Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire

1
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
Coordinates: 404348N 735943W
[1]
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
Date March 25, 1911
Time 4:40 PM (local time)
Location Asch Building
Manhattan, New York City, U.S.
Deaths 146
Injuries 71
The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in Manhattan, New York City on March 25, 1911 was one of the deadliest
industrial disasters in the history of the city, and resulted in the fourth highest loss of life from an industrial accident
in U.S. history. It was also one of the deadliest disasters that occurred in New York City after the burning of the
General Slocum on June 15, 1904 until the destruction of the World Trade Center 90 years later. The fire caused
the deaths of 146 garment workers 123 women and 23 men
[2]
who died from the fire, smoke inhalation, or
falling or jumping to their deaths. Most of the victims were recent Jewish and Italian immigrant women aged sixteen
to twenty-three;
[3][4][5]
of the victims whose ages are known, the oldest victim was Providenza Panno at 43, and the
youngest were 14-year-olds Kate Leone and "Sara" Rosaria Maltese.
Because the owners had locked the doors to the stairwells and exits a common practice at the time to prevent
pilferage and unauthorized breaks
[6]
many of the workers who could not escape the burning building jumped from
the eighth, ninth, and tenth floors to the streets below. The fire led to legislation requiring improved factory safety
standards and helped spur the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, which fought for better
working conditions for sweatshop workers.
The factory was located in the Asch Building, at 2329 Washington Place in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of
Manhattan, now known as the Brown Building and part of New York University. The building has been designated a
National Historic Landmark and a New York City landmark.
[7]
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
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Fire
A horse-drawn fire engine en route to the burning factory
The Triangle Waist Company factory
occupied the eighth, ninth, and tenth
floors of the 10-story Asch Building on
the northwest corner of Greene Street
and Washington Place, just east of
Washington Square Park, in the
Greenwich Village area of New York
City. Under the ownership of Max
Blanck and Isaac Harris, the factory
produced women's blouses, known as
"shirtwaists." The factory normally
employed about 500 workers, mostly
young immigrant women, who worked
nine hours a day on weekdays plus
seven hours on Saturdays,
[8]
earning
for their 52 hours of work between $7 and $12 a week, the 2014 equivalent of $166 to $285 a week, or $3.20 to
$5.50 per hour.
[9]
As the workday was ending on the afternoon of Saturday, March 25, 1911, a fire flared up at approximately 4:40 PM
in a scrap bin under one of the cutter's tables at the northeast corner of the eighth floor.
[10]
The first fire alarm was
sent at 4:45 PM by a passerby on Washington Place who saw smoke coming from the eighth floor.
[11]
Both owners
of the factory were in attendance and had invited their children to the factory on that afternoon. The Fire Marshal
concluded that the likely cause of the fire was the disposal of an unextinguished match or cigarette butt in the scrap
bin, which held two months' worth of accumulated cuttings by the time of the fire.
[12]
Beneath the table in the
wooden bin were hundreds of pounds of scraps which were left over from the several thousand shirtwaists that had
been cut at that table. The scraps piled up from the last time the bin was emptied, coupled with the hanging fabrics
that surrounded it; the steel trim was the only thing that was not highly flammable.
[13]
Although smoking was
banned in the factory, cutters were known to sneak cigarettes, exhaling the smoke through their lapels to avoid
detection.
[14]
A New York Times article suggested that the fire may have been started by the engines running the
sewing machines, while The Insurance Monitor, a leading industry journal, suggested that the epidemic of fires
among shirtwaist manufacturers was "fairly saturated with moral hazard."
[]
No one suggested arson.
[citation needed]
The building's south side, with windows marked X from which fifty
women jumped
The building's east side, with 40 bodies on the sidewalk. Two of the
victims were found alive an hour after the photo was taken.
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
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"The Washington Place Fire"An eyewitness account
00:08:09
Problems playing this file? See media help.
A bookkeeper on the eighth floor was able to warn employees on the tenth floor via telephone, but there was no
audible alarm and no way to contact staff on the ninth floor.
[15]
According to survivor Yetta Lubitz, the first warning
of the fire on the ninth floor arrived at the same time as the fire itself.
[16]
Although the floor had a number of exits,
including two freight elevators, a fire escape, and stairways down to Greene Street and Washington Place, flames
prevented workers from descending the Greene Street stairway, and the door to the Washington Place stairway was
locked to prevent theft by the workers; the locked doors allowed managers to check the women's purses.
[17]
The
foreman who held the stairway door key had already escaped by another route.
[18]
Dozens of employees escaped the
fire by going up the Greene Street stairway to the roof. Other survivors were able to jam themselves into the
elevators while they continued to operate.
[citation needed]
Within three minutes, the Greene Street stairway became unusable in both directions.
