Laurea Magistralis MEDICINE and SURGERY Corso di in Laurea Specialistica in MEDICINA e CHIRURGIA HARVEY corso integrato FISICA - disciplina

FISICA Integrated Course/Discipline: PHYSICS

MECHANICS
Ist part
- PHYSICAL QUANTITIES and DIMENSIONS - MEASURE UNITY SYSTEMS - SCALARS E VECTORS - DISPLACEMENT, VELOCITY, ACCELERATION - DYNAMICS PRINCIPLES - GRAVITY - MASS, WEIGHT, DENSITY, FLOW, PRESSURE
D. SCANNICCHIO 2009 01/23

BASIC MECHANICS
STATICS KINEMATICS DYNAMICS
D. SCANNICCHIO 2009 02/23

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES denition measurable DIMENSIONS fundamental [L] lenght [M] mass [t] time [i] electric current derived [L]a [M]b [t]c [i]d dimensional equations: control of physical relations uniformity FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS
D. SCANNICCHIO 2009 03/23

UNITS of MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS International System (S.I.)

(previous MKSQ System)

meter (m) kilogram (kg) second (s) ampere (A) C.G.S. System centimeter (cm) gram (g) second (s) Practical Systems
examples:

millimeter of mercury (mmHg) atmosphere (atm) hour (h) ngstrom () electronvolt (eV) ..............
D. SCANNICCHIO 2009 04/23

MULTIPLES and SUBMULTIPLE peta- (P) tera- (T) giga- (G) mega- (M) kilo- (k) 1015 1012 109 106 103

multipli multiples

deci- (d) centi- (c) milli- (m) micro- () pico- (p) nano- (n)
D. SCANNICCHIO 2009

sottomultipli 101 submultiples 102 103 106 1012 109

05/23

SCALAR QUANTITIES

characterization: only 1 number

(ratio between the physical quantity and its measuring unit)

examples mass m = 73.8 kg time t = 32.3 s density d = m/V = 4.72 g cm3

D. SCANNICCHIO 2009 06/23

VECTOR QUANTITIES

characterization: 3 data
direction versus

modulus

modulus

v
application point

direction versus

letter v in bold
examples:
D. SCANNICCHIO 2009

displacement s velocity v

s = 16.4 m v = 32.7 m s1
07/23

 trajectory :

DISPLACEMENT
vector s

displacement dined with : modulus, direction, versus

a line tangent to the vector s in every point and in every subsequent time instant with the following components: x = x(t) y = y(t) z = z(t) t1 to s1 t2 s2

s = s(t)

dimensions [L] measure units:

D. SCANNICCHIO 2009

I.S. (meter (m))

C.G.S. (cm)
08/23

VARIATION (CHANGE) DEFINITION of a PHYSICAL QUANTITY variation or change symbol : variation or change:

a2 a1 = anal ainitial = !a

difference: a1 a2 = ainitial anal = !a distance variation s (in modulus): (from initial value s1=23 m to nal value s2=16 m) !s = 16 m 23 m = - 7 m (from initial value s1= 23 m to nal value s2=16 m) !s = 16 m (23 m) = + 39 m
D. SCANNICCHIO 2009 09/23

SOME MOTION of BODIES rectilinear motion (same direction and versus) : t1 t2 s1 = s(t1 ) s2 = s(t2 )

!s = s2 s1 = s(t2) s(t1)

rectilinear uniform motion rectilinear motion uniformly accelerated circolar uniform motion harmonic motion

D. SCANNICCHIO 2009

10/23

VELOCITY
velocity =
y z x 0

covered distance time interval

!

s2 t2 t0 s1 t1
!
!

s2
!

s1
!

vm

! ! ! s(t ) s(t ) s2 s1 ! 2 1 "s = = mean velocity velocit media: vm = t t t2 t1 "t 2 1

D. SCANNICCHIO 2009 11/23

INSTANT VELOCITY
! ! s(t ) s(t ) s s ! 2 1 "s 2 1 = = velocit media: vm = t t mean velocity t2 t1 "t 2 1 ! ! !

instant velocity v = velocit istantanea:

"

!t

lim !s = d s(t) "

0

"

"

!t

dt

dimensions [v] = [L] [t]1 measure units:

D. SCANNICCHIO 2009

I.S. (m s1)

C.G.S. (cm s1)

12/23

ACCELERATION
accelerazione media: mean acceleration :
!

v(t2) v(t1) "! v am = = t2 t1 "t

instant acceleration : accelerazione istantanea: a = lim !v = d v(t) dt !t " 0 !t

"

"

"

dimensions [a] = [L] [t]2 measure units:

D. SCANNICCHIO 2009

I.S. (m s2)

C.G.S. (cm s2)

