic and political. !mmigration policy $ill have to evolve to meet far !reater press*res than that posed by the ab*se of political asyl*m. B*t asyl*m is a precio*s concept and it m*st be +ept available as a response to tr*e persec*tion. To ens*re that, reform has become necessary. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnbe'1512
%uro,sceptics given a =a/ out. By Eobin -a+ley and #icholas Wood. 5'7 mots 15 novembre 1991 The Times T n!lais Copyri!ht Times #e$spapers %td, 1991 The !overnment is see+in! to avoid confrontation ne)t $ee+ $ith potential rebels on <*ropean *nion by framin! a motion for the pre41aastricht Commons debate desi!ned not to force <*ro4sceptics into a corner. This follo$s $arnin!s by Tory ri!ht4$in!ers that they have had .sand +ic+ed in o*r faces. 9*ite eno*!h $ith the o*stin! of the <*ro4sceptic William Cash as chairman of the bac+bench <*ropean affairs committee. t yesterday0s cabinet meetin!, ministers a!reed their .bottom line. on <*ropean *nion ne!otiations in 1aastricht, $ith no dissenters. The cabinet also disc*ssed a draft of the motion for the pre41aastricht debate ne)t Wednesday and Th*rday. The motion, to be finalised today by the prime minister0s office, is *nderstood to offer s*pport for the !overnment0s ne!otiatin! position in 1aastricht, settin! o*t the s+eleton of the ne!otiatin! hand $itho*t !ivin! it all a$ay. 1ichael ,eseltine $as tho*!ht by <*ro4sceptics to have been amon! ministers pressin! previo*sly for a motion that $o*ld .smo+e o*t. the f*ndamentalists $ho $ill have no tr*c+ $ith any treaty that holds o*t the possibility of event*al British participation in a <*ropean sin!le c*rrency. 1inisters had to decide $hether to do that or to send >ohn 1a2or to 1aastricht $ith the ma)im*m n*mber of Tory votes s*pportin! his endeavo*rs, ma+in! it harder for those $ho had bac+ed him to remove their s*pport after a deal $as reached in 1aastricht. #orman Tebbit has $arned the !overnment not to corner him and those $ho thin+ li+e him. 1inisters $ere ma+in! clear last ni!ht that there $o*ld be no attempt to do so. While differences on the <C are ac+no$led!ed in cabinet, there is a!reement on the basic approach to 1aastricht. Collea!*es say that the more <*ro4sceptical ministers, s*ch as Peter %illey, #orman %amont and 1ichael ,o$ard, are satisfied that ne!otiations on <1: have not conceded $hether or $hen Britain $ill 2oin a sin!le c*rrency and feel that nothin! of s*bstance has been !iven a$ay in cedin! some e)tra po$ers to the <*ropean parliament, s*b2ect to an overall final deal. 1ar!aret Thatcher yesterday !ave a foretaste of the speech she is e)pected to ma+e in ne)t $ee+0s debate. ddressin! an investment conference in Tennessee, she acc*sed <C commissioners of tryin! to e)pand their po$ers and said= .Boin! $ith a sin!le c*rrency in all the co*ntries $o*ld be a sin!le central ban+ not ... acco*ntable to politicians in any $ay.. 3he added= . sin!le c*rrency means !ivin! the control of yo*r economy a$ay from democratic acco*ntability.. 1r 1a2or contin*ed yesterday to develop his increasin!ly pro4<*ropean line, sayin!, at N*estion Time, that the <C $as .often an opport*nity, not a ris+.. ;n a cl*e to his stic+in! points at 1aastricht, the prime minister criticised %abo*r and the %iberal ?emocrats, sayin!= .They appear to be prepared to si!n *p indiscriminately to anythin!. They are prepared to si!n *p to a federal <*rope, to h*!e e)tensions of competence, to control over forei!n policy, defence and immigration.. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnbf'156n
:/t. and realit/ in 0.etland after 20 /ears of blac1 gold. By >onathan 1a!n*s %ed!ard. 2,261 mots 18 novembre 1991 The 3*nday Times 3T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved The oil boom has res*lted in s*bstantial economic benefits to the island comm*nity b*t there are those $ho blame it for an erosion of 3hetland0s pro*d c*lt*ral identity 3hetland is plastic no$, all bloody plastic. <verybody is loo+in! for a soft n*mber. Cal*es have chan!ed. -il has instilled confidence in 3hetlanders. We don0t s*ffer from the Western ;sles manana syndrome. The 3hetland ;sles have t$o radio stations. %istenin! to them, to their tal+ of island political intri!*e, it is easy to !et the idea that the place is not 2*st a #ordic appenda!e to Britain, b*t an tlantic fiefdom playin! bi!4sta+es po+er $ith ,o*ston oil ma!nates. B*t, 2*st as 3hetland is self4involved, the ra!in! tlantic that separates it from the rest of the $orld blesses it $ith a maritime openness and cosmopolitan nat*re, heard in the forei!n chatter of <ast <*ropean and >apanese sailors in %er$ic+ bars. ;t is 2' years no$ since oil $as first discovered in the <ast 3hetland basin. The oil bro*!ht a boom abo*t $hich myths abo*nd. The then Ietland co*nty co*ncil str*c+ !ood deals $ith the oil ind*stry, compensation $as !enero*s, and the island infrastr*ct*re roads, schools, ho*sin! and $elfare $as improved to near 3candinavian levels. The costs $ere !reat, too. 3hetlanders deserted their traditional employers li+e lemmin!s. 3hetland c*lt*re $as !iven an almi!hty sides$ipe. n army of navvies descended on 3*llom Coe, a deserted peat bo!, and b*ilt a space4a!e memorial to oil a p*mpin!, livin! oil terminal, bi!!er than any in <*rope. 3hetlanders $ere d*bbed .bl*e4eyed rabs. and, in many $ays, they did financially $ell b*t at $hat costK The Eomans called these islands the ed!e of the $orld. ;t $as the Ci+in!s $ho overran the Picts, and it is to the Ci+in!s that 3hetlanders loo+ for their roots, altho*!h they have been 3cottish for fo*r cent*ries, $ith 3cottish c*stoms and foibles. lan >amieson, headmaster of 3hetland0s only hi!h school, says 3hetlanders have a stron! sense of their o$n nationalism. .;f yo* !athered my p*pils and as+ed them $ho they identified $ith, a fe$ $o*ld say #or$ay and a fe$ 3cotland, b*t the vast ma2ority $o*ld say 3hetland. This is their land and, in a $ay, a small $ay, it0s a nation.. The islands are elemental, the omnipresent sea r*ns deep inland in cleft voes GlochsH, there are no trees and no shr*bbery. l lvare@, the poet, called it .a landscape $itho*t foc*s.. To mi!rate here, as oilmen, military men and hippies have done, re9*ires a concession to the elements, and to a c*lt*re that has evolved precario*sly, in spite of famine, immigration and the carna!e of $orld $ars G3hetland lost more lives, pro rata, than any British co*ntyH. Before oil, the sea provided everythin!, save sheep0s $ool. %er$ic+ harbo*r $as never still. ;t $as the $orld0s lar!est herrin! port. Today, E*ssian and >apanese ships anchor here for fish and for roe. Bri!ht oran!e oil ships ch*! north to the ri!s, cr*ise ships d*mp !a$pin! to*rists on $oollen shops. %er$ic+ harbo*r is the h*b, and its recent re!eneration is indicative of a ne$ prosperity, born not 2*st from oil, b*t from a diversification of the 3hetland economy. The entire area aro*nd the 9*ay, it seems, is administered by the harbo*r tr*st= a farm $ith pri@e sheep, a hotel that ho*ses oil men and to*rists, ri!ht do$n to the to$n car par+. <ven the prof*sion of *nder$or+ed ta)i drivers is forced to pay d*es. Page 33 of 119 2013 Factiva !nc. "ous droits r#serv#s.
;t is all for the common !ood. The 66m or so the tr*st brin!s in ann*ally is plo*!hed bac+ into redevelopment. llan Wishart, !eneral mana!er, is a 3hetlander $ho *sed to be a ban+er in frica before oil opened professional opport*nities bac+ home. ,is sharp ne$ office is p*re Canary Wharf inside and ;celandic Cictorian o*tside. .The harbo*r has steadily b*ilt *p to be a credible and convenient s*pply base for the oil fields,. he said. .We are optimistic, b*t $e can0t be complacent. We have to plan for a 3hetland $itho*t oil.. -nce the oilmen depart, fishin! $ill remain, as it has al$ays been, the bac+bone of the 3hetland economy. B*t, at the moment, one cannot !et a$ay from oil. ;t has dominated the 3hetland psyche for 2' years. 3ome ar!*e it has bastardised 3hetland c*lt*reJ most re!ard it as the islands0 savio*r. 3*llom Coe has handled t$o4thirds of Britain0s oil. Cirt*ally every car in northern <*rope has had 3hetland oil p*mped into it. -il has set 3hetland apart from the cripplin! economic dereliction of the ,ebrides. ;t has !iven 2obs, boosted the pop*lation Gonce 18,''' and fallin!, no$ a b*oyant 25,'''H, and has been the platform for other vent*res, for to*rism and for salmon farmin!. #ot even a p*ritan can help b*t be impressed by 3*llom Coe. 3atanic mill it may be, b*t shinin! silver, not dar+. BP r*ns the terminal on behalf of the Brent and #inian oil fields. ;t says otters play amon! the plethora of pipelines and -rca $hales have slic+ed alon! the side of the oil tan+ers. 3*ch symbolism ma+es for !ood p*blic relations, b*t environmental sanctity is credible. s yet, there have been no problems. Fell 3o*nd, thro*!h $hich the tan+ers pass, is still vir!in a crofter $ill tell yo* that. The 3hetland -il Terminal dvisory Bro*p $ill tell yo* minor spills have been strictly monitored. Calde@ oilmen fle$ to 3hetland after the Prince William 3o*nd disaster and proclaimed 3*llom Coe the safest facility they had seenJ tan+ers are positively b*llied in and b*llied o*t. They need to be. >im ?i)on, environmental poll*tion officer, is candid= .We0ve !ot all the e9*ipment, b*t if there0s a bi! spill $e really haven0t a hope of cleanin! it *p.. Bi! seas and hi!h $inds render all their nifty s+immers and s*c+ers and booms *seless. 3o far, the advisory !ro*p has not fo*nd eno*!h poll*tion to send a postcard to Breenpeace, b*t that is no fla! for complacency. <very day millions of barrels are loaded onto tan+ers. ll it ta+es is one mista+e, one mechanical fail*re and 3hetland0s $hole e)perience of oil $ill be t*rned on its head and d*mped in a filty slic+. severe spill $ill +ill the !ood$ill of fishermen, crofters and the to*rist ind*stry. Peter B*y is the BP p*blic relations officer. ,e and his $ife Christine came to 3hetland $ith the E A and .$ent native.. ,e says= .;n many $ays, oil is a 3hetland ind*stry no$. There are many people $ho have been in from the be!innin!, b*t ; don0t thin+ oil has chan!ed 3hetlanders deep do$n. ;t is 2*st a finite ind*stry, servin! m*t*al ends.. The idea of a symbolic relationship bet$een oil and 3hetlanders is $idely held in the islands. %ess common and more +nee42er+ is steadfast opposition to oil. noted fi!*re aro*nd %er$ic+ harbo*r is >immy Wiseman, a %er$ic+ ta)i driver bearin! a stron! resemblance to rth*r 3car!ill. ,e str*!!les to ma+e a livin! in his *di, resplendent in nylon cheetah4s+in seat covers. .%et me tell yo* boy,. he says, .;0ve seen it all 25 years on a fishin! boat and then this oil. 3hetland is plastic no$. ll bloody plastic. .; mean, everybody is loo+in! for a soft n*mber. Cal*es have chan!ed. ;t0s f*ll of dr*! addicts it0s 2*st li+e California.. ,as 3hetland deterioratedK Chief ;nspector Aar9*har 1ac!re!or, head of 3hetland police, thin+s not. .We have vandalism here, of co*rse, and too m*ch drin+in! and a smatterin! of dr*!s. 3till, 3hetlanders have to be realistic. ;t0s sad, ; +no$, b*t islanders have to learn to loc+ their cars and sh*t their doors.. ;n r*ral 3hetland, loc+in! *p is still anathema. .;f ; loc+ the door, ; feel that0s !ivin! in and sh*ttin! o*t old 3hetland,. says one crofter. ?rin+ is a problem. The tlantic $inters breed some serio*s introspective alcohol bin!es, b*t it is improvin!. ,eadmaster >amieson says= .-il $asn0t totally to blame, b*t it $as a catalyst. #o$ $e have a more responsible attit*de. The 198's $ere terrible. ;f yo* didn0t have 62'4$orth of beer and a bottle of $his+y, yo* $eren0t set *p.. Page 33 of 119 2013 Factiva !nc. "ous droits r#serv#s.
-il mi!ht be a savio*r economically, b*t c*lt*rally it is a scape!oat. ll that 3hetlanders do not li+e the chan!in! val*es, the money is blamed on oil. >*st as 9*ic+ as 3hetlanders praise the s$immin! pools, the smart roads, even the +arate cl*bs, they see oil as a c*lt*ral nemesis. Aor some, it is a va!*e, !r*ff complaint abo*t days !one by. B*t for others, s*ch as ;an Tait of the 3hetland 1*se*m, it is more heartfelt and artic*late. Tait believes the 199's $ill be decisive for 3hetlandic c*lt*re. .#o$ is the time to ma+e a stand. The Aaroese did it a cent*ry a!o b*t $e may have left it too late.. Tait is artic*late, b*t he has to be $ith a ca*se he admits is .hard to define. b*t believes is cr*cial. .-il hasn0t helped o*r c*lt*re. ;t redressed the old 3hetland trait of s*bservience. Before, one had to be proper, not brea+ into dialect Ga mi) of #orse and 3cotsH. .3hetlanders have so*!ht to b*y their $ay o*t of the past. ;t annoys me that 3hetland c*lt*re had been red*ced to fiddle4playin! and +nittin! they0re fine, b*t they0re not the $hole story. .These fast roads are fine, b*t they0ve centralised society. %in+s $ith the small villa!es are !one. People comm*te for entertainment, for ed*cation, for everythin! really.. Tait believes a c*lt*ral blandness has set in and, $hile admittin! that the same is happenin! on the British and #or$e!ian mainlands, he points to the Aaroes as an e)ample of tlantic c*lt*ral renaissance. 1a2or William nderson, 3hetland islands co*ncil vice4convenor, a!rees. .There *sed to be visits to other crofts all the time. #o television, 2*st the $armth of social interco*rse.. The si) million dollar 9*estion is $hether or not oil really is to blame for this. .#o,. says nderson. .; thin+ television has had a !reater impact. TC too+ off here in the 198's the same time as oil. ; thin+ oil cloa+ed the impact of TC.. To every clo*d is a silver linin!, and nderson is fair eno*!h to admit it. .-il has !iven money, and leis*re. We have money to b*y paintin!s or f*nd a boo+ or promote a local drama. .#o$ $e are a c*lt*ral meltin! pot in $hich a stron! 3hetland identity is lost to the easiest common denominator. There is a move by some 3hetlanders, perhaps in self4defence, to !et bac+ to their roots.. B*t, altho*!h a lot of 3hetland c*lt*re and dialect has been rendered e)tinct, a r*mp has been ta+en and consolidated even e)ported. ;n r*ral %o*isiana the Ca2*n bands ; heard played 3hetland fiddle, and in Wall 3treet bro+ers find 3hetland s$eaters the hei!ht of fashion. 3hetlanders are nothin! $itho*t the sea. .Aishin! has to s*rvive for o*r economy and o*r c*lt*re,. says nderson. 3almon farmin! is a ne$ element. ;t boomed in the early 197's and many 3hetlanders !ot in. B*t small salmon farmers co*ld no$ lose everythin!, $ith mass #or$e!ian d*mpin! strainin! fraternal 3hetland4#or$ay ties. 3ea fishin! is also fra!ile, altho*!h 3hetlanders have some of Britain0s best ne$ boats. 1ost of the bi! money in 3hetland is made on fishin!, not oil. .-il !ives !ood steady money b*t fishin!, $hen it is !ood, b*ys a lot of *dis,. says one s+ipper. -il has served 3hetland to*rism $ell, in a ro*ndabo*t $ay. 1a*rice 1*llay, head of to*rism, says= .?*rin! oil constr*ction, o*r hotels $ere f*ll and char!in! e)horbitant rates classic s*pply and demand. B*t the end of the constr*ction sa$ occ*pancy drop from 98( to 5'(. That $as o*r b*st. .That $as in 1971, $hen $e promoted 3hetland hard, b*t it $as diffic*lt beca*se of the recession and the idea people had then of 3hetland as a place pitted $ith dar+ oil $ells.. 3hetland is not Te)as. ;t is hard to find a more bi@arre site than 3*llom Coe, slotted a$ay in emptiness. Peter B*y says= .To to*rists the terminal, oil in fact, is li+e the Cornish pi)ies they hear all abo*t it b*t never see it.. #o$ to*rism is 3hetland0s third bi!!est money earner. .-*r visitors are $ell off and often incl*de ornitholo!ists from #or$ay, Ainland and merica,. says B*y. There is a limit, of co*rse, to the 11( ann*al !ro$th of to*rism. 3hetland is e)pensive and, altho*!h accessible from #or$ay, it is remote from <*rope. .What oil has done is instil confidence in 3hetlanders,. says Caila Wishart, editor of the 3hetland Times. .There is a !reat entreprene*rial spirit. We don0t s*ffer from the manana syndrome of the Western ;sles.
.;t has hei!htened the visa!e of nationalism. Fo* can see that in o*r fla! G3candinavian cross, 3cottish colo*rsH, b*t $e0re 2*st the same in other respects same TC, same brea+fast cereal, same ran!e of characters.. ;t is hard to a!ree $ith this idea of 3hetland sameness. ;t seems too alien. The land itself c*t *p into crofts and peat ban+s is *ni9*eJ the to$erin! cliffs $ith their noo+s alive $ith !annets are *ni9*e. ?re$ Eatter, a crofter0s representative, says= .Compare o*r $or+in! crofts $ith the $ay the crofts of 3*therland $ere !athered into vast estates that land has died, that c*lt*re is dyin!. We0re not, $e0re vibrant, $e0re facin! the f*t*re.. ?oc*ment st''''''2''1112&dnbh''a9p
:inisters call for 5( P%&+%4%%P!() force. By Arom Tim >*dah in ?*brovni+. 55& mots 17 novembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved n appeal for the demilitarisation of ?*brovni+ has been la*nched by t$o Arench and ;talian cabinet ministers, $ho $ere trapped by heavy seas in the driatic port last ni!ht. 1ar!herita Boniver, ;taly0s immigration minister, called the F*!oslav military0s sie!e of the city .absol*tely criminal.. The demilitarisation plan, $hich $as the idea of Bernard /o*chner, the Arench h*manitarian policy minister, $as to have been disc*ssed $ith the F*!oslav military yesterday. 1 /o*chner, $ho described the sit*ation in Croatia as .a scandalo*s $ar from the 1iddle !es., said that the plan envisa!ed the $ithdra$al of all armed men from the area and their replacement $ith *narmed :nited #ations forces. ,o$ever, the boat carryin! the ministers to tal+s $ith F*!oslav army representatives $as forced to ret*rn to port beca*se of poor $eather. This meant that they $ere *nable to as+ the military a*thorities $hy Eadio Tito!rad had broadcast on 3at*rday ni!ht a call4*p for tho*sands of 1ontene!rin reservists. The broadcast, $hich came fo*r ho*rs after a !eneral ceasefire $as s*pposed to have come into effect across Croatia, said= .Arom the be!innin! yo*r companions have been on the front line and they e)pect yo* to 2oin them in the str*!!le a!ainst fascism. ll $ho avoid this call $ill be p*nished for shir+in! their military d*ties.. 1ost soldiers layin! sie!e to ?*brovni+ are 1ontene!rin reservists. ?*brovni+ has been besie!ed for more than si) $ee+s and is $itho*t r*nnin! $ater, electricity or fresh food. Festerday afternoon an ;talian naval hospital ship, the 3an 1arco, $as !iven clearance by the F*!oslav military a*thorities to sail for ?*brovni+ $ith relief s*pplies and fresh $ater. 3i!nora Boniver and 1 /o*chner arrived on Ariday. -n Th*rsday <*ropean Comm*nity ceasefire monitors $ere $ithdra$n beca*se of concern for their safety after fo*r days of intense bombardment. The ministers, $ho arrived by hydrofoil, spent the $ee+end e)aminin! ?*brovni+ and visitin! ref*!ees shelterin! amid the $rec+a!e of to*rist hotels. 3i!nora Boniver said that her overridin! impression had been the isolation felt by people in ?*brovni+, $hich she described as .a totally *ndefended city.. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnbi'15a'
7ritis. =ars.ips to .elp 'ubrovni1 evacuation. By Tim >*dah and 1ichael <vans. 695 mots 19 novembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved T$o British $arships are preparin! to steam to ?*brovni+ and 3plit to ta+e off ref*!ees after yesterday0s proposal at the Western <*ropean :nion to create a corridor off the F*!oslav coast protected by W<: nations. The closest t$o British ships are ,13 Aearless, an amphibio*s assa*lt ship $ith a complement of nearly 6'', and ,13 1inerva, a %eander4class fri!ate, armed $ith <)ocet and 3eacat missiles. Festerday it $as emphasised that any mission to the driatic $o*ld be h*manitarian and that $arships $o*ld fire in an!er only if attac+ed. Both ships are part of the ?artmo*th trainin! s9*adron, $ith trainee officers on board a!ed 19425. Aearless is in Cenice, less than 1'' miles a$ay, and 1inerva is in $aters off 3icily. ;n ?*brovni+ the arrival yesterday of t$o <*ropean aid ships, $ith the venerable $ar hero 3ir Ait@roy 1aclean, on board one of them, $as a reass*rin! si!n that ?*brovni+ $as not abo*t to s*ffer the fate of C*+ovar. Airst to arrive $as the ;lliri2a, a ferry boat carryin! medicines, s*rvival rations and 3ir Ait@roy, no$ 7'. -nce Britain0s liaison officer $ith 1arshal Tito, he rested on his stic+ and recalled that it $as almost e)actly &7 years a!o that he had been parach*ted into F*!oslavia to help to or!anise s*pplies to the co*ntry0s comm*nist partisans= .Aood, !*ns and boots,. he said. 3ir Ait@roy had bro*!ht s*pplies from the island of /orc*la near by on a ferry carryin! the 3tar of ?avid, sho$in! that the ship0s aid s*pplies had been or!anised by Croatia0s >e$ish comm*nity. s potatoes and mil+ came off the ;lliri2a, Arance0s minister of h*manitarian affairs and the ;talian minister of immigration paced the doc+s $atchin! the arrival of the 3an 1arco, an ;talian naval hospital ship, also laden $ith 16 lorryloads of medicine, food, candles and other s*pplies, incl*din! apple 2*ice and $ater. ;n Bonn the forei!n and defence ministers of the nine4nation W<: s*pported a proposal by ?o*!las ,*rd, the Aorei!n 3ecretary, to send British and other <*ropean $arships. The 1o? $as apparently more rel*ctant to send $arships into a hi!h4ris+ area. The naval deployment $ill mar+ the first time since the be!innin! of the F*!oslav conflict that <*ropean co*ntries have a!reed to intervene. 3*!!estions that W<: !ro*nd forces co*ld be sent to stop the fi!htin! have been opposed stron!ly by Britain on the !ro*nds that a .peacema+in!. role, as opposed to peace+eepin!, $o*ld be fra*!ht $ith political, military and lo!istical diffic*lties. Contin!ency plans for sendin! in troops for a peace+eepin! role, ho$ever, have been dra$n *p. ?espite reports that Croat militia had s*rrendered C*+ovar after an 764day sie!e, some !*ards defied their commander0s order to lay do$n their arms yesterday and contin*ed to battle $ith the 3erb4dominated F*!oslav army as tho*sands of civilians fled the to$n. Tan+s and artillery po*nded the fortified redo*bt in the centre of C*+ovar and an army ma2or told a <*ropean Comm*nity observer they $o*ld be $iped o*t. Ee*ter said that only 15' of the to$n0s several h*ndred defenders had laid do$n their $eapons. The army acc*sed Croatian troops of m*rderin! and m*tilatin! 3erb inhabitants. Bel!rade television sho$ed the bodies of nine people on a street, the eyes of at least one man !o*!ed o*t. Bet$een &,''' and 5,''' civilians trapped d*rin! the sie!e left C*+ovar and $ere shepherded aboard b*ses to be ta+en to dispersal camps. 1any, their homes red*ced to r*bble, $ere $eepin! and carried only a fe$ belon!in!s. ;n the ho*rs before the final battle for C*+ovar, the army la*nched ne$ attac+s on -si2e+, on Iadar port and near ?*brovni+, Croatian radio said. %oss of the to$n $as a severe blo$ for the Croats, for $hom the city smashed by street4by4street battles had become a symbol of defiance. Croatia s*ffered other demoralisin! defeats at the $ee+end to add to the fall of C*+ovar, incl*din! the loss of 3l*n2, a to$n 7' miles so*th of Ia!reb. The to$n of 3abors+o and part of #i2emci also fell. The army no$ holds abo*t one4third of Croatia. Page 3> of 119 2013 Factiva !nc. "ous droits r#serv#s.
