-- ~ ~ - - - -

.
.

..
..
...
::1
..
>
:>
='
='
:l
...
..
::l
---'"=-=
r--:::
.-
...
-

::l
...
....
,,-

...
'3
-
-
...
...
-
-
3
:::s
..
-
..
='
::>

..
...
::l
::l
3
=-
=
..
..
...

::l
=:l
..
=-
..
-;:,
=
..
..
,
,
:>
-
=
-
..
..

,
,
..
='
-.
...
...
='
_ ~ _ _
...
-"
-
-
'::l
=
-

3
...
...
::l
...
3
...
...
::l
3
:>
;::
-

-

3
=
":l
":l
-":l
-

='
:o

:::::
':>
-
-
=:

=

J!lI

='
":l
='
::>

::>
,/
--:JI
..
~ _ ~
3
...
...
...
...
...
::::
...
...
3
=
----- - ---- -- - ---- -
03
-
-
=
---
- - - -
- -- - -- -
--- -
..
..


..
)
>
>
.
11
;
::

3
=
::1
:1
...
:1
::::l
=
.

:1
..
..
..
..
..
--- ~
~ .. - -
3
..
...
=:l
..
..
..
3
3
-
..
-
>
>
)o

-.

..
3
=

- - - .._.
VEN NOV1 IGAVR OV leH ,
I Bl. I lo_L ." el ., 1.;.,= lit. n' <ln
HARVESTING IN SUMMER SG.EPING aOy
Palnter, draughtsman, Ilthographer, genre parnter.
Bom Into apoor merchant's faml!y lil Moscow
he worked as adraughtsri\an for land-surveYlng
teams ulltll he was thlrty-elghtyears old. HIS
tramlng as apalnterwas marked by many
Interruptlons: he recelved prlvate lessons from
Vl. Borovikovsky, amongothers, copled palntlngs
In the Hermltage (an 1811 copy 01 Murlllo's Resl
on fhe Fllgh! mto [gypt has survlved and IS now
Ir. In the State Russlan Museum), and became an
'external student' of the Imperial Academyof Arts
In St Petersburg. Al lheend 01 1807 Venetslanov
crealed four etchlngsforthe Carrcature
MagaZine tor Ihe Year 1808. whlch he hlmself
inltJated and whlch was Russla's flrst Illustrated
sal!rlcal magazine untll It was banned bv tlle
authorllles. In 1811 Venetslanov was awarded
the tltle of Academlclan for hls canvas Portralt
ofKlffll Ivanovlch Golovachevskv. Inspector01
the Academy01 Arls. W!IJ Three PUpl/S ofthe
Academy In 1812, dunng the Napoleonlc Wars,
he created anumberof polllJcal cartoons in which
he rldlculed the French and the Francomanla
ot the Russlail anstocracy. He settled on the
small estale 01 Satonkovo In the pravlnce of Tver
In 1819 Venetslanov was of great slgnlflcance
loihedevelopment 01 Russlan art He was lhe
founderof a5chool of palntmgthat eventually
eilcompassed more lhan seventy artlsts, mcludlng
Gngofl Soroka, AV. Tyrallov, N.S Krylov, E.F.
Krendovsky, and l.K. Plakhov
Venetslanov occuple5a place In art hlstory
p(lmanlyas the founrJer af Russlan genre palntlng
art hlstorlans descrlbed his early,\'ork
as aRUsslan vananton Bjede.rmel"'r style.
DUrlng thIS penod he enar3ted In ti mate portr,lo
fhal o:casmnally Inclineto't8rdsRonuntlclsm,
'11 ...... b "3e'" ti , ... r 1.Qn7_
1809, Stat Russlan Museum) The artlstoblained
hls IllstmaJor sueeess and renown wlth lile
palntlng The ThreshlngFloor(18211823, Stale
Russlan Museum). Olher pa1nllngs dlsplaYlng
scenes Irom peasant Ilfe, for whlch he worked
wllh Ilve models. Inelude SleeplngShepherd Boy
(1823-26. RlJssian Museum), In lhe Fleld
Spong, ilnd Harvesll/lg. Summer(boih from lhe
1820s. SlafeTretyakov Gallery) The substantlal
role played by landseape In hlscomposltlOns IS 3n
early example 01 the romanl,clzal,on 01 Hle Russl8n
eounlryslde At '[he same time, '1enetslanov's
peasant herald the advent of reallsm In
Russlan palnllng.
Affiliations:
Soclely for (he Encouragement01 Artlsls
Exhlbltions:
1824-1847 Imperia: Academy of Arts
182G1827 Soclety for lhe Eneouragemenl
oi Arllsts
f\'lost CltJtslanding works:
PorlrailofAleksandrBlblkov(1807-1809).
Portralt01 Ale!<sandra Blblkova0807-1809),
T/le MournJngotChosl(c. 1810, all 11) lhe Stale
Russran Museum), Self-porlrail(1811, State
Trelyakov Gallery), The Threshlng Floor(182J.-
1823, State RI";S!'l1l Museum), Cleanlng Beels
Ce. J.320), SleepmgShepiJerd Boy(1823-26, both
In the State Russlan MuseumL In tlJe Fleld Sprrng,
and Harvestmg Summer(both c 1820, Stale
Trelyakov Gallery), The MedliJflOn 01 Ihe Mothel
01 God lor the Sfudents otIhe Smolny
0832-J.835, State Russlan Museuml. Peterthe
Greal. The FoundlngoSIP2tersburg(153B, Slale
TretyakovGalhry),
TERRACE ON THE SEASHORE vl(W OF A.MAlFI
CAPUCCINI "'tEAR SORRENTD Ign
Landscape painter. Born ,nfoan ortlsllC famlly Hls
father, FF. Shchedrln, was a5culplor, illS ullcle,
S.F Shchedrln, was 81so alandscape painter. From