[19]
Terrified employees
crowded onto the single exterior fire escape, which city officials had allowed Asch to erect instead of the required
third staircase. It was a flimsy and poorly anchored iron structure which may have been broken before the fire. It
soon twisted and collapsed from the heat and overload, spilling about 20 victims nearly 100 feet (30m) to their
deaths on the concrete pavement below. Elevator operators Joseph Zito
[20]
and Gaspar Mortillalo saved many lives
by traveling three times up to the ninth floor for passengers, but Mortillalo was eventually forced to give up when the
rails of his elevator buckled under the heat. Some victims pried the elevator doors open and jumped into the empty
shaft, trying to slide down the cables or to land on top of the car. The weight and impacts of these bodies warped the
elevator car and made it impossible for Zito to make another attempt. William Gunn Shepard, a reporter at the
tragedy, would say that I learned a new sound that day a sound more horrible than description can picture -- the thud
of a speeding living body on a stone sidewalk ".
[21]
A large crowd of bystanders gathered on the street, witnessing 62 people jumping or falling to their deaths from the
burning building. Louis Waldman, later a New York Socialist state assemblyman, described the scene years later:
[22]
One Saturday afternoon in March of that year March 25, to be precise I was sitting at one of the reading
tables in the old Astor Library... It was a raw, unpleasant day and the comfortable reading room seemed a
delightful place to spend the remaining few hours until the library closed. I was deeply engrossed in my book
when I became aware of fire engines racing past the building. By this time I was sufficiently Americanized to
be fascinated by the sound of fire engines. Along with several others in the library, I ran out to see what was
happening, and followed crowds of people to the scene of the fire.
A few blocks away, the Asch Building at the corner of Washington Place and Greene Street was ablaze. When
we arrived at the scene, the police had thrown up a cordon around the area and the firemen were helplessly
fighting the blaze. The eighth, ninth, and tenth stories of the building were now an enormous roaring cornice
of flames.
Word had spread through the East Side, by some magic of terror, that the plant of the Triangle Waist Company
was on fire and that several hundred workers were trapped. Horrified and helpless, the crowds I among
them looked up at the burning building, saw girl after girl appear at the reddened windows, pause for a
terrified moment, and then leap to the pavement below, to land as mangled, bloody pulp. This went on for
what seemed a ghastly eternity. Occasionally a girl who had hesitated too long was licked by pursuing flames
and, screaming with clothing and hair ablaze, plunged like a living torch to the street. Life nets held by the
firemen were torn by the impact of the falling bodies.
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
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The emotions of the crowd were indescribable. Women were hysterical, scores fainted; men wept as, in
paroxysms of frenzy, they hurled themselves against the police lines.
The remainder waited until smoke and fire overcame them. The fire department arrived quickly but was unable to
stop the flames, as there were no ladders available that could reach beyond the sixth floor. The fallen bodies and
falling victims also made it difficult for the fire department to approach the building.
Bodies of the victims being placed in coffins on the sidewalk
People and horses draped in black walk in procession in memory of the victims
Aftermath
Although early references of the death toll
ranged from 141
[23]
to 148, almost all
modern references agree that 146 people
died as a result of the fire: 123 women and
23 men.
[24][25][26][27][28][29]
Most victims
died of burns, asphyxiation, blunt impact
injuries, or a combination of the three.
[30]
The first person to jump was a man, and
another man was seen kissing a young
woman at the window before they both
jumped to their deaths.
[31]
Bodies of the victims were taken to
Charities Pier (also called Misery Lane),
located at 26th street and the East River, for
identification by friends and relatives.
[citation
needed]
Victims were interred in sixteen
different cemeteries. Twenty-two victims of
the fire were buried by the Hebrew Free
Burial Association in a special section at
Mount Richmond Cemetery. In some
instances, their tombstones refer to the fire.
Six victims remained unidentified until
2011. The six victims who remained
unidentified were buried together in the
Cemetery of the Evergreens in Brooklyn.
Originally interred elsewhere on the
grounds, their remains now lie beneath a
monument to the tragedy, a large marble
slab featuring a kneeling woman.
[32]
The six unknown victims were finally identified in February 2011 and a grave
marker placed in their memory.
[33]
Consequences and legacy
The company's owners, Max Blanck and Isaac Harris, who survived the fire by fleeing to the building's roof when
the fire began, were indicted on charges of first- and second-degree manslaughter in mid-April; the pair's trial began
on December 4, 1911.
[34]
Max Steuer, counsel for the defendants, managed to destroy the credibility of one of the
survivors, Kate Alterman, by asking her to repeat her testimony a number of times, which she did without altering
key phrases. Steuer argued to the jury that Alterman and possibly other witnesses had memorized their statements,
and might even have been told what to say by the prosecutors. The prosecution charged that the owners knew the
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
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exit doors were locked at the time in question. The investigation found that the locks were intended to be locked
during working hours based on the findings from the fire,
[35]
but the defense stressed that the prosecution failed to
prove that the owners knew that. The jury acquitted the two men, but they lost a subsequent civil suit in 1913 in
which plaintiffs won compensation in the amount of $75 per deceased victim. The insurance company paid Blanck
and Harris about $60,000 more than the reported losses, or about $400 per casualty. In 1913, Blanck was once again
arrested for locking the door in his factory during working hours. He was fined $20.