?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnb2'15!6
"or/ %+ *ebels to press for referendum. By Philip Webster, Chief Political Correspondent. &'2 mots 19 novembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved Tory <*ro4sceptics decided last ni!ht to press for a referend*m on <*ropean economic and political *nion as it emer!ed that senior ministers believe there are serio*s obstacles in the $ay of >ohn 1a2or0s si!nin! a treaty on political *nion at 1aastricht ne)t month. The possibility of 1r 1a2or0s a!reein! to the proposed treaty on economic and monetary *nion $hile declinin! to si!n the political treaty is bein! co*ntenanced in Whitehall, even tho*!h Bermany is insistin! that the t$o m*st !o to!ether. ?iffic*lties remain to be resolved on proposals for an e)tension in the competence of the <C to cover social policy and immigration. 1embers of the Conservative <*ropean Eeform Bro*p decided at a Commons meetin! to table t$o amendments for the t$o4day Commons debate be!innin! tomorro$, b*t moved a$ay from confrontation $ith the !overnment. ?espite the opposition of some 1Ps, there $ill be a pro4referend*m amendment. The other, believed to have $ider bac+in!, $ill as+ the !overnment not to a!ree to the principle of monetary *nion at 1aastrict and oppose more po$ers for the <*ropean parliament. ;t may be promoted by a former cabinet minister, and another bac+er $ill be William Cash, defeated last $ee+ for the chairmanship of the bac+bench <*ropean affairs committee. ;t seemed *nli+ely last ni!ht that there $o*ld be votes on the amendments, b*t they are seen as $ays for the sceptics to voice their mis!ivin!s at $hat they s*spect $ill be in the treaties. 1ean$hile, #eil /innoc+ tabled %abo*r0s amendment, $hich accepts the !oal of economic and monetary *nion and a sin!le c*rrency, and calls on the !overnment to adopt policies that $o*ld ma+e the chan!es a s*ccess. ;n a move desi!ned to *nderline $hat it claims to be a more positive approach to the 1aatricht ne!otiations, %abo*r calls on the !overnment to $or+ for an a!reement that ens*res the f*ll incl*sion of the social charter and an e)tension of ma2ority votin! to social and environmental matters. ;n its +ey passa!e, e)pected to be opposed by its o$n anti4mar+eteers, the amendment accepts that there $ill be a sin!le c*rrency. ;t describes real economic conver!ence as an .essential fo*ndation. for the s*ccess of s*ch a chan!e. The amendment calls on the !overnment therefore to $or+ to achieve policies for hi!h levels of employment and s*stainable non4infationary !ro$th. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnb2'15fb
7arrister accused of marriage fraud , $aurence !gnatius O.ene,'2an. 277 mots 2' novembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved barrister arran!ed do@ens of marria!es of convenience bet$een va!rants and ille!al immi!rants $ho $anted to stay in Britain, a co*rt $as told yesterday. %a*rence ;!nati*s -hene4?2an, a!ed 59, !ave tramps 65' to b*y a s*it or dress for the ceremony and paid them 6&'' to !et married in someone else0s name, it $as alle!ed at ,arro$ cro$n co*rt, north %ondon. ?r -hene4?2an applied for copies of birth certificates belon!in! to innocent people and *sed them in the re!ister office $eddin!s, the 2*ry of fo*r $omen and ei!ht men $as told. Tom /ar+, for the prosec*tion, said= .!mmigration officers and detectives investi!ated a n*mber of marria!es arran!ed by ?r -hene4?2an. Thirty4seven of these are listed on the sched*le. .;n every sin!le one either false names or addresses $ere !iven to obtain the birth certificates. <ither these details $ere bo!*s or the doc*mentation $as falsified in some other $ay. .These $ere very m*ch marria!es of convenience desi!ned $holly to defra*d the secretary of state for the ,ome -ffice.. 1r /ar+ said that a reporter from the #e$s of the World infiltrated the marria!e rin! thro*!h a tramp $ho $as +no$n as ?*blin >ohnny. The reporter, Chris Blythe, a!reed to marry Eosene Benefo, a Bhanaian a!ed 51, for 67''. -n the day of the $eddin!, ho$ever, $hich $as arran!ed for pril 2' last year, the $eddin! party $as arrested at ,ac+ney to$n hall. ?r -hene4?2an, of 1aida Cale, north %ondon, is char!ed $ith conspiracy to defra*d the ,ome -ffice and ma+in! false statements. 1ary Connolly, a!ed 29, of Walthamsto$, northeast %ondon, $ho alle!edly $or+ed as his secretary, faces the same char!es. The trial contin*es today. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnb+'15n6
%ditorial , *oad to %+ 05::!" &" :aastric.t. 1,51' mots 2' novembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved star+ difference separates >ohn 1a2or0s approach to <*rope and that of his predecessor. 1ar!aret Thatcher +ne$ $here she $anted to lead her co*ntry, and did not care $ho else +ne$ it. 1r 1a2or appears less s*re and is certainly less fran+. The polls p*t <*rope $ell do$n the list of salient iss*es and 1r 1a2or is slave to the polls. ,e also disli+es confrontaion and has adopted a conciliatory diplomacy to$ards his <*ropean Comm*nity partners. ,is .bottom line. is th*s obsc*re, an obsc*rity $ell characterised in today0s all4thin!s4to4all4men Commons motion. That said, on the evidence of his ne!otiatin! performance so far, 1r 1a2or deserves s*pport. <ach <C state has its o$n interest in the proposed treaties. 3ome have lar!e amo*nts of s*bsidy at ris+, others see+ protection for their farmers, others retain a fear of Berman revanchism, others $elcome economic discipline that they have not the co*ra!e to impose internally. #o co*ntry has debated the treaties $ith more intensity than Britain. This has to do $ith Britain0s adversarial political c*lt*re, $ith the pl*ralism of its media and $ith the p*nctilio*sness $ith $hich Britons have al$ays approached forei!n affairs. Britain is also pro*d of its Parliament, a pride that is somethin! of a canard in the c*rrent debate= soverei!nty $ill contin*e to rest in the democratic instit*tions of a soverei!n state. The <*rope treaties, li+e #ato and other dele!ations of a*thority, can Gat least in theoryH be re2ected sho*ld the nation no lon!er choose to adhere to them. <ver since Britain 2oined <*rope0s e)chan!e4rate mechanism a year a!o, the approach to f*rther treaties ta+en by 1r 1a2or and the forei!n secretary, ?o*!las ,*rd, has been simple. ;t has been to delayJ to +eep every option open. Behind this approach has been partly an ea!erness to minimise Conservative division, notably from 1rs Thatcher and her s*pporters, and partly a more lon!4term ca*tion. British policy is to $ait= to $ait for the still4embryonic common mar+et to emer!e from the protectionist chrysalis of Br*sselsJ to $ai for e)istin! <C instit*tions to sho$ they can reform <*rope0s trade and a!ric*lt*reJ to $ait *pon a lar!er membershipJ to $ait on economic conver!ence bet$een north and so*th to 2*d!e the strain on <C reso*rcesJ to $ait for Bermany properly to absorb its eastern partJ above all to ponder the tr*e costs and benefits of continental federalism, so !libly bandied abo*t in <*ro4rhetoric. This approach is sensible. These are vast imponderables and to pretend other$ise is silly and rec+less. t 1aastricht, if not before, ne!otiators $ill still be $restlin! $ith an a$esome a!enda. -ne item concerns a state0s fiscal and monetary responsibilities if e)empt from f*ll economic *nion. -thers concern ma2ority votin! in the Co*ncil of 1inisters on forei!n policy and defenceJ the competence of the Br*ssels Commission to intervene in member states0 health, ed*cation, c*lt*re, employment and other .social affairs.J the e)tension of s*pranational a*thority over immigration, crime and dr*!sJ the insistence by some nations on a .federal !oal.. British tactics have been to see+ at every t*rn to minimise the role of the <*ropean Commission in Br*ssels and to concentrate on co4operation bet$een member !overnments via the Co*ncil of 1inisters, despite the latter bein! $ea+ened by the chaotic si)4monthly presidencies. ;f centralism there m*st be, says Britain, at least +eep it a$ay from the *nacco*ntable and self a!!randisin! b*rea*crats of the Commission. The thesis that their arcane .democratic deficit. $ill be brid!ed by tr*ly continent4$ide political parties is abs*rd in a continent of nine lan!*a!es, 12 states and 5&'m people. ;nstead, Britain has been sellin! ad hoc inter!overnmental co4operation to the Bermans, Arench and ;talians, b*ildin! *p bilateral alliances in areas s*ch as immigration, crime, forei!n and defence policy. Britain has sidelined the smaller states $ho see in the Commission and the parliament a more effective pro2ection of their po$er and interest. 1r 1a2or and 1r ,*rd have been s*ccessf*l in this approach. They have for!ed a ne$ diplomacy that has +ept Britain $ithin the ramblin! confines of the treaty debate, minimised the dama!e that the treaties $o*ld do to British interests and avoided the char!e of isolation. Where the anti4Commission tactic has meant cedin! more ma2ority votin! $ithin the Co*ncil of 1inisters, this has been admitted. B*t at least this Co*ncil is an appropriate conclave of nation states, a for*m of democratic realpoliti+.
1aastricht may, of co*rse, fail. Britain may be *nable to $in its corner on the many o*tstandin! items above, on none of $hich is there m*ch scope for concession. This co*ld mean a de facto British veto on the *nion treaties, $ith f*rther pro!ress stalled and Britain made the scape!oat. 1ore li+ely, ne!otiations co*ld simply dra! on. #either sho*ld be se en as fail*re, since the essence of Britain0s case is that <*rope at present is tryin! to r*n before it has sho$n it can $al+. #either precl*des r*nnin! at a later date. #either $o*ld 2*stify the char!e of isolationism. #or, !iven the electoral insec*rity of many leaders of the other 11, are they li+ely to ostracise 1r 1a2or for his pains. t the heart of the federalists0 case at 1aastricht lies a fallacy= that hi!h4speed political and economic *nion is the best $ay to !l*e past co4operation and s*ppress emer!in! neo4nationalism $ithin <*rope. Aederalism may s*!!est that !oal to officials in Br*ssels and other capitals, their blood thinned in the lofty air of <*ropean administration. The reverse is the tr*th. #ationalism is a potent ideolo!y not 2*st of modern <*rope b*t of soverei!n states the $orld over. #o pact or protocol or treaty or confederation is ever !oin! to s*ppress it. -ne day, conceivably, <*rope0s past rivalries mi!ht be s*blimated in an identical o*tloo+ on the $orld, its historic bo*ndaries straddled by common interests reflected in acco*ntable political parties. Aacile comparisons s*!!est that the :3 is s*ch a state, tho*!h its history co*ld hardly be more different. There is certainly a pop*lar desire thro*!ho*t <*rope to ta+e the process of continental *sion for$ard. There is also an alarmin! de!ree of tr*st that leaders $ill f*llyscr*tinise that process. The sceptics may seem arro!ant in claimin! that <*rope0s vario*s p*blics are not f*lly a$are of $hat they are $illin!. B*t there is no arro!ance, only pr*dence, in as+in! $hether nations are or!anically prepared for the political and economic conver!ence $illed on them by their leaders. <*rope0s history is littered $ith the corpses of those $ho i!nored this 9*estion. This raises the s*b2ect of a referend*m. Eeferend*ms are +nots in the thread of democratic acco*ntability. They are *sef*l to !overnments that do not $ant to ta+e eccentric decisions, as on local licensin! la$s, or GrelativelyH clear4c*t constit*tional chan!es, s*ch as re!ional devol*tion. ;n this case, the !overnment hopes to have ne!otiated a treaty that leaves almost every option open to another day, perhaps indefinitely. referend*m on this $o*ld be so va!*e as to be no more than a !eneral vote of confidence. referend*m $o*ld also $ea+en an essential element in Britain0s case, that democratic acco*ntability *nder a redrafted treaty sho*ld r*n direct from the Co*ncil of 1inisters to the vario*s national cabinets and parliaments. fter one appeal for validation over the heads of ministers and parliaments on matters of treaty revision, $hy not another and anotherK The cabinet has ris+ed m*ch in its *nderstandable desire to avoid bein! forced into the trap of a solitary veto. -n the central iss*es of e)emption from economic *nion, Br*ssels Commission competence and $ider ma2ority votin! $ithin the Co*ncil, it sho*ld concede no more. ;t m*st be prepared if necessary to come a$ay from 1aastricht $itho*t a deal, and m*st say so to Parliament. -n that basis, it merits s*pport. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnb+'15mc
:aastric.t summit , 'ebris of old s1irmis.es litters t.e battlefield. By Beor!e Broc+. 5'9 mots 21 novembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved The <*ropean Comm*nity0s 1aastricht s*mmit is still 2*st *nder three $ee+s a$ay b*t the a!enda is already loo+in! li+e one of the most overloaded in <C history. t the t$o4day meetin! on ?ecember 9 and 1', <C leaders m*st clinch deals $hich $ill allo$ them to si!n a treaty on political and monetary *nion shortly after$ards. They $ill also disc*ss the Beneral !reement on Tariffs and Trade tal+s, the 3oviet :nion, F*!oslavia and hitches in creatin! a 194state common mar+et $ith the seven nations of the <*ropean Aree Trade ssociation. 3ome iss*es on political and monetary *nion have already e)ha*sted the s+ills of the lo$er4level ne!otiators and any of the problems co*ld e)tend or even derail the s*mmit. The $orst sna!s in the treaty ne!otiations are= <m* .opt4o*t. cla*se= the draft treaty allo$s any state to p*ll o*t of sin!le c*rrency plans $ithin si) months after an <C s*mmit has decided that a !ro*p of si) to ei!ht states can move to the final sta!e of monetary *nion. ?enmar+ $ants another parliamentary vote at that final sta!e. Britain is li+ely to accept some re$ordin! to meet ob2ections that present phrasin! mi!ht allo$ Britain to hold *p other states. <conomic and social cohesion= this refers to the re9*est from the poorest so*thern <C states for more money from their richer northern nei!hbo*rs. -nly 3pain is no$ insistin! that ne$ f*nds sho*ld be !*aranteed by the treaty itself. 1a2ority votin! and e)tensions of <C po$er= Britain a!reed in principle to !ive the <*ropean parliament a limited po$er of veto and a *nified Bermany more seats. B*t Britain $ants parliamentary veto possible on very fe$ s*b2ects and very little increase in ma2ority votin! in ministerial co*ncils. Aorei!n and defence policy= Britain is ed!in! to$ards acceptin! the idea of declarin! <C .2oint action. in defined areas, b*t is insistin! on confinin! ma2ority votin! to details of policy implementation. ;n the past ten days, ?o*!las ,*rd, the forei!n secretary, has stopped r*lin! o*t ma2ority votin! totally, b*t $ants an escape cla*se to protect nations $hose vital interests are threatened by 2oint policy. ;t no$ loo+s as tho*!h Arance $ill accept that <C and #ato defence policies sho*ld be complementary. ,ome -ffice iss*es= Britain $ants crime4fi!htin!, co*rt liaison and immigration control decided by co4operation bet$een !overnments. Bermany $ants all these policies pro!ressively ta+en o*t of its hands by the <C. 3ocial charter= #e!otiation has stopped on this since Britain is in a minority of one in insistin! that the <C sho*ld have no ne$ po$ers and both sides are $aitin! for the other to bac+ do$n. The A4$ord and revie$ cla*ses= Britain $ill probably s*cceed in removin! the .federal !oal. inscribed at the start and end of the present draft treaty, b*t may not s*cceed in ret*rnin! to the time4hono*red aim of the .ever closer *nion of peoples.. 3ome pro4federal !overnments $ill try to $rite provisions for a ne$ treaty conference in 1996. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnbl'15ve
%ditorial , ".e 0 =ord , sovereignit/. 7&' mots 22 novembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved ;s Parliament really soverei!nK Can it abandon its a*thority to treaties, referend*ms, forei!n a!encies and co*rts or coalitions of forei!n !overnmentsK #o idea has been more ab*sed in the debate on <*ropean *nity than the one that Parliament is the soverei!n instit*tion of British democracy. -n Wednesday ni!ht, ?o$nin! 3treet s*!!ested that a referend*m on 1aastricht $o*ld infrin!e parliamentary soverei!ntyJ it later added that, any$ay, a referend*m $o*ld be .for Parliament to decide.. There is here an <verest of h*mb*!. The soverei!nty of Parliament is a conceit of politicians. ;t di!nifies their callin! and distances them from the political acts of !overnments. Fet Parliament merely instit*tionalises $hat is tr*ly soverei!n in a democracy= the free choice of individ*al citi@ens at election time. Whippin! and patrona!e threaten to red*ce Parliament as the central instit*tion of democratic soverei!nty to a charade. ;t is the !overnment not Parliament that is the potent embodiment of this soverei!nty bet$een elections. ;f 1r 1a2or $ants a referend*m as a pro)y for a !eneral election, a referend*m 1r 1a2or can have. referend*m is a tool in the hand of ministers, as ,arold Wilson sho$ed in 1985. :sed deftly, it can help to constr*ct a desired consens*sJ mishandled, it can ca*se serio*s in2*ry. The <*ro4sceptics do not really $ant r*le by referend*m. 3ome of them $ant a referend*m in the hope that it mi!ht stop a partic*lar policy. ;t $ill only do that if the !overnment so chooses. >*st as !overnments can choose to dele!ate their ac9*ired soverei!nty internally, so they can cede a*thority to a treaty or!anisation. This does not involve any .s*rrender to Br*ssels.. ;t is a dele!ation to the <*ropean Commission or the Co*ncil of 1inisters of specific areas of p*blic policy. 1ar!aret Thatcher ri!htly pointed o*t on Wednesday that her concession of ma2ority votin! *nder the 3in!le <*ropean ct covered trade and commerce, not social or economic policy. %i+e$ise, #ato $as a dele!ation of a*thority over defence and some aspects of forei!n affairs. The British people retain a soverei!n ri!ht to revo+e s*ch treaty obli!ations. Certainly if a people $ishes to secede from a treaty or *nion, it m*st ta+e f*ll acco*nt of the conse9*ences. B*t every nation has the ri!ht of self4determination. Where a treaty is oppressive or inert, nations $ill reno*nce membership *nless restrained by force= $itness the Warsa$ Pact and Comecon. The instit*tions of the <*ropean Comm*nity, $hether seen as shac+les or en!ines of liberty, are the dele!ates of soverei!n states. The <*ropean Comm*nity is not and never $ill be a *nitary state $ith pooled soverei!nty. -nly those blind to history, c*lt*re and politics can serio*sly posit <*rope as a sin!le state or its parliament as a properly acco*ntable assembly. -nly dictators have been captivated by s*ch a vision. What is for debate, and fierce debate, are the appropriate f*nctions for dele!ation to a treaty or!anisation. Aor too !reat a dele!ation mi!ht ca*se a nation0s democratic system to de!enerate. Pop*lar soverei!nty e)pressed thro*!h acco*ntable party !overnment mi!ht simply atrophy. This does not diminish a nation0s soverei!nty, b*t $o*ld diminish its democratic e)pression and th*s erode s*pport for decisions ta+en in its name. The peoples of Arance, ;taly and Breece have already sho$n little inclination to accept even s*ch a*thority in trade and a!ric*lt*re as $as dele!ated by them to the <C in the 3in!le <*ropean ct. ,o$ $o*ld they react to a s*pranational immigration, ho*sin! and land4*se policyK Tr*e believers in democratic soverei!nty m*st as+ t$o 9*estions of those ne!otiatin! the 1aastricht treaties. The first is that of s*bsidiarity. 1*st the po$ers no$ claimed for a <*rope4$ide a*thority really be e)ercised by dele!ated a*thority at s*pranational levelK The on*s of proof m*st be on those $ho $ish to remove a*thority from $ithin the ambit of soverei!n states. 3o far, the test has clearly been passed only by trade and related matters of international la$, as reco!nised in the 3in!le <*ropean ct. 3econd, $here this test is passed, $hat is the best method of ens*rin! that the s*perior a*thority remains ans$erable to member nationsK >ac9*es ?elors and most of his Commission $ant an a*thority so interventionist as to invite defiance by electorates thro*!ho*t the Comm*nity. Their <*rope $o*ld event*ally be a mire of indiscipline, ne!lected directives, i!nored co*rt orders, *npaid fines and rebellio*s electorates. The evidence lies on every des+ in his Berlaymont palace. Page 66 of 119 2013 Factiva !nc. "ous droits r#serv#s.
The British !overnment has ri!htly challen!ed the Commission to implement its e)istin! dele!ated a*thority, notably to achieve a common mar+et in 1992. 1ean$hile, the !overnment is insistin! that the Co*ncil of 1inisters is the better for*m to $hich any f*rther dele!ations of a*thority sho*ld be made. The co*ncil is a far from perfe ct treaty or!anisation. ;ts members are often into)icated $ith a coc+tail of <*ropean idealism and domestic politics. B*t those members, elected ministers all, +no$ they m*st $al+ firmly on democratic soil, soil inalienable from the soverei!nty of a nation state. There is no other $ay for$ard if international co4operation is to $or+. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnbm'1&2n
(&"!O(&$ F*O(" $%&'%* $e Pen unmoved b/ ;apart.eid< uproar over part/ manifesto. By Arom Philip >acobson in Paris. 52' mots 22 novembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved >ean41arie %e Pen, leader of Arance0s e)treme ri!ht4$in! #ational Aront, remains 9*ite *nda*nted by the *proar provo+ed in the co*ntry0s mainstream political establishment by his party0s *nambi!*o*sly racist manifesto. The venomo*s criticism of the front0s 5'4point a!enda for controllin! Third World immigration is 9*ite *n2*stified, he complains. .<verythin! $e have proposed $ill be s*b2ect to debate ... and no racial element is involved.. 1 %e Pen0s confident, even coc+y, mood these days is hi!hli!hted by the fact that he $as prepared to !amble on Arench reactions to the release of a doc*ment advocatin! le!al constraints that critics maintain $o*ld create somethin! very li+e apartheid in Arance. ,e appears to be ban+in! on the effect the #ational Aront0s proposals for strin!ent meas*res a!ainst .non4<*ropeans. $ill have on the !ro$in! n*mber of voters $ho tell pollsters that they a!ree $ith his ob2ectives. s Br*no 1e!ret, the #ational Aront0s ideolo!*e, observed after *nveilin! the plan in 1arseilles this $ee+, politicians $ho be!in by e)coriatin! the party end *p borro$in! its racial rhetoric. fe$ years a!o it $o*ld have been political s*icide for >ac9*es Chirac, the head of the Ba*llist EPE party and a former prime minister, to tal+ of .noisy, smelly. immi!rants livin! on social $elfare, or for Calery Biscard d0<stain!, the former president $ho leads the :?A opposition faction, to raise the iss*e of an alien .invasion. of Arance. t the heart of the #ational Aront0s ne$ manifesto are meas*res that $o*ld obli!e every Third World national visitin! Arance to deposit a bond of 1'',''' francs Gabo*t 61','''H and s*bmit to an ids test. Those !ettin! thro*!h $o*ld find a Arance that $o*ld deny immi!rants certain $elfare benefits and $o*ld formally discriminate a!ainst them on 2obs, ho*sin! and ed*cation. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnbm'1&2+
Histor/ casts doubts on t.e %uro,dream. By #orman 3tone. 1,'56 mots 2& novembre 1991 The 3*nday Times 3T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved The radiant da$n be!ins $ith a fine dri@@le or, rather, a rain of petty directives abo*t the content of pra$n crac+ers. .<*rope. is a 2olly !ood idea. ;t is the realisation of 9*ite an old dream that of Bladstone or 1a@@ini, in $hich liberally r*n co*ntries co4operate in peace and prosperity, actin! as a model for less fort*nate peoples in the $orld o*tside. The sin!le mar+et free trade all ro*nd has already done its bit for everyone0s $elfare. The prospect of a *nited Western <*rope has been, ; believe, one of the most important factors in the collapse of comm*nism. <astern <*ropeans and E*ssians loo+ed at .<*rope. and realised the comm*nist !ame $as *p. These are the !rand headlines of .<*rope. and there is m*ch in them. The tro*ble is that !rand headlines have a $ay of dissolvin! into miles of small print. That is $hat is happenin! in the r*n4*p to 1aastricht. %i+e test*dos in a Eoman sie!e, embattled armies of committees $ith $ads of paper are havin! to sort o*t .*nity. *nder 25 different headin!s. There is to be a <*ropean policy on the environment, on ed*cation, on c*lt*re, on social affairs, on to*rism, on this, on that. The b*rea*cratic prose !oes on and on, to the point at $hich it becomes impossible to sort o*t the leaves from the t$i!s, let alone the trees for the $ood. ;t leaves the vast ma2ority of .<*ropeans. absol*tely cold. ;n this co*ntry only abo*t a third of *s bother to vote in <*ro4elections and fe$er still can name their <*ro41P. ;n other co*ntries the sit*ation is not m*ch better, tho*!h on the Continent to be <*ropean is to be respectable partic*larly in Bermany, $here they are fri!htened of their o$n past. ;n all this mass of doc*mentation, t$o thin!s stand o*t. The first is that the commission in Br*ssels really does $ant to see a <*rope $ith a sin!le c*rrency, r*n by an *pdated version of #apoleonic prefects the sort of people $ho +no$ best $hat is !ood for the rest of *s, and do not $ant to be bothered $ith tiresome and irresponsible democratic or!anisations. rio*s continental <*ropeans are 9*ite inclined to$ards this idea. The smaller co*ntries the ?*tch, the Port*!*ese li+e the notion beca*se it ma+es them feel important. Then a!ain, in some other co*ntries people mistr*st their o$n !overnment. ;taly is the best case. ;talian !overnment is a notorio*s mess and already one4third of the electorate in the north is set to vote for the %e!a %ombarda, $hich $ants to brea+ free of ;taly and, in effect, 2oin *p $ith so*thern Bermany. To them, <*rope is the savio*r, layin! do$n r*les $hich $ill prevent e)cessive ta)ation, corr*ption, the mafia. Thro$ into this the .!eopolitical. 9*estion of Bermany and yo* complete the pict*re. bi! Bermany $ith 7'm people is s*pposed to be tied into a ne$ <*rope in order that the old Berman dam can be controlled. 3o $e have economic and political *nion to be disc*ssed at 1aastricht $ith a lot of s*pport. The second consideration is that British interests are not necessarily involved $ith this. We do not mistr*st o*r !overnments in the same $ay. ;n many $ays a *nited <*rope $o*ld $or+ to o*r disadvanta!e. Aor instance, over matters of immigration $e do not need, as an island, to have the same policy as co*ntries $ith an open land frontier. -ver ed*cation, ; thin+ that *nity $o*ld clearly ma+e *s a th*mpin! loss. ;n theory, all <*ropeans $ill be able to attend each other0s *niversities at the same cost as the natives. ll Continentals $ant to learn <n!lish, the *niversal lan!*a!e, and $ill r*sh to *s. Fet the fees at British *niversities are set at a level $hich the natives0 !overnment feels it can afford in the case of -)ford, rather abs*rdly, abo*t t$o4thirds of $hat yo* pay for an ei!ht4year4old to !o to a private school. ;n other $ords, come .*nification. in <*rope, $e shall be ripped off the British ta)payer s*bsidisin! the better4off Continentals0 children to learn <n!lish. ; mention these lesser matters of *nity only to sho$ that, for *s, the 9*estion of <*rope is not at all a simple matter of international benevolence. When yo* !et into the lar!er 9*estions, the do*bts contin*e. Aor instance, ; do not believe in handin! po$er to the <*ro4parliament beca*se ; +no$ no historical precedent at all for an international parliament ever $or+in!. Aorce nations to co4operate and yo* end in farce. %et them $or+ to!ether informally and yo* sometimes do 9*ite $ell. Page 6> of 119 2013 Factiva !nc. "ous droits r#serv#s.
The clincher here is the <*ropean c*rrency. rtificial c*rrencies, and ban+s *ncontrolled by democratic assemblies, $hile en2oyin! a !ood rep*tation today, did not, in the early 195's, have a !ood rep*tation at all. ;nstead, they made the !reat sl*mp $orse than it needed to be. Why impose a strait2ac+et if it is not the o*tcome of an evol*tion $e have yet to seeK Aor these reasons there is some ca*se for scepticism abo*t Britain4in4<*rope. The fact is that other co*ntries the Arench and Berman s, in partic*lar have some of the same do*bts. Their spo+esmen cannot say so openly 4 Bermans beca*se they are scared of the Bermans, Arench beca*se they are scared of the Bermans. We have the lead hand in opposin! *nreality and silliness in <*ropean matters and are closer to the tr*th than many official <*ropeans. ;t $o*ld !reatly stren!then the !overnment0s hand if it $ere to hold o*t the possibility of a referend*m. fter all, $e are bein! as+ed to !ive *p the c*rrency and a lon! tradition of parliamentary !overnment, the r*le of la$, and m*ch that has made the continental states $hat they are. The !ro*nds$ell of opinion here is b*ildin! *p a!ainst the +ind of dead <*rope bein! proposed. referend*m, post41aastricht, $o*ld stren!then the !overnment0s hand. Fes, referend*ms have to be *sed $ith care. B*t on a matter s*ch as this, $hy notK We have done it before and $e sho*ld do it a!ain. The people, c*rio*sly eno*!h, often !et thin!s ri!ht. ?oc*ment st''''''2''1112&dnbo''a$5
t.e la= , & la= to close t.e doors to as/lum see1ers. By Barbara ,arrell4Bond. 1,255 mots 26 novembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved The asyl*m bill, debated by 1Ps today, $ill ma+e entry more diffic*lt. The introd*ction of special le!islation on ref*!ees is normally a $elcome indication that a !overnment has come to realise the importance of incorporatin! the s*bstance of its international le!al a!reements into domestic la$. 3*ch a move is *s*ally a si!n, too, that a !overnment appreciates that ref*!ee protection is a special iss*e that cannot be dealt $ith ade9*ately $ithin the conte)t of immigration la$. Ee!rettably, this is not the case $ith the ne$ British asyl*m bill, $hich comes before the Commons for its second readin! today. Eather than *pholdin! the international obli!ations to ref*!ees laid do$n in the 1951 :nited #ations Convention, to $hich Britain is a party, this ne$ le!islation is intended, if not to prevent, then to ma+e infinitely more diffic*lt the access of ref*!ees to asyl*m proced*res on British shores. The r*les fail to ta+e acco*nt of the +inds of conditions *nder $hich people flee persec*tion, the very conditions that the 1951 convention anticipated. The !overnment maintains that the bill $o*ld stren!then safe!*ards for !en*ine ref*!ees b*t c*rb the scope for ab*se by others. ;n my vie$, instead of protectin! the ri!ht of asyl*m, the provisions of the bill $ill systematically *ndermine ref*!ee protection. The bill concentrates on preventin! access to asyl*m proced*res and also fails to introd*ce into domestic la$ the other ri!hts of ref*!ees enshrined in the 1951 convention. ;t mar+s a bac+$ard step in la$ and practice. ltho*!h most asyl*m4see+ers reachin! these shores come from states notorio*s for their violence and h*man ri!hts ab*ses, this asyl*m bill ass*mes their claims to protection are bo!*s. The bill has been drafted in a climate of hei!htened )enophobia. Eacism has al$ays been an element in attit*des to$ards ref*!ees. ;n 1959, #orman n!ell and ?orothy B*)ton, the a*thors of Fo* and the Eef*!ee= the 1oral and <conomics of the Problem, ar!*ed for a more positive vie$ of >e$ish asyl*m4see+ers by appealin! to anti4blac+ sentiments amon! the British p*blic. They s*!!ested that the immigration of >e$ish <*ropean stoc+ $o*ld rene$ the .$hite <mpire. and revive prosperity in the face of its .e)tinction. threatened by its declinin! pop*lation and the blac+ .tide. that $as .flo$in! bac+ from the <mpire.. ;f the real implications of this m*ch debated bill and the !overnment0s *nderlyin! intentions are to be *nderstood, the le!islation m*st be loo+ed at $ith the proposed ne$ immigration r*les and ne$ appeals proced*re r*les. primary ob2ective of the bill seems to be to prevent access to asyl*m proced*res. ;t does this by increasin! fines on airlines to 62,''' for every passen!er leavin! his or her co*ntry $itho*t proper doc*mentation. ;t e)tends the fine to incl*de passen!ers passin! thro*!h Britain to another destination. lar!e obstacle for asyl*m4see+ers is that many of the co*ntries that prod*ce ref*!ees do not observe the f*ndamental ri!ht to leave and ret*rn to one0s co*ntry. ,o$ever, even $here an official e)it doc*ment is not re9*ired of a departin! citi@en, it is hi!hly *nli+ely that ref*!ees fleein! persec*tion ca obtain a passport from a*thorities in the capital city and then openly present themselves to a British embassy for a visa. ;ntelli!ence a!encies in most co*ntries +eep $atch on $ho visits Western embassies. 1oreover, ref*!ees cannot apply for asyl*m from abroad. The r*les state that one can apply only if .in the :/ or at a port of entry.. ;f an asyl*m4see+er has made false representations, incl*din! havin! !ained admission as a visitor, if he or she has destroyed or dama!ed his or her passport, or bo*!ht a false passport or paid an a!ent to assist, the claim $ill no$ be constr*ed as lac+in! credibility beca*se the ref*!ee has made .false representations., albeit of necessity. Page 80 of 119 2013 Factiva !nc. "ous droits r#serv#s.
