WEAR NEWS

Volume 7, Number 4 Fall 2009

World Tribology Congress (WTC) Kyoto, Japan

The World Tribology Congress, which is sponsored by many tribology societies, held their fourth conference in Kyoto, Japan from September 5 to September ! "t is probably the largest tribology e#ent around! "t is held e#ery four years and pre#ious congresses were in $ondon, %ienna, and Washington, &C! This meeting had an attendance of about '(( delegates from more than )( countries! " estimated about *( +mericans present! Japanese delegates predominated! The meeting was held in the Kyoto Conference Center, which was the site where the ,,- Kyoto +ccord was reached . the sa#e our world plan for the en#ironment! The conference was opened by a /eynote spea/er from Washington, Christopher 0la#in, an en#ironmental consultant! 1e set the 2green tribology3 tone of the e#ent! +ccording to him, the world has only fi#e years to get their act together! +fter that, the global warming trend will feed on itself! The polar caps will melt and forests will arise to feed the warming trend e#en further! 1e ad#ocated wind and solar energy to replace fossil fuel! There were many other tal/s on how to do green tribology! Tribologists are being called upon to reduce friction and wear of e#erything because both friction and wear are /ey energy factors . *(4 of an automobile engine5s energy is spent o#ercoming friction, etc! +lmost immediately after the /eynote lecture, we were surprised by an opening ceremony arranged 6age

by 6eter Jost of 2Jost 7eport3 fame! 1e is the chair of the WTC and he and conference chair, 6rofessor Kimura, persuaded 1is 7oyal 1ighness, 6rince +sihieto, to open the conference with remar/s about the seriousness of our en#ironmental 2assignment!3 We must contribute to the reduction of carbon emissions effort! 1is 8nglish was perfect and his remar/s appropriate! The first day was dedicated only to /eynote lectures! 0i#e other /eynotes followed the opening ceremony! The second /eynote spea/er was 9asamoto Ta/enato, the C8: of 7;& at Toyota! 1e described their new entry into the 2Smart Car3 mar/et, the "<! "t is the world5s smallest four=seat automobile> it is less than ' meters long! 1e described some of their recent tribology inno#ations li/e low #iscosity oil, &$C on clutch plates, and sol#ing brush wear on fuel pump motors! Toyota #isuali?es a di#erse fleet to *('( of battery cars for around town and internal combustion alone for long hauls! The third /eynote was a @obel $aurate from To/yo Ani#ersity who tal/ed about his problems in con#incing the world of the eBistence of neutrinos, whate#er they are! 9ar/ 7obbins of the AS was the neBt /eynote and he tal/ed about friction fundamentals and use of molecular dynamics in friction studies! The fifth /eynote was on biotribology and how it is going to gi#e all of us a second fifty years! 1e did not say if we get a new mate for these second fifty> it sounded li/e only new Coints and organ regeneration with stem cells!

The neBt /eynote was on the status of tribology in China! +n area needing tribology attention is their railroads! They need more and better ones! They carry *)4 of the world5s passenger miles on D4 of the world5s rails! They wear out D'(,((( wheels per year! They use D,((( tonsEyear of copper contacts for electric trains! They also plan to land a person on the moon by *( - so they need some tribology inno#ations in space hardware! They will ha#e F5 million cars on the road by *( (, so there will be some associated tribology problems! The last /eynote was presented by KoCi Kato and he discussed green tribology which includes sustainable life cycles on eGuipment, self=healing wear scars, water H 4 oil as a lubricant, and lubricant=on=demand machines! The technical sessions went from FI)( +9 to I5( +9 with fifteen minute tal/s, 5=minute discussion! There were ,** of these tal/s, and needless to say, " missed a few! They co#ered the usual range of tribology subCectsI additi#es, friction, surface engineering, biotribology, greases, bearings, machinery, etc! Testing of wear surfaces seemed to be the hottest topic after 2green tribology!3 8#erybody is using lasers to put dimples and groo#es in counterface bodies! There are countless options for these patterns and most papers were about the right pattern for a particular application! @oticeably absent were sessions on abrasion and erosion! There were many more than the usual number on friction! "t has become a concern because of energy conser#ation initiati#es! 0riction in any tribosystem results in lost energy, energy not used to perform function! 9y tal/ was on +ST95s new rolling friction measurement standard, J ,), but it did not ha#e 2/eynote3 status! :ne student appeared awa/e for a part of it! The following are some 2nuggets3 that " too/ away from WTC "%I @uclear energy is irrele#ant, only D4 in *('(

