Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ASEAN and The Development of Southeast Asian Regionalism
ASEAN and The Development of Southeast Asian Regionalism
ASEAN and The Development of Southeast Asian Regionalism
1. The 'henomenon of regionalism as institutionali3ed interstate #oo'eration has s'read around the
glo)e% #reating different (inds of intergovernmental organi3ations and su'ranational institutions.
(Christiansen% *!!5"
*. The Euro'ean <nion (E<" re'resents a ver& different form of regional organi3ation% $hen
#om'ared $ith ASEA:A
a. ;rgani3ational ;rigins
i. Euro'ean integration $as a #ontinuous 'ro?e#t )egun )& the formation of
the Euro'ean Coal and Steel Communit& (ECSC" in 1951% a 'ro#ess that
$ould #reate a greater Euro'ean E#onomi# Communit& (EEC" in 195@%
and through the 9aastri#ht Treat& of 199,% the Euro'ean <nion% adding
more mem)ers along the $a&.
ii. Southeast Asian regionalism gre$ dis#ontinuousl&% starting and stalling
ever& so often% as in the failure of SEAT;% ASA% and 9a'hilindo as
organi3ations% )efore the eventual #reation of ASEA: in 198@. (Calder >
6u(u&ama% *!!."
). ;rgani3ational Intentions
i. 1oth the E< and ASEA: 'ro?e#ts $ere #ons#iousl& )egun as e#onomi#
and so#io-#ultural grou'ings )efore e+'anding into 'oliti#al #on#erns% as
refle#ted in the dis#ourse of the /highF and /lo$F 'oliti#s of glo)al
governan#e. (Antoli(% 199!"
ii. 1oth the E< and ASEA: used #onverging interests in the /lo$ 'oliti#sF
of e#onomi# affairs to in#rease the se#urit& of ea#h state% as $hen
e#onomi# integration through the ESCS made the /$ar-ma(ingF industries
of #oal and steel a regional #on#ern instead of a national one.
(Christiansen% *!!5"
#. ;rgani3ational ;'erations
i. The E< is )uilt on the three 'illars of a single mar(et% a Common 6oreign
and Se#urit& Poli#&% and 4usti#e and -ome Affairs% $ith the institutions of
a Euro'ean Commission (EC"% a Euro'ean Parliament (EP"% among other
formal )odies t&ing together these issue areas. (Alesina > Diava33i% *!!."
ii. ASEA: has agreed on the three 'illars of an ASEA: Se#urit&
Communit&% an ASEA: E#onomi# Communit&% and an ASEA: So#io-
Cultural Communit&% held together )& an ASEA: Se#retariat led )& a
Se#retar&-Deneral% $ith various other grou's. (see aseanse#.org"
iii. The highest E< )od& is the Coun#il of Euro'e% made u' of heads of
government and the EC 'resident. The EC is a fun#tioning e+e#utive%
initiating and managing regulations and 'oli#ies% $hile the EP is also a
fun#tioning legislature that a''roves )udgets.
iv. The highest ASEA: )od& is the ASEA: 9eeting of -eads of State and
Dovernment. There is an annual ASEA: Summit along $ith various
9inisterial 9eetings. The ASEA: Se#retariat #oordinates and im'lements
ASEA: initiatives.
d. ;rgani3ational Communit&-1uilding
i. 5hile the E< has entren#hed a formida)le formal )ureau#ra#& $ith its
#enter in 1russels% #om'lete $ith EC% EP% and a Euro'ean Court of 4usti#e
(EC4"% ASEA: )egan as an informal /#lu)F of nations that still 'rides
itself on a friendl&% relationshi'-)ased 'oliti#al 'ro#ess )et$een di'lomats.
(Antoli(% 199!"
ii. 5here the E< )ureau#ra#& esta)lished its )ureau#rati# 'o$er $ith reams
of legislation% #onsolidating its institution through legali3ation% ASEA:
has strengthened #ommunit& )uilding through setting norms instead of
la$s. ASEA: has no 'arliament or ?udi#iar&% )ut a relativel& $ea(
se#retariat that #oordinates various 'rograms. (Alesina > Diava33i% *!!."
e. ;rgani3ational :orms
i. The E< is the #ulmination of a li)eral 'ro?e#t that sought to 'a#if& Euro'e
not onl& )& )inding national e#onomies together in a single mar(et% )ut
also of a 'oliti#al li)eralism that )inds national governments to a single
#on#e'tion of human rights and #ivil li)erties% as re'resented )& the
Charter on 6undamental Rights of the Euro'ean <nion.