3*ch an ass*mption contradicts article 51 of the convention, $hich provides for ref*!ees $ho *nla$f*lly enter a co*ntry by forbiddin! contractin! states from imposin! penalties .on acco*nt of their ille!al entry or presence.. ;t is ironic that in many cases in the past an asyl*m4see+er0s possession of le!al doc*ments $as ta+en as evidence that the claim for ref*!ee stat*s $as ab*sive. ,o$ else co*ld one obtain an official passport in, say 3*dan, $itho*t havin! some standin!K rticle 51 does refer to ref*!ees .comin! directly from a territory $here their life or freedom $as threatened., and this is a !rey area that has allo$ed some !overnments to ref*se asyl*m to applicants $ho have crossed another co*ntry. There are !ood reasons for many $ho see+ asyl*m not to do so in a nei!hbo*rin! co*ntry. There are too many specific cases that can be cited $here, ho$ever $ell intended, the !overnment cannot provide protection. Aor e)ample, many Iairois in Iambia $ere fo*nd by the local office of the ,i!h Commissioner for Eef*!ees to be on a hit list and their !overnment0s a!ents $ere h*ntin! them do$n. 1ala$ian ref*!ees in Iambia have been fo*nd m*rdered. -ther co*ntries have secret or not4so4secret a!reements for handin! asyl*m4 see+ers bac+ to their co*ntries of ori!in. recent case concerned B*rmese st*dents in Thailand. <ven in cases of direct arrival from the co*ntry of persec*tion, officials have ar!*ed that a person in fear of his life $o*ld more lo!ically have slipped over the nearest border. 1ore callo*sly still, some have ar!*ed that if persec*tion is specific to a location, the persec*ted person sho*ld have *prooted himself from that re!ion of the co*ntry of persec*tion and fo*nd an alternative safe hidin! place from $hich, pres*mably, the a*thorities $o*ld have more diffic*lty in r*nnin! him to earth. 3*ch thin+in! is hardly in accordance $ith the international obli!ations that Britain accepted $hen it si!ned the convention. The fast4trac+ provisions of the asyl*m bill, $hich the !overnment says are aimed at speedin! *p the appeals proced*res, f*rther 2eopardise the asyl*m4see+er $ho has mana!ed to !et to Britain. The partic*larly ini9*ito*s proposals are the ones that applicants sho*ld have only t$o days to lod!e an appeal from the date on $hich the ,ome -ffice posts a ref*sal notice, and that applicants ref*sed $ill not have access to ,ome -ffice statements sent to the ad2*dicator $ho $ill have po$er to decide $hether or not to allo$ an oral hearin!. <ven if the n*mber of days is e)tended, as has been proposed, the appeal provisions are contrary to nat*ral 2*stice. The $ithdra$al of ho*sin! facilities for asyl*m4see+ers $ith or $itho*t families $ill only add to the misery of ne$ arrivals, $ho $ill be forced into s*b4standard private rented accommodation, f*rther enrichin! those landlords e)ploitin! the ref*!ee .mar+et.. lternatively, $hen an o*tra!ed p*blic deplores their bein! homeless, this $ill 2*stify the detention of even more ref*!ees. The ne$ asyl*m bill, if enacted, mar+s a sad decline in h*manitarian standards in Britain. ?r ,arrell4Bond is the director of -)ford :niversity0s ref*!ee st*dies pro!ramme. W, T T,< B;%% 1< #3 The British asyl*m bill and ne$ r*les provide= ne$ ri!ht of appeal, before removal, for applicants ref*sed asyl*m. streamlined appeals proced*re $ith strict time limits to red*ce delays and ens*re a 9*ic+ hearin! for those $ho are detained or $hose cases are clearly *nfo*nded. Po$ers to c*t short the stay of somebody already in the :/ $ho claims, and is ref*sed, asyl*m. Po$ers to fin!erprint asyl*m see+ers. limit on the d*ty of local co*ncils to find permanent homes for asyl*m applicants $hile their claims are considered. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnb9'1&a'
Far rig.t evo1es 1930s after election results successes. 5&& mots 26 novembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved Arom Beor!e Broc+ in Br*ssels. Wilfried 1artens, the Bel!ian prime minister, a!reed yesterday to head a careta+er !overnment after the $ee+end0s election res*lts sho$ed $idespread s*pport for an anti4immigration party and environmentalists. With to*!h ne!otiations ahead to form a ne$ !overnment, 1r 1artens0s once4dominant Alemish Christian ?emocrat party said it $as not its responsibility to resolve the diffic*lties arisin! from 3*nday0s poll, in $hich voters opted in lar!e n*mbers for s*ch less conventional fi!*res as >ean4Pierre van Eossem, $ho leads a Alemish splinter !ro*p vario*sly described as Po*2adist, anarchist or racist. ,e $as elected 1P for nt$erp $hile in 2ail on s*spicion of fra*d. The rise of the e)treme ri!ht in nt$erp led astonished politicians to as+ yesterday if they $ere not a!ain livin! thro*!h 1956. The Bel!ian election of that year, held in the shado$ of ,itler0s occ*pation of the Ehineland, sa$ fascist parties ma+e bi! !ains in the Alemish and Arench halves of the co*ntry. Willy Claes, the dep*ty prime minister, comparin! the 199's to the 195's, called 3*nday0s poll a .blac+ day.. -ne $riter in the Br*ssels daily %e 3oir lamented that nt$erp $as no$ 2oinin! 1arseilles, Cienna and Bremen on the list of <*ropean cities $hich have seen s*dden revivals of the far ri!ht, $hich has profited from disli+e of immi!rants from #orth frica and <astern <*rope. Bet$een a fifth and a 9*arter of nt$erp0s voters bac+ed the Claams Blo+ GAlemish Bloc+H, an *nashamedly racist party $hose campai!n literat*re $o*ld be ille!al in Britain. Cartoon strip leaflets depict l*rid ni!htmares of cities dominated by mos9*es, invaded by blac+ and rab dr*! addicts and m*!!ers and p*t the blame on the established parties. The five parties $hich formed the last coalition still hold a ma2ority in the parliament. B*t they $ill be hard p*t to command the t$o4thirds ma2ority necessary to p*sh thro*!h the latest ro*nd of constit*tional reform. -ne ne$spaper yesterday predicted that the election $as the be!innin! of a .lon! crisis.. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnb9'1&9!
7onn pla/s careful .and in run,up to :aastric.t summit. By Beor!e Broc+. &57 mots 26 novembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved s the t$ice4yearly s*mmits of <*ropean Comm*nity leaders approach, the British ambassador in Br*ssels lies a$a+e $orryin! abo*t Arance and Bermany. Aor there is nothin! ,er 1a2esty0s representative fears more than bein! amb*shed at the last moment by Paris and Bonn. 3ir >ohn /err, Britain0s man at the <C, m*st st*dy each dot and comma emer!in! from Paris and Bonn for cl*es that his delicate diplomacy mi!ht s*ddenly be $rec+ed by President 1itterrand of Arance and ,elm*t /ohl, the Berman chancellor, sprin!in! a 2oint statement on an *ns*spectin! <*rope. %ondn has been ca*!ht o*t before. ;n the sprin! of 199', $hile 1rs Thatcher $as en2oyin! Arance0s discomfit*re at Bermannification and dismissin! the comm*nity0s airy4fairy schemes, 1 1itterrand and ,err /ohl $ere $ritin! an appeal for closer <*ropean inte!ration $hich set the a!enda for the tal+s on political and monetary *nion. The end of those ne!otiations at 1aastricht co*ld still be electrified by a rela*nch of the Aranco4Berman partnership $hich has al$ays dominated the comm*nity. B*t the odds are a!ainst s*ch a s*rprise in the ne)t t$o $ee+s. #either !overnment so*nds +een to increase the chances of a r*pt*re $ith Britain, ho$ever disappointed they may so*nd abo*t British foot4dra!!in! on the road to the <C0s .federal !oal.. ;n search of f*rther common !ro*nd, the prime minister travels to see ,err /ohl tomorrro$ for the second time in a fortni!ht. The Berman leader is an e)perienced player at the po+er table of comm*nity s*mmits and !ives a$ay fe$ cl*es. B*t he emphasised that his list of +ey demands is very different from the British bottom line. ,e $ants the <*ropean parliament0s veto applied to several important s*b2ects, ma2ority votin! installed for forei!n policy decisions and immigration policy !rad*ally bro*!ht into the <C system. 1r 1a2or $ill resist these chan!es all the $ay to the s*mmit. B*t the chancellor has also !one to some tro*ble to so*nd friendly to Britain. ,e so$ed conf*sion in a Arench television intervie$ on 3*nday by appearin! to s*!!est that an .opt4o*t cla*se. co*ld be b*ilt into the political *nion treaty if Britain co*ld not accept $hat 11 other co*ntries had a!reed. ,e had been as+ed $hether <*ropean *nity co*ld be better or!anised $itho*t Britain, and had replied va!*ely that any co*ntry $hich co*ld not 2oin in on all fronts co*ld catch *p later. The ne)t day, ,err /ohl0s spo+esman confirmed that he had only meant to refer to monetary *nion $here an escape cla*se already e)ists in the draft treaty. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnb9'1&9e
)erman/ steps up pressure for union in run,up to :aastric.t summit. &6& mots 28 novembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved Arom Tom Wal+er in Br*ssels. Bermany last ni!ht appeared to have to*!hened its stance on <*ropean political *nion, leavin! Britain *nder increasin! press*re from its <*ropean Comm*nity partners 2*st over t$o $ee+s before the 1aastricht s*mmit. While the messa!es from Bonn in the past fe$ $ee+s had apparently reco!nised %ondon0s considerable diffic*lties in cedin! more po$ers to central <C instit*tions, ,elm*t /ohl, the Berman chancellor, last ni!ht o*tlined definite steps to$ards federalism to fello$ <C Christian ?emocrat leaders at a chatea* north of Br*ssels. Berman so*rces said ,err /ohl $as *nder domestic press*re to !o for the ma)im*m terms on offer at the 1aastricht s*mmit, even at the ris+ of alienatin! Britain and *nderminin! his *nderstandin! $ith >ohn 1a2or. The res*lt is that he is no$ advocatin! a series of dates by $hich time certain steps to$ards <C political *nion $o*ld have to be completed. Britain had e)pected the Bermans to sprin! s*ch a s*rprise, for Bonn has lon! set store by a step4by4step timetable for ever closer inte!ration. B*t a British official said= .We $o*ldn0t accept any revision cla*ses that in any $ay tilted $hat $e a!ree at 1aastricht.. Berman so*rces, ho$ever, said that Bermany $o*ld be loo+in! for commitments from all !overnments to accede to ne$ central <C policies by the dates specified. ./ohl is sayin! to the rest of <*rope, L%oo+, ; am deliverin! my soverei!nty to yo* $ith monetary *nion, so don0t blame me for bein! st*bborn on political iss*es0,. a Berman so*rce said. ltho*!h the precise details of $hat transpired at the private <C Christian ?emocrats meetin! have not been revealed, ,err /ohl0s timetable for political *nion is +no$n to incl*de specific dates for increased po$ers for the <*ropean parliament, and deadlines for the police and 2*dicial systems of the 12 <C states to be bro*!ht into line. ,e repeated Berman demands for a step4by4step approach on immigration policy, $ith a !rad*al phasin! in of, at first, common short4term visas for entry to the <C, then lon!4term visas alon! $ith asyl*m ri!hts. -ther member states do not do*bt the serio*sness of ,err /ohl0s commitment to political *nion and his determination to see that $hatever steps are ta+en at 1aastricht are follo$ed ine)orably to$ards closer *nion. Those $ho met ,err /ohl at the 3t*yvenber! chatea* last ni!ht incl*ded E**d %*bbers, the ?*tch prime minister, >ac9*es 3anter of %*)embo*r!, Bi*lio ndreotti, the ;talian prime minister, and Wilfried 1artens, the Bel!ian prime minister. The si) $ill meet a!ain in the ,a!*e on ?ecember 6. The <*ropean Christian ?emocrats *s*ally p*rs*e similar policies in a n*mber of +ey areas, incl*din! social le!islation, settin! them apart from Britain0s Conservative party. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnbr'1&i8
Police .old 90 in 0:!"H :%"%*0 factor/ raid !( :itc.am 0urre/. 91 mots 27 novembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved Police last ni!ht arrested 8' people s*spected of bein! ille!al immi!rants in a raid on a factory in 1itcham, 3*rrey. n*mber of others $ere bein! 9*estioned after a ma2or operation involvin! 3cotland Fard and ,ome -ffice immigration officers. 1ore than 2'' officers s$ooped on the 3mith 1eters factory that prod*ces !as meters and detained all 2&' $or+ers in the canteen. !mmigration officials chec+ed credentials and 8' people $ere detained for f*rther 9*estionin! $ith 1& men and 21 $omen arrested. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnbs'1&ov
+.iefs =atc. t.eir language , %uropean treat/ on political and monetar/ union. By Beor!e Broc+. 615 mots 27 novembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved s the 1aastricht s*mmit deadline loomed, <*rope0s statesmen played complicated $ord !ames yesterday to fashion last4min*te compromises for the treaty on political and monetary *nion. While >ohn 1a2or met ,elm*t /ohl, the Berman chancellor, and Bi*lio ndreotti, the ;talian prime minister, <*ropean Comm*nity !overnments str*!!led to interpret conflictin! si!nals from the Berman !overnment, vario*sly vie$ed as p*ttin! the s9*ee@e on a rel*ctant Britain or as helpf*l attempts to find compromises. The <*ropean Commission, normally a so*rce of rob*stly federalist ideas, a!reed a declaration on the forthcomin! treaty $hich toned do$n the bitter criticisms of the draft proposals made recently by >ac9*es ?elors, its president. 1 ?elors has acc*sed the treaty0s a*thors of $aterin! do$n the ori!inal ambitions for the treaty and betrayin! the ideals of <*ropean *nification. B*t yesterday0s statement, a!reed by all 18 commissioners, avoided any clear definition of the <C0s *ltimate !oal. 3ir %eon Brittan, senior British commissioner, insisted that the passa!e on federal aims sho*ld be dil*ted. s finally a!reed, the statement distin!*ishes bet$een national and <C po$ers and then descends into barely comprehensible lan!*a!e to describe the <C0s federal .perspective.. The commission declaration also s*!!ests that the <C sho*ld pro!ressively become a .political comm*nity. a reference $hich may be intended as a hint that this phrase sho*ld replace the .federal !oal. in the treaty, $hich the British !overnment finds *nacceptable. The commissioners, also on 3ir %eon0s advice, str*c+ o*t 1 ?elors0s assertion that the monetary *nion treaty sho*ld contain an escape cla*se $hich co*ld be *sed only by Britain. The final version refers only to the .ris+s. of a !eneral opt4o*t cla*se $hich co*ld be *sed by any co*ntry $hich did not $ant to 2oin a sin!le c*rrency. The Berman !overnment is spendin! this $ee+ considerin! compromises $hich co*ld resolve the o*tstandin! problems in the treaty. Tal+ of timetabled .revie$ cla*ses. in the treaty is not ne$. Eevie$ cla*ses already appear in the draft and are not opposed in principle by the British !overnment. The ar!*ment in the treaty conference is over $hether the treaty sho*ld specify $hen the revie$ ta+es place and $hether the te)t sho*ld hint at the developments to be e)pected from the revision. 3everal federalist !overnments have, for the past fe$ months, been indicatin! that, if the 1aastricht treaty fell belo$ their e)pectations, they $o*ld ar!*e for cla*ses $hich set *p a .conveyor belt. movement to$ards federal *nion. 1ar!aret Thatcher $as shre$d to hi!hli!ht the phrases .conveyor belt. and .slippery slope.. The last ar!*ments over the treaty no$ t*rn on $hether !overnments $ill be allo$ed the po$er to t*rn off the conveyor belt. Aederalist !overnments $o*ld li+e to leave 1aastricht comforted by the tho*!ht that the conveyor belt is still movin!, albeit slo$ly. ,err /ohl is !ropin! for form*las $hich $ill appeal to federalists and allo$ 1r 1a2or to leave 1aastricht claimin! he has ens*red that Britain cannot be carried off on the conveyor belt. Bonn0s preferred option seems to be a timetable of a*tomatic chan!es $hich $o*ld move immigration and forei!n policy $ithin the comm*nity in 1996 $itho*t f*rther revie$s by !overnments. Britain $o*ld be *nli+ely to s*pport any s*ch bindin! or a*tomatic commitments. While Berman officials are emphasisin! their belief in timetables $hich $o*ld !*arantee f*rther federal developments later in the decade, they also have fallbac+ positions. The treaty0s revie$ cla*ses co*ld be .loaded. to pre4empt the res*lts of a revie$, hintin! that the concl*sions $o*ld shift the comm*nity in a federal direction. %astly, Britain co*ld be offered .dero!ations. $hich $o*ld e)empt it from treaty obli!ations it cannot accept. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnbs'1&n1
$a= report , Plea for more appeal 2udges. 1,569 mots 27 novembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved Co*rt of ppeal 4 nn*al Eevie$ 199'41991 ;f delays in the hearin! of appeals $ere to be red*ced, serio*s and *r!ent consideration sho*ld be !iven to $idenin! the re9*irement for leave to appeal, and to increasin! the n*mber of Co*rt of ppeal 2*d!es. %ord ?onaldson of %ymin!ton, 1aster of the Eolls, so stated, sittin! $ith %ord >*stice 1cCo$an and %ord >*stice #olan in the Co*rt of ppeal on #ovember 28 and handin! do$n the Co*rt of ppeal Civil ?ivision revie$ of the le!al year. T,< 1 3T<E -A T,< E-%%3 said that the Co*rt of ppeal e)isted solely to correct demonstrable errors and to develop and clarify the la$. ;t did not e)ist to !ive disappointed liti!ants a second chance. ;n performin! its tas+ it had three ma2or ob2ectives= 1 GWhich $as paramo*ntH To maintain the hi!hest possible standards in its $or+ in terms of professional s+ill. While it $as not perhaps for a 2*d!e of the co*rt to e)press a vie$ as to the e)tent that ob2ective $as achieved, his %ordship hoped and believed that it $as. 2 To be ready to hear and determine any appeal or application some$hat sooner than the parties and their le!al advisers $ere ready, thereby not only eliminatin! any co*rt4ind*ced delay, b*t also e)ertin! press*re on liti!ants and the le!al profession to speed *p the processes of 2*stice. Eealistically, the co*rt0s aim $as to contain and, if possible, steadily red*ce delays. 3$immin! stron!ly a!ainst the tide, mar!inal pro!ress $as bein! made bac+$ards. ,o$ever, for$ard pro!ress had been made in ens*rin! that the delays $ere e)perienced by those best able to end*re them. 5 To red*ce the b*rden of costs borne by liti!ants personally or as f*nded by le!al aid $hile not *nd*ly increasin! the overhead costs borne by the state. <fforts had been contin*ed to red*ce the len!th of oral ar!*ment as time in co*rt $as very e)pensive for liti!ants. Cerbal economy $as not somethin! $hich came nat*rally to every advocate and its virt*e, as $ell as the benefit $hich it conferred on all concerned in the liti!ation and in other matters $aitin! to be heard $as *nli+ely to be appreciated by the client. The ed*cational process $as accordin!ly a little slo$. ?elays and the critical e9*ation The critical e9*ation $as ?1 P 4 GB P CH Q ?2, $here ?1 $as the n*mber of appeals a$aitin! hearin! at the be!innin! of the period, $as the n*mber set do$n, B $as the n*mber disposed of after a hearin! on the merits, C $as the n*mber disposed of $itho*t s*ch a hearin! and ?2 $as the n*mber a$aitin! hearin! at the end of the period. ;f 4 GB P CH $as a positive fi!*re the n*mber of o*tstandin! appeals and the delays $o*ld have increased. ;f ne!ative, they $o*ld have red*ced. :nfort*nately, the fi!*res sho$ed that $hereas in the period 197241976 the movement in the fi!*re for o*tstandin! appeals a$aitin! hearin! at the be!innin! of each year $as sli!htly do$n$ards, it $as no$ *p$ards despite a considerable increase in the n*mber of %ord >*stices and the introd*ction of streamlined proced*res. #or had it been appreciated *ntil comparatively recently that applications, altho*!h not as time4cons*min! as appeals, $ere almost as n*mero*s and formed a si!nificant part of the co*rt0s $or+load. Cariety of appeals The variety of appeals before the Co*rt of ppeal $as !reater in nat*re and $ei!ht than any other co*rt incl*din! the ,o*se of %ords. Page 89 of 119 2013 Factiva !nc. "ous droits r#serv#s.
There $as no convenient method of 9*antifyin! the comple)ity of an appeal yet that $as a cr*cial factor in the co*rt0s ability to dispose of appeals rapidly. s a matter of impression there $as no do*bt that the $ei!ht of the avera!e appeal $as increasin!. 3ome indication of that came from the increased proportion of appeals in $hich reserved 2*d!ments $ere !iven= 15.17( in 197541976 as opposed to 51.19( in 199'41991. That tended to confirm his %ordship0s vie$ that the $or+ $as becomin! more diffic*lt. %ead times Gbet$een instit*tion of appeal and hearin!H Cases involvin! children $ere ri!htly re!arded as bein! in a priority cate!ory, so $ere immigration cases and those involvin! claims for possession of d$ellin! ho*ses, and some in2*ctions s*ch as 1arevas, restraints on carryin! on a b*siness activity and on the div*l!in! of confidential information. B*t other cases mi!ht have feat*res re9*irin! *r!ency. The co*rt had refined the $ays in $hich relative *r!encies $ere assessed and !iven effect to it in terms of listin! for hearin!. ;t had recently become apparent that there $as a ris+ that appeals in a non4priority cate!ory $ith no special feat*res of *r!ency $ere bein! displaced for lon! periods by other more recently instit*ted *r!ent appeals. That $as *nacceptable, and, borro$in! from the e)pertise of the perishable foodst*ffs ind*stry, every appeal on bein! set do$n $as no$ allotted *ltimate .fi) by. and .hear by. dates. <mer!ency appeals The co*rt had d*rin! the year maintained its resolve that every appeal sho* ld be determined before, d*e to lapse of time, it had become academic. :r!ent appeals tended first to see the li!ht of day on a Ariday afternoon, sometimes after co*rt ho*rs. ,is %ordship described ho$ the co*rt responded to that problem by hearin! appeals b*t emphasised that the emer!ency .call o*t. service $as not available if the emr!ency $as of the appellant0s o$n ma+in!. The pict*re $hich emer!ed $as depressin! and all concerned, the co*rt, those practisin! in it and the %ord Chancellor and his department, had to consider $hat co*ld be done to sec*re improvement. ,is %ordship referred to the 2*dicial reso*rces available= the 28 %ord >*stice, and the heads of the divisions $ho did not sit f*ll time in the Co*rt of ppeal and the retired %ord >*stices. There $ere, ho$ever, factors red*cin! the f*ll stren!th of the co*rt= at one time five mi!ht be e)pected to sit in the criminal division or the ?ivisional Co*rt, that $as increased $here the criminal division $as hearin! references from the ,ome 3ecretary. -thers $ere en!a!ed headin! en9*iries of national importance and sic+ness $as another factor. ;f lead times $ere not to contin*e to rise some small increase in the establishment of the Co*rt of ppeal $as clearly an option $hich had to be considered. %eave to appeal nother option $as to improe the system for $eedin! o*t appeals $hich had no chance of s*cceedin! and $ere instit*ted for tactical or emotional reasons. ;t $as possible to identify appeals as bein! hopeless $itho*t hearin! them in f*ll. That co*ld be demonstrated by the comparison bet$een the s*ccess rates of appeals $here leave $as re9*ired and those $here it $as not. >*dicial revie$ $as in a special position, leave bein! re9*ired before the proceedin!s mi!ht be be!*n in the lo$er co*rt. B*t s*ch leave $as often !iven e) parte and in i!norance of the f*ll facts. ;f they had been +no$n at that sta!e leave mi!ht not have been !ranted. 3ome f*rther consideration $as therefore essential of $hether the applicant had an ar!*able case. Where it co*ld be demonstrated that the s*ccess rate for a partic*lar type of appeal $as mar+edly lo$er than the avera!e s*ccess rate for appeals !enerally, for e)ample, appeals a!ainst the !rant of possession orders in landlord and tenant cases, there $as a partic*larly stron! case for imposin! a re9*irement of leave to appeal. Parliament accepted the desirability of reconsiderin! and $idenin! the cate!ories of appeal in $hich leave $as re9*ired $hen it enacted section 8 of the Co*rts and %e!al 3ervices ct 199'. ,is %ordship hoped that that process co*ld be be!*n at the earliest possible moment. That $as a matter for the %ord Chancellor and the E*le Committee. Page 8> of 119 2013 Factiva !nc. "ous droits r#serv#s.