1800-1812he studled under M M Ivanovand
FYa Alekseev al lhe Imperial Academy of Ares In
St Petersburg At hisgraduatlOn he was honoured
wlth a flrst-class diploma and aGold Medal
From 1818onwards he recelved agranl fram lhe
Imperial Acaderny to study 111 Italy Shehedrln flrst
settled In Rome. but when he was comrnlssloned
by Grand Duke Mlkhall Paviovlch (the brother
ofthe Tsar) lopalnl a seriesof Neapolltan
lancJscapes. he moved fo Napleswhere he spent
lhe resI of hls Ilfe
In the hlstoryof Russlail art Shchednn IS known
as one of the founders of the reallstlc landscape.
Even In hls early works, he showed hlmselfto be
aremarkdble landscape palnler. Hlsvlews of SI
PelersblJrg. whlch were dlsplayed In the Imperial
Academy. do nof presenl the mall1 streets and
quays along the Neva, as was common In thework
of elghleenth-century maslers. bul the suburbs of
ttleClty, whlch had only recen!ly been adopted Into
thevocabularyof nlneleenth-cenluryvisual art. In
ItalyShchedm1 !Iberated hlmseifIrom classlclslng
tendencies and devcloped owards Rom?lltic sm
whlch he added ear:y-realistIC landscape elelnrr.\
Exhibitions:
1815-1817 Imperial Academyof Arts,
St Petersburg
Mostoutstanding works:
The Collseum (J819, StaleTrelyakov Gallcry), 1"
New Romeseries of cllyscapes (1823-1825, S
Tretyakov Gallery). The Small 'arbovr0'/ Son
On Ihe /sle 0'/Capn, I/iew01 Serrento l1,.ar 'l.71I.
(all 1826,all In the SI ate Tretyakov
Moon/Ight Ifl Nap/es(1828-1829, State
Museum).
MIKUAH I
,
RI68RI VWH
, 11 rol 'H 1 O' f' ..;(1 '1 JU
FISHERMEN j,q....
Palnter of landseapes, genre. portralts, and Icons.
Soroka was the son af a peasant serf. Hls master,
the large landowner N.P. Milyukov, look lhe young
Soroka mIo hls home In '_841. When hls arllstlc
talent was recognlsed he became a pupll of Aleksei
whose eslate of Safonkovo was
nearby. Desplte VenctslClrIov's attenlpts lo free
Soroka from his serfdom, hls nlaster contlnued
to refuse to al!ow It. Alter Venetslanov's death In
1847, Soroka found hlmself In a dlfflcult siluation.
Havrng left h,s master's estate, he returned to
Pokrovskoye at the beglnnlng o the 1850s, where
he palnted Icons for the locai churches. Because
Soroka was Involved wlth the peasant uprlslngs
that followed the abolitlon of serfdom (on behalf
of hls feilow v!llagers he wrote a lelter lo Tsar
Aleksandr !I, complalillng about the unfavourable
condltlons for land purehase) he was sentenced to
corporal punlshment. but hanged hlnlself befare
th,s took place.
Tllough hls legacy IS not extenslve, Soroka IS
arguably lhe nlost tYPlcaliy Russlan of all the
ni neteenth - cen tury landsCi.lpe nters, an d lhe
most promlnent representatlve 01 the Venetslanov
sellool. No more than twen1y undated canvases
have been authentleated, all fronl the 1840s.
Nevertheless. the palntrngs m whlch he recorded
the surroundrngs 01' MIlyukov's estate are extremely
successful. Soroka's work dlsplays a unlque
comblnatlOn of the ,deairslng c1asslClst tradltlon
and a realistlc deplctlon of Russlan nature.
Exhibitiens
none
w
Mest outstanding werks:
Vew al Lake Maldino at OStrovkl, Estafe 01 N.
P. MliyUkov, Vlew 01 a Oam (bolh State Russlan
Museum), View of a Park at Ostrovkl, Estate of N.P.
MJiyukov In the Provmce 01 Tver (State Tretyakov
MlIseunl) The Tfreshlng Floor (8431), Stl1dy
lIi TIJe House al Ostrovkr, Estate of N.P MJiyukov
0844. both Russlan State Museum), ReflectlOn /()
a Mlrror, Portral! of E/lUYe!.. Mrlyukova (second haif
of the 1840s, State Museuml. portralts
of Venetsianov (State Tretyakov Museum, State
Russlan Museum), and Self-portralt 0840-1850,
State Russlan Museum).
PATH IN ALBANO NEAR ROME \836
The son of a serf, Lebedev beca me a freeman In
1816 with fhe abollflOn of serfdom In the provlnee
of !::stonta In 1829, Lebedev was admllted to the
Imperial Academy of Arts In St Petersburg, VI8
medlatlon by the dlreclor of the Derpl gymnaslum,
Count P. r-. Palen, and fhanks to fhe protectlon of
A.K. Benkendorf, fhen head of lhe secrel pollee
There he sfudled In lhe class of M.N. Vorobev. In
1832, he recelved a SlIver Medal, 'flrst c1ass', for
hls P'il'nt'ng V!ew of Petravsky Island (St Petersborg)
l5tate Russlan Museum) He graduated lhe