[36]
Rose Schneiderman, a prominent socialist and union activist, gave a speech at the memorial meeting held in the
Metropolitan Opera House on April 2, 1911, to an audience largely made up of the members of the Women's Trade
Union League. She used the fire as an argument for factory workers to organize:
Tombstone of fire victim at the Hebrew Free Burial
Association's Mount Richmond Cemetery
I would be a traitor to these poor burned bodies if I came here
to talk good fellowship. We have tried you good people of the
public and we have found you wanting.... We have tried you
citizens; we are trying you now, and you have a couple of
dollars for the sorrowing mothers, brothers and sisters by way
of a charity gift. But every time the workers come out in the
only way they know to protest against conditions which are
unbearable, the strong hand of the law is allowed to press down
heavily upon us.
Public officials have only words of warning to us warning
that we must be intensely peaceable, and they have the
workhouse just back of all their warnings. The strong hand of
the law beats us back, when we rise, into the conditions that
make life unbearable.
I can't talk fellowship to you who are gathered here. Too much
blood has been spilled. I know from my experience it is up to
the working people to save themselves. The only way they can
save themselves is by a strong working-class movement.
Others in the community, and in particular in the ILGWU, drew a different lesson from events. In New York
City, a Committee on Public Safety was formed, headed by Frances Perkins, a noted social worker, to identify
specific problems and lobby for new legislation, such as the bill to grant workers shorter hours in a work week,
known as the "54-hour Bill". The committee's representatives in Albany obtained the backing of Tammany
Hall's Al Smith, the Majority Leader of the Assembly, and Robert F. Wagner, the Majority Leader of the
Senate, and this collaboration of machine politicians and reformers also known as "do-gooders" or
"goo-goos" got results, especially since Tammany's chief, Charles F. Murphy, realized the advantage to be
had from being on the side of the angels. The New York State Legislature then created the Factory
Investigating Commission to "investigate factory conditions in this and other cities and to report remedial
measures of legislation to prevent hazard or loss of life among employees through fire, unsanitary conditions,
and occupational diseases."
[37]
The Commission, which became Al Smith's priority, held public hearings in the
major cities of the state, distributed questionnaires to a wide variety of people, and hired field agents to do
on-site inspections of factories.
[38]
New York City's Fire Chief John Kenlon told the investigators that his
department had identified more than 200 factories where conditions made a fire like that at the Triangle
Factory possible.
[39]
The State Commissions's reports helped modernize the state's labor laws, making New
York State "one of the most progressive states in terms of labor reform."
[40][41]
New laws mandated better
building access and egress, fireproofing requirements, the availability of fire extinguishers, the installation of
alarm systems and automatic sprinklers, better eating and toilet facilities for workers, and limited the number
of hours that women and children could work. In the years from 1911 to 1913, sixty of the sixty-four new laws
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
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recommended by the Commission were legislated with the support of Governor William Sulzer. As a result of
the fire, the American Society of Safety Engineers was founded in New York City on October 14, 1911.
Remember the Triangle Fire Coalition
Logo
The Remember the Triangle Fire
Coalition is an alliance of more than 200
organizations and individuals formed in
2008 to encourage and coordinate
nationwide activities commemorating the
centennial of the fire
[42]
and to create a
permanent public art memorial to honor its
victims.
[43][44]
The founding partners
included Workers United, the New York City Fire Museum, New York University (the current owner of the
building), Workmen's Circle, Museum at Eldridge Street, the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation,
the Lower East Side Tenement Museum, the Gotham Center for New York City History, the Bowery Poetry Club
and others. Members of the Coalition include arts organizations, schools, workers rights groups, labor unions,
human rights and womens rights groups, ethnic organizations, historical preservation societies, activists, and
scholars, as well as families of the victims and survivors.
The Coalition grew out of a public art project called "Chalk" created by New York City filmmaker Ruth Sergel.
Every year beginning in 2004, Sergel and volunteer artists went across New York City on the anniversary of the fire
to inscribe in chalk the names, ages, and causes of death of the victims in front of their former homes, often
including drawings of flowers, tombstones or a triangle.
[45]
Centennial
Hilda Solis, the American Secretary of Labor, seen on the overhead screen, speaking at
the Centennial Memorial; the Brown (Asch) Building is on the far right.
From July 2009 through the weeks
leading up to the 100th anniversary,
the Coalition served as a clearinghouse
to network some 200 activities as
varied as academic conferences, films,
theater performances, art shows,
concerts, readings, awareness
campaigns, walking tours, and parades
that were held in and around New
York City, and in cities across the
nation, including San Francisco, Los
Angeles, Chicago, Minneapolis,
Boston and Washington, D.C.