3ettlements 3ettlements $ere to be enco*ra!ed not only in the !eneral interest b*t in those of the parties. The introd*ction of s+eleton ar!*ments had been one of the most s*ccessf*l reforms introd*ced in recent years, amon! other thin!s in concentratin! the minds of all concerned. ;t had been hoped that the preparation of the s+eletons $o*ld lead to co*nsel and solicitors re4appraisin! their clients0 chances of s*ccess and that in some cases settlement mi!ht res*lt at a time $hen some costs mi!ht be saved. That did not appear to be happenin! and there $ere still door4of4the4co*rt settlements and appeals $hich cried o*t for settlement bein! p*rs*ed beca*se by the time of the hearin! all the costs had been inc*rred and it $as tho*!ht then to be too late. ;t co*ld not be too stron!ly emphasised that it $as an important part of a la$yer0s d*ty to see+ to settle and to +eep on see+in! to do so. ;n many cases it $as more in the client0s interests than .$innin!.. ;t !ave his %ordship no satisfaction to report on a year in $hich, despite the best endeavo*rs of the 2*d!es and the le!al and administrative co*rt staff there had been no red*ction in delays. ,is %ordship had e)plained the nat*re of the problem and the limited e)tent to $hich the co*rt had any po$er to ta+e initiatives to improve the sit*ation. ,e hoped that those $ho had the po$er $o*ld !ive serio*s and *r!ent consideration to $hat sho*ld be done and he said that if chan!es $ere not made the ne)t report $as li+ely to be considerably more !loomy than the present one. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnbs'1&mo
7a1er ruling fuels as/lum dispute , Home 0ecretar/ found guilt/. By >amie ?ettmer. 8'9 mots 5' novembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved The decision by the ,i!h Co*rt yesterday in findin! /enneth Ba+er, the home secretary, !*ilty of contempt mar+s another sta!e in the !overnment0s attempts to distin!*ish bet$een the !en*ine asyl*m see+er fleein! persec*tion and the economic mi!rant determined to better his material e)istence. series of embarrassin! cases has raised do*bts abo*t the ability of the ,ome -ffice to decide $hich ref*!ees are at ris+ i they are ref*sed leave to stay in Britain. ;n 1977, three Tamil asyl*m see+ers deported to 3ri %an+a $ere s*bse9*ently arrested by the a*thorities there and tort*red. Three /*rdish ref*!ees in 1979 $ere also ill4treated $hen they $ere ret*rned to T*r+ey. The ,i!h Co*rt0s r*lin! yesterday, involvin! a Iairean teacher, p*ts ,ome -ffice ministers in the position of bein! seen as ready to th*mb their noses at the 2*diciary $hen it comes to ref*!ee matters. The man, a!ed 27, so*!ht asyl*m in Britain in 3eptember 199', claimin! that he had been maltreated after bein! acc*sed in his co*ntry of anti4!overnment activity. ,is alle!ations $ere corroborated by the 1edical Ao*ndation for the Care of Cictims of Tort*re. .The scars he bore $ere entirely compatible $ith the ca*ses he ascribed to them,. one ref*!ee or!anisation said. The man, $hose name has not been !iven at the re9*est of his solicitors, said on his arrival in Britain that he had escaped $ith the help of a prison !*ard and $as sm*!!led on to a car!o aircraft and ta+en to %a!os, #i!eria. ,e *sed a false #i!erian passport to fly to %ondon. The British !overnment is obli!ed, *nder a 1951 :nited #ations convention, to !rant asyl*m to people $ho have a $ell4fo*nded fear of persec*tion. ,o$ever Peter %loyd, the minister in char!e of ref*!ee iss*es at the ,ome -ffice, decided that the man did not 9*alify for asyl*m. The ,ome -ffice re2ected his story as *nbelievable. The Iairean applied on 1ay 1 this year for a 2*dicial revie$ of 1r %loyd0s decision. The application $as heard shortly before the man $as d*e to fly from ,eathro$ to Paris in handc*ffs, en ro*te for /inshasa. 1r >*stice Barland decided that there $ere !ro*nds for the application and the Treas*ry solicitor !ave an *nderta+in! at 5.55pm that the man $o*ld be ta+en off the plane, $hich $as sched*led to leave at 6.5'pm. Within five min*tes of the *nderta+in!, the ,ome -ffice tried to contact immigration officials at the airport, apparently to no avail. t 6.15pm, the ,ome -ffice heard that the man $as on the fli!ht and decided that it $as impossible to !et him off, even tho*!h the plane0s doors $ere not closed *ntil 6.29pm. ;n Paris, the man and his t$o escorts had to $ait t$o ho*rs for their connectin! fli!ht. s it too+ off, 1r >*stice Barland iss*ed an order re9*irin! the home secretary to brin! the man bac+. <vidence $as provided to the ,i!h Co*rt that 1r Ba+er co*ld have complied $ith this order by havin! the man p*t on a fli!ht from /inshasa to %ondon at 9pm the ne)t day. The home secretary did not comply. The man has no$ disappeared and there are fears for his safety in Iaire. Chris 3mith, the %abo*r 1P for ;slin!ton 3o*th and Ainsb*ry, $ho had ta+en *p the man0s case, said at the time= .; am sta!!ered by the apparent incompetence $ith $hich ,ome -ffice and immigration a*thorities have dealt $ith this case from start to finish.. ?*rin! the ,i!h Co*rt hearin! 3tephen 3edley, NC, $ho has contin*ed to act for the man, said the case $as a .lamentable history of fail*res and errors, any sin!le one of $hich $o*ld be s*rprisin!.. The case has come at a time $hen the !overnment has become increasin!ly *neasy abo*t the !ro$in! n*mbers see+in! asyl*m. fricans have traditionally acco*nted for most of the applications. There is no$ a bac+lo! of more than 5',''' cases a$aitin! ad2*dication, and more than 2',''' re9*ests have been received this year. C-EE<CT;-# 4 Gadded 16D12D91H Contrary to o*r report G#ovember 5'H co*nsel for the Iairean removed by the home secretary $as 3a+ha$at ,*sain, and not 3tephen 3edley, NC. Page 90 of 119 2013 Factiva !nc. "ous droits r#serv#s.
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Hounded +&:7*!')% don .its bac1 at student ;air.eads< , Do.n +ase/. By Eichard Palmer and Ea2eev 3yal. 761 mots 1 dRcembre 1991 The 3*nday Times 3T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved The ho*ndin! of >ohn Casey, a Cambrid!e <n!lish don, be!an one day $hen a st*dent bro$sin! in the *niversity library fo*nd somethin! the lect*rer hoped had lon! been for!otten. ;t $as a provocative speech made nine years a!o in $hich Casey appeared to advocate repatriation of West ;ndian immi!rants and their descendants. ,e has re!retted ma+in! it ever since it $as p*blished in the ri!ht4$in! 3alisb*ry Eevie$, and he has recanted it co*ntless times. B*t the speech has ret*rned to ha*nt him. ;t has t*rned him into one of the first British victims of the vo!*e for political correctness a censorio*s and pervasive movement ostensibly aimed at destroyin! racism, se)ism, homophobia and other pre2*dices in lan!*a!e and tho*!ht, $hich be!an in merican *niversities. ;ts arrival in Cambrid!e has led st*dent radicals to start the bi!!est challen!e to *nfashionable co*rses and dons since the days of Brosvenor 39*are riots and %3< sit4ins in the late 196's. Casey, a Aello$ at Bonville and Cai*s Colle!e, has been prono*nced politically incorrect even tho*!h he no$ insists his vie$s on race in 1972 $ere .dotty, insensitive, historically mista+en, and $ron!headed.. %ast $ee+ he said= .; don0t thin+ immigration is a problem. ; did in 1972, b*t ; no$ thin+ many immi!rants have contrib*ted a lot.. ,is chan!e of mind has failed to satisfy Cambrid!e activists. 3ome blac+ and sian st*dents have complained they feel h*miliated by his $ords. ,is p*nishment has been a 124month campai!n to ostracise him that has escalated $ith PC0s onset. The st*dents0 *nion has tried to diss*ade *nder!rad*ates from attendin! his lect*res. They are *r!ed instead to attend alternative free lect*res emphasisin! class, race and !ender iss*es, set *p by the *nion and !iven by left4$in! academics from o*tside. 3pea+ers have incl*ded >*lia 3$indells, a feminist lect*rer at ,omerton Colle!e, Cambrid!e, $ho has acc*sed Casey of latent fascism a char!e he dismisses as ridic*lo*s and members of the Eadical Philosophy Collective, incl*din! Terry <a!leton, the ne$ly appointed professor of <n!lish at -)ford and self4proclaimed 1ar)ist. <a!leton, $ho offered to lect*re free after sendin! a postcard to the or!anisers criticisin! .that dis!*stin! piece. by Casey, attracted 2'' st*dents last 1onday compared $ith 11 at an earlier Casey lect*re. ,is follo$in! and that of other spea+ers has enco*ra!ed the st*dents to e)pand the series of lect*res ne)t term into other s*b2ects s*ch as !eo!raphy and history. .White Western thin+in! dominates the co*rses. We need different lect*res on feminist lan!*a!e and theory and on the str*ct*re of lan!*a!e,. said 3i$an ,ay$ard, comm*nications officer for the *nion. .We also need to address the iss*e of se)*al harassment as a $hole at Cambrid!e. ; st*died !eo!raphy and ; had a lot of tro*ble pers*adin! my co*rse director to allo$ me to do my dissertation on the !eo!raphy of $omen0s fear of rape.. ,ay$ard, an elected *nion official $ho !rad*ated last year, is *nmoved by Casey0s attempt to distance himself from his 1972 vie$s= .The speech is still circ*latin! and contrib*tin! to the development of similar ideas.. .The PC Gpolitically correctH people are sanctimonio*s airheads,. Casey said. .They are the type of people $ho $o*ld have tried to ban comm*nists and homose)*als in the 195's.. ;n merica PC has forced the removal of a reprod*ction of Boya0s #a+ed 1a2a from a colle!e beca*se its display $as re!arded as se)*al harassment. ;t has also created a lan!*a!e= fat people are !ravitationally Page 92 of 119 2013 Factiva !nc. "ous droits r#serv#s.
challen!edJ yo*n! !irls are pre4$omenJ and flo$ers s*ch as pansies and 3$eet William need to be renamed beca*se they are tho*!ht offensive to homose)*als. Casey, 52, has 2oined a lon! list of academics pilloried by st*dents for ri!ht4$in! vie$s since the 196's. They incl*de >ohn Cincent, the Bristol :niversity professor of modern history $ho $as attac+ed for $ritin! in The 3*n, and #orman 3tone, professor of modern history at -)ford, $ho e)perienced threatenin! phone calls and an attac+ on his home this year after he criticised !ay activists. .These people are 2*st self4important little t$erps. They are pi! i!norant and they can0t spell,. said 3tone. .The *niversity a*thorities sho*ld ta+e a stron!er line a!ainst them even to the point of e)pellin! them if they persist.. Casey ac9*ired his ri!ht4$in! rep*tation $hen he edited the Cambrid!e Eevie$ bet$een 1985 and 1989 and chan!ed it from semi41ar)ist into an advocate of Thatcherite val*es. ,e no$ says he is bored $ith politics. Casey has tried to combat PC at Cambrid!e by pointin! to the lac+ of politics in his lect*res. ,e $rote to Carsity, the st*dent paper, sarcastically offerin! champa!ne to anyone $ho co*ld find anythin! politically correct in them. :nfort*nately this $as misread and printed as politically .corr*pt.. ,e has no$ offered a case of $ine and a year0s s*bscription to 3*nday 3port to anyone $ho can find anythin! politically corr*pt. 3atire aside, Casey0s most po$erf*l $eapon may be that he s*pports the idea alternative lect*res altho*!h he $o*ld prefer that they did not clash $ith his o$n. .3t*dents here are very conformist,. he said. ?oc*ment st''''''2''1112&dnc1''anm
5nit/ remains elusive goal for leaders , %uropean debate. By 1ichael Binyon, ?iplomatic <ditor. 595 mots 2 dRcembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved <*ropean forei!n ministers meet today in a final attempt, a $ee+ before the 1aastricht s*mmit, to reach a!reement on the remainin! handf*l of contentio*s iss*es that are still holdin! *p a!reement on the t$o inter4!overnmental treaties. 3ince the ministers met t$o $ee+s a!o at #oord$i2+ in The #etherlands, $here they made less pro!ress than they had hoped, leaders of most of the bi! co*ntries have tal+ed on the telephone almost daily, and >ohn 1a2or has flo$n to ;taly, Bermany and The ,a!*e in an attempt to $or+ o*t compromises. President 1itterrand of Arance arrives in %ondon today for a final ro*nd of tal+s. ll co*ntries insist they $ant a!reement, b*t all are playin! their cards close to their chests. Their spo+esmen have s*!!ested that the treaty of economic and monetary *nion is no$ virt*ally complete, even tho*!h Britain lost its fi!ht at the $ee+end for a !eneral opt4o*t cla*se and m*st settle for bein! sin!led o*t in a special declaration. The remainin! stic+in! points are all in the treaty on political *nion. -n most iss*es Britain is in a minority opposin! plans it re!ards as too federalist or !ivin! too m*ch po$er and competence to Br*ssels. 1ost no$ appear $ithin si!ht of compromise, e)cept the incl*sion in the treaty of a common social policy !overnin! pay and $or+in! conditions, trade *nion ri!hts and e9*ality bet$een men and $omen. -n one other important iss*e, cohesion, 3pain is holdin! *p a!reement $ith a demand for s*bstantial transfer of money from the richer northern co*ntries to the so*th. The ?*tch presidency has scaled do$nmany of the draft proposals, and has an!ered ;taly and Bel!i*m, $hich say their parliaments may not approve a treaty that is too $atered do$n. Bermany is seen by all as the +ey to any overall compromise, and ,elm*t /ohl, the chancellor, has made clear his insistence on a minim*m pac+a!e of commitments to a federal !oal even if the $ord is not *sed in order to satisfy p*blic opinion at home $hich $ants closer political *nion in compensation for Bermany0s a!reement to <1:. ,ans4?ietrich Benscher, the Berman forei!n minister, told a radio intervie$er yesterday that he believed that the comm*nity $as .condemned to s*cceed. at the 1aastricht s*mmit. ,e restated Bermany0s calls for more po$ers for the <*ropean parliament and for a common forei!n and sec*rity policy, and said <*rope sho*ld ac+no$led!e the need to *nite. .The s*mmit $ill be the moment of tr*th as to ho$ far the leaders and personalities of the 12 <C co*ntries ac+no$led!e their responsibility for the $hole of <*rope,. he said. The remainin! stic+in! points Aorei!n and sec*rity policy= Britain does not accept ma2ority votin! in determinin! areas of common action, b*t mi!ht accept implementation of a!reed policy by ma2ority vote. Compromise possible. <*ropean parliament= Britain opposes !ivin! parliament po$er to initiate le!islation and veto co*ncil decisions, b*t may accept limited parliamentary veto in some fields. Compromise li+ely. !mmigration= Britain opposes brin!in! immigration and other 2*stice matters *nder a comm*nity roof b*t is ready for !reater inter4!overnmental co4operation. Compromise li+ely. <*ropean Commission po$ers= Aederalists $ant ne$ commission competence in areas s*ch as health, transport, ener!y and ed*cation, $ith ma2ority votin!. Britain sceptical. Compromise possible. 3ocial policy= Britain o*tn*mbered 1141 in opposin! any <C4$ide policies on pay, conditions, and *nion ri!hts. Compromise *nli+ely. Cohesion= Britain and most northern co*ntries oppose demands by so*thern co*ntries that vast b*d!et reso*rces be transferred to the poorer <C members. Compromise possible. Page 93 of 119 2013 Factiva !nc. "ous droits r#serv#s.
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54 fears 7russels ta1eover on regulation of frontiers. By Beor!e Broc+. 917 mots 2 dRcembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved !mmigration policy 4 3i) months a!o, at the last <*ropean Comm*nity s*mmit in %*)embo*r!, there $as some s*rprise $hen >ohn 1a2or raised the iss*e of comm*nity4$ide co4operation on immigration. ;n fact, ho$ever, immigration has for some time been b*ildin! *p as an e)plosive <*ropean iss*e, $ith Bermany leadin! the campai!n for common meas*res to deal $ith the problem. cross <*rope, from *stria to Bel!i*m, 3$eden to ;taly, Bermany to 3pain, the *!ly face of racism and )enophobia is increasin!ly visible. nti4immi!rant parties are ma+in! !ains in local elections, neo4fascists hold marches, mobs attac+ forei!ners, and mainstream politicians spea+ of floods of .noisy, smelly immi!rants.. The roots of the problem lie in events of a decade a!o. s ille!al immigration and cross4border crime m*shroomed in <*rope in the 197's, !overnments realised that the force of events $o*ld sooner or later brea+ do$n the national bo*ndaries dividin! police forces and 2*dicial systems. ,o$ever, co4operation has evolved slo$ly, for these are fiercely !*arded national po$ers. The <*ropean Comm*nity0s 1aastricht treaty $ill ina*!*rate a ne$ era of 2oint $or+ by !overnments. B*t lar!er states $ill inte!rate immigration control and crime4fi!htin! $ith or $itho*t a treaty. The last phases of ar!*ment over the treaty t*rn on ho$ inte!ration is achieved= sho*ld it be the federal model of common policy4ma+in! advocated by Bermany, or the looser inter4!overnmental lin+a!es preferred by BritainK ;n the draft te)t of the treaty, immigration is only one of several s*b2ects sched*led for closer co4operation bet$een !overnments, b*t the control of f*t*re pop*lation flo$s d$arfs everythin! else in importance. The treaty0s .provisions on co4operation in 2*dicial and home affairs. also cover asyl*m policy, dr*!s, fra*d and cross4border lin+s bet$een co*rts, c*stoms and police. ll 12 !overnments are a!reed that they need to inte!rate on all these fronts. The 1992 sin!le mar+et pro!ramme is desi!ned to flatten barriers to cross4border movement of !oods, services, money and people. <C le!islation to ens*re the free movement of the first three is emer!in! from the Br*ssels machine, b*t pro!ress on frontier freedoms for people has al$ays been the slo$est of the fo*r. !mmigration, asyl*m and visas are politically sensitive, and !overnments have only crept to$ards closer cons*ltation. :ntil abo*t t$o years a!o, the iss*e had never loo+ed serio*sly tro*blesome for most <C members. The fall of the Berlin Wall and the comin! of capitalism in <astern <*rope *nleashed a $ave of people, most of $hom $anted to live in Bermany. Bermany, no$ str*!!lin! to process h*ndreds of tho*sands of $o*ld4be immi!rants and asyl*m4see+ers every year, believes its hands are f*ll eno*!h $ith the millions of people o*tside its borders $ho lay claim to Berman nationality and may no$ $ish to ta+e *p residence. %e!al immigration and the blea+ economic hardships s*ffered by those in the former <ast Bermany are strainin! social services and the !overnment b*d!et. The res*r!ent neo4#a@i !ro*ps $ho direct their hatred and violence at forei!ners are strainin! the po$ers of the police. Bermany $o*ld li+e the <C to sho*lder its b*rden. ;f drastic and *npop*lar meas*res are necessary to stem the flo$s of people, Bermany believes that <*rope sho*ld ta+e responsibility for it as a pan4<*ropean problem. ,elm*t /ohl, the Berman chancellor, sees the ans$er in movin! the entire 9*estion of visas, asyl*m and immigration into the <C system, b*t $ith the important e)ception of e)cl*din! appeals to the <*ropean Co*rt of >*stice. The avera!e delay for a case !oin! thro*!h the co*rt is t$o years, and a bi! 9*e*e of immi!rants contestin! decisions $o*ld paralyse the co*rt completely.
Britain $ants the T$elve to ali!n their policies $itho*t help from Br*ssels, a process $hich is more c*mbersome b*t $hich preserves national freedom of manoe*vre and veto. The Bermans are s*re the <C $ill decide ne$ r*les 9*ic+ly eno*!h only if decisions are made by ma2ority vote. #o other co*ntries !o as far as Bermany, b*t none s*pports Britain since it lost ?enmar+0s s*pport more than a month a!o. ,err /ohl has recently si!nalled that he $ill bac+ do$n from his insistence on p*ttin! everythin! *nder <C a*thority immediately only if there is an immediate to+en move in that direction $ith more to come later. This demand is one of the most consistent that he has made thro*!ho*t the r*n4*p to the s*mmit. The compromise in the draft treaty te)t is cl*msy and $ill not settle the *nderlyin! iss*e even if a tr*ce is a!reed at 1aastricht. -ne cla*se G rticle /H allo$s !overnments to a!ree that areas covered by inter4!overnmental co4operation $ill be passed to <C a*thority, b*t the decision has to be *nanimo*s and ratified by national parliaments. This protection has been christened the .do*ble loc+.. The only remainin! disp*te is over rticle 1''c, $hich p*ts fo*r pieces of immigration policy into <C hands. These cover control at the <C0s e)ternal borders, short4stay visitors, the list of states $hose nationals need visas to enter the comm*nity and a *niform <C visa. The first t$o are s*!!ested for *nanimo*s decision and the second pair for 9*alified ma2ority votin!. P*ttin! this 9*artet of topics *nder <C po$ers only ma+es sense as a symbol of more transfers to come. Britain, as a last4ditch compromise, may relent and allo$ some policies to be dealt $ith by Br*ssels b*t $ith the safe!*ard of *nanimo*s decision $hich preserves a national veto. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnc2'12*$
7ritain pla/s toug. in run,up to :aastric.t , %uropean economic and political union. By Beor!e Broc+ in Br*ssels and Philip Webster. 6&& mots 5 dRcembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved Britain yesterday hardened its ne!otiatin! stance over <*ropean economic and political *nion by listin! the +ey areas of contention, incl*din! the opt4o*t cla*se for a <*ropean sin!le c*rrency, $hich it insisted co*ld not be resolved in prior ne!otiations b*t $o*ld have to !o all the $ay to the s*mmit to be held at 1aastricht. >ohn 1a2or has clearly decided that he can ma+e no f*rther concessions before the s*mmit. The !overnment0s tactic in listin! the contentio*s s*b2ects is desi!ned to increase his room for manoe*vre there. B*t ministers accept they may have to !ive $ay on some points in order to !ain concessions on others. ;n tal+s on monetary *nion in Br*ssels yesterday, #orman %amont, the Chancellor, ref*sed to disc*ss an .opt4o*t. protocol in the treaty $hich referred only to Britain, insistin! it $o*ld have to be settled at 1aastricht. -n 3*nday, 1r %amont fo*nd himself isolated in defence of an escape cla*se in the <1: treaty $hich co*ld be *sed in the late 199's by any !overnment $hich had do*bts abo*t a sin!le c*rrency. The commission0s proposed e)emption for Britain on the sin!le c*rrency $o*ld ta+e the form of a treaty protocol or appendi). This is short of Britain0s hopes for a !eneral opt4o*t cla*se $hich co*ld be invo+ed by any member nation. There is e)pectation at Westminster that 1r 1a2or may event*ally concede that the let4o*t cla*se is s*fficient, b*t only in ret*rn for other important concessions. British officials at the Br*ssels tal+s $ere ta+in! some comfort from an apparent chan!e of mind by ?enmar+, $hich no$ $ants to have its o$n desire for a referend*m on a sin!le c*rrency to be reflected in the treaty to be si!ned at 1aastricht. B*t this does not !et Britain off the hoo+, beca*se the ?anes are not demandin! a !eneral let4o*t cla*se. The <*ropean Commission, mean$hile, has s*!!ested that the <1: treaty need not specify the minim*m n*mber of economically 9*alified co*ntries necessary to tri!!er any f*t*re decision to move to a sin!le c*rrency. Both these proposals capitalise on the moment*m that $as achieved at the $ee+end by the advocates of rapid *nification of comm*nity c*rrencies. The areas that Britain no$ believes can be resolved only at the s*mmit $ere listed by ?o$nin! 3treet officials after t$o ho*rs of tal+s in %ondon yesterday bet$een 1r 1a2or and President 1itterrand of Arance= Aorei!n and sec*rity policy. The draft proposes .common action. in identified forei!n policy fields, decided *nanimo*sly, $ith ma2ority votin! on implementation. Britain does not accept any ma2ority votin!. Common defence policy. Britain $ants any <*ropean defence identity to be closely lin+ed, thro*!h the Western <*ropean :nion, to #ato. <*ropean parliament. The !overnment opposes !ivin! the parliament po$er to initiate le!islation and veto co*ncil decisions, b*t may accept limited po$ers of veto in specified areas. !mmigration. Britain opposes brin!in! immigration and other 2*stice matters *nder a comm*nity roof b*t is ready for !reater inter4!overnmental co4operation. <*ropean Commission po$ers. Aederalists $ant ne$ commission competence in areas s*ch as health, transport, ener!y and ed*cation, $ith ma2ority votin!. The :/ is sceptical. 3ocial action pro!ramme. Britain o*tn*mbered 1141 in oppsin! any <C4$ide policies on pay, conditions and *nion ri!hts. ;nd*strial policy. Britain opposes a Aranco4Berman plan for s*bsidisin! certain favo*red companies as bein! corporatist and interventionist. The .federal vocation. cla*se. The !overnment opposes any mention in the treaty preamble of a .*nion $ith a federal !oal..
Cohesion. Britain and most northern co*ntries oppose demands by so*thern co*ntries that vast b*d!et reso*rces be transferred to poorer <C members. The opt4o*t cla*se for <1:. Britain $ants a !eneral opt4o*t cla*se in the treaty and ob2ects to bein! sin!led o*t in a separate protocol. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnc5'15d'
7*!"!0H P*!:% :!(!0"%* pla/s bot. ends against t.e middle !( %uropean debate. 661 mots 5 dRcembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved Arom Beor!e Broc+ in Br*ssels. >ohn 1a2or0s strate!y for <*rope is no$ !oin! thro*!h its stiffest test. Thro*!ho*t the 11 months of tal+s on political and monetary *nion $hich are s*pposed to finish in 1aastricht ne)t $ee+, he has maintained that he $ill t*rn 1ar!aret Thatcher0s ne!otiatin! style *pside do$n. 1rs Thatcher $o*ld condemn her partners0 proposals contempt*o*sly, and th*s +eep any potential allies o*t of her camp. ;solated at the end of a s*mmit, she $as often forced to concede points $hich she had s$orn she $o*ld defend to the death only ho*rs beforehand. 1r 1a2or has served notice that he $ill $hi@@ assid*o*sly across the s+ies of <*rope in search of compromise. ,o$ever, he $ill not s*rrender at the eleventh ho*r. ?o*!las ,*rd and #orman %amont, the prime minister0s t$o ministerial envoys to Br*ssels, spent yesterday in forei!n and finance ministers0 co*ncils bearin! the br*nt of that strate!y. They have almost no !ro*nd left to !ive= any British concessions left in 1r 1a2or0s briefcase $ill not be ta+en o*t *ntil he reaches 1aastricht. 1ost states $hich $ant to !o f*rther than Britain are b*sy tryin! to tal+ *p British isolation. 3enior British so*rces are tryin! to tal+ do$n the conse9*ences of fail*re. ;f 1aastricht prod*ced no deal, said one, .all the blamin! of *s $o*ld !o on for five days, then the comm*nity $o*ld !o on $ith its $or+ in a sli!htly bedra!!led state.. <ven !iven the British penchant for not ma+in! a drama o*t of a crisis, this is a very modest description of the f*ry $hich $ill be visited on Britain if the s*mmit cannot resolve half a do@en o*tstandin! differences. The same man said that the alternatives for 1aastricht $ere either a s*ccess or a .dreary deadloc+.. Whatever else a final deadloc+ mi!ht be, the inevitable er*ption of an!er and disappointment $o*ld not ma+e s*ch a finale .dreary.. B*t do$nbeat spec*lation plays a part in steadyin! the !overnment0s nerve as the tension mo*nts. Bar!ainin! chips can disappear s*ddenly, as on 3*nday. When finance ministers debated a sin!le c*rrency in a caverno*s beachfront casino in The #etherlands, Britain lost the s*pport of ?enmar+ over the form of the escape cla*se to appear in the monetary *nion treaty. yo*n! ?anish finance minister $hipped o*t of the meetin! to e)plain that, altho*!h he did not +no$ ho$ he $as !oin! to cope $ith his parliament0s reservations, come $hat may he did not $ant to be brac+eted $ith rel*ctant Britain. Festerday 1r %amont ref*sed to disc*ss the 9*estion of a special treaty protocol creatin! an escape hatch for Britain. ,e insisted that the iss*e sho*ld only be dealt $ith at the s*mmit. 1r 1a2or0s tactics depend on the ri!ht 2*d!ment abo*t $here Britain can afford isolation and $here it cannot. ,is real chan!e of policy since 1rs Thatcher0s fall has been to accept that Britain cannot afford to la! behind the move to$ards a sin!le c*rrency. Whether or not the mer!er of c*rrencies !oes to plan, Britain m*st +eep pace $ith the rest. The !overnment has bo*!ht the ar!*ment that if Britain la!s, the economy $ill be e)cl*ded from an <c* @one and s*ffer for it. B*t it seems to be ban+in! on the ass*mption that the same does not apply to political *nion. ;f 2oint immigration and visa policies are developed, $ill Britain lose o*t by not +eepin! stepK The !ro*p of ei!ht co*ntries $hich have si!ned the 3chen!en a!reement s*ppressin! border controls has already s*b4divided the <C. ;n the mar!ins of the treaty ne!otiations, Arench, Berman, Bel!ian and <C commission officials are s*!!estin! that if Britain bloc+s the development of 2oint forei!n and defence policies, the other eleven co*ld !o ahead on their o$n. %ondon is confident, ho$ever, that Bermany and ;taly $ill prevent the development of any <*ropean defence $hich $o*ld rival or d*plicate #ato. Page >0 of 119 2013 Factiva !nc. "ous droits r#serv#s.
