fadors and mul ti pl es

Ifa given number is exactly divisible by anotler number, that nunber is called a
factor of the given number, while the glven number is called a multiple of the
other number.
E&unpl es
(t) 10=2x5.So,2andSarefactorsof 10. Al so, 10 i s amul ti pl e of
2 and 5.
III)7O-2xbx7. So, 2, 5 and 7 are factors ol 70. Al so, 70 i s a
mul t i pl e ol 2, 5 and 7. Fur t her , 2x5, 2x7, 5v7 and 2x5 x7 ar e
factors of 70.
Note
. Every number is a factor of itself and 1 ls a factor of every number.
. Every number is a multlpl of itself and every number is a multlpb of L
.
Every numbr has countless multlples.
Cl assi fi cati oh of numbers
Even nunlberc
Numbers that leave no remairder on blng dt\,'tded by 2 a.re called even
Dunrbers. In other words, numbers that are multiples of 2 are even numbers.
For exarnple, O, 4,78, 126, 5132 a]rd 23450 are even numbers.
Note The even dlglts are 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8. Any number har.lng an even dlglt ln the units
place ls a.n even number,
Odd numbers
Numbers not exactly di!'tsible by 2 are called odd numbers. In other words,
numbers that are not multlple of2 are called odd numbers. For example, l, 13,
125. 4137 and 18249 are odd numbers.
Note The odd digits ar l, 3, 5, 7 and L Any nunber haling an odd digit in the unlts
place ls an odd number
Prime numbet.
A number is called a pdme number or prime if it has no other factors except I
and itself. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19 and 23 are some prime numbers. I is not
considered a prime number. 2 ts the only even prime nurnber and it is the
smallest prime number.
ComDosite numberc
A number that has two or more prtne factors is called a composite number.
4,6,8, 21, 136 are some composite numbers.
N. 6
Faclors
and Muttlples
lbo numbers
are called
co_prime
or
Gumon factor
except
l. For example.
co-prime
numbers.
N-7
rel dl i vel j
pri me
i f t hey do not have a
J and 4: I 7 dnd 2 t : and 23 and 25 a-ce
i t t ed a
of t he
pl e
of
l i sa
7 are
Fairs of prime
numbers
that diJTer by-2.are
called twin primes.
3 and 5; S and 7; l r and l 3: and I 7 and | 9 arF some sxanpt es
ol t wj n pri mes.
o. i zat i on
wriung
a number
as a product
of prime
numbers
is caled prime
factorizatron.
Exanrpl es (i )
48 =2
x2 x2 x2 xS.
l i r) 1260 =2
x2 xS x3 xS x7.
ot pirrc factorization
a4O=2x42O
=
2 x2 x2t O
=2x2x2\ t OE
=2x2x2x3x\ s
=2x2x2xBxSxz
35
Divide
the number
repeatedly
by pdlne
numbers
2. S, 5, Z, ... till the quotient
is 1.
Altcr rativety,
breal{ the number
tnto smaller
factors
till all the fa",;.";;;;;r-".
Exprss 84O as a product
of prlmes.
)ers.
rnrLs
-ds.
13,
nits
r l
he
2l a40
214n-
2121o
s
fios-
5
7
: . 84O=2x2x2x3x' x?.
Hi ghest
Common
Factor (HCF)
The greatest
number
whicl
highest
connron
fac,o. (t;-t::-TTTol
factor
of two or more numbers
is their
Lxdmp,e
rn. racro,.s
or ztl
1,1;T:.::1";:il:;visor
rccD.
The f act or s of 80 _
1, 2, 4. 5, 8,
l O, 16, 20. 40, 80.
... the common
factors
of 24-and
80
=
1, 2, 4, 8 and of these,
g
is
tJre greatest
number.
So, the HCF of 2;;;,;*=
s.
\ l et hods
of f i ndi ng
HCF
Therere
two methods
of finding
the HCF of two or more numbers.
(i)
By prime
factorizaflon
(ii)
By di\,,ts.on
Express
each Dumber
as a product
oI prime
numbers.
Fhd the common
factors
of the numbers.
1.
2.
time factotization
Steps
N-8
ICSE Mathemattcs for Clss a
3. Find the product of the common factors This
product is
requlred HCF
Ftnd the HcF of 252, 315 aDd 441.