10l'oWing year and was awarded the Grand Gold
Medal and a granl lo study In Italy for hls palntlng
V;ew of Ladoga. In he moved to Rome where
he beeame part of lhe clrcle around lhe palnter
Kdd Bryu Ilov.
ThlO Irfluence of the Venetslanov sehool IS
clearly recognlsable In Lebedev's early work
gr<3dually developed a personal varlant of
RUssliln RonlantlCISI1l that was characterlsed by a
cheerful senslllvlty. The most prol1llnenl landscape
pwntlngs he created In Russla are VasJ!kava. Estate
of [he /rIS[lr3''::/(Jr af t/le Academy 01 Arts, A r. Krutav
0833, State Tretyakov Gallery) and At {he Forest
f.dge. [state of he Karmal10v Famlly (1833, State
Gallery). The maJonty of hls oeuvre was
created dUllng hls Itallan periodo TYPlea! features
of these landscapes are the careful attentlon
devoted to light and shadow, and the use of
Ilvely colours and dramatle contrasts between
lhe far<'ground and lhe background. Wlth thls
style, he gathered a reputaban as one of Russla's
best landscape palnters from the fllst hall' of the
nlneleenth cenlury
Exhibltiens:
1829-1833 Inwerlai AcadenlY of Arts,
SI Peters bu rg
Most outstanding works:
Vasllkovo Estate of file Inspector al the Academy
01' Arts, A I Krutov (833), Althe Edge of Ihe
Forest Estate of (he Karmal10v Famliy(l833), Patl)
/IJ Albal10 l1ear Rome (1836, all three In the State
Tretyakov Gallery), Vlew 01 Gastello Gal1dolla near
Rome (836), Anccla l1ear Rome (1835, both
State Russlan Museum). View 011 the Outsklrls of
Albano near Rame (1836), In Gurgl Park (1837,
both State Tretyakov Gallery).
KA OV, A1
L01
SUNSET aYER A MARSH 1871 THE PECHERSK MONASTERY ACART-TRACK U.s}3
NEAA NllHNINOVGOROD lB71
Palnter, draughtsman, landscaplst. Studled at
the Moscow Schaol alArts(1844-1854), under
K.1. Rabusand was made afellow of the Imperial
Academy of Arts In 1854. He taught landscape
palnllng at the Moscow School of Arts from
1857 \0 1882,countlngamong hls students L.L.
Kamenev, tlle brothers KAand S.A. Korovln.
Isaak LeVitan and S.I Svetoslavsky. In 1862he
vlslted the InternatlOnal Exhlbltlon In LOlldon, and
In 1867travelled to France lorthe Parls ExposlIon
UmverseIle. Besldes England and Fra nee. he aIso
v!slted Germany and SWltzerland, (he lattertrlp
resultlng In twocanvases Vew01 lIJe SWl5s Alps
nearInterlaken(1862, State Russlan lVIuseumJ and
Lake In the SWl5s Mountaln5(866)
Havmgstarted hls eareer as apainter In the
romantlc tradltlon - Vlew ofthe Kremlm In Bad
Weather(1851), View, nearOramenbaum(1854)
- Savrasov later developed a more narratlve style,
produclngplcturestranqull In moad and based
an minuteobservatlOn 01 the "unnotleed detalls
01 natural Ilfe'. Vrllage Scene(1867), E/k Island,
Sokolmki(1869). In hlsworks ofthe 1870s-
A Cart-Track(873), CourtyardIn Wmter{l870s)-
Savrasovallowshlrl1self a more IYrlcal and personal
expresslon ofthe uncompromlslng nature 01 the
Russlan landscape In hls 1871 canvas TIJe Rooks
Have Retumed(State Tretyakov Gallery), whleh was
to becorne aseminal work In the hlstory of Russlan
landscape palntlng, Savrasov ehoosesa simple
theme - tYPlcal of the Russlan countryslde In early
sprlng- and creates an emotlonally heightened
vlslon 01 nature reawakenlng. The artlst, rellect!ng
a partlcularly Russlan outlookon the world, draws
IYrlcal slgnlficance from aconcrete motll, and
enters the annals 01 Russlan art I1lstary as the
lounder01 the 'rnood landscape'.
Affiliations:
From 1861 Moscow SOClety ofArt Lovers
From 1870 Wanderers' Soclety(Peredvlzhnkl)
(founder rnember)
THE ROOKS HMf. RETURNED (VARIANT) l87!:;
Exhibitions
1860 Moscow Soclety01 Art Lovers
1871-1881 Wanderers' Soele!y
Pos!humoussoloexhibitions:
1947 Moscow
1963 Lentngrad
1980 Moscow
Mostoutstandingworks:
V!ew 01 the Kremlrn In Bad Weather (1851), View,
nearOranienbaum(1854, both State Tretyakov
Gallery), Vrew ofthe SWl5S AlpsnearInterlaken
(1862, State Russlan Museum), Lake m theSw;ss
Mountams(1866), Village Scene(1867), Efk
Island, Sokolmki(1869), A Cart- Track (1873),
Courtyardm Wlnter(1870s), The Rooks Have
Retumed{l871, all State Tretyakov Galleryl.
TtiEHIGH
Pall1!<if
Acitdll
,nd S.
Grehd
, If/iJ!i(j
(J re
lorcj;;n