1ydro will only account for '4 of energy supply in *('( Wind and solar will supply most energy by *('( The Chinese will be the world leaders in photo#oltaics (6%5s) + type of glycerol must be added to petroleum lubricants to allow their use on &$C=coated tribocomponents 9olybdenum trioBide powder is a good high temperature lubricant The coefficient of friction of cartilage #s bone is (!(( Stem cells will repair a drilled hole in cartilage 97" H 9+T$+K can be used to calculate in #i#o wear rates of cartilage *( to 5(4 of lubricants used end up in the en#ironment 8#aporation is a problem with the new 5= W*( oils Water is the enemy of synthetic lubricants Chewing gum is polyisobutylene (as in ST6) 1g, 6b, Sn, W, Cu, @i will be gone by *(D( %egetable oils need oBidation resistance before their use can be proliferated D(4 of mechanical energy is friction loss 5(4 of the #ehicles in the AS are SA%5s or light truc/s with an a#erage weight of ',F(( lb @amba style wal/ing (to /eep /imono perfect) reduces the tendency for slipping A19W68 filled with copper chelate is the newest counterface for prostheses &iscrete element modeling (&89) has the power to simulate e#erything, e#en silly things

:#erall, this was the best organi?ed conference " ha#e attended! There was a staff of three people in each room to handle the +% system> there were people at des/s e#erywhere to answer Guestions! 6age *

There was always free coffee at the eBhibit and free lunches were a#ailable e#ery day pro#ided by industrial sponsors! :f course, you had to listen to some company promo during lunch, but " learned something from each one that " attended! The neBt WTC will be in Turin, "taly in four years and 6eter Jost will probably try and get the 6ope to open it! 6eter and the organi?ing committee did a great Cob on this conference> his committee, 6rofessor Kimira, and the Japan Society of Tribologists are to be congratulated!

Fall 2009 ASTM Meeting

The +ST9 Committee on Wear and 8rosion had their fall 5(, at Kattelle 9emorial "nstitute in Columbus, :hio, AS+ on @o#ember * and '! The meeting started with an afternoon wor/shop on the dry sand rubber wheel test, +ST9 JD5! The purpose of the wor/shop was to discuss and address problemsEconcerns with the tests that ha#e arisen since the last time that the standard was re#iewed and reappro#ed! The biggest 2problem3 was the loss of the sole supplier of the rubber wheels needed to perform the test! The supplier decided to not ma/e the rubber wheels anymore because of a#ailability problems for ingredients needed to ma/e the D( Shore + chlorobutyl rubber tired wheels! The wor/shop was attended by about *( people and presentations were made by Troy $e%alley from 0aleB Corp!, Krian 9er/le from @anodyne, Ken Kudins/i from Kud $abs, and +ndy 6helps from A&7$! Troy $e%alley reported that the immediate problem of no=rubber has been sol#ed! +/ron 7ubber &e#elopment $ab has acGuired the molds from 0aleB and they ha#e successfully made new wheels for se#eral months! The wheels are a#ailable from 0aleB for about L ,((( each! Some of the action items from the wor/shop are belowI