The ceremony, which was held in front
of the building where the fire took
place, was preceded by a march through Greenwich Village by thousands of people, some carrying shirtwaists
women's blouses on
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
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The commemoration drew thousands of people, many holding aloft shirtwaists with the
names of the victims as they listened to speakers.
poles, or wearing sashes
commemorating the names of those
who died in the fire. Speakers included
the United States Secretary of Labor,
Hilda L. Solis, U.S. Senator Charles
Schumer, New York City Mayor
Michael R. Bloomberg, the actor
Danny Glover, and Suzanne Pred Bass,
the grandniece of Rosie Weiner, a
young woman killed in the blaze. Most
of the speakers that day called for the
strengthening of workers rights and
organized labor.
[46][47]
At 4:45 PM EST, the moment the first
fire alarm was sounded in 1911,
hundreds of bells rang out in cities and
towns across the nation. For this commemorative act, the Remember the Triangle Fire Coalition organized hundreds
of churches, schools, fire houses, and private individuals in the New York City region and across the nation. The
Coalition maintains on its website a national map denoting each of the bells that rang that afternoon.
[48]
Permanent memorial
The Coalition has launched an effort to create a permanent public art memorial for the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory
fire at the site of 1911 fire in lower Manhattan. In 2012, the Coalition announced a national design competition for
the memorial, and formed a design search committee, with representatives from Workers United, New York
University, the New York City Fire Department, the Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation &
Archives, Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation, Manhattan Community Board 2, family members of
the victims, historians, and community members.
[49][50]
In 2011, the Coalition established that the goal of the permanent memorial would be:
To honor the memory of those who died from the fire;
To affirm the dignity of all workers;
To value womens work;
To remember the movement for worker safety and social justice stirred by this tragedy;
To inspire future generations of activists
In popular culture
Films and television
The Crime of Carelessness (1912), 14 minute Edison Company short inspired by the Triangle Factory fire,
directed by James Oppenheim
Children of Eve (1915), written and directed by John H. Collins
[51]
With These Hands (1950), directed by Jack Arnold
[52]
The Triangle Factory Fire Scandal (1979), directed by Mel Stuart, produced by Mel Brez and Ethel Brez
Those Who Know Don't Tell: The Ongoing Battle for Workers' Health (1990), produced by Abby Ginzberg,
narrated by Studs Terkel
Episode 4 of Ric Burns' 1999 PBS series New York: A Documentary Film, "The Power and the People
(18981918)", extensively covered the fire.
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
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The Living Century: Three Miracles (2001) premiered on PBS, focusing on the life of 107-year old Rose
Freedman (died 2002), who became the last living survivor of the fire.
American Experience: Triangle Fire (2011), documentary produced and directed by Jamila Wignot, narrated by
Michael Murphy
Triangle Remembering the Fire (2011) premiered on HBO on March 21, four days short of the 100th anniversary.
A door knob from the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory is an artifact in the TV series Warehouse 13, making an
appearance in episodes "Past Imperfect" and "The 40th Floor" (2011).
Music
"My Little Shirtwaist Fire" by Rasputina, from their 1996 album Thanks for the Ether.
"The Triangle Fire" by The Brandos, from their 2006 album Over The Border.
"Sweatshop Fire" by Curtis Eller, from his 2008 album Wirewalkers and Assassins.
Theatre and dance
In Ain Gordon's play Birdseed Bundles (2000), the Triangle fire is a major dramatic engine of the story.
[53]
The Triangle Factory Fire Project, a play written by Christopher Piehler about the fire and the trial afterward.
The Dark of the Flame, a play written by Evin Anderson about three sisters who work at The Triangle Shirtwaist
Factory and face the fire.
The musical Rags book by Joseph Stein, lyrics by Stephen Schwartz, and music by Charles Strouse
incorporates the Triangle Shirtwaist fire in the second act.
In March 2012, the modern dance concert One Hundred Forty-Six by Denise J. Murphy explored the Triangle
Shirtwaist Factory fire through movement, text, video, photography and original music.
[54]
Literature
Margaret Peterson Haddix's 2007 historical novel for young adults, Uprising, deals with immigration, women's
rights, and the labor movement, with the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire as a central element.
Esther Friesner's Threads and Flames deals with a young girl, named Raisa, who works at the Triangle Shirtwaist
Factory at the time of the fire.
Deborah Hopkinson's 2004 historical novel for young adults, Hear My Sorrow: The Diary of Angela Denoto.
Mary Jane Auch's 2004 historical novel for young adults, Ashes of Roses tells the tale of Margaret Rose Nolan, a
young girl who works at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory at the time of the fire, along with her sister and her
friends.
The comic book The Goon issue #37 tells the story of a similar fire at a girdle factory that takes the lives of 142
women who worked there. After the fire, the surviving women attempt to unionize and the Goon comes to their
aid after union busters try to force them back to work. Author Eric Powell specifically cites the Triangle
Shirtwaist Factory fire as an inspiration for the story.
Vivian Schurfranz's novel Rachel, from the Sunfire series of historical romances for young adults, is about a
Polish Jewish immigrant girl who works at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory at the time of the fire.