ii. ASEA: is )uilt on fundamental norms of mutual res'e#t for ea#h state0s
sovereignt& and territor&% non-interferen#e in ea#h state0s internal affairs%
and the renun#iation of the use of for#e% hen#e the 'ea#eful settlement of
5
dis'utes. (9orada% *!!."
f. ;rgani3ational 6oundations
i. The E< is a su'ranational entit& $hose institutions serve a regional
'ur'ose that #an run inde'endentl& of national state interests% as in the
#ase of the EC% EP% and EC4. ASEA: is ultimatel& an intergovernmental
organi3ation $hose ver& e+isten#e is de'endent on the interests of its
mem)er states.
ii. 5hile the E< $as #reated $ith a su'ranational mandate% ASEA: $as
)uilt to serve the nationalist ends of its mem)er states in a regional
se#urit& that $ould allo$ national #onsolidation. It is nationalism that
'revents its further integration. (:eher% *!!*"
,. ASEA: and the E< $ere founded on a similar logi# of e#onomi# #oo'eration 'rogressivel&
leading to regional sta)ilit&% )ut $ere #onstru#ted in ver& different $a&s% $ith ASEA: designed
as a norm-)ased intergovernmental grou'ing and the E< designed as a legalisti# su'ranational
)ureau#ra#&.
. Presentl&% the e+'ansion and entren#hment of E< federalism has )een held u' )& the failures of
the E< Constitution and the Treat& of Eis)on% $hile the 1ali Con#ord II and the ASEA: Charter
move ASEA: to$ards dee'er institutionali3ation and regional #ommunit& )uilding.
III. The 6uture of ASEA:
A. 1ali Con#ord II
1. The 2e#laration of ASEA: II $as signed at the ASEA: Summit of ;#to)er @% *!!,% in 1ali%
Indonesia% as an offi#ial do#ument de#laring the im'lementation of ideas from the 'revious
frame$or( of ASEA: Bision *!*! and other organi3ational 'lans.
*. Cno$n as the 1ali Con#ord II% the multilateral de#laration $as seen as a su##essor to the original
2e#laration of ASEA: Con#ord 'ro#laimed in 1ali in 19@8% and thus set the tone and agenda for
the further institutionali3ation of the ASEA: regional 'ro?e#t% its integration hastened as a
rea#tion to the #om'etitive regional 'ressures rat#heted u' )& glo)ali3ation and the e#onomi#
rise of other Asian 'o$ers. (9orada% *!!."
,. The 1ali Con#ord II esta)lished three 'illars signaling the #reation and e+'ansion of the ASEA:
Communit& )& em'hasi3ing the mutual im'ortan#e and regional integration of the ASEA:
Se#urit& Communit& (ASC"% the ASEA: E#onomi# Communit& (AEC"% and the ASEA: So#io-
Cultural Communit& (ASCC"A
a. ASEA: Se#urit& Communit&
i. The ASC des#ri)es a more #oo'erative regional grou'ing in line $ith
traditional ASEA: norms of mutual res'e#t for sovereignt&% non-
interferen#e in domesti# affairs% and the 'ea#eful settlement of dis'utes.
(see aseanse#.org"
ii. The signifi#an#e of the 1ali Con#ord II in the #reation of the ASC is its
a##e'tan#e and ado'tion of the dis#ourse of #om'rehensive se#urit& in
international relations% )roadening the 'oliti#o-militar& #onsiderations of
traditional Southeast Asian se#urit& thin(ing into a $ider realm of issues
en#om'assing health and the environment.
). ASEA: E#onomi# Communit&
i. The AEC reali3es the rhetori# of ASEA: mem)er states in e#onomi#
integration% not ?ust through trade li)erali3ation% )ut also through #loser
regional #oo'eration% from re#ogni3ing national edu#ational 7ualifi#ations
to #losing the /develo'ment ga'F )et$een ri#h and 'oor mem)er states
through aid. (9orada% *!!."
ii. The signifi#an#e of the 1ali Con#ord II for the future of the AEC is in its
vision of ASEA: as a single mar(et and 'rodu#tion )ase% a level of
e#onomi# integration rarel& invo(ed in 'revious ASEA: dis#ourses%
en#om'assing the ASEA: 6ree Trade Area (A6TA" and fa#ilitated )&
regional me#hanisms li(e the ASEA: 6rame$or( Agreement on Servi#es
(A6AS" and ASEA: Investment Area (AIA".