The sole supplier of 5( to -( +0S test sand stopped 2ma/ing3 the sand! + nearby company started to become a new supplier and the pre#ious supplier, AS Silica, in :ttowa, "llinois is bac/ in business! The 2new3 sand appears to be somewhat rougher than the old sand! 0aleB is getting high #olume losses (the spec calls for ') to '5 mm' and they are getting about )( with the new chlorobutyl wheels! 0aleB is offering to send a specimen load cell around to users to chec/ specimen=to= wheel loading! @anodyne belie#es that the sand flow rate range is too large and needs to be narrowed to '(( to '5( gEmin! + &remel grinder with a F( grit SiC sanding drum can be used to dress rubber wheels! +lternate wheel rubbers (SK7, @eoprene, @eopreneE86&9) do not produce the same wear results as chlorobutyl wheel (CK7) CK7 has higher abradant=to=rubber friction than @eoprenes and SK7 Wear ratios may be the better test metric The use of alternate rubbers may be possible using the wear ratio metric! The +0S sand (5(E-() analysis should be )(4 maB on the )( screen, )-4 min on the 5( screen, * 4 on pan! The test specimen shall butt up against the front on the holder! The standard needs an applicability statement! + new round robin is ad#isable after the test is modified with updates!

The wor/shop showed that there is strong interest in the test and that all problemsEconcerns need to be addressed in the reappro#al process! The wor/shop results will be forwarded to 9i/e +nderson (0aleB) for implementation! Abrasion Acti ities! 6age '

Chair, Ste#e Shaffer (Kattelle), as/ed for action items from the groups concerning the updating and reballoting of the dry sand rubber wheel test and other abrasion standards! The J5D test on abrasi#eness of printer ribbons has been re#iewed by Ste#e and it will be reballoted! 6eter Klau (:7@$) submitted a re#ised report on the J scratch test and the commercial listing of a machine was deleted! 6eter is researching different ways to measure scratch widths for determination of scratch hardness! John 0ildes made a presentation on abrasion wor/ being performed at the "nstitute of Tribological Coatings! They propose using an 2"mpro#ed Kall Cratering 9icro +brasion 9ethod!3 They use a )= ball test with the center ball made from @eoprene ( *!5 mm dia!)! &ry abrasi#e is retained in the system and each test yields essentially ' ball crater scars (*!-5 to *!5 lb load, E* ball, D( rpm, -( + ball, ')( g normal force to face of specimen)! Erosion Acti ities! +ndy 6helps, Chair, has resigned from the 8rosion Subcommittee for health reasons! Scott 1ummel ($afayette College) chaired the meeting and reported there is no ballot acti#ity in their standards! Jeff Smith (consultant) tal/ed to the group about the need for updating the solid particle and droplet erosion tests for use as coatings and at ele#ated temperatures and proposed a future wor/shop on particle and droplet erosion! 0ran/ 1eymann submitted a detailed report of acti#ities in the J'* #ibratory ca#itation tests! Subgroups ha#e been established for liGuid conditioning, surface preparation, simplification, and reference materials! There has been reportable progress in most of these subgroup acti#ities! Non Abrasi e Wear Acti ities! Chair @ic/ 7andall (CS9) reported that the crossed cylinder test, JF', has been withdrawn

because it has not been re#iewed! +ST9 J,F galling test has been reappro#ed! Scott 1ummel ($afayette College) is doing a round robin test with D labs to obtain recent data on reproducibility! + new piston ring wear test is in de#elopment at :a/ 7idge @ational $ab and the use of the reciprocating test to measure piston ring friction has been mo#ed to the friction subcommittee! + new standard for a ' pin=on=dis/ test is being de#eloped by 9i/e +nderson (0aleB)! Scott 1ummel is conducting interlaboratory tests on the new J ,D galling test! Three negati#es were discussed on the new fretting test standard and all issues will be addressed in a Coint subcommittee and main ballot! Jreg &alton (Tribsys) has drafted a tentati#e twist=compression test standard! The neBt step is to obtain tas/ group re#iew before balloting! 6eter Klau made a presentation on a new test method for high temperature galling of metals using ' pins on flat specimen configuration ('Do re#ersals, can go to ,((oC . has a compression load cell of 5,((( lb, *,((( lb normal force)! 1e presented eBperimental data on a #ariety of material couples! Friction Acti ities! Chair Ken Kudins/i (Kud $abs) presented negati#es on two standards for discussionI :n the Juide for 9easuring and 7eporting 0riction Coefficients, J 5! The negati#e reGuested that the standard caution users on the importance of entry edge geometry, surface preparation, and method of cleaning! +ppropriate changes were made and the standard was sent for concurrent sub and main ballot! The other negati#es were obtained as a ballot of 2Juide for &etermining 0riction 8nergy &issipation in 7eciprocating Tribosystems!3 :ne negati#e was withdrawn after word changes in a section! The other negati#e was withdrawn after