In issue #28 of the comic " The Dreaming", The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory (and the fire specifically) is featured
heavily.
Ghosts of the fire's victims played a role in The Spider Goddess by Tara Moss.
Robert Pinsky's poem Shirt describes the fire.
"Mayn Rue Platz" (My Resting Place), a poem written by former Triangle employee Morris Rosenfeld, has been
set to music, in Yiddish and English, by many artists, including Geoff Berner and June Tabor.
In Alice Hoffman's novel "The Museum of Extraordinary Things", the fire is one of the main elements of the plot.
In Mary Beth Keane's novel Fever, the main character, Mary Mallon, is one of the people watching in the street.
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
9
References
Notes
[1] http:/ / tools.wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Triangle_Shirtwaist_Factory_fire& params=40. 730085_N_-73.
995356_E_type:event_region:US-NY
[2] "Sweatshop Tragedy Ignites Fight for Workplace Safety" (http:/ / www. apwu. org/ join/ women/ lbportraits/ portraits-labor-triangle. htm) on
the American Postal Workers Union website
[3] "Triangle Shirtwaist Fire" (http:/ / jwa.org/ encyclopedia/ article/ triangle-shirtwaist-fire). Jewish Women: An Historical Encyclopedia on
Jewish Women's Archive
[4] Stacy, Greg. "Triangle Shirtwaist Fire Marks a Sad Centennial" (http:/ / onlinejournal. com/ artman/ publish/ article_7375. shtml). NPR.org
via Online Journal (March 24, 2011)
[5] Diner, Hasia R. "Lecture: The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire and the Shared Italian-Jewish History of New York" (http:/ / italianamericanmagazine.
com/ lecture-the-triangle-shirtwaist-fire-and-the-shared-italian-jewish-history-of-new-york/ 5376) Italian-American Magazine (March 16,
2011)
[6] Lifflander, Matthew L. "The Tragedy That Changed New York" New York Archives (Summer 2011)
[7] Harris, Gale. "Brown Building (formerly Asch Building) Designation Report" (http:/ / www. nyc. gov/ html/ lpc/ downloads/ pdf/ reports/
brown. pdf) New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (March 25, 2003)
[8] [8] von Drehl, p. 105
[9] CPI Inflation Calculator (http:/ / data.bls.gov/ cgi-bin/ cpicalc. pl?cost1=12. 00& year1=1913& year2=2014) United States Bureau of Labor
Statistics
[10] [10] von Drehle, p. 118.
[11] [11] Stein, p. 224
[12] [12] Stein p.33
[13] [13] von Drehl, p.118
[14] [14] von Drehle, 119
[15] [15] von Drehle, 131
[16] von Drehle, 1412
[17] Lange, Brenda. The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, Infobase Publishing, 2008, page 58
[18] PBS: "Introduction: Triangle Fire" (http:/ / www. pbs. org/ wgbh/ americanexperience/ features/ introduction/ triangle-intro/ ), accessed
March 1, 2011
[19] von Drehle, 1434
[20] [20] von Drehle, p. 157
[21] [21] von Drehl, p.126
[22] Waldman, Labor Lawyer, E.P. Dutton & Co., pp. 3233.
[23] " 141 Men and Girls Die in Waist Factory Fire". (http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract.
html?res=980CE1D61331E233A25755C2A9659C946096D6CF) The New York Times, March 26, 1911. Accessed December 20, 2009.
[24] [24] von Drehle, passim
[25] "In Memoriam: The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire." (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 1997/ 03/ 26/ nyregion/
in-memoriam-the-triangle-shirtwaist-fire.html?scp=4& sq=triangle shirtwaist fire& st=cse) The New York Times, March 26, 1997.
[26] "The Triangle Factory Fire". (http:/ / www.ilr. cornell. edu/ trianglefire/ ) The Kheel Center, Cornell University.
[27] "98th Anniversary of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire". (http:/ / www. nyc. gov/ html/ fdny/ html/ events/ 2009/ 032709a. shtml) New
York City Fire Department.
[28] "Labor Department Remembers 95th Anniversary of Sweatshop Fire". (http:/ / www. labor. state. ny. us/ pressreleases/ 2006/
March21_2006. htm) U.S. Department of Labor.
[29] [29] Stein, passim
[30] von Drehle, 27183
[31] von Drehle, 1557
[32] Evergreens Cemetery reports that there were originally eight burials, one male and six females, along with some unidentified remains. One
of the female victims was later identified and her body removed to another cemetery. Other accounts do not mention the unidentified remains
at all. Rose Freedman was the last living survivor of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire.(18932001)
[33] Swanson, Lillian. "A Grave Marker Unveiled for Six Triangle Fire Victims Who Had Been Unknowns" (http:/ / www. forward. com/
articles/ 136891/ ) Jewish Daily Forward (April 8, 2011)
[34] [34] Stein p. 158
[35] [35] von Drehl, p.220
[36] Hoenig, John M. "The Triangle Fire of 1911" (http:/ / www. fisheries. vims. edu/ hoenig/ pdfs/ Triangle. pdf), History Magazine, April/May
2005.