cT.d wr
bec
Arb 11.
av:;::ul


Alfiliat
lA"7-
l/jl!]
hibi
B
111
KtODT, MIRIAIt PUPOV,
JI
f "
THE :'!II"iH ROttO IN AUTUMN 1863 IN T'HE FIElD H
Palrlterand landscaplst. Studied atthe Imperial
Academy 01 Arts (1851-18:'8) under M.N. Vorobev
and S M Vorobev. In 1858he was awarded the
Grand Gold Medal for hls senesentltied Vew of
Liflandla nearZagevolt, and recelved adiploma
as areglstered artlst, as well as abursary tor
lorelgn trave!. He was a pensioner01 the Imperial
Academy 01 Arts from 858to 1861.and Ilved
and worked In Germany, SWltzerland and France.
He became a member01 the Imperial Academy 01
Arts In 1862. In 1871-1872,logetherwlth A.P.
Bogolyubov, he preslded over theestablishment
oaI'andscape palntlngclass at the Impenal
Academy of Arts, whlch he headed lrom 1873.
"filialio'ls.
1857-1862 'Academlclans' Fndays' Soclely
1870-1880 Wanderers' Socrety.
(founder member)
Ir0l11 1875 Socletyof Art Exhlbits
EJcl11bitlons:
1854-1873 (varlously) Impellal Academy01 Arls
1862 Soclety for the Encouragement
ofheArts
FOREST VIEI'{ AT NOON 18/8
1863-1883 Moscow Soclety ofArt Lovers
1867 SOClety tor the Encouragement
01 the Arts
1867 Expos/!/On Untverselle, Pa115
1871 Wanderers' Soclety
1872 Internatlonal Exhlbltlon, London
1873 Internatlonal ExhlbltiOil. Vlenna
from 1875 SOClety of Art Exhlbrts
1876 Internatlonal ExhlMlon. PhIladelphla
1878 EXposltlOn (Jl1Iverselle, Parls
1879 Wanderers' Soclety
1882 AII-RusSI3 Exhlbltton, Moscow
1897 Wanderers' Soclety
Masloulstandingwarks:
Oak Grove, T!Je HiglJ Road n Autumn(bo111 1863,
State Tretyakov Gallery); F/ockby the Riverat
Noon 0869,State Russlan MlJseum); In the
Fleld(1870, State Russlan Museum; 1872. State
Tretyakov Gallery); Fores! Vew atNoon (878),
Cattle a! the Trough 0879,both In the Stae
Tretyakov Gallery)
MORNING INlH[COUNTRYSlOf 1861
Artlst. The Identlty01 the paJl1ter 01 Mormng In
the Countrys/de, whlch was slgned 'A. Popov,
1861', remalns a rnystery Dunng thls penod the
genre was practJsed by twoother Popovs: the
landscape palnterAleksandr Pavlovlch Popov
(-Moskovsky) and the pamteraf popularscenes
Andrel Andreevich Popov. Becausethe rnethod of
pamtlflgappears to dlflerIromthat01 these two. It
has been assumed that there must be yet another
painterwlth the same !n,tlalsworkmg durmgthls
penod.

IVAN
!891!. ') T PE TER >BURG
-
.
. . .
.


:-... -- -
VIEW ON THE OUTSKIRTS OF
ST. PETERSBURG 1
MIDOAY ON THE OUTSKIRTS OF MOSCOW IN THE OEPTHS OF THE FOREST 131
Pamter. draughlsman. engraver; landscap1sl.
Stud1ed al lhe Moscow School of Arls (1852
1856) under A.N. Moknlsky and al the l mpenal
Academy of Arls. (1856 1860), under
S.M. Vorobev; pens1oner of the lmpenal Academy
(1862 1865). Followmg h1s educat1on. he llved
and worked 1n Germany and Sw1lzerland. and
lravelled m Bohem1a. He was made a fellow of the
lmpenal Academy of Arls m 1865. m recogn1t1on
of h1s p1clure V1ew near Dsseldorf (S tate Russ1an
Museum).
Sh1shkm was a master of lhe monumental canvas.
combinmg a panoram1c v1s1on with met1culous
attenl10n to detall such as M1dday. on the Outsk1rts
of Moscow (1869) and Woodland V1stas (1884,
bolh State Trelyakov Gallery). Sh1shkin's extens1ve
oeuvre also mcludes works closer m style to the
mood landscape such as Ram m an Oak Forest
(1891). and plem a1rworks like: Comerofan Over-
grown Garden (1884).
Sh1shkm's elchmgs const1tute a sigmf1cant
aspect of h1s legacy. Wh1le close lo his pamtmgs
m conlent and style. they are more emot1onally
charged and freer 1n lhe1r execul1on. allowmg lhe
arl1sl lo expenmenl and demonstrate h1s skllls as
a draughlsman. Sh1shkm became the foremost
engraver of lhe second hall of the nmeteenth
cenlury and was mstrumental m rev1vmg lhe
trad1!1on of etchmg m Russ1a.
Affiliations
from 1866 Moscow Soc1ety of Art Lovers
from 1870 Wanderers' Soc1ety, (founder member)
from 1871 Soc1ety of Russ1an Engravers
Exhibitions:
1857 1894 lmpenal Academy of Arts.
St Petersburg
1859.1860 Moscow School of Arts
1865 Dusseldorf
1866 Expos1t1on Umverselle, Par1s
, --TJ
.
.. .
t .,.
"' ' t
. ' 11.- ..
\ ! .. ' .
'
.. \ .. ....
t
... : t.'"'"\ ... '
.,;;;. ' ' t
... .;,..
,_ .. ,.,....
.
RYE 1< FOREST RESERVE, PI NE GROVE 11 AMIOST THE SPREADtNG VALE 1883
1866 Moscow Soc1ety of Art Lovers
1867 Soc1ety for the Encouragement
of the Arts
1873 lnternallonal Exhlbltlon. V1enna
1878 Expos1t10n Umverselle, Pans
The Ap1ary (1882), Woodland Vistas (1884).
Countess Mordvmova's Forest. Peterhoff(l891, all
m lhe Slate Tretyakov Gallery), In the WJ/d North
(1891. K1ev Museum of Russian Art), Mast-Tree
Grave (1898. Russ1an Museum).
1896 AII - Russ1a Exhib1tion.
N1zhm Novgorod
Solo exhibitions
1891 SI Petersburg
Posthumous Exhibition
1904 Exh1blt1on of studies. Moscow
1926 Sh1shkm's Drawmgs, Moscow
1948 lo mark the occas10n of lhe 50'
anmversary of h1s dealh.
Moscow and Lenmgrad
Most outstanding works:
M1dday. On the ot Moscow ( 1869). P1ne
Forest (1872), Rye (1878), The Th1cket (1881),
WOOI)lAND VISTAS V<4 VOUNG OAKS 88h OAKS E"wENING H<87 MIXED FOREST 188>! WIND FALLEN TREES 1888 WINTER 1890
l1
IN THE WILD NORTH 1891 THE KAMA NEAR VELABUGA .8 MAST-TREE GROVE
1