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%'!"O*!&$ , $e Pen<s poison , Frenc. minister<s plan for immigrants. 891 mots & dRcembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved >ean41arie %e Pen, $ho arrives in %ondon today to address the <*ropean Ei!hts Bro*p of <*ro41Ps $hich he heads, is a !host from an a$f*l past. ,e $as treated as a pariah 19 years a!o $hen he fo*nded his #ational Aront. #o$ mainstream Arench politicians are 9*e*ein! to borro$ his )enophobic, anti4immi!rant rhetoric. ,is drastic ne$ 5'4point plan, .,o$ to deal $ith immi!rants., $hich $o*ld e)pel tho*sands of nat*ralised Arench and red*ce all immi!rants to second4class stat*s, has the s*pport of 57( of his co*ntrymen. ,e spea+s as a man $hose time has come, e)hortin! his follo$ers to .be$are of imitations.. 3ome British 1Ps pers*aded that this man0s vie$s are dan!ero*sly conta!io*s, mista+enly *r!ed the !overnment to deny him entry. Britain, $hich has a !ood tradition of absorbin! Common$ealth immi!rants, is less tolerant than it $as and the ti!htenin! of asyl*m la$s indicates that the !overnment shares President 1itterrand0s perception that .the threshold of tolerance has been reached.. !mmigration is one of the hottest points of contention for 1aastricht. Fet the statistics do not s*pport any belief that Western <*rope is bein! .invaded. by immi!rants from east and so*th. ;n 1985, immigration to the 12 co*ntries of the <*ropean Comm*nity $as 1.2m. ;n 199', it $as do$n to 7'','''. ;#3<<, the Arench state instit*te of statistics that p*blished these fi!*res, has ca*sed *proar in Arance by sayin! that on c*rrent demo!raphic trends the co*ntry $ill need more, not fe$er, immi!rants ne)t decade than the c*rrent 125,''' a year to +eep the pop*lation stable. <n!land0s fertility rate is similar to that of Arance. cross Western <*rope, a!ein! pop*lations are stretchin! social sec*rity b*d!ets. ;n ;taly, there are already more people over 6' than *nder 2'. :nmet demands for s+illed labo*r $ill increase over the comin! decade. ;mmi!rants, in partic*lar s+illed ref*!ees, are at least one ans$er. The tro*ble for politicians and employers ali+e is that this is not ho$ voters see it. The myth of s$ampin! has ta+en hold. Eacism and )enophobia are on the rise in Western <*rope. Eace riots are started both by *nemployed children of immi!rants and by ri!ht4$in! !an!s. nti4immi!rant political platforms are payin! off $ith voters from northern ;taly and *stria to Bel!i*m. The ca*se of this ne$ *!liness differs from co*ntry to co*ntry. ;taly, traditionally an e)porter of labo*r, is findin! it hard to ad2*st to bein! a tar!et for mi!ration. Berman intolerance is fed by fear of $hat mi!ht happen in <astern <*rope, by the strains of ad2*stment in the eastern %ander and by neo4#a@i revivalism amon! <astern yo*th. Britain, than+s to its first past the post electoral system, is spared one common feat*re= discontent $ith the .!rand coalitions. of centrist parties to the profit of e)tremist !ro*ps. ;n Arance, socialists may be *npop*lar b*t the conservative parties of Calery Biscard d0<stain! and >ac9*es Chirac are too divided to respond. nti4immigration is lin+ed to a professed national identity crisis. The ;#3<< fi!*res are acc*rate b*t ta+e no acco*nt of Arench nationality la$s, *nder $hich to be born in Arance is to be Arench. The n*mber of resident forei!ners may not have increased over the past decade, b*t the fact that one Arench national in three has a forei!n !randparent tells its o$n story. 1 Biscard d0<stain!0s idea of a .blood ri!ht. is almost indistin!*ishable from 1 %e Pen0s .consan!*inity. test for nationality. ,ardline remar+s abo*t immigration are no$ common to left, centre and ri!ht. The 1992 sin!le mar+et $ill allo$ free movement of people thro*!ho*t the <C. Fet there is no a!reement on ho$ to cope $ith the res*lts of this free movement. The British emphasise inter4!overnmental co4operation. -thers, s*ch as Bermany and ;taly, $ant to def*se domestic )enophobia by transferrin! responsibility to Br*ssels. There m*st be co4ordination. B*t a common policy in the c*rrent climate $o*ld mean a constant conflict bet$een the poro*s bo*ndaries of .frontier. states s*ch as ;taly and Breece and ever more restrictive <C r*les. Common asyl*m policies $o*ld be an immense help in theory. ;n practice, democratic politicians are bo*nd to see+ to control patterns of in$ard mi!ration. That $ill mean a veto. The real dan!er in the doctrines peddled by 1 %e Pen and his il+ is not that they $ill t*rn $hole nations racist, b*t that they attract eno*!h floatin! voters to tempt mainstream politicians do$n the same path, poisonin! political lfe. The easy escape is to pass the b*c+ to Br*ssels. B*t that is no sol*tion. The responsibility for !ood race relations, here or in Bermany, cannot be sh*ffled off on an amorpho*s .<*rope.. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''11211dnc&''555 Page >2 of 119 2013 Factiva !nc. "ous droits r#serv#s.
&nti,fascists fear Frenc. (ational Front leader<s visit. 55' mots & dRcembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved Why is the Arench #ational Aront leader visitin! BritainK 1atthe$ d0 ncona reports on fears of an e)tremist net$or+ >ean 1arie %e Pen, leader of the e)treme ri!ht Arench #ational Aront, arrives in %ondon today for tal+s $ith 1Ps and non4British 1<Ps amid fears that British ri!ht $in!ers are helpin! to or!anise a <*ropean net$or+ of e)treme nationalists. 1 %e Pen $ill spend m*ch of today and tomorro$ at a conference of the <*ropean Ei!ht !ro*p of nationalist 1<Ps, of $hich he is president. The !ro*p has no British members, b*t its Br*ssels secretariat said that there $as no si!nificance in the choice of %ondon as the ven*e. The meetin! $o*ld be plannin! strate!y for the ?ecember session of the <*ropean parliament and those attendin! $o*ld ta+e the opport*nity to .meet some friends.. -ther parts of 1 %e Pen0s itinerary have been co4ordinated by the Western Boals ;nstit*te, a far ri!ht !ro*p $hich or!anises liaison bet$een e)treme nationalist or!anisations. ;ts previo*s !*ests have incl*ded ndries Tre*rnicht, leader of the opposition Conservative party of 3o*th frica. .We0ve enabled 1 %e Pen to see a ran!e of people in Britain $hom he mi!ht not other$ise see,. said a spo+esman for Western Boals. .3ome Conservative 1Ps $ill meet him b*t have insisted on privacy and anonymity.. The spo+esman denied r*mo*rs that 1 %e Pen $o*ld cond*ct a $al+abo*t in Bermondsey or To$er ,amlets, east %ondon, b*t confirmed that he $o*ld be attendin! the instit*te0s ann*al dinner at the Charin! Cross ,otel on Ariday evenin!. similar event last year commemorated the anniversary of Beneral Aranco0s death. The ,ome -ffice said that the !overnment disa!reed $ith 1 %e Pen0s vie$s on race b*t had no plans to ban the visit. .:nder <C la$, he co*ld be e)cl*ded only if there $as a real ris+ to p*blic order. <C citi@ens are !enerally allo$ed free movement $ithin the Comm*nity.. >eremy Corbyn, the %abo*r 1P for ;slin!ton #orth, said that the visit sho*ld be stopped. .1 %e Pen promotes race hatred and his p*rpose here is to set *p a net$or+ of fascists.. 1r Corbyn said that it $as ironic that /enneth Ba+er, the home secretary, had failed to halt the deportation of an asyl*m see+er from Iaire, b*t $as allo$in! 1 %e Pen to visit Britain. nti4fascist campai!ners $ere yesterday plannin! a series of protests at the visit, incl*din! a demonstration o*tside the Arench cons*late in central %ondon this afternoon and a march to the 3heraton Par+ To$er hotel in /ni!htsbrid!e, $here 1 %e Pen is stayin!. 3teve 1yers of the Committee to 3top %e Pen said= .The <*ropean Ei!ht !ro*p $ere here in >*ne too. They0ve realised that Britain is a $ea+ lin+ in their plan to b*ild a net$or+ and $ant to create divisions in the Tory party.. The British $in! of Western Boals, an merican or!anisation dedicated to the defence of .Western val*es., $as fo*nded in 1975 and lobbies a!ainst immigration, alle!edly left4$in! charities, and .the insidio*s menace of liberalism and comm*nism $ithin all sectors of British society.. The or!anisation0s !ro$in! infl*ence in the 1onday Cl*b, the Conservative press*re !ro*p, $as amon! factors pers*adin! three 1Ps to resi!n from the cl*b in Aebr*ary. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnc&'15i9
Points of conflict for 7ritain. 1&5 mots & dRcembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved Aorei!n and sec*rity policy= :/ does not accept ma2ority votin! in determinin! areas of common action, b*t mi!ht accept implementation of a!reed policy by ma2ority vote. Compromise possible. <*ropean parliament= Britain opposes !ivin! parliament po$er to initiate le!islation and veto co*ncil decisions, b*t may accept limited parliamentary veto in some fields. Compromise li+ely. !mmigration= :/ opposes brin!in! immigration and other 2*stice matters *nder <C roof b*t is ready for !reater inter4!overnmental co4operation. Compromise li+ely. Commission po$ers= Aederalists $ant ne$ commission competence in areas s*ch as health, transport, ener!y and ed*cation, $ith ma2ority votin!. :/ sceptical. Compromise possible. 3ocial policy= Britain o*tn*mbered 1141 in opposin! any <C4$ide policies on pay, conditions, and *nion ri!hts. Compromise *nli+ely. Cohesion= :/ and most northern nations oppose demands by so*th for reso*rces transfer to poor <C members. Compromise possible. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnc&'15hh
".e ten .urdles to 2ump at t.e :aastric.t summit. 19' mots 5 dRcembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved 3tic+in! points 4 Aorei!n and sec*rity policy= ?raft proposes .common action. in identified forei!n policy fields, decided *nanimo*sly, $ith ma2ority votin!. :/ does not accept ma2ority votin!. Compromise= possible. Common defence policy= :/ $ants <*ropean defence identity closely lin+ed to #ato. Arance does not. Compromise li+ely. <*ropean parliament= Britain opposes !ivin! it po$er to initiate le!islation and veto co*ncil decisions, b*t may accept limited veto po$ers. Compromise li+ely. !mmigration= :/ opposes brin!in! immigration *nder Comm*nity roof, b*t ready for more inter4!overnmental co4operation. Compromise li+ely. Commission po$ers= Aederalists $ant ne$ commission po$ers in health, transport, research and ed*cation, $ith ma2ority votin!. :/ sceptical. Compromise possible. 3ocial action pro!ramme= :/ opposes <C4$ide policies on pay, conditions, *nion ri!hts. Compromise *nli+ely. ;nd*strial policy= :/ opposes plans for s*bsidisin! favo*red companies. Compromse possible. .Aederal vocation. cla*se= :/ opposes mention in preamble of .*nion $ith federal !oal.. Compromise li+ely. Cohesion= :/ and northern co*ntries oppose demands by so*thern nations for b*d!et transfers to poorer members. Compromise possible. -pt4o*t cla*se for <1:= :/ $ants !eneral opt4o*t cla*se and no separate protocol. Compromise possible. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnc5'15r1
".e ten .urdles to 2ump , :aastric.t summit. 168 mots 6 dRcembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved 3tic+in! Points 4 Aorei!n and sec*rity policy= ?raft proposes .common action. on idetified forei!n policy, $ith ma2ority votin!. :/ does not accept ma2ority votin!. Compromise possible. Common defence policy= :/ $ants <*ropean defence lin+ed to #ato. Arance does not. Compromise li+ely. <*ropean parliament= :/ opposes po$ers to initiate le!islation and veto co*ncil decisions. Compromise li+ely. !mmigration= :/ opposes brin!in! immigration *nder <C roof, b*t ready for more inter4!overnmental co4operation. Compromise li+ely. Commission po$ers= Aederalists $ant ne$ po$ers in health, transport, research and ed*cation. :/ sceptical. Compromise possible. 3ocial action pro!ramme= :/ opposes <C4$ide policies on pay, conditions, *nion ri!hts. Compromise *nli+ely. ;nd*strial policy= :/ opposes plans for s*bsidisin! favo*red companies. Compromise possible. .Aederal vocation. cla*se= :/ opposes mention in preamble of .*nion $ith federal !oal.. Compromise li+ely. Cohesion= :/ and northern states oppose demands by so*thern nations for b*d!et transfers to poorer members. Compromise possible. -pt4o*t cla*se for <1:= :/ $ants !eneral opt4o*t cla*se. Compromise possible. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnc6'15s8
Hig. profile lo= bro= , (ational Front president Dean,:arie $e Pen. 1,567 mots 6 dRcembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved Aorei!ners are fine, >ean41arie %e Pen says, $hen they stay at home. t present he is in <n!land. /ate 1*ir met him. The man $ho once described the ,oloca*st as .a detail. comes pleasantly pac+a!ed, f*ll of bonhomie. ,e is deli!hted to be here in <n!land, and $hat a splendid $elcome he has been accorded. ;t $as a little $ic+ed of The Times to $rite a leader titled .%e Pen0s Poison. on the day of his arrival, b*t yo* have to for!ive and for!et. Besides, there is all this lovely p*blicity to be had. #ot li+e in Arance, $here >ean41arie %e Pen, the president of the e)tremist #ational Aront, claims that .caricat*re and disinformation. alle!in! he is a racist and anti43emite have *nfairly soiled his movement. To compensate he s*pplies a !lossy broch*re no$ available in <n!lish pict*rin! himself amid red, $hite and bl*e fla!s. ;nside, simplistic te)t details the rep*lsiveness of his policies, $hich !o beyond the mere haltin! of immigration, to repatriation camps and separate4b*t4*ne9*al facilities for those $ho remain. %i+e many of those $ho prom*l!ated similar vie$s before him, he is pla*sible. The handsha+e is that of a bear, not a reptile. nd he m*st be ta+en serio*sly beca*se s*pport for the #tional Aront in Arench opinion polls is aro*nd 15( more than for the %iberal ?emocrats here. ;n times of recession, *nemployment and risin! crime there are al$ays !ood pic+in!s for the far4ri!ht. 1 %e Pen happens to be in %ondon for a meetin! of the <*ropean Ei!ht !ro*p of 1& 1<Ps, none of $hom is British. B*t he is ta+in! advanta!e of the settin! to spread the $ord and for!e stron!er lin+s $ith 1Ps and s*pporters on the e)tremes of the Conservative party. .Fo*r <noch Po$ell $as one of the first Gin his .rivers of blood. speechH to realise all those years a!o $hat $as !oin! on. ; admire his clear4si!htedness.. This visit is bein! sponsored by the Western Boals ;nstit*te, some of $hose members $ere formerly in the disbanded Aederation of Conservative 3t*dents. ;ndeed, a si!n sayin! .Fo*n! Conservatives. directs the $ay to the conference room. Conference is stretchin! it a bit. 1onolo!*e is more appropriate, for only the voice of 1 %e Pen can be heard thro*!h the heavy doors beyond the sec*rity men. ;n a brea+ the #ational Aront leader sl*rps coffee Gfo*r s*!arsH and e)plains $hy his politics $ill not ta+e off in Britain yet. . movement li+e o*rs co*ld only e)ist if the present !overnment chan!ed its vie$s. The <n!lish first4past4the4post electoral system castrates democracy. ;f the %iberals $ith t$o million voters cannot !et any$here, ; don0t see ho$ another party co*ld.. ,e smiles cheesily. .-f co*rse yo*r Conservative party0s pro!ramme contains a lot of $hat $e defend, so there is less of a need.. cr*sade in Britain does not interest him. There are eno*!h problems at home, and no one dealin! $ith them= .; am more concerned $ith s$eepin! in front of my o$n front door than yo*rs.. ,e is +een to distance himself from the British #ational Aront, altho*!h he does not say e)actly ho$ his policies differ. mid m*ch hand4$avin!, more than is strictly re9*ired to prove his Arenchness, he orates rather than tal+s. %i+e many politicians, he spots a +ey $ord in a 9*estion and e)trapolates on it, rather than ans$erin! properly. ,e implies the *nthin+able, b*t avoids open racism. <verythin! is caref*lly toned do$n. ;n the Arench phrase, he p*ts a lot of $ater in his $ine. 1 %e Pen attrib*tes the #ational Aront0s !ro$in! pop*larity to a fail*re of the mainstream parties to address his constit*ency. .The old ri!ht has !one to the left in terms of social val*es, $hile economically the left has !one to the ri!ht, and people can hardly distin!*ish them. The difference is no thic+er than fo*r ci!arette papers. Consens*s has led to impotence.. They fail to ta+e serio*sly 1 %e Pen0s favo*rite s*b2ect, immigration, and .its immediate conse9*ences= *nemployment, insec*rity and !eneral moral la)ity.. :n$orried by $hat many consider his o$n moral la)ity, the self4styled savio*r of the nation plo*!hs on... and on. With the conversion po$ers of Billy Braham and the b*l+ of Billy B*nter, it is not s*rprisin! he s$ays Page >> of 119 2013 Factiva !nc. "ous droits r#serv#s.
h*!e cro$ds. The 654year4old former paratrooper and family man, replete $ith a ne$ $ife after his last one posed n*de in %*i ma!a@ine, is attractive to his .petits !ens. shop+eepers and farmers. ,e delivers an apocalyptic vision of invasion. .The reserves of immigration, li+e China, the 1oslems and Blac+ frica, are do*blin! their pop*lations every 5' years,. he says, loo+in! belea!*ered. 1ean$hile, the small <*ropean $orld i!nores that, and contin*es $ith its .home coo+in!.. This is accompanied by m*ch +nife and for+ mimin!. hatever he may say, the other parties are payin! a !ood deal of attention to his policies, and the votes they p*ll in. ltho*!h 1 %e Pen lost his seat in 1977 as a national 1P, he is still an 1 <P $ith a hi!h profile. >ac9*es Chirac 2*mped on his band$a!on this year to complain abo*t the .noise and smells. of immi!rants, $hile Calery Biscard ?0<stain! insisted that only those $ith a .blood ri!ht. Gone Arench parentH sho*ld be allo$ed to become citi@ens. #ot to be *psta!ed, <dith Cresson, the prime minister, s*!!ested that ille!al immi!rants sho*ld be shipped home on charter planes. Those politicians are in fact the very ones 1 %e Pen considers have .committed the crime of transf*sion. by allo$in! the mi)in! of Arench blood. The $ords are familiar from history. .These politicians are an!els $ith ideals, and ; am a realist. ;f $e do not have the co*ra!e and tenacity to stop immigration then the Arench $ill 2oin all those peoples in the !ara!e of history $ho $ere eliminated by others.. ,e stops himself short and does not elaborate f*rther. %ater he tal+s a!ain abo*t the economic s*ccess of the Bermans and the >apanese, compared to .the meltin! pot peoples li+e merica $ho are in re!ression.. co*ntry needs the press*re of .the forei!n. to enforce its o$n nationalism, or else the indi!eno*s pop*lation $ill become a minority, he th*nders. -f co*rse he li+es other races, loves them, so lon! as they are .che@ e*). at home. 1 %e Pen is +een to aid other races in their efforts to stay at home, and s*!!ests a $atered4do$n form of colonialism, economic, rather than political. Colonialism, he thin+s, had a bad name in the past, b*t it need not involve con9*est no$adays. ,is plan $ill be helped by l!erian doctors ta+in! their e)pertise to l!eria and not stayin! in %ille, and To!olese en!ineers not becomin! Arench ministers, he says, referrin! to the present immigration minister. ,is vie$s !ro$ *!lier as he rela)es. Tal+in! abo*t 1*ssolini, he credits him $ith the fo*ndin! of facism, b*t starts to say racism instead and corrects himself. B*t $hen he is as+ed to $hat he attrib*tes the !ro$th of anti43emitism in eastern and $estern <*rope, he stiffens and one eye shoots 9*ic+ly from side to side as he thin+s of an ans$er, $hile the oher, a !lass one !ained in a bra$l at a rally, stays beadily still. .;0m very pr*dent $ith respect to information comin! o*t of eastern <*rope.. -n the desecration of a >e$ish cemetery last year near the Arench to$n of Carpentras, he says= .,o$ can yo* create events o*t of nothin!K Aive s+inheads or 5' dropo*ts !ivin! sal*tes and sayin! they hate the >e$s is not an anti43emitic plot. There has al$ays been anti43emitism, b*t in Arance there is no party that s*bscribes to an anti43emitic doctrine.. #o $onder 1 %e Pen needs three body!*ards, altho*!h he claims fe$ people hate him. The &'' demonstrators sho*tin! o*tside the 3heraton Par+ To$er ,otel certainly do. .; have old4fashioned val*es $hich people no$ say are e)tremist. 1y vie$s have not altered for 5' years, b*t politics has. ; contin*e to defend the same ideas. ; am not intelli!ent eno*!h to chan!e them.. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnc6'15s&
:igrant aid bod/ rac1ed b/ splits. By Eichard Aord, ,ome ffairs Correspondent. 572 mots 8 dRcembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved The ,ome -ffice is to revie$ the conditions *nder $hich it f*nds an immigration advice a!ency after receivin! reports of its acrimonio*s ann*al meetin! at $hich the director $as confirmed in office by only one vote. The decision by officials in the ,ome -ffice to ta+e action follo$s concern at reports of divisions $ithin the r*lin! e)ec*tive bet$een 1*slims and ,ind*s. ltho*!h the !overnment provides 92( of f*nds for the :nited /in!dom ;mmi!rants dvisory 3ervice G:+iasH, it has no representative on its !eneral co*ncil and does not send an observer to ann*al meetin!s. -fficials are considerin! $hether a ,ome -ffice official sho*ld attend the ann*al meetin! and meetin!s of its e)ec*tive. .The conditions placed *pon the !rant to :+ias are *nder revie$,. a ,ome -ffice spo+esman said. .We are tal+in! abo*t ta)payers0 money and $e m*st ens*re that the or!anisation is r*n properly.. -r!anisations s*ch as the >oint Co*ncil for the Welfare of ;mmi!rants and the Commission for Eacial <9*ality, and some solicitors specialisin! in immigration la$, have privately e)pressed alarm at divisions $ithin the or!anisation. These $ere hi!hli!hted at its ann*al !eneral meetin! t$o days a!o $hen the director, /rishna 3arda, $as confirmed in office by a 16415 vote. 1r 3arda, $ho is of <ast frican sian ori!in, too+ *p the post of director a year a!o. ,e $or+ed previo*sly for local a*thority race *nits and is ambitio*s to ma+e :+ias more efficient. ?*rin! the lon!, acrimonio*s meetin!, 1r 3arda $as acc*sed by opponents of nepotism, failin! to $in the tr*st of the staff and of holdin! clandestine meetin!s $ith officials at the ,ome -ffice. 1r 3arda said= .Partic*lar factions raised a n*mber of iss*es abo*t me and the service. ; deny the alle!ations very, very stron!ly. Aor every member of staff yo* can find $ho says they cannot $or+ $ith me, yo* can find another $ho can $or+ $ith me.. With f*ndin! d*e to increase ne)t year from 61.8million to 65million, there have been !ro$in! demands for Peter %loyd, the minister $ith responsibility for immigration matters, to ens*re :+ias is r*n efficiently. What most alarms !ro*ps assistin! immi!rants is a !overnment proposal to ma+e :+ias the monopoly s*pplier of le!al assistance in immigration and asyl*m cases. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnc8'15+o
:aastric.t summit , "=elve set out t.e steps to=ards federal goal. 7'5 mots 8 dRcembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved Preamble The political *nion treaty $ill, if si!ned, be a len!thy amendment to the Treaty of Eome, replacin! many of its provisions. The treatys openin! section, often +no$n by its Arench name of chapea*, o*tlines !eneral principles. The present treaty mar+s a ne$ sta!e in a process .leadin! !rad*ally to a *nion $ith a federal !oal.. The *nion $ill be fo*nded on the <*ropean Comm*nity, s*pplemented by .policies and co4operation. established by the treaty. The *nion0s aims incl*de the establishment of economic and monetary *nion incl*din!, finally, a sin!le c*rrency. The most recent draft incl*des the aim of event*ally incorporatin! inter4!overnment proced*res into the <C proper. The ?*tch !overnment has attached notes to both mentions of federal !oal and sin!le c*rrency that they are holdin! alternative $ordin! in reserve for the s*mmit. lon! list of <C policies incl*des a 9*artet of s*b2ects $hich have been dropped from the detailed te)t b*t $hich, accordin! to a footnote, $ill be e)amined for incl*sion by a revie$ conference in 1996= ener!y, cons*mer protection, civil protection and to*rism. rticle 5b attempts to p*t into le!al lan!*a!e for the first time the principle of .s*bsidiarity.. The Comm*nity $ill only ta+e action $here ob2ectives .can be better achieved by the Comm*nity than by member states actin! separately.. Citi@enship .<very person holdin! the nationality of a member state shall be a citi@en of the *nion.. <very <C citi@en $ill have the ri!ht to vote or stand in m*nicipal or <*ropean parliament elections in any comm*nity state. !mmigration -nly one article G1''cH in the <C section of the treaty covers this sensitive topic. By *nanimo*s vote, a co*ncil of GnationalH ministers $ill appro)imate national la$s in t$o areas, to the e)tent necessary to ens*re free movement of persons in the internal mar+et= control of e)ternal <C frontiers and short4stay visitors. By ma2ority vote, co*ncils $ill settle $ho needs a visa to enter the <C and a standard <C visa. 3ocial policy Comm*nity policies Gby ma2ority voteH on= improvment of $or+in! environment for health and safety $or+in! conditions .information and cons*ltation. of $or+ers e9*ality bet$een men and $omen for 2ob opprt*nities and at $or+ Ge)cl*din! payH .the inte!ration of persons e)cl*ded from the labo*r mar+et.. By *nanimo*s vote only on= social sec*rity red*ndancy representation of $or+ers and employers employment conditions for immi!rants s*bsidies for 2ob creation. #o <C policies on pay, ri!hts to stri+e, associate or loc+ o*t. Page 91 of 119 2013 Factiva !nc. "ous droits r#serv#s.
