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Photosynthesis
Lecture 3 - 4
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What is the moral of this cartoon?
Energy can be transformed from
one form to another
FREE ENERGY
(availablefor work)
vs.
HEAT
(not availablefor work)
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THE SUN: MAIN SOURCE OF
ENERGY FOR LIFE ON EARTH
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What is autotrophs?
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(17) 172157 Nurul Atiqah Ahmad
Food Chain
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THE FOOD WEB
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Electromagnetic Spectrum and
Visible Light
What is these?
What is the important of visible light to
earth
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Why plants is green?
Explain this phenomena
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Photosynthesis is the process by which
autotrophic organisms use light energy to
make sugar and oxygen gas from carbon
dioxide and water
AN OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Carbon
dioxide
Water Glucose Oxygen
gas
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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The Calvin cycle makes
sugar from carbon
dioxide
ATP generated by the light
reactions provides the energy
for sugar synthesis
The NADPH produced by the
light reactions provides the
electrons for the reduction of
carbon dioxide to glucose
Light
Chloroplast
Light
reactions
Calvin
cycle
NADP+
ADP
+ P
The light reactions
convert solar
energy to chemical
energy
Produce ATP &NADPH
AN OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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Chloroplasts: Sites of Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
Occurs in chloroplasts, organelles in certain
plants
All green plant parts have chloroplasts and carry
out photosynthesis
The leaves have the most chloroplasts
The green color comes fromchlorophyll in the
chloroplasts
The pigments absorb light energy
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In most plants, photosynthesis occurs
primarily in the leaves, in the chloroplasts
How does a chloroplast look like?
What are the structures can be in a
chloroplast?
Where is chloroplast located?
Any pigment in chloroplast?
(20) 175007 AzimSyahmi Zafri
Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts
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Structure of chlorophyll
How does a chlorophyll looks like?
How many types of chlorophyll in a higher
order of plant? And how does these
chlorophyll different from each other?
(21)172138 Nor Syahirah Binti
Mohd Yusoff
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Light
A form of electromagnetic E that has attributes
of continuous waves and discrete particles (=
photon)
Absorbed by pigment that called photoreceptors
After absorbing light, pigment becomes
excited/unstable
Excess E must be dissipated as heat, reemitted
as light / used in photochemical reaction, thus
allowing the pigment to return to its stable
ground state
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Excited
state
e
-
Heat
Light
Photon
Light
(fluorescence)
Chl
molecule
Ground
state
Absorption of a photon
Excitation of
chlorophyll
in a chloroplast
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Photoreceptors
What is photoreceptors
How many types of photoreceptor in a
higher order of plant and what is their role
in a chloroplast?
(22) 173096 Azman Peli
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What is the difference between
photoreceptors / photosystem I /
photosystem II / reaction centre/ light
harvesting complex?
(23) 175045 Muhammad FaridCheGhani
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Photosynthesis
Is a 2-stage process that occurs in chloroplast
Light reactions
Occur in thylakoids
Include light absorption, water splitting, formation of O2
and E chemical intermediate ATP and NADPH
H2O +NADP
+
+ADP +Pi O2 +ATP +NADPH
Dark reactions
Occur in stroma
Involve utilization of NADPH and ATP to fix CO2into
CHO in the Calvin-Benson Cycle
CO2 +ATP +NADPH (CH2O)n +ADP +Pi +NADP
+
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Abbreviations
ADP =Adenosine diphosphate
ATP =Adenonine trisphosphate
NADP =Nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide phosphate
NADPH =Pyridine nucleotide
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Light Reactions
Explain what is light reactions
Explain how light travels in a photoreceptor
How many photosystems involve in light
reaction?
How does light reactions work in
photosynthesis?
(24) 173233 Muhammad Fikri
Hamdan
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Light reactions
In light reactions, CHARGE SEPARATION
and ELECTRON TRANSFER are
involved.
Explain what is charge separation?
(25) 175050 Nurul AtiqahHussainSani
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Electron Transport Chain
Explain what is ETC
What is the function of having ETC?
What are the compounds involve in ETC
of PS?
What kind of electron being transported in
light reaction?
(26) 173469 Bernice Andrew
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Define
1. Redox reaction
2. Electrochemical potential gradient
in the context of light reaction
(27) 175051 Muhamad Faiz
J amburi
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How the system works?