#. ASEA: So#io-Cultural Communit&
i. The ASCC fulfills the old ASEA: res'onsi)ilit& for the )ringing the
diverse #ultures and so#ieties of Southeast Asia together in a ne$
/'artnershi'F of /#aring so#ietiesF% fo#using on )oosting edu#ation% ?o)
#reation% so#ial se#urit&% and 'u)li# health for the 'eo'les of ASEA:% all
of them vital $a&s to in#rease individual human #a'ital. (9orada% *!!."
8
ii. The signifi#an#e of the ASCC 'illar is in its 'romise to rea#h out to
'reviousl& ignored or marginali3ed se#tors in the regional #ivil so#iet&%
su#h as $omen0s grou's% &outh grou's% and lo#al #ommunities%
en#ouraging the 'arti#i'ation from the ground u' in the #onstru#tion of a
more 'eo'le-#entered and demo#rati# ASEA: Communit&.
. The 1ali Con#ord II $as a signifi#ant do#ument )e#ause it outlined a 'lan for the future of
ASEA: as an organi3ation and as a regional #ommunit&% )ased on three familiar 'illars that
#ontinued to )uild on 'revious norms and agreements.
5. The Bientiane A#tion Program (BAP"% 'ro#laimed in *!!% e+'ands on the frame$or( 'rovided
)& the 1ali Con#ord II )& identif&ing s'e#ifi# norms of 'ea#eful #oo'eration $ithin the ASC% as
$ell as s'e#ifi# targets and 11 'riorit& se#tors in the AEC% ultimatel& serving as a more detailed
roadma' for a#hieving the #on#ord0s goals.
1. ASEA: Charter
1. The institutional frame$or( of the 1ali Con#ord II 'ushed the #on#e't of an ASEA: Charter as
a guiding legal do#ument for the organi3ation0s e+'ansion. (9orada% *!!."
*. The desire for in#reased institutionali3ation did not ?ust #ome from ASEA:0s Tra#( I 'ro#ess
)et$een the formal state re'resentatives% )ut also from Tra#( II% involving #ivil so#iet&% and
Tra#( III% involving )oth #ivil so#iet& and lo#al re'resentatives. (-ernande3% *!!@"
,. The initiative to draft an ASEA: Charter formall& )egan in the ASEA: Summit of *!!5% held in
Cuala Eum'ur% $here the mem)ers de#ided to #reate an Eminent Persons Drou' (EPD" on the
ASEA: Charter to re#ommend for$ard-loo(ing% )old% and innovative ne$ ideas for the #harter.
. The EPD on the ASEA: Charter% made u' of res'e#ted elder statesmen and former heads of
governments from the various mem)er states% engaged in e+tensive regional #onsultation $ith
regional #ivil so#iet&% in#reasing ho'es of a genuinel& 'eo'le-#entered ASEA: )uilt on ne$
norms of 'arti#i'ator& regionalism and re#ommended several im'ortant innovations for in#lusion
in the ASEA: Charter. (9orada% *!!."A
a. Im'ortant Re#ommendations
i. Creation of a regional -uman Rights 9e#hanism
ii. In#lusion of International -umanitarian Ea$ and the Res'onsi)ilit& to
Prote#t (R*P" 'rin#i'le redefining sovereignt& in relation to a state0s
#iti3ens
iii. :on-#onsensus-)ased 2e#ision-ma(ing
iv. Creation of Consultative 9e#hanisms rea#hing out to Civil So#iet&
v. Provisions Against <n#onstitutional Changes in Dovernment
vi. Provisions to San#tion Erring 9em)ers% in#luding the threat of e+'ulsion
from the organi3ation
5. 5ith high e+'e#tations sto(ed )& the 'romise of the EPD re'ort and its suggestions% a -igh
Eevel Tas( 6or#e (-ET6" made u' of )ureau#rats and di'lomats )egan $or( on a final draft of
the ASEA: Charter% to )e 'resented at the 1,
th
ASEA: Summit in Singa'ore% in :ovem)er
*!!@. (-ernande3% *!!@"
8. The ASEA: Charter $as signed )& the mem)er states on :ovem)er *!% *!!@% and entered into
for#e on 2e#em)er 15% *!!.% esta)lishing ASEA: as an organi3ation $ith a legal 'ersonalit&
and a single free-trade area% as $ell as #odif&ing traditional ASEA: norms li(e the im'ortan#e
of regional #oo'eration% res'e#t for national territor& and sovereignt&% and the 'ea#eful
settlement of dis'utes% along $ith strengthening the ASEA: se#retariat and 'ushing for
'ermanent re'resentation from the mem)ers.