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the applicability of the standard was demonstrated! "t will be mo#ed to committee ballot! John 0ildes (Tribology "nstitute) will supply information on the use of rms techniGues for calculating dissipated energy! "om#uteri$ation Acti ities!

0uture 9eetingsI 9ay , ; *(, *( ( == Kally5s $os %egas (with ST$8) &ecember F ; ,, *( ( Jac/son#ille (with &*) 9ay , ; *(, *( == 1yatt 7egency,

== CS9, Koston

Chair Jreg &alton reported that the Juide for &e#eloping and Selecting Wear Tests3 +ST9 J ,( is appro#ed, but the other standards in this area are not subCect to re#iew at this time! + new wor/ item is to de#elop a standard on machine condition monitoring! The name of the subcommittee was changed to 2&ata +cGuisition in Tribosystems3! Terminolog% Acti ities! Chair 6eter Klau resol#ed negati#es on a #ariety of terms and the following will now be defined in the J )(I 7olling friction force Jalling Wear These terms will be balloted in the futureI +brandant, erodent, abrasion +brasion was defined as 2see abrasi#e wear>3 wear resistant, wear resistance, and tribocorrosion will be balloted in the Spring of *( (! Miscellan%! 0uture Wor/shopETechnical +cti#itiesI Jeff Smith . will wor/ on an erosion wor/shop! @ic/ 7andall will try to get Jreg Sawyer to gi#e the +ST9 group a tour of Ani#ersity of 0lorida wear lab at the Jac/son#ille meeting!

&ecember . ) . F, Sheraton, @ew :rleans (with &*) +wardsI Ste#e Shaffer was presented the 0ran/ 1eymann award for continuing ser#ice to the J* committee! Scott 1ummel was presented the 0ran/ Krantigam award for outstanding wor/ in standards de#elopment at the tas/ group le#el! Jreen TechnologyI "n /eeping with the urging of the World Tribology Congress, we need to consider en#ironmental effects in tribotesting! This photo shows the 2waste3 produced by one +ST9 JD5 abrasion test

()( lbs of sand) compared to the waste from the J -) abrasion test .one used abrasi#e tape loop that can be reused in the shop for polishing or deburring! 9aybe some JD5 users should consider ma/ing the switch!

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Fretting Wor&s'o#! +ST9 Committees 8(F on mechanical property testing and 0() on medical de#ices held a wor/shop in conCunction with their 0all meeting in +tlanta (@o#ember F . ') onI Fretting Fatigue of Metallic Medical Devices and Materials There were nine papers and the wor/shop was attended by about D( people! 9ost of the papers dealt with fretting of stents! The following are the titles of the papers presented followed by my 2micro3 abstractsI Corrosion and 0racture of :#erlapped Stents in Swine 9odels . (They put stents in li#e pigs and documented failures!) 1uman 7etrie#alsI Tissure=Stent "nterfaces and Kiomechanical 0ractures . (They retrie#ed stents from corpses> dissol#ed the arteries with @a:1 and use S89s to document fractures, fretting, and wear!) 0&+ 6erspecti#e on 0retting Corrosion +ssessment of %ascular Stents . (they ha#e lengthy testing protocols and do not appro#e materials for stents, only de#ices in finished form) 0retting Corrosion of :#erlapped Stents . (They used potentiodynamic polari?ation tests on stents to identify materialsEcouples that showed transpassi#e corrosion in a 6KS test solution!) 0retting 0atigue in 8ndo#ascular Stent JraftsI :bser#ations and Considerations for &e#ice Testing and +nalysis . (They showed how stents are being applied to more /inds of artery problems, and that fretting is li/ely in the many o#erlapped areas! They also said that fretting corrosionEwear can occur from rubbing contact with calcified #essels and arteries!) 0retting of @itinol Surfaces . (They used electronic corrosion tests before and after wear to e#aluate the corrosion resistance of 6age D