252
=
2xr 26
=2x2x6g = 2x2 x3x2\
=2x2x3 x3 x7'
315- 3. I 05=3
3, 35. 3 3' 5 7
441
=31147 = 3 x3 x 49
=
3xgx7
x7
The common factors of 252, 315 alird 441
=
3' 3 '
7
.'. the HCF
=
3 x 3 x 7
=
63.
TXAMPI.E
To fin.l HCr bv division
Steps 1. Divlde the bigger numbr by the smaller number'
2, ll ttrere ls no remainder then the smaller number is the HCF Ifthere
a remainder, take tt as the nertr divisor aDd take the
pre!'loutdifisor
*re new divldend
EXAMPLE
Solution
3. Contilirue Step 2 til there is no remainder'
The last dtvisor is the
required HCF
To find the HCF of three o! more numbers. take the following steps
Steps l. Ftnd the HCF of any two of the numbers'
2. Find the HCF of the third number and th HcF obtained in Step 1'
This ts the HCF of the three numbers'
Continue similarly for more numbers'
ftnd the HcF of 594, 81O atrd 1260.
Ffst we flnd the HcF of 594 and 810,
594 < 810, so, 594ls the dit'isor
and 810 ts the div'tdend.
594) 810 (1
-
594
--zl6l5e4
(2
-
432
--Idt2r6
0
-
162
---541162
(3
-
162
the HcF of594 and 810
=
54.
Lowest Common
Multiple
(tcM)
The lowest common multiple
(LCM) of two or more numbers is the smallest of
the common multiples of those numbers'
Example The multiples of 4 ar e 4' a' 12, 16, 20,
@
28' elc'
The mul l i pl es c,f 6 are 6 12 I&
@
30 36 el c'
The muttiples of8 are 8' 16'
E
32' 40' etc
Now we flnd the HcF of 54 and 1 260
54) 1260
(23
-
108
---lo
, -
762
-l{1I54
(3
.+
. . the HCF of 54 and 1260
=
18.
Hence, the HcF ofthe glven numbers
=
18'
}I ere i s
i sor as
rs tne
; t cp l .
0.
Factors dd MuiuPles
CleaJly, 2+ is the smallest or the lowest common multiple of 4, 6
and 8.
So, the LCM of 4, 6 and 8
=
24.
r of fi ndi nS LCM
There are two methods of finding the LCM of two or more numbers
(a) By prtne factorization {b) By division
LCM ime lacto zation
Steps l. Express each number as a product ofpdme lactors
2. Take each prime factor the
Featest
number of times it appears ln any
of the prlme factorizations ofthe numbers.
3. The product of the pdme factors in Step 2 is the LCM of the numbers
rind the LcM of 75, 125 and 15O,
75
=
3 x 25
=
3 x 5 x 5. 125
=
5 x 25
=
5 x 5 x 5, 150
=
2 x 75
=
2 x 3 x 25
=
2, 3 x 5 x 5.
The greatest Dumber of times that 2 appears as a factor ofany of the numbers ls
one, 3 appears once, 5 appears thrice.
. . LcM
=
2 x 3 x 5 x 5 x 5
=
750.
find LCM by division
Steps 1. Di!'ide the numbers by a prime number which ls a facto! of at least two
^ f l La . r l v pr h, ! hhpr .
2. Write the quotients and carry lorward the numbers lvhich are not
dt!'tslble.
3. Repeat Steps 1 and 2 ttll no 1wo ofthe numbers have a common factor'
4. The product of the dil'lsors of all the sleps and the remaining numbers
is the LCM of the given numbers.
Ftnd the LcM of 24, 28, 35 and 75.
. . LCM
=2 x2 x3x5 x7 x2 x5 =
42OO.
bme important
prcperties of HCF and LCM
2
2
3
5
7
1. The product of two numbers is equal to the product oftheir HcF and LCM.
24, 2a, 35,75
t 2, t 4, 35, 75
6, 7, 35, 75
2, 7, 35, 25
HCF x LCM
:
flrst number: second.number
lest of
EXAMPLE The product of two numbers is looS and their LcM is 168, Find their Hcr.
. Drodurl of llre Nvo numbers | 008 ^
tlLI OI IWO nUmDerS
'
= b.
LCM of the numbers r 68
The HCF of two numbers cannot exceed e'lther of the numbers.
The LCM of two numbers cannot be less than either of the numbers.