THE l.AST INN BY THE TOWN GATE 1868
Pamter and draughtsman - master of genre
pa1ntmg; portra1t1st and historical painter.
Stud1ed at the Arzamas School of Pamtmg and
lconography under A.V. Stupin (1846-1849) and
the Moscow School of Arts (1853-1861) under
N.A. Ramazanov, A.N. Mokritsky, M. l. Skottl and
S. K. Zaryanko; pens1oner of the lmpenal Academy
of Arts (1862-1869). He travelled to Germany m
1862, and llved and worked 1n Pans from 1863
to 1864. In 1866 he was made a fellow of the
lmpenal Academy.
Perov's leadmg role m the development of genre
pamtmg in the 1860s secures him a place in the
annals of Russian art h1story. Two examples of
sign1f1cant gen re pamtings are The Village Easter
Process1on (1861) and The Last lnn by the Town
Gate (1868). He achieved widespread acclaim
for h1s h1storical and religious pai ntings: Christ
m the Garden of Gethsemane (1878) and N1kita
Pustosvyat, (1882, both in the State Tretyakov
Gallery). Landscape plays an importan! role m
Perov's work as a means of creatmg a umty of
mood and palette. Portra1ture is also a 1mportant
facet in the art1st's oeuvre - sorne of the fmest
examples being those of the dramatist A.N.
Ostrovsky (1871), the wnters F. M. Dostoevsky
and V. l. Dahl (both 1872), and the painter A.K.
Savrasov (1878, all in the State Tretyakov Gallery).
D1stmgU1shed by thei r exact portrayal of social
characteristics, the1r umty of compos1t1on, pose
and gesture, these pictures reveal a profound
psycholog1cal ms1ght of the s1tter.
Affiliations:
1870-1882 Wanderers' Soc1ety (founder member)
Exhibitions:
1856-1871 l mpenal Academy of Arts,
St Petersburg
1862 Soc1ety for the Encouragement
of the Arts
1867 Expos1tion Umverselle, Pars
1870-1882 Wanderers' Society
1872 lnternational Exhibibon, London
1873 lnternat1onal Exh1bibon V1enna
1878 Expos1t1on Universelle, Pars
1881 Moscow Society of Art Lovers
Most outstanding works:
The Vil/age Easter Process1on (1861); Tea
Onnkmg m Myt1shch1 (1862); The Last Journey
(1865); Troika (1866); The Last lnn by the Town
Gate (1868); Hunters at Rest (1871), Chnst m
the Garden of Gethsemane (1878) and Nik1ta
Pustosvyat, (1882, all m the State Tretyakov
Gallery)