@. The ASEA: Charter serves as an offi#ial foundation for the #onstru#tion of an ASEA:
Communit& )ased on the , 'illars set out )& the 1ali Con#ord IIA
a. The ASEA: Charter and the ASC
i. 5ith ea#h state sending its o$n 'ermanent re'resentative to 4a(arta% the
'ro#ess of arti#ulating and #oordinating national interests $ith ASEA:
'oli#& is streamlined sin#e ea#h state0s 'oli#ies are readil& a##essi)le%
even in the event of a #risis.
ii. 5hile the human rights me#hanism in the #harter is $atered do$n% its
'resen#e in the #harter a#(no$ledges the organi3ation0s a##e'tan#e of the
human rights dis#ourse and its gro$ing legitima#&% regardless of the
'referen#es of some mem)er states.
). The ASEA: Charter and the AEC
i. The #harter0s in#lusion of a timeline for the elimination of nontariff
)arriers and restri#tions on servi#es% monitored )& the ASEA: Se#retariat%
set the agenda on trade li)erali3ation and 'rovides #lear dire#tions for the
@
mem)er states to follo$.
ii. The ado'tion of a )lue'rint for e#onomi# integration )& *!15 also outlines
the long-term 'riorities of the organi3ation% moving ASEA: a$a& from
)eing a short-term 'oliti#al instrument and to$ards #reating a distin#t
organi3ational identit&.
#. The ASEA: Charter and the ASCC
i. The #harter esta)lishes a formal )asis for ASEA: identit&% through
me#hanisms su#h as an ASEA: holida&% ASEA: motto% ASEA: anthem%
ASEA: em)lem and ASEA: flag.
ii. The #harter sets aside a role for the ASEA: 6oundation% t&ing it #loser to
the Se#retar&-Deneral and in#reasing its 'oliti#al 'rofile $ithin the
organi3ation.
.. The final ASEA: Charter disa''ointed most of the re'resentatives of Tra#(s II and III in
#atering to the interests of the most #onservative )ureau#rats and di'lomats% re?e#ting the )oldest
'ro'osals of the EPD and diluting the 'o$er of the regional human rights me#hanism )& refusing
to even #onsider san#tions. (9orada% *!!."
9. 5hile the ASEA: Charter has alread& entered into for#e% due to its ratifi#ation )& all mem)er
states% there remain signifi#ant issues related to its ado'tionA
a. Enfor#ing Coo'eration
i. The $ea(ening of the human rights and dis'ute settlement me#hanisms%
#ou'led $ith the relian#e on a)solute #onsensus% #reates a 'ro)lem of
enfor#ing #oo'eration on errant ASEA: states% 'arti#ularl& di'lomati#
outliers li(e 9&anmar.
). E#onomi# Integration
i. The vision of an ASEA: single mar(et #ould )e threatened )& the
e#onomi# diffi#ulties generated )& the $orsening glo)al e#onomi# #risis%
#reating 'otential national 'oliti#al 'ressures that #ould )a#(lash against
the goal of regional e#onomi# integration.
#. 2evelo'ment Da'
i. The e#onomi# develo'ment ga' )et$een the original mem)ers and the
ne$l& a##e'ted states of Indo#hina #ould e+'and into the 'oliti#al realm
as $ell% #reating a /t$o-tieredF organi3ation that #annot unite around
#ommon norms su#h as res'e#t for human rights% des'ite the rhetori# of
the ASEA: Charter.
d. Parti#i'ator& Relevan#e
i. The #harter defines the organi3ation as a grou' of states% marginali3ing the
#on#erns of lo#al grou's and #ivil so#iet&% leading to in#reasing 7uestions
over the #harter0s relevan#e to ASEA: 'eo'les% not ?ust their
governments.
1!. Although the ASEA: Charter does not live u' to the ideals 'ro'osed )& the EPD% it still serves
as a relevant% resilient% and #oherent legal foundation for the future #onsolidation of the ASEA:
Communit&% refle#ting the organi3ation0s tradition of al$a&s a)iding )& #onsultation% #onsensus%
and #onverging state interests.
IB. Con#lusion
A. ASEA: and the 2evelo'ment of Southeast Asian Regionalism
1. The su##ess of ASEA: amidst the failure of other attem'ts at Southeast Asian regionalism
reveals the im'ortan#e of a##ommodating #onverging state interests and a favora)le interstate
environment in an& effort to #reate a regional organi3ation.
*. The longevit& of ASEA: is rooted in the fle+i)ilit& of its traditional norms in allo$ing mem)er
states to 'ursue national interests that do not fit into the organi3ation0s frame$or(% su#h as the
$a& anti-#ommunism and e#onomi# #oo'eration 'ersisted des'ite e+isting territorial tensions
and mutual sus'i#ions.