[37] "Seek Way to Lessen Factory Dangers" (http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract.
html?res=F00F1EF63A5517738DDDA80994D8415B818DF1D3& ), New York Times (October 11, 1911), accessed February 8, 2011
[38] "At the State Archives: Online Exhibit Remembers the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire" New York Archives (Summer 2011)
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
10
[39] New York Times: "Factory Firetraps Found by Hundreds," October 14, 1911 (http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract.
html?res=F60F15F73A5517738DDDAD0994D8415B818DF1D3& ), accessed February 8, 2011
[40] Greenwald, Richard A. The Triangle Fire, the Protocols of Peace, and Industrial Democracy in Progressive Era New York (Philadelphia:
Temple University Press, 2005), 128
[41] The Economist, " Triangle Shirtwaist: The birth of the New Deal (http:/ / www. economist. com/ node/ 18396085?story_id=18396085)", 19
March 2011, p. 39.
[42] Greenhouse, Steven. "City Room:In a Tragedy, a Mission to Remember" (http:/ / cityroom. blogs. nytimes. com/ 2011/ 03/ 19/
in-a-tragedy-a-mission-to-remember/ ?scp=5& sq=triangle& st=cse/ ) New York Times (March 19, 2011)
[43] Jannuzzi, Kristine. "NYU Commemorates the 100th Anniversary of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire" (http:/ / alumni. nyu. edu/ s/ 1068/
index. aspx?sid=1068& gid=1& pgid=2025). NYU Alumni Connect (January 2011) on the New York University website
[44] Solis, Hilda L. "What the Triangle Shirtwaist fire means for workers now" (http:/ / www. washingtonpost. com/ opinions/
what-the-triangle-shirtwaist-fire-means-for-workers-now/ 2011/ 03/ 15/ ABVAFIs_story. html) Washington Post (March 18. 2011)
[45] Molyneux, Michael. "City Lore: Memorials in Chalk" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2005/ 04/ 03/ nyregion/ thecity/ 03tria. html?_r=2) New
York Times (April 3, 2005)
[46] Fouhy, Beth. "NYC marks 100th anniversary of Triangle fire" (http:/ / www. msnbc. msn. com/ id/ 42273592/ ns/ business-us_business/ )
Associated Press (March 25, 2011) on MSNBC.com
[47] Safronova, Valeriya and Hirshon, Nicholas. "Remembering tragic 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist inferno, marchers flood Greenwich Village
streets" (http:/ / www. nydailynews. com/ ny_local/ 2011/ 03/ 26/
2011-03-26_remembering_tragic_blaze_1911_triangle_shirtwaist_inferno_claimed_146_lives. html) New York Daily News (March 26, 2011)
[48] "Bells" (http:/ / rememberthetrianglefire. org/ bells/ ) on the Remember the Triangle Fire Coalition website
[49] Swanson, Lillian. "Paying Tribute To the Fires Pained Legacy" (http:/ / www. forward. com/ articles/ 135642/ ) Jewish Daily Forward
(March 4, 2011)
[50] Saulnier, Beth. "Mass Appeal" (http:/ / cornellalumnimagazine. com/ index. php?option=com_content& task=view& id=1012) Cornell
Alumni Magazine (March/April 2011)
[51] IMDb: Children of Eve (1915) (http:/ / www.imdb. com/ title/ tt0005084/ combined) Retrieved 2012-07-10.
[52] [52] , accessed February 18, 2011
[53] Lefkowitz, David. "OOB's DTW Runs Out of Birdseed, April 2" (http:/ / www. playbill. com/ news/ article/
51761-OOBs-DTW-Runs-Out-of-Birdseed-April-2). Playbill.com
[54] "One Hundred Forty-Six: A Moving Memorial to the Victims of the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire" (http:/ / rememberthetrianglefire.
org/ 2012/ 03/ one-hundred-forty-six-a-moving-memorial-to-the-victims-of-the-1911-triangle-shirtwaist-factory-fire/ ) on the Remember the
Triangle Fire website
Bibliography
Stein, Leon (1962). The Triangle Fire (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=zMu0zgnfNAUC&
printsec=frontcover& dq=the+ triangle+ fire#v=onepage& q& f=false). Cornell University Press.
ISBN0-8014-8714-5.
von Drehle, David (2003). Triangle: The Fire That Changed America. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press.
ISBN0-87113-874-3.
Further reading
Auch, Mary Jane (2002). Ashes of Roses. Henry Holt Books for Young Readers. ISBN0-8050-6686-1.
Chernoff, Alan. "Remembering the Triangle Fire 100 years later" (http:/ / money. cnn. com/ 2011/ 03/ 24/ news/
Triangle_fire_centennial/ index. htm?hpt=C1). CNN/Money (March 25, 2011)
Haddix, Margaret Peterson (2007). Uprising. Simon & Schuster Children's Publishing. ISBN978-1-4169-1171-5.