rticle 117b $o*ld cover pan4<*ropean trade *nions and employers0 or!anisations to ma+e a!reements on s*b2ects in the lists above and to have them passed into <C la$ by ministerial co*ncils. -n iss*es $hich co*ld be decided by ma2ority vote, national !overnments and parliaments $o*ld be bypassed. This provision has been a!reed by the Confederation of British ;nd*stry, $hich forms part of the <*ropean employers0 or!anisation, :nice. <d*cation The <C $ill develop .the <*ropean dimension in ed*cation. by enco*ra!in! lan!*a!e teachin!, m*t*al reco!nition of 9*alifications and e)chan!es. 1a2ority votin!. Eesearch To .stren!then the scientific and technolo!ical bases of comm*nity ind*stry., the <C $ill aid research and promote co4operation across borders. 1a2ority votin! for the pro!ramme of spendin!. <nvironment <C environment policies $ill .tar!et a hi!h level of protection. and the poll*ter sho*ld pay. :nanimo*s vote needed for ne$ ta)es or land *se policies. 1a2ority vote on remainder. #et$or+s Comm*nity promotion of improved net$or+s in transport, telecomm*nications and ener!y. -pens $ay to s*bstantial <C spendin!J ma2ority vote. ;nd*stry .The comm*nity and member states shall ens*re that the conditions necessary for the competitiveness of the comm*nity0s ind*stry e)ist.. ction to speed *p ad2*stment to .str*ct*ral chan!es. enco*ra!in! a .favo*rable environment for co4operation bet$een *nderta+in!s. and .fosterin! better e)ploitation of the ind*strial potential. of innovation and research. ,i!hly controversial cla*se. ,ealth 1a2ority votin! for <C policies to help states maintain a .hi!h level of h*man health.0 C*lt*re <C $ill contrib*te to the .flo$erin!. of national c*lt*res. ;nstit*tions <C omb*dsman $ill be appointed. The n*mber of <C commissioners Gc*rrently 18H $ill be red*ced to one per state Gc*rrently 12H. The <*ropean Co*rt of >*stice may fine states $hich fail to obey <C r*les. Complicated 2oint decision proced*re for <*ropean parliament $o*ld !ive it final veto over follo$in! ne$ policies= social affairs GpartH, environment GpartH, health, research, net$or+s, sin!le mar+et, ed*cation and c*lt*re. Aorei!n policy Aorei!n ministers $ill decide on 2oint policies in specified areas and .as a !eneral r*le. ma+e implementation decisions by ma2ority vote. Bri tain ob2ects to the .!eneral r*le. phrase. The <C $ill frame an event*al .common defence policy.. Arance and Bermany $o*ld li+e that cla*se to say .common defence,. ma+in! it clear that military command is meant. ,ome affairs ;nter4!overmnment co4operation on asyl*m, immigration, dr*!s, fra*d, 2*dicial matters and liaison bet$een national police forces. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnc8'15+i
:aastric.t summit , ".e ten .urdles to 2ump. 168 mots 8 dRcembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved 3tic+in! points 4 Aorei!n and sec*rity policy= ?raft proposes .common action. on identified forei!n policy, $ith ma2ority votin!. :/ does not accept ma2ority votin!. Compromise possible. Common defence policy= :/ $ants <*ropean defence lin+ed to #ato. Arance does not. Compromise li+ely. <*ropean parliament= :/ opposes po$ers to initiate le!islation and veto co*ncil decisions. Compromise li+ely. !mmigration= :/ opposes brin!in! immigration *nder <C roof, b*t ready for more inter4!overnmental co4operation. Compromise li+ely. Commission po$ers= Aederalists $ant ne$ po$ers in health, transport, research and ed*cation. :/ sceptical. Compromise possible. 3ocial action pro!ramme= :/ opposes <C4$ide policies on pay, conditions, *nion ri!hts. Compromise *nli+ely. ;nd*strial policy= :/ opposes plans for s*bsidisin! favo*red companies. Compromise possible. .Aederal vocation. cla*se= :/ opposes mention in preamble of .*nion $ith federal !oal.. Compromise li+ely. Cohesion= :/ and northern states oppose demands by so*thern nations for b*d!et transfers to poorer members. Compromise possible. -pt4o*t cla*se for <1:= :/ $ants !eneral opt4o*t cla*se. Compromise possible. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnc8'15+e
".atc.er li1el/ to abstain in %+ vote. By ?avid ,*!hes, Chief Political Correspondent. 525 mots 7 dRcembre 1991 The 3*nday Times 3T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved ttempts to reconcile >ohn 1a2or and 1ar!aret Thatcher have failed on the eve of the 1aastricht s*mmit. 3enior ministers said yesterday that the cabinet $as reconciled to losin! Thatcher0s s*pport in the Commons over any deal 1a2or brin!s bac+ from this $ee+0s meetin! of <C leaders. 1a2or flies to 1aastricht toni!ht after spendin! the $ee+end at his ,*ntin!don home $or+in! on s*mmit papers. ,e is said to re!ard the prospects of a deal at 1aastricht as .poised in the balance.. The prime minister is bein! *r!ed by some of his most senior collea!*es to .come o*t fi!htin!. a!ainst Thatcher and Tory hardliners $ho are demandin! a referend*m on any move to replace sterlin! $ith a sin!le c*rrency. ,e is said to be ready to do so. The Commons may debate any deal 1a2or sec*res at the 124nation s*mmit on monetary and political *nion as early as ne)t $ee+, before the Christmas recess. This $o*ld !ive 1a2or an early opport*nity to demonstrate his a*thority and isolate the remainin! Thatcherite loyalists. 1inisters believe Thatcher is li+ely to abstain in any Commons vote on a 1aastricht deal. ;t $o*ld be the first time in her 52 years in parliament she $o*ld have deserted her party. Thatcher has told close associates she $ill not compromise her vie$s on f*rther moves to$ards <*ropean inte!ration, and so*rces close to 1a2or say he accepts the dan!er of a permanent rift. T$o $ee+s a!o, Thatcher attac+ed 1a2or0s ref*sal to call a referend*m as .arro!ant. and .$ron!.. .The cards are on the table and there can be no more s*rprises,. a senior party so*rce said last ni!ht. B*t he do*bted $hether Thatcher co*ld ca*se the !overnment m*ch dama!e. .Fo* have to remember that before she $ent she had become the party0s bi!!est electoral liability. ;f she !oes after >ohn 1a2or, the voters $ill be behind him.. 1a2or has prepared Tory 1Ps for a deal at 1aastricht in an intensive series of meetin!s. .#o other co*ntry in the Comm*nity has !one thro*!h tis sort of cons*ltation e)ercise,. said a cabinet so*rce. .There has been nothin! li+e it at Westminster in livin! memory.. ?o$nin! 3treet said last ni!ht that Britain had already $on a n*mber of +ey ro*nds in pre4s*mmit ne!otiations. Bermany, Arance, the #etherlands and ;taly had $anted a .federal. !oal $ritten into the treaty b*t had lost the battle. They also $anted more po$ers for the <*ropean parliament b*t had lost that too. Bermany had pressed for immigration and asyl*m policy to become Comm*nity4$ide matters b*t had failed. Arance had fo*!ht for a <*ropean defence force b*t $o*ld not !et it and the <*ropean Commission had ar!*ed for more po$ers b*t $o*ld not !et them either. Bovernment so*rces e)pressed !*arded optimism that a deal $o*ld be str*c+ that $o*ld .+eep everybody on board.. .We +no$ $here $e are and $hat $e are !oin! to do,. so*rces said. Tory leaders are ready to !ear *p the party for an early !eneral election, *sin! a 1aastricht deal as the sprin!board for an intense campai!n. ?oc*ment st''''''2''1112&dnc7''ast
0lavs declare common=ealt. to 1ill off 0oviet 5nion. By 1ary ?e2evs+y and Eobert 3eely. 68& mots 9 dRcembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved The leaders of E*ssia, Belor*ssia and :+raine last ni!ht proclaimed the end of the 3oviet :nion and anno*nced the formation of a ne$ common$ealth of independent states on its r*ins. The ne$ capital $ill be 1ins+, the main Belor*ssian city. The a!reement, si!ned by the three 3lavic rep*blics, after a t$o4day s*mmit at a h*ntin! lod!e near Brest in Belor*ssia, $ill be open for other former 3oviet rep*blics and states to 2oin. B*t as an alternative *nion, $itho*t any 3oviet centre, it spells the end of President Borbachev0s hopes of b*ildin! a ne$ political *nion. The accord on the common$ealth $as si!ned by Boris Feltsin, the E*ssian president, %eonid /ravch*+, the ne$ly elected :+rainian president, and 3tanislav 3h*sh+evich, the Belor*ssian leader, and it stated in rin!in! tones that the old order $as no more. The preamble said= .We, the rep*blics of Belor*ssia, the E*ssian Aederation and :+raine, as the fo*ndin! states of the :33E and co4si!natories of the 1922 treaty Gthe treaty $hich established the 3oviet :nionH ... state that the :nion of 3oviet 3ocialist Eep*blics has ceased to e)ist as a s*b2ect of international la$ and a !eopolitical reality.. The doc*ment said that the leaders $ere settin! *p a ne$ common$ealth .proceedin! from the historical *nity of the three peoples. and invited other rep*blics from inside and o*tside the former 3oviet :nion to 2oin them. T$o other doc*ments $ere si!ned= a declaration of intent and an a!reement on co4ordinatin! economic policy. The accord common$ealth saidthat its members $o*ld adhere to all principles of the :# Charter and the ,elsin+i Ainal ct and !*arantee e9*al ri!hts for all their citi@ens, re!ardless of nationality. s tho*!h ans$erin! Western concerns abo*t control of n*clear $eapons all three rep*blics have n*clear $eapons on their territories the accord said they $o*ld $or+ .to$ards li9*idationof n*clear $eapons and f*ll disarmament *nder international s*pervision.. They $o*ld also respect each other0s desire to declare a n*clear4free @one and their ne*trality. The three states $o*ld also preserve a 2oint command over common armed forces and a sin!le body to control n*clear $eapons. -ther areas of 2oint activity $o*ld incl*de a co4ordinated forei!n policy, development of an economic mar+et, common c*stoms and immigration policy, and 2oint a!reements on transport and comm*nications. To drive home the distinction bet$een the ne$ common$ealth and the old :nion, the accord said that henceforth the norms of .third co*ntries., incl*din! the former 3oviet :nion, $ere forbidden on their territory. .Bodies of the former :nion have no force,. it said. t the same time it pled!ed to comply $ith all international obli!ations of the old :nion. separate doc*ment set o*t the principles of co4ordinatin! rapid economic reform, incl*din! ne$ price mechanisms. The leaders a!reed to price their trade for the time bein! in ro*bles, b*t reserved the ri!ht to introd*ce their o$n c*rrencies. ?ecember 7 $ill no$ !o do$n in history as the date on $hich the 3oviet :nion ceased to e)ist and its constit*ent rep*blics be!an a ne$ life. The a!reement on the ne$ common$ealth, $hich contains more than t$o4thirds of the 3oviet pop*lation, came e)actly a $ee+ after the people of :+raine had voted by a 9'( ma2ority for independence from the 3oviet :nion. By an *nhappy coincidence, 1r Borbachev $as sho$n on television yesterday evenin! e)pressin! optimism abo*t the prospects for a ne$ *nion. nythin! else, he said indi!nantly, $o*ld brin! .anarchy and chaos.. ;n an intervie$ $ith Arench television, he said that the disinte!ration of the 3oviet :nion $o*ld .cost both the people of my co*ntry and the people of all <*rope, very dear. What is happenin! in F*!oslavia $ill seem a simple 2o+e in comparison..
Today the three fo*nders of the ne$ common$ealth, $ith #*rs*ltan #a@arbayev, the /a@a+hstan president, are to meet 1r Borbachev in 1osco$. ,e is left $ith the choice of acceptin! the inevitable demise of the centre or declarin! economic or even military $ar on the ne$ *nion. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnc9'1&1p
:aastric.t summit , +ommission president sets out t.e %uropean ;pat. to union<. By Beor!e Broc+ and Eobin -a+ley. 952 mots 9 dRcembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved >ac9*es ?elors last ni!ht led a determined assa*lt a!ainst Britain0s position on <*ropean political *nion $ith an impassioned speech callin! for an .irreversible. commitment to federalism. s >ohn 1a2or arrived here for the cr*cial s*mmit ne!otiations there $ere si!ns he $as prepared to do a deal on a ne$ draft treaty, b*t not at any price. ,e has told close collea!*es that s*ch a deal is available if his <*ropean co*nterparts are .sensible.. B*t the tone $as set by 1 ?elors, president of the <C Commission, $ho mo*nted a passionate defence of stren!thened <C social policy, $hich Britain has re2ected thro*!ho*t the treaty tal+s. The 1aastricht s*mmit sho*ld set the Comm*nity on n irreversible path to federalism, 1 ?elors said. ddressin! an eve4of4s*mmit rally of the :nion of <*ropean Aederalists in a blea+ school !ymnasi*m here, 1 ?elors said that the <C0s 3ocial Charter $as in dan!er of bein! for!otten and that <*rope sho*ld be a .<*rope for $or+ers and not only a <*rope of b*siness.. The <C $as foc*sin! too m*ch on the one co*ntry that +ept sayin! .no, no, no.. .Aederalism is the !*idin! principle,. he said. .;t0s a $ord yo* sho*ld spea+ o*t lo*d ... it is not a porno!raphic $ord.. 1 ?elors0s speech reflects $idespread fr*stration $ith Britain0s ref*sal to ne!otiate compromises over the section of the treaty dealin! $ith social policy. ,is references to the ri!hts of $or+ers are a reminder that the the sensitive iss*es of employment and $elfare la$ are $eapons available to any politician. ;rreversible movement to$ards federal *nion $as also the theme of a last4min*te declaration by the <C0s si) Christian ?emocrat leaders, $ho met in The ,a!*e at the $ee+end= .We are not prepared to accept a compromise $hich 9*estions the irreversibility of the democratic and federal development of the f*t*re *nion.. 1r 1a2or, a$are of the political dan!ers $ithin his o$n party if he a!rees to any demands for Britain to si!n *p to specific revie$ cla*ses amo*ntin! to a .conveyor belt to federalism., is still insistin! that Britain $ill not trade concessions for the removal of the $ord federal from the draft treaty. Britain $ill also insist on references to s*bsidiarity Gretainin! the ma)im*m n*mber of decisions for national !overnmentsH in the treaty and on an opt4o*t cla*se reservin! for a f*t*re parliament the decision on both $hether and $hen to participate in a sin!le c*rrency. 1r 1a2or +no$s that his personal mettle is on trial as never before. -n arrival in 1aastricht last ni!ht he $ent strai!ht into tal+s $ith E**d %*bbers, the ?*tch prime minister c*rrently in the <C presidency and $ho $ill settle the s*mmit tmetable. 1r 1a2or has prepared metic*l*sly for the s*mmit in a series of bilateral meetin!s $ith ,elm*t /ohl, Arancois 1itterrand, 1r %*bbers, Bi*lio ndreotti and Charles ,a*!hey, in order to avoid bein! ca*!ht o*t by last4min*te demands. The prime minister has so*!ht to impress on them all that his ne!otiatin! style is different to 1rs Thatcher0s and that he has meant $hat he has said all alon!= that there $ill be no recantin!. To cr*mble at the 11th ho*r $o*ld destroy his political credibility. ;n one domestic respect, at least, life has been made a little easier for 1r 1a2or and his team. They are no lon!er allo$in! 1rs Thatcher0s possible disapproval to overshado$ their decisions on $here to compromise. ,avin! had reported to them her comments that there is no deal they can do that she $ill accept, they are ready to face *p to the *navoidable confrontation. Today0s tal+s start $ith a debate on monetary *nion, $hich $as also disc*ssed by finance ministers last ni!ht. The ?*tch finance ministry, $hich is finalisin! the sin!le4c*rrency section of the treaty, said yesterday that it had drafted a protocol !ivin! Britain a special escape cla*se. The imminent decision committin! ten <C Page 99 of 119 2013 Factiva !nc. "ous droits r#serv#s.
states to monetary *nion ?enmar+ $ill also have a separate protocol is !eneratin! $orries abo*t the economic pain $hich the preparations for <1: $ill ca*se in $ea+er economies. ,elm*t 3chlesin!er, the head of the Berman B*ndesban+, said yesterday that the stron!er economies sho*ld not bail o*t those $hich s*ffered. .Bermany m*st not become the paymaster of <*rope in any ... *nion a!reed this $ee+,. he said. The British contin!ent $as last ni!ht ar!*in! that it $o*ld be a mista+e to see the meetin! as Britain a!ainst the rest, and said 1r 1a2or $o*ld be $or+in! hard to solve the problems. B*t $hen they $ere as+ed ho$ lon! it mi!ht ta+e to settle those problems, the 2estin! reply .We are f*lly determined to be home by Christmas. !ave a hint of the intensity of British fears. #ine stic+in! points. Aorei!n and sec*rity policy= ?raft proposes .common action. on identified forei!n policy, $ith ma2ority votin!. :/ does not accept ma2ority votin!. Compromise possib le. Common defence policy= :/ $ants <*ropean defence lin+ed to #ato. Arance does not. Compromise li+ely. <*ropean parliament= :/ opposes po$ers to initiate le!islation and veto co*ncil decisions. Compromise li+ely. !mmigration= :/ opposes brin!in! immigration *nder <C roof, b*t ready for more inter4!overnmental co4operation. Compromise li+ely. Commission po$ers= Aederalists $ant ne$ po$ers in health, transport, research and ed*cation. :/ sceptical. Compromise possible. 3ocial action pro!ramme= :/, o*tn*mbered 1141, opposes <C4$ide policies on pay, conditions, *nion ri!hts. Compromise *nli+ely. ;nd*strial policy= :/ opposes plans for s*bsidisin! favo*red companies. Compromise possible. .Aederal vocation. cla*se= :/ opposes mention in preamble of .*nion $ith federal !oal.. Compromise li+ely. -pt4o*t cla*se for <1:= :/ $ants !eneral opt4o*t cla*se. Compromise possible. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnc9'1&1o
E.ere t.e t=elve +ommunit/ leaders stand , :aastric.t summit. 1,166 mots 9 dRcembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved Britain= >ohn 1a2or 1r 1a2or0s claim that he $ill not $heel or deal over the final shape of the <*ropean Comm*nity treaty on political and monetary *nion is hard to ta+e at face val*e= his ministers and officials have been doin! little else for months, and the s*mmit is desi!ned e)pressly for horse tradin!. 1r 1a2or0s 9*iet, methodical debatin! style has been remar+ably effective at previo*s s*mmits, and he arrives $ith his domestic political affairs in !ood order. Bottom line= ,e hopes to stri+e the social affairs chapter o*t of the treaty alto!ether, by havin! the iss*e ta+en as late as possible on the a!enda so that there is already moment*m to$ards the deal. ;f the social cla*ses are $atered do$n and restricted to iss*es li+e e9*al treatment for $omen, he mi!ht 2*st s$allo$ some e)pansion of the <C po$ers. 1r 1a2or0s other fi!ht $ill be to ne*tralise the treaty0s 1996 .revie$ cla*se. so that he can say that it does not commit him a*tomatically to federalism, $hile leavin! room for everyone else to claim that it does. Bermany= ,elm*t /ohl The Berman chancellor is the +ey player= he has insisted on the lin+a!e bet$een monetary and political *nion, and has the clo*t to impose compromises on others. ,is ne!otiators are still $or+in! to insert ratchets in the treaty $hich $ill t*rn a*tomatically at pre4set dates in the f*t*re, achievin! inte!ration moves $hich have been impossible to settle this year. ,err /ohl m*st leave 1aastricht bein! able to say that a start has been made in brin!in! immigration *nmana!eable by the Berman !overnment alone *nder <C control. Berman politicians of all stripes may be +een on a sin!le c*rrency, b*t ban+ers remain s*spicio*s. The c*stodians of the ?e*tschmar+0s precio*s stability $ant to be reass*red that the <*ropean Central Ban+ $ill be as ri!oro*s as the B*ndesban+. They $ill be. ?o not overestimate 1r 1a2or0s friendship $ith ,err /ohl. ,e has improved relations beyond reco!nition, b*t this m*st be seen in perspective= after 1rs Thatcher0s scorn, relations had no$here to !o b*t *p$ards. Arance= Arancois 1itterrand 1 1itterrand badly needs at least some semblance of s*ccess in forei!n policy, to ro*nd off a year of misery at home. ltho*!h the political *nion treaty hardly meas*res *p to the !rand prospect*s $hich he la*nched $ith ,err /ohl in pril 199', it is Arance0s only opport*nity to ti!hten the $eb of political and economic lin+s aro*nd a re*nified and no$ restless Bermany. The plans for monetary *nion $ill be more Berman than Arench, b*t there is at least a chance that the h*miliatin! domination of the ?e*tschmar+ $ill be !one by the end of the cent*ry. Arance sets !reat store by a cla*se in the draft treaty settin! *p a protectionist and interventionist .ind*strial policy. for <*rope. Bermany, Britain, and The #etherlands $ant it str*c+ o*t. B*t Bermany may $ell s*rrender to Arance0s re9*est. 1 1itterrand has t$o priorities= to try for a form*la on defence $hich $ill not s*bordinate <*rope to #ato, and to preserve the section of the treaty dealin! $ith social policy. 3pain= Aelipe Bon@ale@ Widely vie$ed amon! Comm*nity commentators as the ne$ 1rs Thatcher. 3panish ne!otiators, led by 3enor Bon@ale@0s to*!h lie*tenant Carlos Westendorp, have been demandin! their money bac+, pl*s a !ood deal of other people0s money into the bar!ain. While the other three impec*nio*s states ;reland, Port*!al, and Breece $ill settle for comm*ni9*es promisin! 2am tomorro$, 3pain $ants .economic and social cohesion. Gthat is, s*bsidyH $ritten into the treaty itself. The s*mmit4$rec+in! potential of this iss*e is m*ch *nderestimated by other dele!ations thro*!ho*t northern <*rope. Page 99 of 119 2013 Factiva !nc. "ous droits r#serv#s.
Bristlin! isolation over money has infl*enced ho$ the 3panish tam sees some of the non4financial iss*es. 3pain s*pports Britain f*lly in $antin! to retain a national veto on Comm*nity environment policy, so that 1adrid $ill not in the f*t*re be landed $ith the hi!h costs of ecolo!ical protection meas*res $hich have been dreamed *p by rich northerners. ;taly= Bi*lio ndreotti Pained by realisation that Bermany and Arance mi!ht be ready to set *p a sin!le c*rrency $itho*t the most devoted <C federalists, and +een to see Britain move to$ards .the heart of <*rope. to dil*te the Aranco4Berman partnership. ;talian tactical alliance $ith Britain on +eepin! <*ropean defence compatible $ith #ato made a lar!e contrib*tion to the iss*e0s probable settlement. 3i!nor ndreotti $as the only leader to fall asleep at the %*)embo*r! s*mmit. Breece= Constantine 1itsota+is Breece is in a h*rry to 2oin the Western <*ropean :nion, $hich $ill handle the defence policy of the Comm*nity, before T*r+ey does. The co*ntry0s $ea+ economy depends on <C !rants, hence it has a $ea+ political voice. Port*!al= nibal Cavaco 3ilva #ervo*sly $aitin! to see if the political and economic treaties are is settled before t he first Port*!*ese presidency of the Comm*nity, $hich opens on >an*ary 1. Port*!al stands $ith Britain on $antin! the scope of ma2ority votin! c*t do$n in forei!n policy and disli+es federalism in !eneral. B*t $ith the disadvanta!e of havin! one of the smallest economies in the Comm*nity, the Port*!*ese voice is faint. Bel!i*m= Wilfried 1artens The !reat s*rvivor of Bel!ian and <C politics s*ffered a sharp reverse in recent Bl!ian elections and may lose his 2ob. /een to ens*re that the treaty sets a co*rse to$ards a federal f*t*re, b*t even more determined to ens*re Br*ssels +eeps its share of <C instit*tions. The #etherlands= E**d %*bbers Weary of chairin! an in$ard4loo+in! treaty ne!otiation $hen so m*ch else is !oin! on. 1r %*bbers has r*n one of the b*siest <C presidencies= a sin!le mar+et deal $ith the seven4co*ntry <fta, historic trade a!reements $ith three <ast <*ropean states, attempted mediation in F*!oslavia, and t$in treaty conferences on political and monetary *nion. %eadin! candidate to s*cceed >ac9*es ?elors as Commission head. ?enmar+= Po*l 3chl*ter ?anish ministers @i!4@a! bet$een a $ish to stay in the <C mainstream and a parliament that rivals the ,o*se of Commons in its defence of soverei!nty. Will demand t$o referend*ms on monetary *nion b*t is desperate not to be seen as reserved on <1: as is Britain. ;reland= Charles ,a*!hey nother leader $hose position in his o$n capital is $obbly. ,e $ill have to accept <C defence plans, $hich $ill ca*se all sorts of tro*ble to his s*ccessors $ho $ill have to s*bmit them to referend*ms in a co*ntry $hich val*es its ne*trality. ?isli+es the .federal !oal., $hich the ;rish forei!n minister described as .a red ra! to Britain and a hypocrisy for the other 11.. %*+e$arm reservations on social affairs, $hich ?*blin fears $ill impose heavy costs on its economy. %*)embo*r!= >ac9*es 3anter 3tate for $hich monetary *nion holds fe$est terrors= its c*rrency loc+ed $ith the Bel!ian franc since 192's. %*)embo*r! officials $rote m*ch of the draft treaty $hen they $ere in the chair d*rin! the first half of the year. Pro4federalist, b*t !ently so. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnc9'1&1m Page 100 of 119 2013 Factiva !nc. "ous droits r#serv#s.
)erman/ sa/s 11 =ould go a.ead if 7ritain .esitates , :aastric.t summit. By ;an 1*rray. 652 mots 9 dRcembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved The rest of the <*ropean Comm*nity is ready to press on to$ards *nity if Britain is isolated at 1aastricht, accordin! to :rs*la 3eiler lbrin!, the Berman forei!n minister in char!e of <*ropean affairs. ;n an pre4s*mmit intervie$ $ith The Times, she said= .; cannot e)cl*de this, and Britain m*st be a$are of the dan!er. When the !oal is so important, 11 cannot be made to follo$ one. B*t Breat Britain has been as+ed and invited to co4operate, and the conse9*ences of stayin! o*tside are incalc*lable for both Britain and the Comm*nity.. With p*blic opinion in Bermany s*ddenly becomin! mobilised a!ainst the idea of losin! the mar+, ,elm*t /ohl, the chancellor, is more an)io*s and determined than ever to reach an a!reement at 1aastricht. #early 1'',''' people ran! the mass4circ*lation daily Bild on Ariday in response to an appeal to save .o*r lovely money., and 96( said that they did not $ant the ec*. Wic+ert ;nstit*te poll at the $ee+end sho$ed that 8&( of &5' companies, trade federations and a*thorities intervie$ed believed the ec* $o*ld not be as stable as the mar+. The chancellor, $ho only promised to abandon the mar+ in favo*r of a common c*rrency on condition there $as e9*al pro!ress to$ards political *nion, has real reason to fear that he $ill lose domestic bac+in! for the s$itch if 1aastricht fails. ,e is therefore ready to ma+e many concessions to ens*re a!reement no$, rather than see ne!otiations dra! on into ne)t year after the British !eneral election. .;n the $hole of this year the Berman chancellor has concerned himself very m*ch over 1r 1a2or0s sit*ation and $e have all tried to ma+e his entry into political *nion as problem4free as possible,. Ara* 3eiler lbrin! said. .B*t ; do not believe $e have time to $ait *ntil the British election. There are al$ays elections in <*rope and every co*ntry has its special problems, and ; thin+ and Britain m*st also see this that, altho*!h the British election is 9*ite important, <*rope m*st be bro*!ht for$ard. . t the same time ; am convinced that it can even be helpf*l if $e reach a common sense res*lt and the British prime minister can !o before his electors $ith it.. 3he insisted that there $ere several important areas $here Bermany $o*ld not compromise. -ne $as the creation of .a f*lly independent <*ropean central ban+. to r*n monetary *nion policy. nother $as that the treaty on monetary *nion $as .irreversible.. Biven the !reat e)pense and effort involved in settin! *p the system, she said, the treaty $o*ld have to ma+e it impossible to bac+ o*t of final implementation of monetary *nion. ltho*!h special arran!ements $o*ld be made for Britain, there $as no possibility of an .a la carte. choice for every co*ntry. .<conomic and monetary *nion are so important that $e cannot leave them s*b2ect to accidents of everyday political events.. Bermany $o*ld also insist on settin! *p .obli!atory conver!ence criteria., incl*din! the introd*ction of ma2ority votin! in forei!n and defence policy and stren!thenin! the po$ers of the <*ropean parliament. ;n the interests of a!reement, ho$ever, the chancellor had scaled do$n his tar!ets for Comm*nity4$ide policy on iss*es s*ch as immigration and policin!. The $ord .federal. $as not important. .Britain and Bermany have here basically the same !oal ... $e both do not $ant any <*ropean centralised state. We both $ant Britain as $ell as Bermany that this GpoliticalH *nion is b*ilt from belo$ as close to the people as possible ... What $e call it therefore doesn0t matter to *s.. ;n the end she $as s*re .acceptable and so*nd compromises. $o*ld be reached over the ne)t t$o days .beca*se of the importance of a!reement.. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnc9'1&1+
%'5+&"!O( , 0tudents of t.e summit. By >ohn -0%eary. 991 mots 9 dRcembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved s Britain !oes into the 1aastricht <C conference today, >ohn -0%eary loo+s at the *niversity p*ndits $ho are o*r e)perts on <*ropean affairs and considers their role Tal+in! heads= Professor William Paterson, $ith Chancellor ,elm*t /ohl, at <dinb*r!h :niversity, and belo$ left, ?r >*liet %od!e, and ?r ,elen Wallace 3ome of the +eenest observers of today0s events in 1aastricht $ill be in *niversities and research instit*tes. %eadin! academics have been in demand from the ne$s media for $ee+s to c*t thro*!h the s*mmit hype. <*ropean st*dies has e)panded si!nificantly in British academic life, and 1aastricht $ill be a landmar+ for the s*b2ect. The o*tcome $ill determine the direction of many co*rses and research pro2ects. Traditional British rel*ctance to !et too close to the rest of <*rope has never applied to academics. 3t*dents come to Britain from all parts of the Continent to learn abo*t the <C, and the <*ropean instit*tes at *niversities and polytechnics have spa$ned an impressive research base. ?r William Wallace, $hose <*ropean st*dies centre at 3t ntony0s Colle!e, -)ford, is one of the leaders in the field, says= .There has been a sheer e)plosion of academic concern $ith <*rope. The British academic comm*nity has been active in the s*b2ect for 2' years, b*t it is no$ the stron!est in Western <*rope.. %i+e many academics, ?r Wallace and his collea!*es are loo+in! beyond the conference. .1aastricht is really the old a!enda,. he says. .Fo* have to loo+ at the lon!er4term pict*re. . Aor most of the departments $ith a <*ropean foc*s, ho$ever, the conference $ill brin! a pea+ of activity. ?r 1ichael ,od!es, of the %ondon 3chool of <conomics, says= .; have already done si) television intervie$s and nine for radio in vario*s parts of the $orld, as $ell as t*rnin! do$n an invitationto 2oin a television panel in 1aastricht. ; do not thin+ anybody +no$s $hat is really !oin! on at the moment. ll yo* can do is test the $aters and say that clearly some ma2or chan!e is condemned to s*cceed.. The school has 6' st*dents on one of the lar!est post!rad*ate pro!rammes in <*ropean st*dies, and is plannin! a separate <*ropean instit*te to lin+ all departments concerned $ith the s*b2ect. 3*sse) :niversity has similar plans, and -)ford, $hich has a second <*ropean *nit at #*ffield Colle!e, is devotin! some of its f*nd4raisin! to a central instit*te for the s*b2ect. 3everal of the leadin! centres are lon!4established, ho$ever. <dinb*r!h :niversity0s <*ropa ;nstit*te $as set *p in 1967, and had s*fficient standin! on the Continent to attract a visit this year from ,elm*t /ohl, the Berman chancellor. Professor William Paterson $ill be one of the fe$ British academics in 1aastricht, preparin! a di!est of the proceedin!s to be p*blished by the instit*te $ithin a $ee+ of the conference. The instit*te shado$ed the last inter4!overnmental conference $ith a meetin! of specialists from several co*ntries, $hich acc*rately predicted the main developments. The five <dinb*r!h academics, incl*din! ?avid 1illar, the <*ropean parliament0s former research director, $ill ta+e partic*lar interest in the decisions on re!ional policy, immigration and policin!, $hich are the s*b2ects of research pro2ects. t <)eter :niversity, $here the Centre for <*ropean %e!al 3t*dies has operated since 1982, attention $ill be on the social charter and any chan!es in the <*ropean parliament0s role. Professor >ohn :sher says= .The process has been an academic0s deli!ht beca*se, *n*s*ally for an international treaty, vario*s drafts have been made available p*blicly. -*r main interest $ill be in $hether there is a le!al frame$or+ for common policy, or it is left as an area of informal cooperation..