1. ASEA: Intentions
1. The intentions of the ASEA: founder states $as in an organi3ation that #ould se#ure sta)ilit&
)et$een states in the region% as a vehi#le to #on#entrate national resour#es in #onsolidating the
'o$er of national elites% strengthening ea#h state0s legitima#&.
*. These informal intentions $ere #ou#hed in formal language and dis#ourses 'ro#laiming the
im'ortan#e of ASEA: as a regional #lu) that #ould foster #oo'eration in e#onomi# and #ultural
issues.
.
C. ASEA: :orms
1. The ASEA: 5a&% as a #olle#tion of organi3ational norms% $as )ased on the o'eration of an
informal% #onsultative 'ro#edure that em'hasi3ed the im'ortan#e of #onsensus )et$een the
mem)er states.
*. The relevan#e of these traditional norms e+'lains the #ontinued e+isten#e of ASEA: as an
organi3ation% )ased on mutual res'e#t for sovereignt&% non-interferen#e in domesti# affairs% and
the renun#iation of the use of for#e in dis'ute settlement.
2. ASEA: as a 2istin#t ;rgani3ation
1. 5hile the E< is a su'ranational )ureau#rati# entit& en#om'assing the region% ASEA: is an
intergovernmental organi3ation $hose sole 'ur'ose is to for$ard the national interests of its
mem)er states.
*. 5hile the E< has #reated an inde'endent institutional identit& and is reliant on legislation%
ASEA: still serves as a vehi#le for state interests and is thus #onfined to setting out a##e'ta)le
#ommon norms.
E. ASEA: and the 6uture
1. The 1ali Con#ord II set out the three 'illars of an ASC% an AEC% and an ASCC in the ASEA:
Communit&% #learing the $a& for more su)stantive institutionali3ation in an organi3ation that
$as famous for serving state interests.
*. The ASEA: Charter )uilt on this 'rogram of institutionali3ation )& #odif&ing traditional norms
and 'roviding a )lue'rint and im'etus for further in#remental and state-led #onsolidation in the
emergent ASEA: Communit&.
,. The ASEA: Charter re'resents the traditional 'ers'e#tive of ASEA: as a grou' designed solel&
to for$ard the national interests of its mem)er states% $ith the institutionali3ation of norms and
stru#tures nothing more than a means to various state ends.
. 5hile the ASEA: Charter does nothing to ena)le the #reation of a 'eo'le-#entered ASEA:
$hen #om'ared to the EPD 'ro'osal% at least its state-#enteredness $ill not regress the 'revious
a#hievements of #ivil so#iet& a#tivism% 'arti#ularl& at the grassroots.
5. <nfortunatel&% the ASEA: Charter $ill #onstrain the future #onsolidation or e+'ansion of #ivil
so#iet& involvement in ASEA:% undermining the ultimate goal of #reating a more 'eo'le-
#entered ASEA: organi3ation.
a. The #odifi#ation of traditional state-#entered norms in the #harter might 'rovide an
institutional o''ortunit& for authoritarian mem)ers to #ra#( do$n on legitimate #riti#ism.
). 6ormali3ing the norm of #onsensus de#ision-ma(ing allo$s mem)er states to set the
agenda e+#lusivel&% 'otentiall& marginali3ing dissenting voi#es from #ivil so#iet&.
#. Eeaving o'en future /terms of referen#eF for the regional human rights )od& gives more
leverage for authoritarian mem)ers in ASEA:% as o''osed to their $ea(ened #riti#s.
d. The 'oli#& of /a##reditationF for #ivil so#iet& grou's that $ant to )e re#ogni3ed as
ASEA: 'artners adds an undue filter to the 'arti#i'ation 'ro#ess )& for#ing them to
#onstantl& evin#e /su''ort for ASEA: 'oli#iesF% allo$ing ASEA: to mono'oli3e
dis#ourse in an& future offi#ial intera#tion $ith regional #ivil so#iet&.
&i'lio%raph(
1oo(s and Pa'ers
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;ffi#ial 2o#uments
ASEA: ;vervie$
htt'AII$$$.aseanse#.orgI8.htm% a##essed 4anuar& *!!9
ASEA: Charter
htt'AII$$$.aseanse#.orgI*1!89.'df% a##essed 4anuar& *!!9
Re'ort of the EPD on ASEA: Charter
htt'AII$$$.aseanse#.orgI19*@.'df% a##essed 4anuar& *!!9
2e#laration of ASEA: II (1ali Con#ord II"
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