Introduction To Molecular Biology: Departament D'estadística

Departament dEstadstica
1
Introduction to
Molecular Biology
2
Content
Cells and organisms
Molecules of life (Biomolecules)
Central dogma of molecular biology
Genes and gene epression

@: Most pictures have been freely obtained from:
http://www.accessexcellence.org/
!
Cells & organisms
"
Cells and organisms
#rganisms
$nicellular% #ne single cell (or simpler)
&rc'aea
(ro)aryotes% Bacteria* +east
Eu)aryote% (roto,oos
(luricellular% Eu)aryote cells
Different organitation le-els (e.g. tissues)
Di-ersity in number* type and sy,e
/iruses are not properly organisms

0
Eukaryotes
1Eu2 good*
13aryo2 nut or )ernel
(resence of nucleous
separated from del cytoplasm
by t'e nucleous en-elope.
D4&% double5stranded* it is
organi,ed in c'romosomes
6'e cell contains ot'er

membrane5bound organelles
7eual reproduction is
common
8
Prokaryotes
9ac) a cell nucleous
D4&% circular single

stranded
9ac) ot'er
membrane5bound
organelles.
:it'out seual
reproduction alt'oug'
t'ere are genetic
recombination
;
Viruses
Contain nucleic acids and

proteins but no ot'er
c'aracteristics
6'ey use t'e cellular

mac'inery of t'eir 'osts
to replicate
4# can replicate outside

t'e 'ost 4#6 li-ing
beings
<
Cellular components to scale
=
Content
Cells and organisms
6'e central dogma

@: Most pictures have been freely obyained from:
1>
Biomolecules
Biomolecules
11
Key biomolecules
6'e basic components of biological systems are
7ugars (carbo'ydrates)
?ats (lipids)
4ucleic acids
(roteins
7ugars and lipids 'a-e no important role

regarding 1biological information2 4ot discussed
'ere
12
Nucleic acids and proteins
Molecules t'at contain and transport

information are
D4& (" different nucleotides)
Contains encoded biological information
@4& (" different nucleotides)
Carries information from D4& to proteins
(roteins (2> different amino acids)
?unction and structure of li-ing beings

1!
Nucleotides
Basic components of nucleic acids
Consisting of
& sugar (@ibose or Deoyribose)
& nitrogen base
& p'osp'ate group
An biological spea)ing Be say CbasesC instead of

nucleotides to describe a string
1"
DNA nucleotides
10
!e pairing bet"een complementary bases
18
!e primary structure o# DNA
7eDuence of nuceotides
?orms an unbranc'ed polymer
#rgani,ed in a double5stranded
atgaatcgta ggggtttgaa cgctggcaat
acgatgactt ctcaagcgaa cattgacgac
ggcagctgga aggcggtctc cgagggcgga
1;
DNA $s %NA
D4& is organi,ed into a complementary double

'eli. @4& does not.
#ne of t'e four bases are different
D4& &* C* G* 6
@4& &* C* G* $
Differ from t'e nucleotide sugar
D4& Deoyribose
&@4 @ibose
1<
DNA &tructure
'ttp%EEen.Bi)ipedia.orgEBi)iED4&
1=
DNA strands sense
Eac' D4& strand 'as a polarity%
6'e strand begins Bit' t'e 1st nucleotide 0F5'ydroyl

(or 0F5p'osp'o) group* and
Ends Bit' t'e last nucleotide !F5'ydroyl group
6'e strand goes 0F to !F (CFive prime to three primeC)
6'e tBo D4& strands are antiparallel
#ne goes 0F !F and t'e ot'er goes !F 0F.

2>
Proteins
'
&mino acid seDuence
'
?orms an unbranc'ed polymer
'
6'ere are 2> different amino acids (&&)
'
6'e )ey function of proteins is in its t'ree
dimensional structure
21
Amino acids
22
Proteins (#old) into con#ormational structure
2!
Protein*s structure
(roteins fold into loBest to 'ig'est compleity
le-el%
Primary structure% amino acid seDuence
Secondary structure% regularly repeating local

structures stabili,ed by 'ydrogen bonds.
Tertiary structure% fold into !5dimensional

structures.
Quaternary structure% structure formed by

se-eral protein molecules (protein comple).
2"
20
Content
Cells and organisms

28
Central dogma o#
molecular biology
2;
Central dogma o# molecular biology
Central dogma of molecular biology states t'at

information encoded in D4& is transferred to
proteins t'roug' @4&.
2<
2=
+rom DNA to proteins
D4& is replicated in a comple process in-ol-ing many

en,ymes% replication replicacin
D4& is copied in a string of complementary messenger

@4& (m@4&)% transcription transcripciGn
An eu)aryotic cells* t'e m@4& is processed procesa

eliminating coding fragments (1splicing2) and migrates
from t'e nucleous to t'e cytoplasm.
6'e m@4& carries coded information to ribosomes

(ribosomal @4&) t'at CreadC and perform protein
synt'esis% translation traslacin
!>
,- %eplication
!1
.- ranscription
!2
/- %NA processing or splicing
!!
,DNA $s- / %NA0s
!"
1- Protein synt!esis
6'e m@4& goes to t'e

cytoplasm B'ere it binds
to ribosomes.
Codon% m@4&
information unit.
6'e t@4& brings t'e

complementary && t@4&.
6'e && are bound to t'e

protein to complete t'e
seDuence.
&nimations (1)* (2)