The HCF of two co-prime numbers
=
1
,
and tf tlle HCF oi two numbers is 1 , the
two numbers are co-pdme,
The LCM of two co-prime numbers
=
the product of the two nunbers.
Flnd the IlcF a[d LcM of 14 and 25,
14 and 25 are co'prlme numbers.
. . HcF
=
I and LcM
=
14 x 25
=
350.
Sol ved [xampl es
Find the greatest rlumt er that wiU dtvide 326, 895 and 1790 leavtng the
rcmainders 11, 13 arrd 5 respecttvely.
326- l l
=315,
895- 13
=882,
1790- 5
=1785.
The required number ls the HCF of 315, 882 a.nd 1785.
2.
3.
4.
5.
EXAMPTf
EXAMPLT I
EXAMPTE 2
315) 882 (2
-
630
--252)
3 r5
0
-
252
---6q282
(4
-
252
' . X
. . t he HcF of 315 and 882
=
63.
. . t he HcF of 315, 882 and 1785
Hence, the required number
=
21.
Now, 63) 1785 (28
-
126
----w
-
504
---tlt63
(B
- 63
'
. . t he HCF of 63 and. l 7a5
=
21.
(i) nind the LcM of 24, 36, 60, 72 and 90.
(ii) Find tne smallest nlrnber which when dividd by 24,36', 60,72 and 90
leaves the remalnder 5 {n ach case.
tiiil
ritrd th smallest number which when increased by 8 is exactly dlvisible by
24. 36. 60, 72 and 90.
2
2
3
3
5
(ii)
The required number
=
LCM + 5
:
360 + 5
=
365.
(i i i )
The requi red number
:
LCM-8: 360-8
=
352.
12, 18, 30, 36, 45
6. 9, 15. 18, 45
3, 9, 15, 9, 45
. . LCM=2 x2x2 x3 x3x5=360.
r , 3, 5, 3, 15
l , 1. 5, 1, 5
l . I , t , l , I
N, l l
Find the greatest
sumber of six digits $,hich is exacuy dtvisible by 4, a, L2, li, 2l
anal 25.
First. we Iind the LCM of 4. 8, 12, 15,2I and 25.
2 4, A, 12. 15. 2t . 25
2
|
2, 4, 6, t 5, 2' 1, 25
3 r , 2, 3, 15. 2t . 25 . . LCM 2
. 2 .
3
.
5
. 2 .
7
.
5
=
4200
5
|
t , 2, l , 5, 7, 25
1, 2, 1. t , 7. 5
The greatest number of six digits
=
999999.
Lt us dtvide this by the LCM.
4200) 9e9999 (238
8400
rE50t
-
t?990
.. 999999 + LCM leaves the rematnder 399.
33999
_
33600
Hence, the required number
=
999999
-
remalnder =
999999
_
399
=
999600.
Find the smallst number of ftve digits which is exactly divistbte by B, 12, t4, za
and 56.
First, we find the LcM of 8, 12, 14, 28 and 56.
Factors dd Muluples
l . t he
90
) by
. . LcM =
2 x2 x2 x7 xA =
t 68.
The smallest number of ftve dtgits
=
IOOOO.
Let us dlvide this by the LCM.
168) 10000 (59
-
840
---I60d
-
I 5l 2
So. the 59th multiple of 168 is less than IOOOO,
.'. the required number
=
60th multlple of l6a
=
60 x 168 =
IOO8O.
ALt'L'",)rtitl!
The requl red number
=
I OOOO-remai nder + LCM
=
I OOO0_88+ 168
=
I O0SO.
Five bells start rlnging together. Ifth bells rtng at intervals of 12, la, 2b, 40 and
54 sconds respectively, after what interval of time will they rlng togethr agaid?
The required time (tn
seconds) =
the LCM of t2, 18,25,40 and 54.
2 12, 1A, 25, 40, 54
2
1..
-
3, L?,
142q,56
2 4, 6. 7. t 4. 28
z
).
z,-s,-z,:, ty
7l r , 3. 7. 7. 7
f r ,
s. l , - r . I
fIAMPIE 5
2
3
3
5
. . the required LCM =
2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x 5 x 5 x 2 x S
=
5400.
r , 1. 5, 2, 3
l , 3. 25. l O, 9
1. 1, 25, l O. 3
Hence, the required dme
=
54OO s
=
90 mtn
=
t h 30 min.
