5 Compact Sets

Tom Lewis
Spring Semester
2011
Tom Lewis () 5 Compact Sets Spring Semester 2011 1 / 10
Outline
1
Compact
2
BW property and sequential compactness
3
Properties of compact sets
4
The Lebesgue number lemma
Tom Lewis () 5 Compact Sets Spring Semester 2011 2 / 10
Compact
Denition
Let (X, d) be a metric space and let K X.
1
A collection of sets G = {G

} is said to be an open cover of K

provided that each G

G is open and

K.
2
K is said to be compact provided that for every open cover G = {G

}
of K there are nitely many indices
1
, ,
n
such that
K G

1
G

n
.
In other words, K is compact if every open cover of K contains a
nite subcover.
Tom Lewis () 5 Compact Sets Spring Semester 2011 3 / 10
Compact
Denition
Let (X, d) be a metric space and let K X.
1
A collection of sets G = {G

} is said to be an open cover of K

provided that each G

G is open and

K.
2
K is said to be compact provided that for every open cover G = {G

}
of K there are nitely many indices
1
, ,
n
such that
K G

1
G

n
.
In other words, K is compact if every open cover of K contains a
nite subcover.
Tom Lewis () 5 Compact Sets Spring Semester 2011 3 / 10
Compact
Denition
Let (X, d) be a metric space and let K X.
1
A collection of sets G = {G

} is said to be an open cover of K

provided that each G

G is open and

K.
2
K is said to be compact provided that for every open cover G = {G

}
of K there are nitely many indices
1
, ,
n
such that
K G

1
G

n
.
In other words, K is compact if every open cover of K contains a
nite subcover.
Tom Lewis () 5 Compact Sets Spring Semester 2011 3 / 10
BW property and sequential compactness
Denition
Let (X, d) be a metric space and let K X.
1
K is said to satisfy the BolzanoWeierstrass property provided that
every innite subset of K has a limit point in K.
2
K is said to be sequentially compact if every sequence {x
n
} K has
a subsequence {x
n
k
} which converges to a point in K.
Tom Lewis () 5 Compact Sets Spring Semester 2011 4 / 10
BW property and sequential compactness
Denition
Let (X, d) be a metric space and let K X.
1
K is said to satisfy the BolzanoWeierstrass property provided that
every innite subset of K has a limit point in K.
2
K is said to be sequentially compact if every sequence {x
n
} K has
a subsequence {x
n
k
} which converges to a point in K.
Tom Lewis () 5 Compact Sets Spring Semester 2011 4 / 10
BW property and sequential compactness
Denition
Let (X, d) be a metric space and let K X.
1
K is said to satisfy the BolzanoWeierstrass property provided that
every innite subset of K has a limit point in K.
2
K is said to be sequentially compact if every sequence {x
n
} K has
a subsequence {x
n
k
} which converges to a point in K.
Tom Lewis () 5 Compact Sets Spring Semester 2011 4 / 10
BW property and sequential compactness
Theorem (The equivalence theorem)
Let K X. The following are equivalent:
1
K is compact.
2
K has the BolzanoWeierstrass property.
3
K is sequentially compact.
Tom Lewis () 5 Compact Sets Spring Semester 2011 5 / 10
BW property and sequential compactness
Theorem (The equivalence theorem)
Let K X. The following are equivalent:
1
K is compact.
2
K has the BolzanoWeierstrass property.
3
K is sequentially compact.
Tom Lewis () 5 Compact Sets Spring Semester 2011 5 / 10
BW property and sequential compactness
Theorem (The equivalence theorem)
Let K X. The following are equivalent:
1
K is compact.
2
K has the BolzanoWeierstrass property.
3
K is sequentially compact.
Tom Lewis () 5 Compact Sets Spring Semester 2011 5 / 10
BW property and sequential compactness
Theorem (The equivalence theorem)
Let K X. The following are equivalent:
1
K is compact.
2
K has the BolzanoWeierstrass property.
3
K is sequentially compact.
Tom Lewis () 5 Compact Sets Spring Semester 2011 5 / 10
Properties of compact sets
Theorem
A compact set is bounded.
Tom Lewis () 5 Compact Sets Spring Semester 2011 6 / 10
Properties of compact sets
Theorem
A compact set is closed.
Tom Lewis () 5 Compact Sets Spring Semester 2011 7 / 10
Properties of compact sets
Theorem
A closed subset of a compact set is compact.
Tom Lewis () 5 Compact Sets Spring Semester 2011 8 / 10
Properties of compact sets
Theorem
Let f : X Y be a continuous function between metric spaces. If K X
is compact, then f (K), the image of K under f , is compact as well.
Tom Lewis () 5 Compact Sets Spring Semester 2011 9 / 10
The Lebesgue number lemma
Theorem (The Lebesgue number lemma)
Let K X be sequentially compact and let G = {G

} be an open cover of
K. Then there exists a number > 0 such that if A K and diamA < ,
then there exits a G

G with A G

.
Note
Such a number is called a Lebesgue number for the cover.
Tom Lewis () 5 Compact Sets Spring Semester 2011 10 / 10
The Lebesgue number lemma
Theorem (The Lebesgue number lemma)
Let K X be sequentially compact and let G = {G

} be an open cover of
K. Then there exists a number > 0 such that if A K and diamA < ,
then there exits a G

G with A G

.
Note
Such a number is called a Lebesgue number for the cover.
Tom Lewis () 5 Compact Sets Spring Semester 2011 10 / 10