MI ODA Y IN THE COUNTRYSIDE 1864
Painter mamly of landscapes, but also of genre,
seascapes, and battle scenes. Stud1ed at the
Univers1ty of St Petersburg, and subsequently
at the Department of Landscape Pamting of the
l mpenal Academy of Arts where he was taught by
S.M.Vorobev, L.F. Lagono, and G.G. Chernetsov.
Sukhodolsky rece1ved the M mor and the Grand
S1lver Medals respect1vely for his landscapes
Storm m the Provmce of Kaluga (1859) and
Wmter Mormng (1860). For h1s pamtmg View
from Petrovsky Jsland, he was awarded the M mor
Gold Medal. In 1864, Sukhodolsky completed
h1s educa!lon w1th the Grand Gold Medal for the
landscape pamtmg M1dday m the Countrys1de
(1864, State Russian Museum). He made use
of the s1x-year grant awarded by the Imperial
Academy for only three years, spending this penod
m Russ1a, mstead of ltaly as was mtended. In
1868 he entered the c1vil service and so forfeited
h1s nght toa pension from t he Imperial Academy.
He resumed pamtmg m 1877, and in 1878
rece1ved the t1tle of Academ1cian for his work
The Oka R1ver Flooding m Sprmg (State Russian
Museum). In the 1880s, he produced i llustrallons
for Russia's most popular magazine Niva.
No more than f1fty pamtmgs by Sukhodolsky are
known. The pa1ntmgs In a Young Oak Forest,
near Moscow(l862) and The Marsh (1863) were
bought by Pavel Tretyakov (both State Tretyakov
Museum).
Exhibitions:
1859-1865 lmpenal Academy of Arts,
1867
1873
1873
1879
St Pet ersburg
Expos1t1on Umverselle, Pans
lmpenal Academy of Arts,
St Petersburg
lnternational Exh1b11ion, V1enna
l mpenal Academy of Arts,
St Petersburg
1881-1882 l mpenal Academy of Arts,
1882
St Petersburg
Nallonal Exh1b111on of Art and
Apphed Art, Moscow
1886-1887 lmpenal Academy of Arts,
St Petersburg
1887
Wanderers' Soc1ety, Ekatennburg
Most outstanding works:
M1dday in the Countryside (1864) , The Oka R1ver
Flooding m Spring ( 1878, both S tate Russian
Museum), Workers Rest1ng(l880, State Tretyakov
Museum), Scene from Peasant Ufe (1882), The
Capture of Orkhama by the Russian Troops on
18 November 1877 (1882, both State Russian
Museum).
KUINDlHI, ARKHIP I V N O V I ~ H
JRG
THE FORGOnEN VILLAGE
PATCHES OF MOONLIGHT IN THE FOREST
EVENING IN THE UKRAINE
NIGHT ON THE ONIEPR
MOONLIT NIGHT ON THE ONIEPR ,880
MORNING ON THE DNIEPR 1
Pamter and landscap1st. Served as an apprentlce
1n I.K. A1vazovsky's stud1o 1n Fedos1a under the
latter's pup1l and ass1stant. A l. Fessler 1n 1855
lt 1s poss1ble that he returned to work 1n
A1vazovsky's stud1o 1n 1865 1866. He s thought
to have attended classes unofficially at the
lmpenal Academy of Arts 1n St Petersburg 1n
1868, and 1n 1870 was recogn1sed as a non
reg1stered art1st. becoming a reg1stered art1st 1"
class m 1878. Dunng the years. 1874. 1875 and
1878, he made several tnps abroad. to France.
Germany, England, Swtzerland and Austria. He
was appomted a Professor at the Imperial Academy
of Arts 1n 1892 and made a full member 1n 1893.
He headed the landscape stud1o at the Academy's
Higher College of Arts from 1894-1897 Prompted
by his students, he founded the Kuindzhi Soc1ety
In 1909.
Kundzhi's landscapes are d1st1ngU1shed by the1r
panoram1c vison and h1s use of colour emphas1ses
the express1ve nature of the countrys1de.
Affiliations:
1875-1880 Wanderers' Society
Exhibitions:
1867
1872
1873
1873
1874-1879
1878
1882
Imperial Academy of Arts.
St Petersburg
lnternat1onal Exh1b1tl0n, London
lmpenal Academy of Arts,
St Petersburg
lnternat1onal Exh1blt1on. V1enna
Wanderers' Soc1ety
Expos1t1on Umverselle, Pans
AII-Russ1a Exhibition, Moscow
AnER THE RAIN
LANDSCAPE THE S TEPPE 1890
MIDOAY HERD IN THE STEPPE
Solo exhibitions
1880 Arkh1p Kwndzh1, St Petersburg
and Pans
1882 Moscow, St Petersburg
Posthumous exhibtions.
1913 St Petersburg
1914 Moscow
1992 Moscow
Most outstanding works
On Valaam lsland (1873). Muddy Road m Marwpol
(1875). Ukra1man N1ght (1876 all three m the
State Tretyakov Gallery); Evenmg m the Ukrame
(1879, State Russ1an Museum); The B1rch Grove
(1879, State Tretyakov Gal lery); Moonflt N1ght on
the Dmepr (1880, S tate Russ1an Museum)
THE BIRCH-GROVE 18
~ ~ ~
8'f OAKS XI 1'l05

DMITRHVUH
BOl 1" 2 MAY 1 ST 'ETER BURG OltO. 13 IUL 9. !7, BORO K ESTATE :NOW POLENOVO), TULA
f. ,< - ' - , ----l'-.if,} ' ' . <1'
it'. ...
. _.. . i'
.. . _..-__ ..
-.
THE BURNT FOREST 1881 LANOSCAPE. ZHUKOVKA 1888 EARLY SNOW 1891
.:
Painter, landscapist, genre and historical painter;
stage designer, architect and illustrator, he also
worked in the fiel ds of decorative and appl ied arts.
Polenov too k drawing lessons from P. P. Chistyakov
from the age of twelve and attended classes by
F. l. lordan at the Imperial Academy. He studied
jointly at the University of St Petersburg and
the Imperial Academy of Arts from 1863 to
1871. He became a pensioner of the Imperial
Academy (1872-1876) and travelled widely in
Europe and lived in France. In 1876, during the
Balkan - Turkish war he served as a volunteer at
the front, and was active on the Bulgarian front
in the Russo-Turkish war from October 1877 to
February 1878. He travelled abroad in connection
with specif1c artistic projects, first in 1881-1882,
working on the painting Christ and the Woman
Taken in Adultery (1888, S tate Russian Museum),
then in 1899 to the Middle East and Greece, for
the series entitled Scenes trom the Lite of Christ
(1890s-1900s). He was made an Academician in
1876 and became a full member of the Imperial
Academy of Arts in St Petersburg in 1893. From
1882 until 1895, he taught the landscape class
at the Moscow School of Arts, counting among his
students K.A. Korovin, lsaak Levitan, A.Y. Golovin,
S.V. lvanov, A. E. Arkhipov and S.V. Vinogradov.
In 1926 he was declared a People's Artist of the
Russ1an Soviet Republic.
'
*
Polenov became one of the fmest exponents of
the mood landscape, and his work may be seen as
continuing the lyrical tradition of A. K. Savrasov.
lt is largely dueto three of his works, completed
towards the end of the 1870s- Moscow Courtyard,
Grandmother's Garden (both 1878) and Overgrown
Pond (1879; all in the State Tretyakov Gal lery)
- t hat plein air painting beca mean established
tradition in Russian art.
The artist l ived in Moscow and, from 1890
onwards, on his estate in Borok on Oka, where
he undertook a number of architectural projects
whose styles tend towards the Russian Art
Nouveau: the country house (built in 1892, now
the Polenov Museum); the Abbatstvo Stud1o
(1904); and the Church of the Holy Trinity in the
village of Bekhovo (1906).
Affiliations:
from 1878 Wanderers' Society
from 1894 Moscow Society of Artists
from 1878 Abramtsevo Circle
Exhibitions:
1875
1876
1878-1918
Le Sa/on, Pars
Imperial Academy of Arts,
St Petersburg
Wanderers' Society
MOSCOW COURTYARD 1902
1882
1890
1894-1918
1896
1896
1899
1900
AII -Russia Exhibition, Moscow
Le Salon, Paris
Moscow Society of Artists
Exhibition ot Artistic Experiments,
St Petersburg
AII - Russia Exhibition,
Nizhni Novgorod
Mir iskusstva, St Petersburg
Exposition Universelle, Paris
Solo exhibitions:
1909-1910 Scenes trom the Lite ot Christ,
Moscow, St Petersburg, and Prague
1924 Moscow
Posthumous exhibitions:
1994 Moscow
Most outstanding works:
Moscow Courtyard, Grandmother's Garden (both
1878) and Overgrown Pond (1879; all in t he
State Tretyakov Gallery), Autumn in Abramtsevo
(1890, Polenov Museum); Early Snow (1891, S tate
Tretyakov Gallery); Go/den Autumn (1893, Polenov
Museum); Autumn Chi/1 on the Oka near Tarusa
(1893, Kiev Museum of Russian Art).