N- 12
EXAMPTE 6
ICSE Maihcmatl.s fo. Class 8
The LCM of two numbers i6 12 times their HCr and the diffrence of the LCM ald
the HCr is I IO. If one of the numbers is 30, lind the other,
Let the HcF of the two numbers
=
r.
. . the LCM oI the two numbers
=
12i.
Given, the LCM the HCF
=
IIO
+ 12x r =1I O e l l x=I l O.
.. the HCF
:
10 and the LCM
=
120.
'.
the product of two numbers
=
HCF x LCM
.. 30 x the other number
=
HCF x LCM.
. HcF LcM l o 120
- ^
Lne ol ner numoer
' -
, l o
30
x=10.
1.
2,
3.
Remember These
Expreqsing a number ac a product ot prlme lactors is called prime factorlza(lon,
The HCF of two o! more numbers is the greatest number whlch exactly divides a-i
thc numbers,
Thcre arc two methods of finding the HCF| (i) by prime lacto zatio! and
(it)
by division.
The LCM oI two or more numbers is the smallest number whtch can be dil'ided o{actly by
all lhe given numbers.
5. There are lwo methods ofllnding lhe LcM: (i) by prtne factortzatlon and
(ti)
by dt!'ision.
6. The producl oI Lrvo flumbers
=
the LcM of the numbers x the HcF of the numbers.
7. The HCF of two co-prlme numbers
=
l.
E. Thc LCM of two co-pdme numbers
=
the product of the two co-prlme numbers.
l . Fi nd l he HCF of drc f o owi ng by pri mr f ucl orrzai l on.
(i ) 48, 12O and 216
2. Find the HCF of the followtng.
t i ) 216, 756 and 1260
(i i i )
528. 1584 and 2I 78
(i i ) 21O. 280 and 525
{i i )
108, 288 and 720
(l v) 90. 216, 720 and 1908
3. Find the gfeatest number that \a'lll divide
(tl 399 and 828 learing the remalnder 9 in each case,
lli)
445,721 and 942 leaving the remainders 5, 6 and 7 respectively.
Find the LCM of the following by p me factorization. +,
(t 16. 28, 84 lrj.)
132, 165,22O
( j i i l 36, 64, 96, 100
- . -.-pl 6
r r - u ^f r h- a^r ^- i - -
2r , 30
30: 24, 54
sallest number
t i t j 48, 56, 105, 225 ( i j i )
12, 1a, s0. 48, 60
l ,r) 12, Ia,24,30,86,
42
which rrhen divided by f8, 28, fO8 and 105 leaves the
90 and 108
they change
N- t 3
7l n each case,
amallest number wbtch
.lvhen
increased by 5 is exacdy dMsible by 12, 16, la,2Z
least number whtch when decreased by 2 is exac y divisible by 6,
g,
12, lg and
greatest
number
of six digits which is exac y dtvisible by 8, tZ,16,20
a:Ild,24_
sma.llest number of six dlgtts which is exacdy di\,,isible by 12, 16, 30, 48 and jO.
start rtngtng together. If the bells ring at intervats of 2, 4, 6, 8 and lO seconcts
Ly, after what hterval of Ume
q,ill
they-ring together
ain?
l: ltgh,:
,., four. dlfferenr crosstngs change ar Inrervals
of 48: 72,
respecuvely. I these lighrs change togetler at 7rO5 p.m.. when fill
again?
I,cM and HCF of two numbers are I 44 and 24 respecflvely.
Find the product
of the two
p.oduct
of two numbers is 22176. If thelr HCF ts 12, flnd thetr LCM.
rcM and HCF ol two numbers are 960 and 16 respecuvely.
If one of the numbers ls
find the other number.
- l
l|Ll. or rwo numbers ls
_:
of thef LcM, and the sum of the LcM and the HcF is 116. If
of the numbers is 16, llnd the other,
ANSWIRS
4 { i i ) 35
(,lJ
660 (iu)
14400
2. (l )
36 (u)36 (i i i )
66 0vJ l 8
6. (i)
840 (lt
25200
UIr) Z2O (iv)
IO8O
7, 427
a. 362
3.
(i)
39
0l) 55
(vl
2520
9. 999840
13. s456
3:]6
r1. 2 mlnuis
15. 20
t 2, 7t 4L p. m.
16. 28
.|.