Kolen, Amy (Spring 2001). "Fire". The Massachusetts Review 42 (1): 1336. JSTOR 25091716 (http:/ / www.
jstor. org/ stable/ 25091716).
Sosinsky, Leigh (2011). The New York City Triangle Factory Fire. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia
Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-7403-5
Weber, Katharine (2006). Triangle. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN978-0-374-28142-7.
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
11
External links
General
Chronology of events (http:/ / www. law. umkc. edu/ faculty/ projects/ ftrials/ triangle/ trianglechrono. html)
"Triangle Factory Fire" (http:/ / www. ilr. cornell. edu/ trianglefire/ ), Cornell University Library
Triangle Fire Open Archive (http:/ / rememberthetrianglefire. org/ open-archive/ )
Booknotes interview with David Von Drehle on Triangle: The Fire That Changed America (http:/ / www.
booknotes. org/ Watch/ 177888-1/ David+ Von+ Drehle. aspx) (October 5, 2003)
Triangle Fire (http:/ / www. pbs. org/ wgbh/ americanexperience/ films/ triangle/ player/ ) An American
Experience Documentary
Contemporaneous accounts
"Eyewitness at the Triangle" (http:/ / www. ilr. cornell. edu/ trianglefire/ texts/ stein_ootss/ ootss_wgs.
html?location=Fire!)
1911 McClure Magazine article (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=IBZykg_-9IAC& pg=PA466-IA2& ) (see
pages 455483)
Trial
Complete Transcript Of Triangle Trial: People Vs. Isaac Harris and Max Blanck (http:/ / digitalcommons. ilr.
cornell. edu/ cgi/ viewcontent. cgi?article=1017& context=triangletrans)
"Famous Trials: The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire Trial" (http:/ / www. law. umkc. edu/ faculty/ projects/ ftrials/
triangle/ trianglefire. html)
1912 New York Court record (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=LIA7AAAAIAAJ& pg=PA50& ) (see pp.
4850)
Articles
"Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Building" (http:/ / www. nps. gov/ history/ nr/ travel/ pwwmh/ ny30. htm), National
Park Service
"Remembering the Triangle Fire" (http:/ / www. forward. com/ articles/ 10531/ ), Jewish Daily Forward
"Coming Full Circle on Triangle Factory Fire" (http:/ / www. forward. com/ articles/ 134959/ ), Jewish Daily
Forward
"The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire: The fire that changed America" (http:/ / failuremag. com/ feature/ article/
the_triangle_shirtwaist_fire/ ), Failure magazine
New York, NY Triangle Shirtwaist Fire Disaster, Mar 1911 (http:/ / www3. gendisasters. com/ new-york/ 2063/
new-york,-ny-triangle-building-fire-disaster,-mar-1911) at GenDisasters.com.
Memorials and centennial
Remember the Triangle Fire Coalition 19112011 (http:/ / rememberthetrianglefire. org/ )
Conference: "Out of the Smoke and the Flame: The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire and its Legacy" (http:/ /
trianglefireconference. org/ index. htm)
CHALK: annual community commemoration (http:/ / streetpictures. org/ chalk/ )
"City of Memory: Bell Ringing on the Triangle Fire" (http:/ / www. cityofmemory. org/ map/ index. php#/ story/
2384/ )
Rosenfeld's Requiem (http:/ / historymatters. gmu. edu/ d/ 5479/ ), a poem about the victims of the fire by Morris
Rosenfeld first published in the Jewish Daily Forward on March 29, 1911
Triangle Returns (http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=noL8nFSzsDc). Institute for Global Labour and Human
Rights, March 22, 2011
Article Sources and Contributors
12
Article Sources and Contributors
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=605686417 Contributors: 172, 3Bagger, 78.26, 7mike5000, 86.** IP, A8UDI, ABF, AEMoreira042281,
AZDub, Abce2, AbigailAbernathy, Abrech, Acalamari, Achowat, Acroterion, ActivExpression, Addshore, Against the current, Agrumer, Aichik, Ajaxkroon, AlanM1, Alansohn, Aleksa Lukic,