@itinol and concluded that it does not wear and does not degrade from fretting!) +pplication of $ow 6lasticity Kurnishing ($6K) to "mpro#e the 0retting 0atigue performance of Ti D+ )% 0emoral 1ip Stents . (They de#eloped an WC ball burnishing de#ice that imparts a compressi#e stress on rubbing surfaces to pre#ent initiation of fatigue crac/s in hip prosthesis!) Standard Test for &amage to Contacting Solid Surfaces Ander 0retting Conditions . (" described our J* fretting test that is in ballot) +cti#ities of 8:F on Standardi?ation and Terminology in 0retting and 0retting 0atigue . (The wor/shop chair, 7ichard @eu (Jeorgia Tech) described the 2Juide3 that they are de#eloping to help select a fretting test)!

Summary . This wor/shop was a wonderful opportunity for the siB +ST9 committees that are concerned with fretting damage to come together and discuss standards! The &* Committee was not represented, but their 2fretting test3 is really a lubricant test! The electrical contact people and the bearing people seem satisfied with the tests that they now ha#e! +s an unbiased obser#er, " wal/ed away with the feeling that stent fatigue is a #ery serious problem that is getting almost no funding for fundamental research! :ne doctor in attendance reported that she found a bro/en stent in one of her patients and he was dead within a year after detection! The 2stent people3 appear to rely on S89 images to assess wear and fretting in o#erlapped stents! They call metal=to=metal wear 2abrasion3 and " ne#er recogni?ed fretting wear or corrosion in any of the many S895s micrographs that were shown! " thin/ that they are getting plain ordinary metal= to=metal wear and not fretting wear or corrosion! :ne spea/er claimed fretting damage can occur at

slip amplitudes of (! nm! " thin/ that they need to ma/e measurement of slip amplitude priority one! "n any case, the organi?ers are to be commended for this #ery fruitful gathering of the fatigue and medical de#ices groups! There will be a follow=up symposium on fretting in China in +pril *( ( (ro)uct *iabilit% Wor&s'o#! +lso in +tlanta, there was a wor/shop on 2+ST9 Standards on TrialI The "mpact of the +bsence of Standards on 6roduct $iability $itigation in a 9oc/ Trial3 sponsored by Committee 0(F on forensics! This was a wonderful demonstration of the importance of +ST9 standards and the importance of their 2thoroughness!3 They conducted a moc/ trial of a girl hurt in a hoc/ey accident! They had real lawyers, a Cudge, Cury, eBpert witnesses! "t was a #ery enlightening eBperience! :ur standards need to be good> we need to be meticulous on the scope and precautions in use! The lawyers will unco#er any wea/nesses in the document! Tribolog% E ents "alen)ar! The attached e#ents calendar was prepared by &r! 6eter Klau of :a/ 7idge @ational $ab! Than/ you, 6eter!

N+TE!

Wear @ews is the informal account of selected tribology e#ents and the acti#ities of the +ST9 J* Committee on Wear and 8rosion! Contributed tribology articles are welcome! Send them and other inGuiries toI Ken Kudins/i Kud $abs ,() 7idge 7oad West 7ochester, @M )D 5 (AS+)

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