Professor :sher $as amon! the academics invited to !ive evidence to t$o pre41aastricht en9*iries by the <*ropean Comm*nities Committee of the ,o*se of %ords this s*mmer. nother $as ?r >*liet %od!e, of ,*ll :niversity, $ho $on the :/ Woman of <*rope a$ard last month. ?r %od!e, $ho has advised the main political parties and other !ro*ps on <C affairs, has former st*dents in all parts of the <C b*rea*cracy and lobbyin! or!anisations. ,*ll0s <*ropean st*dies de!ree offers a year at the Aree :niversity of Br*ssels $ith an attachment to the <*ropean parliament, $hich enco*ra!es a .critically sympathetic. attit*de to the <C. British academics0 pre4eminnt position in the s*b2ect has also bro*!ht research contracts from international or!anisations and other nations. Professor ?avid Breena$ay, of #ottin!ham :niversity, for e)ample, is en!a!ed on a :nited #ations pro2ect st*dyin! the sin!le mar+et0s impact on the Aar <ast, $hile his department has a 2oint pro2ect $ith Calencia :niversity loo+in! at 3pain0s ad2*stment to life in the <C. any or!anisations see+in! a*thoritative advice ma+e the Eoyal ;nstit*te of ;nternational ffairs their first port of call. The instit*te $a s one of the first to !o deeply into the iss*e of s*bsidiarity, and ?r ,elen Wallace, the West <*ropean pro!ramme director, $as another of the e)perts called by the %ords. ?r Wallace, once a *niversity researcher herself, says= .We are different from the *niversities beca*se o*r vocation is to foc*s e)cl*sively on policy. We have to have !ood antennae and be able to anticipate trends.. merican television vie$ers have already had the benefit of her vie$s on 1aastricht. This $ee+ she $ill be in To+yo briefin! the >apanese press on the s*mmit. The &'' *niversity academics in the <*ropean st*dies association $ill !ive briefin!s in less e)otic locations. <ven the <*ro sceptics of the Br*!es Bro*p do not deny the ri!o*r of the academic $or+ on the s*b2ect. ?r lan 3+ed, $ho ran the <*ropean pro!ramme at the %ondon 3chool of <conomics for ten years and !ave the %ords committee the alternative academic vie$ on inte!ration, says= .By no means all the people in <*ropean st*dies are federalists or pro4<C. What 1aastricht $ill do academically is to ma+e more people loo+ serio*sly at $hether $e really $ant a <*ropean s*perstate.. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnc9'1&'d
%ditorial , :aastric.t , & sort of triump.. 815 mots 11 dRcembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved Aor the Treaty of Eome no$ read the A*d!e of 1aastricht. %ast ni!ht, Britain st*c+ to its principles and $as isolated. >ohn 1a2or and his collea!*es ref*sed to si!n a treaty that they ri!htly believe $ill deteriorate the economies of <*rope. With obvio*s re!ret, they ref*sed to let <*rope embar+ on a process of social policy standardisation that its $orld trade rivals re!ard as commercial s*icide. ,avin! failed to pers*ade the other 11, they said Britain $anted o*t. The res*lt $as an e)traordinary ni!ht, the implications of $hich have yet to be assessed. The deal reached $ill enable the other co*ntries to proceed to .social *nion. by means of inter!overnmental a!reements. Britain has no ob2ection in principle to s*ch a!reements, for instance in other .internal. affairs s*ch as immigration. B*t in this case their operation is li+ely to be patchy, if only beca*se many of the 11 do not really $ant them either, or $ill p*t their o$n interpretation on them. ;n the co*rse of the ne!otiations a n*mber of co*ntries told British officials privately that they shared the reservations and not only the social chapter b*t $ere rel*ctant to stand *p to the Berman4Arench a)is. This confirmed last $ee+0s tal+s in Br*ssels on the &74ho*r $ee+ directive= fe$ <*ropean co*ntries e)pect to implement s*ch intr*sive le!islation, any more than they implemented Br*ssels directives in the past or mean to co4operate $ith 1992. They are sei@ed by the .visionary mode. on s*ch occasions, and are not as rob*st as Britain in ris+in! ab*se as anti4<*ropean for as+in! searchin! 9*estions before si!nin! important treaties. ;n these circ*mstances, British ministers acted $ith hono*r and di!nity. >ohn 1a2or did not see+ confrontation in 1aastricht. ,e $as prepared to allo$ the <C to proceed to an economic and monetary *nion $ith $hich he disa!rees, and $hich $ill probably de!enerate into a narro$ de*tschmar+ trade @one in 1999. ,e did not see+ to +eep Britain o*t of the debate on <1:. ,e did not $ant an .opt o*t. cla*se for Britain alone. B*t $hen others see+ to r*n before they can $al+, only a fool r*ns $ith them. The 2'4year4old sin!le mar+et enterprise, no$ sched*led for commencin! in 1992, sho*ld be attempted before <*rope flirts $ith sin!le c*rrencies and f*sed b*d!etary policies. The .social chapter. $as of a different order. This $as an attempt to e)tend <C competence from the e)istin! lon! list of environmental, health, safety and cons*mer !oods standards. :nder the fallacio*s thesis that .<*rope. can develop and prosper only $ith a bi!!er and more intr*sive centralised !overnment and more concessions to Br*ssels0 b*r!eonin! lobbies, the 11 have !one f*rther. They a!reed to .$or+ers0 ri!hts across <*rope. $ith an even lon!er list of health, pay and employment interventions. There are t$o vie$s on this. -ne holds that the a!reement does not matter since nobody $ill implement it b*t at least it +eeps po$erf*l *nion lobbies happy. 1ost <*ropean co*ntries already have s*ch le!islation= Britain0s on health is the most advanced. ;taly, 3pain, Breece, ;reland, Arance, even Bermany have little intention of !rantin! to their mi!rant $or+ers ri!hts and benfits available, for instance, to British $or+ers, and to their o$n nationals. The ans$er $ill be ever more liti!ation follo$ed by collapsed policin! and defa*lt. The other vie$, adopted by 1r 1a2or, is that <*rope sho*ld not si!n *p to la$s that it does not mean to +eep, at least *ntil it sho$s it means to +eep them. The e)istin! Comm*nity is not remotely capable of s$allo$in! the meas*res it bit off in 1aastricht. While some <*ropean democracies may be ready to le!islate the social chapter domestically, that sho*ld be their choice. Eelations bet$een $or+ers and employees is for national !overnments to control, and national electorates to approve. Britain $ill be acc*sed of sabota!in! 1aastricht. ;t has not done so. ;t has forced 1aastricht to be sensible. Britain has helped the <C to be realistic abo*t its immediate f*t*re. Britain has slo$ed do$n a process fra*!ht $ith tro*ble and ens*red that f*t*re ministerial co*ncils concentrate on far more cr*cial iss*es facin! <*rope, ma+in! 1992 $or+ and admittin! ne$ members. The time is no$ for b*ildin! str*ct*res on the !ro*nd not castles in the air. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dncb'1&e5
E.at t.e/ agreed at :aastric.t summit. 1,192 mots 12 dRcembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved <conomic and monetary *nion 4 T,< +ey chan!es to the treaty at 1aastricht $ere all made in 1'9A, the lon! cla*se $hich defines the irreversible s$itch to a sin!le c*rrency for an as yet *n+no$n n*mber of <*ropean Comm*nity states. The important addition $as the British opt4o*t protocol. The second sta!e of <*ropean monetary *nion $ill start in 199& and all !overnments .shall endeavo*r. to avoid e)cessive b*d!et deficits. ;n 1996, the <*ropean Commission and <*ropean 1onetary ;nstit*te Gdate of birth 199&H $ill report on the fitness of each state for incl*sion in the ec* @one. 3tiff criteria incl*de lo$ inflation and stable e)chan!e rates. The criteria are no$ met by only three of the 12 <C economies. ;n ?ecember 1996, an <C s*mmit$ill see $hether that n*mber has reached seven. ;f it has, a ma2ority vote $ill decide the start date for the .third sta!e., a sin!le c*rrency. -ther$ise, the <*ropean central ban+ $ill start $or+ in the middle of 1997 and .the third sta!e $ill start on >an*ary 1, 1999.. #o minim*m n*mber of states $ill be re9*ired. The British protocol is no$ attached to the treaty $ith footnotes on the p*rchase of second homes in ?enmar+ and the coina!e of 3an 1arino. Britain m*st say before ?ecember 1996 if it intends to mer!e its c*rrency b*t it is .*nder no obli!ation to do so.. 3ocial Charter 4 The hasty sol*tion $hereby 11 of the <*ropean Comm*nity0s 12 members .opt o*t. of the <C for a special social policy of their o$n may raise more le!al problems than the political lo!2am it $as desi!ned to brea+. T$o anne)es $ere hoo+ed to the treaty at the last moment and a si)4cla*se chapter on social policy shran+ to one sentence. Aive pa!es e)pandin! <C po$ers over employment and $elfare la$ have become= .Present <<C treaty provisions *nchan!ed. Gc.f. nne) ;;;H.. The anne) has a protocol notin! that .eleven member states $ish to contin*e alon! the path laid do$n in the 3ocial Charter of 1979.. They $ill *se <C instit*tions and proced*res to ma+e policies not applicable to Britain. The te)t says that .the :nited /in!dom shall not ta+e part in the deliberations on and the adoption of Commission proposals relatin! to fields covered by the above4mentioned a!reement.. The 11 commit themselves to the social chapter of the treaty, incl*din! ma2ority votin! on .$or+in! conditions.. Aorei!n ffairs 4 -ne of t$o areas of British concessions $hich $ere camo*fla!ed by the attention !iven to solvin! the deadloc+ over social policy. Britain s*cceeded in limitin! the effects of concedin! the *se of ma2ority votin! by re9*irin! that *nanimo*s votes $o*ld be necessary to a!ree the frame$or+ of a 2oint forei!n policy. ;t a!reed that the implementation of policy co*ld be done by ma2ority vote. The proced*re is so complicated that it is almost impossible to predict ho$ it $ill $or+. The article describin! the or!anisation of <*ropean defence is a f*d!e liable to ca*se tro*ble. Both Arance and Bermany, ar!*in! for the fo*ndations of a <*ropean defence r*n by the <*ropean Comm*nity, and Britain and ;taly, co*nterin! $ith demands that anythin! a!reed sho*ld be complementary $ith #ato, !ave !ro*nd. The $ordin! implies that the <C $ill absorb the Western <*ropean :nion, $hich $ill be beefed *p beyond its stat*s as a liaison !ro*p of nine states. The tal+s $ere s*pposed to clarify the relationship bet$een #ato, the W<: and the <C. <*ropean Parliament 4 The second area of British fle)ibility at the last moment. The treaty $ill lay o*t comple) proced*res by $hich co*ncils of national ministers $ill try to a!ree le!islation $ith the 5174member 3trasbo*r! assembly. ;f all else fails, the parliament $ill be able, for the first time, to veto a meas*re in the areas $hich fall *nder the ne$ scheme, +no$n for the time bein! as . rticle 179B proced*re.. This veto can apply to most ne$ <C po$ers to be decided by 9*alified ma2ority vote and $hich incl*de= meas*res to complete the sin!le mar+et, cons*mer protection, free circ*lation of $or+ers, .ri!hts of establishment. Gof professionals and b*sinessesH, treatment of forei!n nationals, ed*cation, vocational trainin!, research and development, o*tline pro!rammes for environment policy, trans4<*ropean transport, telecomm*nications, p*blic health and c*lt*re. Page 106 of 119 2013 Factiva !nc. "ous droits r#serv#s.
The parliament has $on a veto over research and development, b*t Britain has retained national veto on these potentially costly policies. !mmigration 4 The treaty binds Comm*nity members into ta+in! common action on asyl*m policyJ immigrationJ the fi!ht a!ainst dr*!sJ fra*dJ and co4operation bet$een c*stoms servicesJ bet$een home affairs and 2*stice ministries in fi!htin! crimeJ and bet$een police in combatin! terrorism and serio*s international crime. Britain made si!nificant concessions in !ivin! the Commission a say in this field and introd*cin! 9*alified ma2ority votin!. -n a common visa policy, the Commission $ill propose a list of co*ntries $hose citi@ens need visas to enter the <C, $hich the co*ncil of ministers m*st approve *nanimo*sly. B*t para!raph 2 of rticle 1''C says= .;n the event of an emer!ency sit*ation in a third co*ntry posin! a threat of a s*dden inflo$ of nationals from that co*ntry into the Comm*nity, the Co*ncil may, actin!by a 9*alified ma2ority ... for a period not e)ceedin! si) months, introd*ce a visa re9*irement for nationals from the co*ntry in 9*estion.. Britain said the <C accepted that ref*!ees sho*ld not be persec*ted in their adoptive co*ntries. Cohesion 4 The thorny 9*estion of .cohesion. the demand by poorer, so*thern co*ntries, led by 3pain, for !reater transfer of money from the richer north has been removed from the main treaty. ;t has been incl*ded as a protocol that promises a .thoro*!h eval*ation. of str*ct*ral f*nds ne)t year to see $hether they are eno*!h to s*pport <C !oals of social and economic cohesion. !eneral revie$ is sched*led for 1995 *nder ne$ <C b*d!et proced*re. ne$ Cohesion A*nd $ill be set *p by the end of 1995 to provide money for the environment and trans4<*ropean net$or+s Gtransport, telecomm*nications and ener!yH. ;t $ill !o to co*ntries $ith a per capita B#P of less than 9'( of the <C avera!e. The protocol insists that these co*ntries move to$ards economic conver!ence as specified in the <1: section of the treaty. Britain, Bermany and other northern co*ntries made si!nificant concessions in a!reein! to this e)tra money. <nlar!ement 4 To Britain0s deli!ht, the Comm*nity iss*ed a declaration specifically reaffirmin! its readiness to open ne!otiations $ith any democratic <*ropean co*ntry applyin! for membership. The T$elve said tal+s co*ld be!in as soon as the <C terminated ne!otiations on its o$n b*d!et and related iss*es in 1992. This means that provided the $ran!lin! on the Comm*nity b*d!et does not !o on too lon!, 3$eden and *stria, $hose applications are no$ on the table, can be!in tal+s even before 1995. The final declaration omits reference by name to 3$eden and *stria, specifically mentioned in the ori!inal draft. The <C clearly did not $ish to appear to discriminate a!ainst T*r+ey, 1alta and Cypr*s, $hich have also applied to 2oin b*t $hose accession the <C is in no h*rry to consider. The declaration noted the constit*tional role of the <*ropean parliament in ratifyin! all accession and association a!reements. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dncc'1&t2
)erman/ claims satisfactor/ compromise at %+ summit. 8'1 mots 12 dRcembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved Arom ;an 1*rray in Bonn. Bermany 4 ,elm*t /ohl, the Berman chancellor, $as 2*st finishin! a final press conference in 1aastricht proclaimin! that the economic and political *nion treaties represented .a !reat s*ccess. for Bermany as $ell as <*rope $hen a reporter politely as+ed the 9*estion $hich everyone from the B*ndesban+ to the trade *nion movement is as+in!. .,o$ can the s*mmit be a s*ccess if a n*mber of the !overnment0s $ishes have not been met and the entire social policy section has been c*t o*t of the treatyK. the reporter as+ed. >ohn 1a2or, he s*!!ested, $as the only .victor. of the s*mmit. The chancellor, obvio*sly reelin! after 51 ho*rs aro*nd the ne!otiatin! table, p*t on a brave face. There had been h*!e pro!ress, he said. Berman interests, intentions and recommendations on economic *nion had been seen thro*!h. The ne$ <*ropean central ban+ $o*ld be at least as ston! as the B*ndesban+. #ot all Berman $ishes on political *nion had been f*lfilled, he admitted. The <*ropean parliament $o*ld not have all the po$ers Bermany $anted b*t there had to be a compromise. The process to$ards *nion $as .irreversible.. s to the British prime minister bein! the .victor., ,err /ohl said he $as not so s*re. <leven co*ntries had ref*sed to bo$ to British demands to abandon the social chapter and there $o*ld no$ be a modern social policy amon! the 11 $hile Britain co*ld $ell come in at a later sta!e. The mar+ $o*ld be e)chan!ed for a .stable c*rrency, valid thro*!ho*t <*rope.. The a!reement on monetary *nion, $itho*t an opt o*t cla*se for Bermany, is aro*sin! the most feelin!. Bild, the mass circ*lation daily, declared .The end of the mar+.. poll yesterday sho$ed that 89( $anted a referend*m to decide $hether the mar+ sho*ld !ive $ay to the ec*, and >*r!en ?oblin, the Aree ?emocratic party leader in Bavaria, is no$ championin! the idea. To soothe pop*lar feelin!, Theo Wai!el, the finance minister, s*!!ested yesterday that the common c*rrency notes need only be printed as ec*s on one side, and co*ld still be called mar+s on the other. -ther co*ntries co*ld copy the idea to preserve national traditions, he said. The 1aastricht s*mmit seems to have been a close r*n thin! for ,err /ohl. ,ad there been no a!reement, he $o*ld have fo*nd it diffic*lt, if not impossible, in f*t*re ne!otiations to offer the mar+ as a sacrifice for <*ropean *nion. s it is he still faces a battle to convince Bermany that he has not s*rrendered the reality of a had c*rrency for the el*sive dream of a *nited states of <*rope. The stren!th of the mar+ already seemed to be ebbin! yesterday mornin!. ;ts val*e t*mbled a!ainst the dollar and sterlin! beca*se of concern abo*t lar!e4scale Berman involvement in the 3oviet :nion. The mornin!0s anno*ncement that the inflation rate had climbed in a month by '.& percenta!e points to an ann*al rate of &.2( added to $orries abo*t the hardness of the c*rrency. lon!side the $orries abo*t losin! the mar+ in the interests of monetary *nion, $ere $orries abo*t the fail*re to achieve the same +ind of pro!ress to$ards political *nion. The 3ocial ?emocrat opposition, $hich has already threatened to bloc+ ratification of the treaties if the <*ropean parliament fails to be !ranted more po$ers, said yesterday it $as not statisfied. ;n!rid 1attha*s41aier, the party0s dep*ty floor leader, $as also *nhappy abo*t lac+ of pro!ress on immigration policies and the removal of the social chapter from the treaty. There $as bo*nd to be a s*spicion that by ref*sin! to accept the chapter, Britain $as tryin! to attract bad employers .in a +ind of social d*mpin!., she said. ,o$ever, Berman employers have been ambivalent on the social chapter beca*se Berman trade *nions have $idely ne!otiated shorter $or+in! ho*rs and better pay scales than else$here in the comm*nity. 1any Page 109 of 119 2013 Factiva !nc. "ous droits r#serv#s.
ind*strialists see Comm*nity4$ide re!*lations as the best $ay of forcin! *p labo*r costs else$here, th*s allo$in! them to stay competitive. The Berman chamber of trade and ind*stry ca*tio*sly said that the s*mmit had p*t the <C on the ri!ht lines and had .not betrayed the mar+.. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dncc'1&t1
+astles in t.e %uropean air , :aastric.t =ill reinforce t.e battlements of fortress %urope. By #icholas Eidley. 797 mots 12 dRcembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved The t*rnin! points of <*ropean history are invariably lin+ed $ith the names of the places $here they occ*rred, s*ch as the Treaty of :trecht, the Battle of Waterloo, the Con!resses of Cienna, 1*nich, and Falta. To this list m*st no$ be added 1aastricht. Britain did not see+ to alter the direction in $hich Western <*rope decided to set o*t, b*t it s*cceeded in e)c*sin! itself from f*ll participation in some of the politically more a$+$ard conse9*ences of the treaties. >ohn 1a2or certainly battled hard and s*ccessf*lly to acieve these concessions. ,e sec*red an e)cision of the $ord federal, he sec*red narro$ly dra$n e)emptions from participatin! in the sin!le c*rrency and the social pro!ramme. ,e +ept the dreaded forei!n and defence policies at bay. ,avin! set himself these bottom lines, he m*st be 2*d!ed s*ccessf*l in defendin! them. #evertheless the comm*nity no$ has treaties a!reed by all 12, $hich enable it to proceed ine)orably to$ards the !oal that so many do not li+e. The $hole thr*st is to$ards a federal *nion, despite the omission of the offendin! A4$ord. The comm*nity $ill enter *pon sta!es t$o and three of the ?elors plan for an economic and monetary *nion $ith a sin!le c*rrency and an independent central ban+. This, inevitably, means the transfer of control of economic policies to the centre, and the end of the soverei!nty of national parliaments over interest rates, e)chan!e rates and b*d!et deficits. ;t red*ces them to the stat*s of rate4capped co*nty co*ncils $ith economic po$er bein! $ielded from the centre. The comm*nity $ill also proceed to$ards the sort of corporatist, re!*lated society implicit in the social charter. ;ts competitiveness in relation to the o*tside $orld $ill be fettered by these self4imposed restrictions. Bermany $ill be s*ccessf*l in e)portin! the ri!idities of its benefits system. The disadvanta!es, both of a sin!le c*rrency and the social charter, $ill tend to ma+e the comm*nity less competitive and more protectionist, as its ind*stries come *nder increasin! press*re from >apan and the ne$ly ind*strialised co*ntries. The clamo*r for ind*strial s*bsidies, 9*otas and protection $ill intensify, leadin! perhaps to some sort of fortress <*rope. ;t seems less li+ely after 1aastricht, not more, that the Batt :r*!*ay ro*nd can s*cceed. #or $ill the passa!e of ne$ applicants into comm*nity membership be helped by the ne$ treaties. ;t $ill be necessary for ne$ applicants to s*bscribe to all that $as a!reed at 1aastricht, ma+in! it infinitely harder for them to accept all the obli!ations they $ill no$ face. Tr*ly, the comm*nity has chosen deepenin! rather than $idenin!. The implications of all this in the li!ht of the brea+ *p of the 3oviet empire are $orryin! indeed. The comm*nity is almost forcin! the 3oviet empire to come to!ether a!ain. This f*t*re co*rse for <*rope is a very different one from the vision that many share for the f*t*re of o*r continent. The dream of a <*rope open to all <*ropean states to 2oin, $ith a free and open mar+et both internally and e)ternally to the rest of the $orld, and vol*ntarily co4operatin! on a $hole ran!e of s*b2ects from immigration to forei!n policies, has received a decisive setbac+. Tr*ly, the co*rse of history has been chan!ed. The prime minister0s ob2ective and his achievement has been the limited one of e)emptin! Britain from the $orst feat*res of the centralised, diri!iste, corporate and protectionist <*rope that is no$ emer!in!. The pity is that he did not fi!ht for the alternative !oal. 1any $o*ld say he had little chance of achievin! it. 1any are also sayin! that the prod*cts of 1aastricht are doomed to fail*reJ that the sin!le c*rrency $ill brea+ do$n and that fe$, if any, $ill abide by the social directives. ;f that is so, $hy bother to si!n, they as+. ;f <*rope tries to r*n before it can $al+, it $ill fall do$n. ; do not share this defeatist attit*de. 1y vie$ is that the e)emptions $e have obtained are $orth very little. The f*ll press*re of the la$ and the comm*nity spirit $ill be *pon *s to conform on both co*nts and to conform soon. The <*ropean co*rts $ill coerce *s beca*se of the principles in the treaties to $hich $e have a!reed. We $ill have to pay o*r f*ll share of the !rant to those member states $ho fail to achieve and maintain conver!ence in the sin!le c*rrency, even tho*!h $e are not members of it. s an <E1 member $e $ill be virt*ally forced into the sin!le c*rrency beca*se $e $ill have to +eep the po*nd $ithin a 21D2( l*s or min*s band on either side of the <c*. Page 109 of 119 2013 Factiva !nc. "ous droits r#serv#s.