BEFORE THE STORM 1868 ClOUDS 1871
Landscape pamter, draughtsman, watercolounst,
ltthographer. Studted drawtng at evening classes
at the Soctety for the Encouragement of the Arts
(1863-1867) under A. l. Korzukhm, A. l. Morozov,
I.N. Kramskoy and A.G. Goravsky. From June to
November 1867 he worked on Valaam lsland under
the dtrectton of lvan Shtshkm. In 1870 he travelled
to the Volga regton wtth the pamter llya Repm, a
trip that was to play a signtftcant role in the arttst's
development and resulted in a large number of
drawings and paintmgs. Among these are Vtew of
the Vo/ga. Barges (1870, State Russtan Museum),
Vo/ga Lagoons and Banks of the Volga after a
Thunderstorm (both 1871, State Tretyakov Gallery).
In these works Vasilev trtes to create a universal
tmpresston of nature and evoke a lyrtcal mood. In
1871 he was regtstered as an unofftctal student
at the lmpertal Academy of Arts and recetved an
honorary diploma tn 1873. 111 health however,
prevented him from attending classes. In May
.)lEO. 24 SEPTf.>,IBER IR'/j, YALTA
THE THAW :871
1871 he moved to the Crimea for hts health, where
he spent the last years of hts ltfe.
Vastlev's work is charactertsed by tts subtle
poettctsm and st1rnng romanttcism, though sorne
of hts works are eptc m character. The arttst's
contrtbution to the development of Russian
landscape pamtmg lay tn hts abtltty to combme
elevated romanttctsm wtth a naturahstic executton.
Affiliations:
from 1868 Soctety for the Encouragement
of the Arts
Exhibitions:
1867-1873 Soctety for the Encouragement
of the Arts
1872 lnternat10nal Exhtbttton, London
1872 Imperial Academy of Arts,
St Petersburg
MORNING 1872-1873
1872 Moscow Soctety of Art Lovers
1873 lmpertal Academy of Arts,
St Petersburg
1873 lnternattonal Exhtbttton, Vtenna
Posthumous exhibitions:
1874 St Petersburg
1975 Lenmgrad, Moscow and Kiev
Most outstanding works:
After the Thunderstorm and The Return ot the Flock
(both 1868); On Valaam /stand and After the Ratn
(both 1869); Valga Lagoons (1870); The Thaw
(1871) ; Wet Meadow (1872); and In the Crtmean
Mountams (1873 - all m the S tate Tretyakov
Collectton).-
1


-
-. >Y;,;
A PLOUGHEO FIELO AT EVENING 18R1 EVENING ON THE VOLGA 188718R!l
AFTER THE RAIN. PLIOS VILLAGE 1R89
SPRING FLOOO 1897 LATE AUTUMN 1A<ll'
Pa1nter, draughtsman, watercolourist and stage
des1gner; landscap1st, portra1t1st and sttll lite
painter. Stud1ed at the Moscow School of Arts from
1873 to 1883 under Vas11i Perov, Alekse1 Savrasov
and Vas111 Polenov. Levitan was made a fellow of
the lmpenal Academy of Arts in St Petersburg
1n 1898. He headed the landscape class at the
Moscow School of Arts from 1898 to 1900.
Between 1890 and 1898 he made severa! tnps
abroad, to Germany, France, ltaly and
Lev1tan was the most sign1f1cant of the Russian
lyncal landscap1sts of the late n1neteenth century,
a master of the mood landscape, and 1s now
regarded as one of the greatest masters of the
Russian school. In the way Lev1tan used hi s brush
and pa1nt often loose and sketchy - he showed
an adm1ra!lon for the Barbizon School, part1cularly
Corot, and an interest 1n lmpressionism, especially
i n Monet's paintings. Hi s treatment of his subjects
1s diverse and ranges from hght and lyrical to
brooding and elegiac. Although Lev1tan appeared
EARLY SPRING 11 18
to be concerned w1th random, unimportant
themes, the effects of light and colour are equally
the subect of h1s pa1nt1ngs.
Affiliations:
from 1888 Moscow Soc1ety of Art Lovers
from 1891 Wanderers' Soc1ety
from 1897 Munich Secess1on
Exhibiti ons:
1877 Moscow School of Arts
1883 Moscow School of Arts
1884-1900 Wanderers' Soc1ety
1887 Moscow Soc1ety of Art Lovers
1893 lnternat1onal Exhib1t1on, Ch1cago
1896 AII-Russ1a Exhibition,
Nizhn1 Novgorod
1896 lnternational Exh1b1t1on of the
Mumch Secession
1899 M ir iskusstva, St Petersburg
1900 Exposllion Universel/e, Pans
...... ....
. .. - -
- .. ...,.,_.. "' . ..,. . -
''' .....,,.. ...... -..
.....
QUIET HAVEN 1oGO THE VLAOI MIRKA ROAO