13/23

DYNAMICS PRINCIPLES
in absence of forces a body is at rest or move with rectilinear uniform motion ( v = constant in modulus, direction and versus) force " physical quantity modifying the motion condition of a body motion condition of a body: dened by its velocity motion condition change " velocity vector change velocity vector change " acceleration vector
II- F = m a
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I- INERTANCE PRINCIPLE

mass m = amount of matter

14/23

DYNAMICS PRINCIPLES
II- F = m a
! !

dimensions [a] = [M] [L] [t]2 measure units:

I.S.
C.G.S.

newton (N) = kg
dyne (dyn) = gram

meter s2
= 100 000 = 105

1000 x 100

cm

s2

1 newton = 105 dynes

D. SCANNICCHIO 2009 15/23

DYNAMICS PRINCIPLES
III- ACTION-REACTION PRINCIPLE BODY A BODY B

FAB = FBA
LINEAR MOMENTUM CONSERVATION linear momentum denition: q=mv

!q =0
D. SCANNICCHIO 2009

(isolated system)

16/23

LINEAR MOMENTUM CONSERVATION

!vA FAB aA = m = !t A FBA !vB aB = m = !t B

FAB

+ FBA = 0
(vectors with same direction and opposite versus)

mA aA + mB aB = 0
mA !vA + mB !vB = 0

!qA + !qB = 0
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! q total = 0
(isolated system)
17/23

GRAVITATIONAL FORCE (Newton) m1 ! ! m1 m2 r ! r F=G 2 r r

G = 6.67 1011 N m2 kg2 at Earth ground : MT Earth mass RT Earth radius m mass of the body

m2

MT m F= G =gm R2 g = 9.8 m s2 = 980 cm s2 F=mg=p g=p

D. SCANNICCHIO 2009

(denition of the gravity force vector p )

18/23

FORCE FIELD

space domain where forces are acting

GRAVITY FORCE FIELD g = 9.8 m s2 = 980 cm s2 F=mg=p p = gravity force vector modulus p = m g direction vertical versus to ground
lines of force linee di forza
z y x
!

90

suolo ground
D. SCANNICCHIO 2009 19/23

MASS, GRAVITY, DENSITY m gravity kgmassa kggravity gmassa ggravity

kggravity = kgmass 9.8 m s2 = 9.8 N

m d= V
H2O
D. SCANNICCHIO 2009

[d] = [M][L]3

I.S. kg m3

C.G.S. g cm3

d = 1 g cm3 = 1000 kg m3
20/23

FLUID FLOW

V !t

V Q= !t

[Q] = [L]3[t]1

I.S. m3 s1
D. SCANNICCHIO 2009

C.G.S. cm3 s1
21/23

PRESSURE
" Fn .n F p= = !S !S " "

n Fn #S

"

F
!

"

[M][L][t]2 1 2 [p] = = [M][L] [t] 2 [L]

I.S. C.G.S.
D. SCANNICCHIO 2009

N/m2 pascal (Pa) dyne/cm2 barye

5 10 pascal = 4 dine = 10 barie 2 10 cm

22/23

PRESSURE 1 atmosphere = 760 mmHg = 760 tor = 1.016 106 barye = = 1.016 10 pascal = 1033 ggravity cm2
(0C)

hydrostatic pressure: p = d g h = = 13.59 g cm3 980 cm s1 76 cm = 1.016 106 barye

D. SCANNICCHIO 2009

23/23

RECTILINEAR UNIFORM MOTION and MOTION with CONSTANT ACCELERATION rectilinear uniform motion v = constant = vo s = vo t + so so = initial displacement motion with constant acceleration a = constant = ao v = ao t + vo vo = initial velocity s = 1 ao t2 + vo t + so 2 so = initial displacement

D. SCANNICCHIO 2009

y
v
"

BULLET MOTION
" v =0 y

massima gittata per !# == 45 maximum range for 45

" v ox " " v ox

" v y

" v ox

vy
"

voy
!
" o v ox

"

vo

"

"

vox voy
"

"

x
vo
"

body undergoing gravity acceleration g

vx = vox vy = voy g t
D. SCANNICCHIO 2009

2v touchdown time t = g oy

CURVILINEAR MOTION
!

aT aN
! !

aN
!

aT

accelerazione tangenziale aT tangential acceleration

! radial acceleration (normal) accelerazione normale (radiale) aN
D. SCANNICCHIO 2009

aT = dv dt 2 v aN = R

KEPLERS LAWS
1st - The planets in their motion around the Sun describe an elliptical orbit with the Sun in one of the ellipsis focuses. 2nd - The area sweeped by the vector radiuses are directly proportional to the times ! t spent to be traced: S1 S = 2 !t !t when S1 = S2 than ! t 1 = ! t 2 from which AB < CD . !t1 !t2 3rd - The square of revolution times T are directly proportional to the third power of the half longer orbital axis a: T2 = constant a3
D. SCANNICCHIO 2009