;f %abo*r $ere to $in the !eneral election they $o*ld si!n *p immediately to both the sin!le c*rrency and the social charter. The li+elihood is that $e really are on a conveyor to$ards acceptin! both, as $ell as acceptin! an event*al federation. Parliament $ill in not so many years be as+ed to si!n a$ay the people0s po$ersover the !overnment and replace o*r tried and tr*sted democratic instit*tion $ith *nacco*ntable directions from Br*ssels. ;t seems to me important at this time that the ob2ective of the alternative vision of <*rope be +ept alive for the time $hen it is demanded by the people of <*rope, as it s*rely $ill be. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dncc'1&9o
%'!"O*!&$ , :aastrict summit proves 2ob =ell done for Prime :inister :a2or. 1,556 mots 12 dRcembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved The 1aastricht s*mmit $as an emphatic s*ccess for >ohn 1a2or and his ne$ <*ropean diplomacy. ?espite the efforts of his critics to portray his stance as .Thatcherism 1ar+ ;;., it $as no s*ch thin!. The ?*tch presidency0s admirable brid!e4b*ildin! at 1aastricht $as made possible by the evident desire of 1r 1a2or and his team to reach an a!reement compatible $ith their principles. 1r 1a2or0s close relations $ith ,elm*t /ohl made him sensitive to the !host at the 1aastricht feast, the Berman 9*estion. Aor many co*ntries, *nease over Berman predominance is the overridin! reason for see+in! .ever !reater *nion.J and Bermany +no$s it. While Britain may have resisted cr*de federalism, the ar!*ments deployed by its ne!otiators $ere directed at $hat ma+es sense for <*rope, not 2*st for Britain. ,ence the final deno*ement on the social chapter. -pposition to the social chapter and opposition to closer co4operation $ere never cotermino*s. The detailed re!*lation of $or+in! practices across <*rope may not be the essence of co4operation, and to insist on e)tendin! the po$ers of the Commission to .$or+in! conditions. $as an affront to s*bsidiarity. 1r 1a2or may have been *nable to pers*ade his partners to abandon this pro!ramme themselves, b*t he $as at least able to ens*re that Britain stayed free of the strait2ac+et. ,e did so $itho*t creatin! ranco*r. 1any bac+benchers, above all in the anti4<C lobby, $ill reserve 2*d!ment *ntil they see the fine print, b*t he deserved the ret*rnin! hero0s $elcome he received from his party in Parliament yesterday. 3o $here does 1aastricht leave Western <*ropeK -n monetary *nion, the ans$er is m*ch $here it $as before. ;t $as al$ays li+ely that the rich nations of the north $o*ld move to$ards a c*rrency *nion by the end of the 199's, as they moved to$ards c*rrency conver!ence in the 197's. While Britain0s opt4in cla*se ac9*ired !reat symbolic si!nificance d*rin! the tal+s, it is little different from ?enmar+0s demand for a referend*m, also accepted at 1aastricht. The settin! of dates for f*ll <1:, 1998 ideally and 1999 at the latest, $ill concentrate the minds of the !overnments for $hom .conver!ence. $ith the Berman economy $ill come hardest. The li+ely o*tt*rn in the second half of the decade is that one member !overnment after another $ill be tryin! to decide $hether its best interest lies in dashin! painf*lly to meet the 1aastricht terms for 2oinin! a sin!le c*rrency or fi)in! matters so that it stays o*tside. Where Britain0s interest lies by then is impossible no$ to say, $hich $as precisely 1r 1a2or0s point. -n most of the stic+in! points relatin! to .political *nion., Britain0s case for ca*tion $as broadly accepted. The <C0s forei!n and sec*rity policy $ill incl*de all 9*estions relatin! to the sec*rity of the *nion, incl*din! event*al framin! of a common defence policy. B*t both forei!n and defence policy $ill remain o*tside the competence of the <*ropean Commission, decided thro*!h co4operation bet$een member states. This $as an important British b2ective. >oint forei!n policy $ill still re9*ire *nanimo*s decision, altho*!h Britain has accepted that !overnments co*ld decide, also *nanimo*sly, to accept ma2ority votes on steps to implement a!reed policies. The Arench desire to brin! defence $ithin the embrace of the <C $as resisted, albeit thro*!h an elaborate and probably *n$or+able f*d!e. The Western <*ropean :nion $ill be !iven troops to command and become the e)ec*tor of military action re9*ired by the <C. Where the troops $ill come from and ho$ this arran!ement is to be s9*ared $ith the fact that neither ?enmar+ nor ;reland belon!s to the W<: is ma!isterially i!nored. This $as the <C at its $orst, paperin! over deep differences bet$een the Arench and the rest over the f*t*re role of merica in <*rope. The primacy of #ato is ac+no$led!ed b*t the treaty0s ambi!*ity means tro*ble to come. The competence of the Commission $as more clearly delineated. ;t $ill have an e)panded role in areas s*ch as ed*cation, p*blic health and cons*mer protection, b*t the !*arantee of s*bsidiarity, almost none)istent in earlier drafts, is no$ e)plicit. Where the Commission does not have e)cl*sive competence, it $ill act .only if and in so far as the ob2ectives of the proposed action cannot be s*fficiently achieved by the member states.. The Co*ncil of 1inisters $as f*rther entrenched as the central le!islative or!an of the Comm*nity, at the e)pense of the Br*ssels empire of >ac9*es ?elors. While minor concessions $ere made on the <*ropean Page 111 of 119 2013 Factiva !nc. "ous droits r#serv#s.
parliament0s ri!ht to veto Co*ncil decisions, these are confined to ma2ority decisions $here national parliaments are already po$erless to bloc+ le!islation. s Britain has lon! demanded, the parliament $ill have ne$ po$ers to call the Br*ssels b*rea*cracy to acco*nt. n important ran!e of policy areas, incl*din! immigration and 2*stice, $as denied to the Commission and retained $ithin the inter!overnmental frame$or+. <9*ally important are the e)tended activities of the <*ropean Co*rt, insti!ated by Britain. The co*rt $ill no$ be in a position to enforce Comm*nity decisions on non4compliant states, and impose heavy fines in the event of contin*ed non4compliance. The ca*se of m*ch disill*sion $ith the <C lies in the partiality $ith $hich its edicts are obeyed. :nder the sin!le mar+et proposals ne)t year, compliance $ill become cr*cial to the effectiveness of the mar+et, and the attit*de to it of b*sinessmen and the !eneral p*blic. The co*rt holds the +ey to testin! fair anti4monopoly and trade meas*res. ;f it $or+s, then the Comm*nity can reasonably ar!*e for a $ider le!islative dimension. :ntil then, no s*ch claim can be made. The social chapter bro*!ht the tal+s close to brea+do$n. British Conservatives have lon! had t$o principled ob2ections to this pro!ramme. The first is that it $o*ld e)tend the po$er of a centralised b*rea*cracy into areas that sho*ld properly be left to national !overnments. The second is that the area into $hich po$er $as to be e)tended, employment, ran directly co*nter to the Conservative ambition for <*rope, $hich is that it sho*ld promote freer trade and ma+e <*rope more competitive $ith the rest of the $orld. Biven the <C0s demo!raphic profile, that re9*ires !reater labo*r mobility, $a!e fle)ibility and part4time $or+. The social chapter, $hich concentrates on re!*lation, pointed in the opposite direction. dvocates of the chapter, notably in the British %abo*r party, point o*t that other prospero*s <*ropean co*ntries $ere in favo*r, so $hy $as Britain afraidK The ans$er is that the other co*ntries are in this matter $ron!, as many of them privately admitted to British officials in the co*rse of the ne!otiations. The poorer co*ntries0 chances of .catchin! *p. to 9*alify for <1: $ill only be $ea+ened by la$s stemmin! from corporatist tradition, ho$ever pop*lar these are $ith *nions. <ven those politically committed to s*ch le!islation may be rel*ctant in practice to implement it. nd as many commentators have recently pointed o*t, the <C0s *nit costs are risin! fast. The lon!4delayed sin!le mar+et, behind sched*le for its planned introd*ction at the end of ne)t year, sho*ld be *sed to drive costs do$n. The social chapter $ill drive them *p. The co*ntries of the <*ropean Comm*nity sho*ld no$ free themselves of this obsessive navel4!a@in!, $hich e)asperates their allies. There are real collective challen!es facin! the Continent, lar!ely i!nored at 1aastricht. 1ost *r!ent is concl*sion of the Batt0s :r*!*ay Eo*nd by ne)t month at the latest. This is impossible *nless the <C !oes m*ch f*rther in alterin! its stance on a!ric*lt*ral s*bsidy and protectionism. #e)t year, the <C m*st complete a mass of sin!le mar+et le!islation, open *p trade $ith <astern <*rope and prepare to $elcome ne$ members. t least the 1aastricht declaration that the <C $ill ne!otiate $ith any <*ropean co*ntry .fo*nded on the principle of democracy. is a basis for a less in$ard4loo+in! Comm*nity. B*t in$ard loo+in! and in$ard actin! is $hat 1aastricht $as abo*t. <*rope sho*ld p*t that behind it and !et do$n to real b*siness. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dncc'1&9+
Parliament , 0even rebel as %+ deal is endorsed. By Philip Webster, Chief Political Correspondent. 1,552 mots 2' dRcembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved <:E-P< 4 >ohn 1a2or0s 1aastricht deal on economic and political *nion $as endorsed comfortably in the Commons last ni!ht, despite a small Conservative rebellion led by #orman Tebbit. 1ar!aret Thatcher $as not in the Commons and $as amon! the do@en or so other Tory 1Ps $ho abstained. t the end of the t$o4day debate, seven Conservative 1Ps voted a!ainst the !overnment as it contained a rebellion that only $ee+s a!o threatened to be s*bstantial. Bovernment $hips $ere satisfied at its 76 ma2ority and pointed to the absence of 18 %abo*r 1Ps. The o*tcome $ill please senior ministers $ho believe that a line can no$ be dra$n *nder the <*ropean iss*e that at one time threatened a severe split. The 1Ps votin! a!ainst incl*ded Bill Wal+er, 1P for Tayside #orth, $ho earlier anno*nced that he $as resi!nin! as vice4chairman of the 3cottish Tory party, and Tony Aavell, 1P for 3toc+port, and former parliamentary private secretary to 1r 1a2or. The others votin! a!ainst the !overnment $ere >ohn Biffen, 1P for 3hropshire #orth and a former cabinet minister, >ohn Bro$ne GWinchesterH, Eichard 3hepherd G ldrid!e Bro$nhillsH and #icholas B*d!en GWolverhampton 3o*th4WestH. -ther abstainers incl*ded Berald ,o$arth, 1rs Thatcher0s PP3. s the debate ended noisily #orman %amont, the Chancellor of the <)che9*er, told 1Ps that ministers had ret*rned from 1aastricht havin! met all the ob2ectives they set themselves. -ne of those $ho did not record a vote $as a !overnment $hip, #eil ,amilton GTattonH. ,is fail*re to t*rn o*t appeared to be *nintentional. n official in the !overnment $hips0 office said= .1r ,amilton $as tryin! to pers*ade Teresa Borman one of the abstainers to vote and fo*nd himself loc+ed o*t.. 1r Tebbit said= .The n*mber of *s $ho voted sadly and rel*ctantly a!ainst the !overnment and for $hat $e believed in $as small. B*t events $ill be o*r 2*stification.. 1r 1a2or said later= .This is an e)cellent res*lt. -*r nat*ral ma2ority is 77 and toni!ht0s ma2ority $as 76. There is no do*bt no$ abo*t the vie$ of the ,o*se of Commons. ;t is the !overnment0s vie$.. 1rs Thatcher had been in the ,o*se on Wednesday and appeared to a!ree $ith m*ch of 1r Tebbit0s speech opposin! monetary *nion, altho*!h she did not spea+. -penin! the debate, ?o*!las ,*rd, forei!n secretary, la*nched a detailed co*nter4attac+ on claims by #eil /innoc+, the %abo*r leader, that the social chapter contained s*fficient safe!*ards a!ainst the dan!ers feared by the !overnment. .We $ere faced $ith a concept $hich $e find *nacceptable, that there sho*ld be a special stat*s of some +ind for disc*ssions and a!reements reached in a corporatist $ay bet$een or!anised labo*r and or!anised mana!ement p*rportin! to cover the $hole field of employment. .;t is stated that $e are in some $ay behind the times beca*se $e do not find that acceptable. -*r diffic*lty is that $e believe this co*ntry has lived $ith this philosophy in the recent past. We are not sayin! it does not s*it others. B*t it does not $or+ here and $e do not li+e it.. ,e said that the a!reement by the other 11, $hich $as praised by 1r /innoc+ on the first day of the debate, covered a $ide ran!e of iss*es. .When yo* see $hat *se and mis*se the <*ropean Commission ma+e of their present competence on health and safety matters, heaven +no$s $hat they $o*ld ma+e of the $ider competences on these matters if they !ot hold of them.. There $as no re9*irement in the a!reement bet$een the 11 that concl*sions sho*ld be *nanimo*s. .Fo* co*ld have imposed on this co*ntry by 9*alified ma2ority votin! meas*res $hich co*ld have been opposed by the British mana!ement, British trade *nions and the British !overnment.. Berald /a*fman, shado$ forei!n secretary, ridic*led claims by the prime minister and the forei!n secretary that they had !ained from 1aastricht all they had so*!ht to achieve. Page 113 of 119 2013 Factiva !nc. "ous droits r#serv#s.
,e 9*oted from ob2ectives they had set o*t in debates and pointed to articles in the treaty that failed to meet those ob2ectives. .-n iss*e after iss*e $hat they $anted they did not !et and $hat they !ot they did not $ant,. he said. 1ar!aret Thatcher had e)pressed herself thrilled. .; did not +no$ that 1rs Thatcher thrilled so easily. ; tho*!ht she $as made of sterner st*ff.. The prime minister had said he $anted immigration controls +ept o*tside the treaty, yet at 1aastricht he a!reed to a treaty article that incl*ded conditions abo*t visa 9*alifications and re9*irements bein! decided by 9*alified ma2ority votin!. The Chancellor of the <)che9*er had said in #ovember that forei!n policy co*ld not be s*b2ect to mechanical votin! proced*res and yet at 1aastricht the !overnment had si!ned a treaty that incl*ded specific provision for 9*alified ma2ority votin! on forei!n affairs and sec*rity matters. 1r /a*fman said that the prime minister had !ot his opt4o*t at 1aastricht as a res*lt of a favo*r from ,elm*t /ohl, the Berman Chancellor. This $ee+ the Berman !overnment had cashed the che9*e. The forei!n secretary had been dra!!ed alon! in a!reein! a date for the reco!nition of the F*!oslav rep*blics. 3ir Beoffrey ,o$e said that Britain co*ld find itself on a conveyor belt to .economic o*ter space. if it did not decide promptly to 2oin the <*ropean sin!le c*rrency. 3tayin! o*t $o*ld not be cost free, the former forei!n secretary said. Britain ris+ed plo*!hin! a lonely f*rro$ on the o*tside and losin! infl*ence in the name of a soverei!nty that no lon!er e)isted. ;t $as by no means too early to address directly $hether Britain $anted to be part of $hat $as li+ely to be the $orld0s lar!est c*rrency. The last date for 2oinin! the economic and monetary *nion $as 1999, b*t the first date $as 1996 and decisions co*ld be ta+en as early as 199&. Britain m*st decide $hether to opt in or opt o*t. .-n the ass*mption that the conditions for <1: $hich the Chancellor has done so m*ch to hammer o*t are f*lfilled, do $e help to create an ec*, $hich $ill probably be the c*rrency of the $orld0s lar!est tradin! bloc+, li+ely to displace the dollar, or do $e $ant to plo*!h a lonely f*rro$ on the o*tside, losin! o*r practical infl*ence in the name of a soverei!nty $hich no lon!er e)ists, loc+ed into a conveyor belt not of federalism, b*t of economic o*ter spaceK .The 1aastricht o*tcome is itself the fr*it of a $ell balanced approach to <*rope $hich is the hallmar+ of this !overnment.. 1aastricht also str*c+ the ri!ht balance of increasin! the democratic le!itimacy of the <*ropean Comm*nity by e)tendin! the le!islative and non4le!islative po$ers of the <*ropean parliament so that they $ere not in competition $ith Westminster, b*t s*pplementary. The <*ropean omb*dsman, the enhancement of the co*rt of a*ditors, the !reater po$ers to the co*rt of 2*stice and the ti!hter definition of s*bsidiarity $ere all advances. ;f events $ent $ell, the sin!le c*rrency $o*ld be a tr*ly historic development and $o*ld do more to b*ild <*rope as a concrete reality in people0s minds than any other policy or initiative for many years. Britain0s destiny $as .cr*cially lin+ed. to the s*ccess or fail*re of the ne$ monetary system emer!in! in <*rope. Eoy ,attersley, %abo*r dep*ty leader, said that the real tra!edy $as that Britain had not merely missed the b*s, b*t $as destined to r*n alon! behind it, to 2*mp on $hen it $as diverted from the chosen ro*te. #orman %amont, Chancellor of the <)che9*er, said that %abo*r $anted to p*t the f*t*re of the British c*rrency on a*to4pilot, sacrificin! for no !ain the ri!ht of Parliament to ma+e the final decision on it. The social chapter proposed at 1aastricht had nothin! to do $ith 2ob creation and it $as beca*se Britain had a more fle)ible labo*r mar+et and beca*se of the reforms of the <i!hties that it had attracted far more in$ard investment than Arance or Bermany. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnc+'15pp
$a= report , 'eportation c.allenge fails. 225 mots 5' dRcembre 1991 The Times T n!lais " 1991 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved Co*rt of ppeal. Ee!ina v 3ecretary of 3tate for the ,ome ?epartment, <) parte 1enn t the date of his conviction $hich had !iven rise to the decision to deport him, an applicant for 2*dicial revie$ of that decision had no ri!ht of protection *nder section 1G5H of the !mmigration ct 1981 beca*se he $as neither a Common$ealth citi@en nor the $ife of one, and beca*se at the a!e of 2& he did not 9*alify as the child of a Common$ealth citi@en settled here *nder the terms of section 1G5H of the 1981 ct. The Co*rt of ppeal G%ord >*stice #eill, %ord >*stice %e!!att and 3ir Eo!er -rmrodH so held in a reserved 2*d!ment on ?ecember 2' $hen dismissin! the application by Pa*l 1enn for leave to apply for 2*dicial revie$ of the intended removal of him from the :nited /in!dom *nder a deportation order iss*ed and si!ned by and on behalf of the ,ome 3ecretary on #ovember 8, 199'. %-E? >:3T;C< %<BB TT said that in order to benefit by section 1G5H of the 1981 ct as a child of a Common$ealth citi@en, the person concerned $o*ld have to be *nder the a!e of 16 at the material date. That concl*sion $as consistent $ith the fact that, *nless f*rther 9*alified, the $ord .child. ordinarily denoted a minor. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''1112&dnc*'1655
$&E *%PO*" , %ntering =it. false document. 1,565 mots 1 2anvier 1992 The Times T n!lais " 1992 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved Co*rt of ppeal. Ee!ina v 3ecretary of 3tate for the ,ome ?epartment, <) parte Chan Before %ord >*stice #eill, %ord >*stice %e!!att and 3ir Beor!e Waller G>*d!ment ?ecember 2'H person $ho obtained leave to enter the 2*risdiction by means of a materially false doc*ment, not$ithstandin! the fact that he had no personal +no$led!e of the invalidity of the $or+ permit in his possession, $as in breach of the immigration la$s for he had not been !iven leave in accordance $ith the !mmigration ct 1981 and $as conse9*ently an ille!al entrant. The Co*rt of ppeal so held in a reserved 2*d!ment $hen ref*sin! 2*dicial revie$ so*!ht by /$on! Aai Chan of the decision by an immigration officer on pril 5, 1991 that he $as an ille!al entrant as defined in section 55G1H of the 1981 ct and that in d*e co*rse directions $o*ld be !iven for his remval from the :nited /in!dom. 1r ;an 1ac?onald, NC and 1r Eichard 3cannell for 1r ChanJ 1r ?avid Pannic+ for the secretary of state. %-E? >:3T;C< #<;%% said that 1r Chan first came to the :nited /in!dom in abo*t 1979 $hen he entered on a visitor0s permit to enable him to visit relatives. When he $as in <n!land he $or+ed at his *ncle0s resta*rant. While he $as $or+in! there he $as approached by a 1r Tan! ,o F*, $ho $as +no$n to 1r Chan and $ho offered to obtain a $or+ permit for him. 1r Chan ret*rned to ,on! /on! and, $hile there, received a $or+ permit for 62,'''. -n Aebr*ary 1, 1991 1r Chan arrived in the :nited /in!dom $ith a ,on! /on! passport and the $or+ permit in his possession. That $or+ permit entitled him to $or+ at the resta*rant as a chef for 56 months from his date of entry. ;t $as no$ plain that the $or+ permit $as iss*ed improperly by an officer in the ?epartment of <mployment $ho had since been dismissed. There also seemed to be no s*pportin! doc*mentation for the iss*e of that $or+ permit. The secretary of state s*bmitted that 1r Chan $as an ille!al entrant beca*se the person $ho had obtained the $or+ permit and had sent it to 1r Chan had ca*sed a representation to be made to the immigration officer $hich he +ne$ to be false, thereby committin! an offence a!ainst section 26G1HGcH of the 1981 ct, and beca*se 1r Chan had therefore entered in breach of the immigration la$s. A*rther, the secretary of state s*bmitted that the obli!ation imposed on 1r Chan *nder para!raph & of 3ched*le 2 to the 1981 ct to f*rnish information and to prod*ce doc*ments incl*ded an obli!ation, as 1r Chan $as comin! to the :nited /in!dom to ta+e employment, to prod*ce a $or+ permit. That obli!ation meant an obli!ation to prod*ce a valid $or+ permit and the fail*re by 1r Chan to prod*ce a vlid $or+ permit meant that he $as in breach of the immigration la$s. Aor 1r Chan it $as s*bmitted that in the absence of any +no$led!e by him of the invalidity of the $or+ permit he co*ld not be an ille!al entrant. A*rther, the innocent prod*ction of an invalid $or+ permit did not ma+e his entry ille!al. ;t seemed clear that in /ha$a2a v 3ecretary of 3tate for the ,ome ?epartment GG197&H C 8&, 119H $here %ord Brid!e referred to the problems $hich mi!ht arise if the fra*d $as that of a thid party, did not intend at that sta!e to e)tend the cate!ories of ille!al entrants beyond those $ho had entered clandestinely or $ho had obtained leave to enter by themselves practisin! fra*d or deception in contravention of section 26G1HGcH of the 1981 ct. 3ince the decision of the ,o*se of %ords in /ha$a2a it $as clear that ille!al entrants fell into t$o and only t$o cate!ories= those $ho obtained entry clandestinely and those $ho obtained leave to enter by practisin! fra*d or deception. Page 118 of 119 2013 Factiva !nc. "ous droits r#serv#s.
;t $as clear that those $ho re9*ired leave to enter by reason of the provisions of section 5 of the 1981 ct b*t nevertheless entered $itho*t leave $ere ille!al entrants even tho*!h they themselves mi!ht be entirely innocent of any fra*d or deception. A*rthermore, a person $ho re9*ired leave to enter b*t entered $itho*t leave $o*ld be an ille!al entrant even tho*!h his passport mi!ht clearly sho$ his stat*s and his entry $itho*t leave $as d*e to the fact that the immigration officer mista+enly believed him to be a British citi@en. The 9*estion $hether a person $as an ille!al entrant $as to be ans$ered by considerin! $hether or not he had entered in accordance $ith the 1981 ct rather than by reference to $hether or not he or some other person had committed a criminal offence. ;n /ha$a2a both %ord Brid!e and %ord Wilberforce had left open the 9*estion $hether a person $as an ille!al entrant if leave for him to enter $as obtained by the fra*d of a third person. ,o$ever, as far as the Co*rt of ppeal $as concerned, E v 3ecretary of 3tate for the ,ome ?epartment, <) parte /han GG1988H 1 W%E 1&66H remained bindin! a*thority for the proposition that if leave to enter $as obtained by the *se of a materially false doc*ment the entrant $as an ille!a l entrant. doc*ment $as materially false if the false information $hich it contained $as material in leadin! to the decision that leave to enter sho*ld be !iven. The obli!ation imposed by para!raph &G2HGaH of 3ched*e 2 to the 1981 ct to prod*ce doc*ments specified by the immigration officer re9*ired, certainly in the case of a doc*ment s*ch as a $or+ permit, that the doc*ment sho*ld be !en*ine. $or+ permit $as clearly a material doc*ment both for the p*rpose of obtainin! leave to enter and for the p*rpose of determinin! the conditions of s*ch leave. There co*ld in that conte)t be no basis for distin!*ishin! bet$een an invalid passport and an invalid or+ permit. ;t follo$ed, therefore, on the a*thority of the decision of /han, that if leave to enter $as !iven on the basis of a $or+ permit $hich later proved to be false the entrant did not enter the :nited /in!dom $ith leave to do so in accordance $ith the 1981 ct. ;t $as important to remember that a person $ho had entered $ith leave $as in a stron!er position $ith re!ard to the b*rden of proof than a person $ho $as appealin! a!ainst the ref*sal by an immigration officer of leave to enter. Th*s, $hereas the immigration officer0s discretion to ref*se entry co*ld only be challen!ed on the ordinary !ro*nds on $hich a co*rt had 2*risdiction to revie$ a p*blic la$ decision, a person $ho had entered $ith leave co*ld place the b*rden of provin! that he $as an ille!al entrant on the immigration officer or the secretary of state. %-E? >:3T;C< %<BB TT, conc*rrin!, said that 1r Pannic+0s $ay of p*ttin! the case for the secretary of state represented the primrose $ay. 1r Pannic+0s s*bmission $as that an entrant *nla$f*lly entered in breach of the immigration la$s if a third party had ca*sed him to ma+e a false representation, of the falsity of $hich he $as i!norant, and he $as therefore an ille!al entrant. ,is %ordship fo*nd that it $as hard to contemplate that Parliament had that sit*ation in mind and preferred the ro*te s*!!ested to 1r Pannic+ by the co*rt that a person in the position of the applicant $o*ld be denied entry if he had no $or+ permit, 2*st as he $o*ld if he had no passport. $or+ permit $as in the conte)t of para!raph & of 3ched*le 2 to the 1981 ct to be e9*ated $ith a passport. There $as nothin! ?raconian abo*t the removal of a person $ho o*!ht not to have !ained admittance in the first place. person $ho entered $ith a false $or+ permit o*!ht not to be in a better position than a person $ho so*!ht to enter $itho*t a $or+ permit at all. 3ir Beor!e Waller a!reed. 3olicitors= B*rton and B*rton, #ottin!hamJ Treas*ry 3olicitor. ?oc*ment t'''''''2''11122do11''17*
$%&'!() &*"!+$% , 7rea1ing *ecords OF OFF!+!&$ 0%+*%+?. 578 mots 1 2anvier 1992 The Times T n!lais " 1992 Times #e$spapers %td. ll ri!hts reserved The Banne) cliche says that a $ee+ is a lon! time in politics. ;n the lon! vie$ of history, 5' years is b*t the t$in+lin! of an eye. Thirty years a!o, British troops $ere sent to /*$ait at the re9*est of the <mir to protect o*r interest in his oil from ;ra9i a!!ression. The Conservative party $as split do$n the middle over <*rope, and the Cabinet decided that the safest policy $as to !o alon! $ith the <*ropean Comm*nity, b*t !r*mblin! the $hile and $itho*t m*ch enth*siasm. The home secretary $anted to reform the la$ to permit 3*nday tradin!, b*t $as advised that this $o*ld be a !rave political embarrassment in the r*n4*p to a !eneral election. 1r Benn $as b*sy on the $ilder shores of Westminster. ;t seems li+e yesterday, not the be!innin! of the 3i)ties. The private records of cabinet and other !overnment disc*ssions in 1961, opened to p*blic inspection today *nder the 5'4year r*le, are fascinatin! eno*!h in parts to be an ann*al !odsend to ne$spapers pressed for material at the icy c*sp of the ne$s year. By no$, ho$ever, almost all their contents are +no$n by bona fide historians. ?id the p*blic really have to $ait so lon! to read of these interestin! b*t by no means sensational or dan!ero*s mattersK The Thirty Fear E*le comes *p for revie$ later this year. ;t has o*tserved its p*rposes. With the end of the Cold War, most of the #ia!ara of doc*ments classified and +ept from p*blic vie$ cannot be described as sensitive in the e)treme acceptance of the $ord. <very year abo*t a shelf4mile of files of p*blic records 2oins the 75 miles already in the P*blic Eecord -ffice at /e$. -f this, nearly 5'' feet or 5( are +ept closed even beyond 5' to 5', or 85, or even 1'' years. 3ome are closed for all eternity. Aor 1961, the cabinet min*tes dealin! $ith the Beor!e Bla+e case and the Portland spy rin! are still +ept *nder $raps in the basement at /e$. !reat deal more official material never !ets even as far as the PE-, b*t is shredded or retained indefinitely by the !overnment department $here it ori!inated. Britain is a notorio*sly secretive official society, more so than other co*ntries in the free $orld and the $orld is becomin! increasin!ly free. The only !ood reasons for +eepin! official papers as secret as the real colo*r of Eonald Eea!an0s hair are compellin! national sec*rity, and contin*in! personal sensitivity. The latter is the reason that the details of the private lives of the !eneration of late Cictorians, !athered in the national cens*s of 1791, $ill be opened by the PE- only today. -ne of the better reasons for the 5'4year r*le is the fear that politicians and officials $o*ld be inhibited from !ivin! their opinions freely, if those opinions $ere to be p*blished immediately. B*t they already are in lea+s to the lobby and the memoirs of politicians. mbition sho*ld be made of sterner st*ff= savin! politicians from embarrassment is a poor reason for secrecy. P*blicity performs the f*nction today of the slave $ho rode in the chariot behind the Eoman con9*eror on his tri*mph, m*rm*rin! to him= .Eemember yo* are only mortal.. 3ho*ld the British really have to $ait *ntil the year 2'21 to learn the private vie$s of their c*rrent r*lers on s*ch topics as 3*nday tradin!, immigration, the death penalty, and Britain0s role in the <*ropean Comm*nityK ?oc*ment t'''''''2''11122do11''17i 0ommaire de la rec.erc.e Te)t ?ate 3o*rce *te*r 3ociRtR 3*2et 3ecte*r Rconomi9*e ER!ion immi!ration '1D'1D1979 S '1D'1D1992 To*tes les so*rces To*s les a*te*rs To*tes les sociRtRs To*s les s*2ets To*s les secte*rs Rconomi9*es To*tes les rR!ions
%an!*e Ailtres d0act*alitRs
n!lais 3o*rce= The Times G:./.H 4 ll so*rces

Novembre 1991-2

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Home Office blunder reveals 11% spending rise. By Philip Webster, Chief Political Correspondent.

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%an!e Ailtres d0actalitRs

n!lais 3orce= The Times G:./.H 4 ll sorces