!0
10 !e genetic code
!8
Content
Cells and organisms

!;
2enes and gene
e3pression
!<
4!at is a gene5
At is t'e functional and p'ysical unit of

'eredity transmitted from one generation to
t'eir offsprings.
Genes are D4& fragments
Most of t'e genes contain t'e necessary

information for t'e synt'esis of a specific
protein.
!=
2ene components
">
%egulation o# gene e3pression
Genes can be 1turned on2 or 1off2.
Eac' cell epresses (or acti-e or ConC) only a fraction

of t'eir genes.
@emaining genes are repressed (CoffC).
6'e process consisting in acti-ate genes and

suppress ot'ers is gene regulation.
Gene regulation determines%
6'e appearance and different function of different cells types
6'e ability of some cells to react Duic)ly to en-ironmental

c'anges
"1
6o" genes are regulated5
Gene regulation can occur at any point in t'e process of

epression but often occurs during transcription.
En-ironmental signs or ot'er cells acti-ate proteins

called transcription factor.
6'ey bind to t'e regulatory regions of genes* increasing

or decreasing t'e le-el of transcription 6'ey control t'e
amount of gene product produced by t'e gene in e-ery
moment.
"2
E3ample7 2enes acti$ation
:it' no HGC
(glucocorticoid
'ormone) genes are
inacti-e
An presence of HGC
genes are acti-ated
and epressed (in
bloc))
"!
Mutations
Mutations are genetic c'anges randomly

produced or by t'e action of mutagens
(c'emicals* I rays* $/* etc.)
Most are let'al because t'e original && and

nucleotides seDuence is t'e product of millions
of years of e-olution
(roduct of natural selection (or not...)

""
Mutations at t!e molecular le$el
& mutation results in a c'ange in t'e order of

nucleotides in t'e genes
Consider for eample t'e peptide

Nucleotides TAC TTA {C}GA TAA TGC ATT
Codons mRNA- AUG AAU {G}CU AUU ACG UAA
Sequence AA- met asn ala ile thr stop
:e can c'ange a nucleotide (eg. 1C22G2) for

anot'er or delete it.
"0
Point mutations
(oint mutation
7ubstitution of one nucleotide for anot'er
At can be let'al or 'armless (due to t'e degeneracy of

t'e code)
Substitution CG TAC TTA {G}GA TAA TGC ATT
Codons mRNA- AUG AAU {C}CU AUU ACG UAA
New seq. met asn pro ile thr stop
ri!inal seq. met asn ala ile thr stop
"8
(+rames!i#t) mutation
C'ange t'e reading frame
Deleting a nucleotide c'ange in t'e grouping of

codons
C supression TAC TTA GA"T# AAT GCA TT$
Codons mRNA- AUG AAU CU"A# UUA CGU UA$
New seq. met asn leu arg lys $$$
ri!inal seq. met asn ala ile thr stop

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Departament dEstadstica

Cells and organisms

Molecules of life (Biomolecules)

Central dogma of molecular biology

Genes and gene epression

$nicellular% #ne single cell (or simpler)

(ro)aryotes% Bacteria* +east

(luricellular% Eu)aryote cells

Different organitation le-els (e.g. tissues)

Di-ersity in number* type and sy,e

/iruses are not properly organisms

6'e cell contains ot'er

9ac) a cell nucleous

D4&% circular single

Contain nucleic acids and

6'ey use t'e cellular

4# can replicate outside

Cells and organisms

Molecules of life (Biomolecules)

6'e central dogma

Genes and gene epression

6'e basic components of biological systems are

7ugars and lipids 'a-e no important role

Molecules t'at contain and transport

D4& (" different nucleotides)

Contains encoded biological information

@4& (" different nucleotides)

Carries information from D4& to proteins

(roteins (2> different amino acids)

?unction and structure of li-ing beings

Basic components of nucleic acids

& sugar (@ibose or Deoyribose)

& nitrogen base

& p'osp'ate group

An biological spea)ing Be say CbasesC instead of

?orms an unbranc'ed polymer

D4& is organi,ed into a complementary double

#ne of t'e four bases are different

Differ from t'e nucleotide sugar

Eac' D4& strand 'as a polarity%

6'e strand begins Bit' t'e 1st nucleotide 0F5'ydroyl

Ends Bit' t'e last nucleotide !F5'ydroyl group

6'e strand goes 0F to !F (CFive prime to three primeC)

6'e tBo D4& strands are antiparallel

#ne goes 0F !F and t'e ot'er goes !F 0F.

Primary structure% amino acid seDuence

Secondary structure% regularly repeating local

Tertiary structure% fold into !5dimensional

Quaternary structure% structure formed by

Cells and organisms

Molecules of life (Biomolecules)

Central dogma of molecular biology

Genes and gene epression

Central dogma of molecular biology states t'at

D4& is replicated in a comple process in-ol-ing many

D4& is copied in a string of complementary messenger

An eu)aryotic cells* t'e m@4& is processed procesa

6'e m@4& carries coded information to ribosomes

6'e m@4& goes to t'e

6'e t@4& brings t'e

6'e && are bound to t'e

&nimations (1)* (2)