Light is absorbed by antenna pigments of
PSII and I
The absorbed E is transferred to reaction
centre, P
680
in PSII, P
700
is PSI
Absorption of 1 photon of light by PSII
removes 1 e from P
680
With its resulting positive charge, P
680
is
sufficiently electronegative that it can remove
1 e from a molecule of water
.Cont
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When these steps have occurred 4x, requiring 2
molecules of water, 1 molecule of O
2
and 4H
+
are
released: 2H
2
O 4e
-
+4H
+
+O
2
The e are transferred (by way of plastoquinone
PQ) to the cytochrome b
6
/f complex where they
provide the E for chemiosmosis
Activation of P700 in PSI enables it to pick up e
from the cytochrome b
6
/f complex (by way of
plastocyanin PC) and raise them to a sufficiently
high redox potential that, after passing through
ferredoxin (Fd)
They can reduce NADP
+
to NADPH
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Low H
+
High H
+
Electrochemical
potential
gradient
High
Low
The sawtooth shifts in redox potential as e
pass from P
680
to NADP
+
have caused this
system to be called the Z-Scheme.
It is also called non-cyclic
photophosphorylation because it produces
ATP in a 1-way process.
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Chemiosmosis
Process using H
+
movement to join ADP
and Pi.
Accomplished by ATP synthases /
ATPases.
As H
+
pass through CF1-ATPase, ADP +Pi
are joined to make ATP.
The movement of H
+
through this enzyme
provides the E to make ATP.
An example of facilitated diffusion
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The electron transport chains are arranged
with the photosystems in the thylakoid
membranes and pump H
+
through that
membrane
The flow of H
+
back through the membrane is
harnessed by ATP synthase to make ATP
In the stroma, the H
+
ions combine with NADP
+
to form NADPH
Chemiosmosis powers ATP
synthesis in the light reactions
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The production of ATP by chemiosmosis in
photosynthesis
Thylakoid
compartment
(high H+)
Thylakoid
membrane
Stroma
(low H+)
Light
Antenna
molecules
Light
ELECTRON TRANSPORT
CHAIN
PHOTOSYSTEM I
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ATP SYNTHASE PHOTOSYSTEM II
Cyclic Photophosphorylation
Reaction Center: PSI 700 nm
No reduction of NADP
+
occurs and e are recycled
Cytb6-f complex:
act as e
transport chain
e are used to
translocate
protons which
ATPases uses to
synthesize ATP
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Cyclic Photophosphorylation
Cylic reaction transport occurs only occasionally
when synthesis of carbohydrate is curtailed due
to limited supply of CO
2
and NADPH
2
starts
accumulating.
At this time, there would be no need for
additional NADPH
2
. Moreover, the cyclic
electron transport serves the purpose of more
production of ATP where needed by the
chloroplast
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Two connected photosystem collect photons
of light and transfer the E to chl e
The excited e are passed from the primary
electron acceptor to electron transport
chains
Their E ends up in ATP and NADPH
electron transport chains generate ATP,
NADPH, & O
2
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Conclusion for light reactions
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2 H+ + 1/2
Water-splitting
photosystem
PS II
Light
Primary
electron
acceptor
Energy
to make
PS I
Primary
electron
acceptor
NADPH-producing
photosystem
Light
NADP+
1
2
3
How the Light Reactions Generate ATP and NADPH
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Dark Reactions / Calvin-
Benson Cycle
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Dark reaction
What do you understand by dark reaction?
There are 3 steps involve in dark reaction.
List out and explain all the steps.
(28) 174069 Nur Syarina Farhana
Darus
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Calvin-Benson Cycle
Enzyme RuBisCo captures CO
2
atm,
release 3-C sugars, later combined to form
sucrose and starch.
Since the first product is 3-C, Calvin cycle
also known as C3 cycle.
3CO
2
+9ATP +6NADPH +6H
+
C
3
H
6
O
3
-
phosphate +9ADP +8Pi +6NADP
+
+
3H
2
O
RuBisCo =ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate
carboxylase-oxygenase
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Photorespiration
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Photorespiration
What is photorespiration?
How does photorespiration differ from
respiration and photosynthesis?
(29) 174988 Noraini Hussain
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Photorespiration
Do not produce ATP and leads to net loss
of C and N (slow plants growth)
C
4
and CAM plants avoid photorespiration
in different ways.
C
4
plants use spatial separation.
CAM plants use temporal separation.
CAM =Crussulacean Acid Metabolism
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C
4
plants
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C
4
plants
What is C
4
plants
How does is differ from C
3
plants?
(30) 174996 Mohammad
Ashshabru Syakirin Kamsol
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CAM Plants
What is CAM plants?
(31) 174997 Murni Azureen Mohd
Pakri
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It's not that
easy bein'
green but it
is essential for
life on earth!
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Environmental factors
influencing PS
What are the factors?
How does each of these factor affect PS?
(32) 175047 Kamil Haiyat
Muhammad Razak
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