,
n
TWILIGHT HAYSTACKS 1 THE LAKE. RUS .899
Solo exhibitions:
1896 Odessa
Posthumous exhibitions :
1901 Moscow and St Petersburg
1903 Odessa, K1ev
1938 Moscow, Len1ngrad
1960-1961 Moscow, and K1ev
Most outstanding works:
Autumn Day. Sokolnik1 (1879); The Blfch Grove
(1885-1889); On the Vo/ga (1888); Evenmg.
Go/den Pilos (1889); Quiet Haven (1890); Deep
Waters, The V/adimlfka Road, and Evening Bells
(all 1892); Above Eterna/ Peace (1894); Go/den
Autumn and March (both 1895); Spring Flood
(1897); Twllight. Haystacks (1899, all State
Tretyakov Gallery); The Lake. Rus (1899-1900,
State Russ1an Museum).
-
...
--

ABOYE ETERNAL PEACE (STUOY) 1894
MIKHAI1
ON THE HlllS 896 ST. SERGIUS OF RAOONEZH l!l' ; SILENCE l
1
ID
Painter, graphtc arttsl, monumental arttst. Studted
at the Moscow School of Arts (1876-1880, 1883-
1886) under E.S. Soroktn, Vasilt Perov and
l. M Pryanishnikov. and tn St Petersburg al the
lmpenal Academy of Arts under P.P Chtstyakov
(1881 1883); close associate of l. N. Kramskoy.
He became a fellow of the lmpenal A,:ademy tn
1898 and sat on the board of governors from
1910 From 1889 until 1911 Nesterov made
numerous tnps abroad, to ltaly, France, Germany,
Greece, Poland and Austna.
Nesterov's work ts steeped m the Chnsttan
spintual tradttton. The arlts! defmed hts art as
'poettctsed realism'. and indeed his painttngs
create a poetic world of harmony and untty, of
man's search for t he meaning of hts extstence
through God, in !he context of a natural world
filled wtth stlence and tranquilltty. Nesterov's
aesthettc is close to that of the late
Pre-Raphaelttes, and his painterly style leans
toward Art Nouveau. Thts tendency ts espectally
visible tn his monumental work the murals m
St Vladtmtr's Cathedral m Ktev (1891 -1895);
mosatc destgns tn the Church of the Resurrectton
tn St Petersburg (1894 1895); the mural tn
the Church of Aleksandr Nevsky m Abastumam,
Georg1a (1902-1904); the tconostasts and murals
m the Chapel of Martha and Mary tn Moscow
(1909-1914).
Portra1ture 1s a Stgntficant facet of Nesterov's
work. The portra1ts of hts wife Ekatenna Petrovna
(1905, State Tretyakov Gallery) and of h1s eldest
daughter Oiga Mtkhatlovna (1906, State Russ1an
Museum) gave nse toa not1on of the female
ideal 1n Russ1an art. In the last decade of his ltfe
he created a modern vers1on of the tradt!tonal
'offictal portratt' in a senes of p1ctures of
prom1nent Soviet arttsls and sctenttsls
DUAL HARMONY IYQ'o THE LITILE FOX q 4
Affiliations
from 1888 Abramtsevo Ctrcle
from 1896 Wanderers' Society
from 1903 Un1on of Russian Art1sts
(founder member)
Exhibitions:
1889-1901
1896
1898
1899-1901
1900
1903
1909
Wanderers' Soc1ety
AII-Russ1a ExhtbtttOn,
Ntzhm Novgorod
Exhtbt!ton of Russ1an and
Finn1sh Art1sts, St Petersburg
Mrr tskusstva, St Petersburg
Expostt1on Unwerselle, Par1s
Union of Russ1an Arttsls
lnternattonal Exhtbtlton, Mun1ch
Solo exhibitions
1907 St Petersburg, Moscow
Posthumous exhibitions:
1989 Moscow
Most outstanding works:
The Hermtt (1888), The Vtston of the Boy
Bartholomew (1890), The Boyhood of St Sergws
(1892-1897), The Labours of St Sergtus of
Radonezh (1896-1897, all State Tretyakov
Gallery), Holy Russta (1900, State Russian
Museum), The Little Fox (1914); Russta (Spmt
of the People) (1914-1916), Portratt of the
Arttsts A. D. and P.D. Korm (1930), Portra1t of the
Physio/ogtst /P. Pav/ov(l930 and 1935), The
Sculptor /. O. Shadr (1934), Portratt of Yudm the
Surgeon (1935), and Portratt of the Sculptor V. l.
Mukhtna (1940, all m the S tate Tretyakov Gallery).