Alex3yoyo, Alexf, Alexius08, Amatulic, Anchoress, Andonic, Andy, AnnaKucsma, Appraiser, Arthur Smart, Auntof6, Autocracy, Avoided, Baalthrog, Barbarossa83, Bender235, Beyond My
Ken, Bgpaulus, BillFlis, Billhpike, Binabik80, Binky, Biruitorul, Bkberry, Bleakcomb, Blood Red Sandman, Blueroselighthouse, Bmclaughlin9, Bob5476, Bobet, Bobo192, Bogdangiusca,
Bowbridge, Brian Eisley, Brownsusan, Brucevdk, Bry9000, Bugerking1, Bwmcmaste, C.J. Griffin, CWenger, Calicocat, Caltas, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Carcharoth, Carrite, Catdude,
Cathardic, Chaser2, Chasnor15, CheshireKatz, Chris 73, ChrisGualtieri, Circeus, Cla68, Cobaltcigs, Connormah, CopperSquare, Corfe83, Cpl Syx, Cretanforever, Crouchend, Cruccone, Curps,
Cymru.lass, D6, DMacks, DVdm, Dale Arnett, Dan100, DancingPenguin, Dancter, DangApricot, Danny, Darthflyer, DeathByDC10, Denisarona, Deor, Designquest10, Diannaa, Discospinster,
Dlae, Dmadeo, Dogears, Doncram, Donner60, Download, Drappel, DreamGuy, Dthomsen8, Dwalls, DylanLeeBlanchard, ERcheck, Eastlaw, Ebyabe, Ed Cormany, Edward, Elipongo, Eliz81,
Elkman, Elmmapleoakpine, Entheta, Epbr123, Epicgenius, Era404, EronMain, EsterRosepink, Excirial, Expewikiwriter, Eyesnore, Farras Octara, Fastily, Fazjane, Fbv65edel, Flyer22,
FlyingChanges, Fordmadoxfraud, Fraggle81, Frankie816, Fullsock, Gango1212, Gblock71, Godgundam10, GoodDamon, Green Cardamom, GregU, Grim23, Groyolo, Guanaco55, Guoguo12,
Gwernol, Gxti, Hailey C. Shannon, HamburgerRadio, Hamtechperson, Harlem9875, Hemme82, Hertz1888, Hike395, Hmains, HueSatLum, Hugo999, IRP, IceBurrg93, Iheartrentandwicked,
ImaCowLol, Infrogmation, Interlingua, Ionescuac, Iridescent, It Is Me Here, Italo Svevo, Ixfd64, J.delanoy, JDspeeder1, JHFTC, Jackyd101, Jalapama, James086, JamesAM, Jcurtis, Jedikaiti,
JeffBobFrank, Jeffrd10, Jengod, Jennavecia, Jevansen, Jhchawk, Jmlk17, Joemallen, John Cline, John Nevard, Jokestress, Jomasecu, Josejmnz, Joseph A. Spadaro, Joshray88, Jovianeye,
JustAGal, KConWiki, KGasso, Kasyapa, Katalaveno, Kaushik1000, Keegate, Keilana, Ken Gallager, Kendroberts, Khukri, Kilmer-san, Kootenayvolcano, Krellis, LadyNorbert, Leszek Jaczuk,
LibLord, Lightrefracted, Ling.Nut, Lledenham, Lotje, Lucky dog, Lugia2453, MK, MK2, MacPhilbin, Magioladitis, Magus732, Majorly, MarcWmA, Mareino, Marianeditorwest, Marinerdawg,
MateoCorazon, Materialscientist, Matthew Yeager, Mav, MaxVeers, Mcoupal, Mdawg728, Meggar, Melmann, Mets501, Michael Hardy, MicoFils, Mike65535, Minimac, Mjc1821,
Molly-in-md, Monty845, Moorespoint, MosheA, MrOllie, MusikAnimal, Nakon, Naniwako, Narayansg, Nasnema, Ncc1701, NellieBly, Nerdygeek101, New worl, Niagara, Nibi, Niels, Night
Gyr, Nikiniki, Nooooooooodont, Nuno Tavares, Nv8200p, O.Koslowski, Oden, Oneofsix, Orde lees, Orenburg1, Ottawahitech, Paigemeadows123, Paul Klenk, PaulinSaudi, Peterl, Pharaoh of the
Wizards, Pharos, Phil1988, Philip Trueman, Philosopher, Piledhigheranddeeper, Pinethicket, Pinkadelica, Pokemon324, Pontificalibus, Popnini, Postdlf, Prolog, Pseudo-Richard, Pubdog,
Pythasis, QAWXPbC64, Qdiderot, Quebec99, RJaguar3, Randall Barlow, Raven4x4x, Razorflame, RedHillian, RedSoxFan274, Remember, RevelationDirect, RexNL, Rich Farmbrough, Richard
Arthur Norton (1958- ), Richard Myers, Rjwilmsi, Rl, Rmhermen, Robert K S, Rocketrod1960, Rogerd, Rontrigger, Rosa Harris, RossPatterson, Rs2639, Rurik, Rybec, Saltlakejohn, Sanchoinc,
Scarian, SchmuckyTheCat, SchuminWeb, Scottandrewhutchins, ScottyBerg, Scwlong, Seaphoto, Sexychocolate13, Shadowjams, Shelog, Shipnerd62962, Shirtwaist, Shortride, Shsilver,
Shunpiker, Sjones23, Slash, Slaunius, Sm8900, Smashville, Someone42, Special Cases, Specs112, StaticGull, Steven Zhang, Styrofoam1994, Suspect2486, Swellconvivialguy, Szpak44, TBrauns,
Tartan, Taysoma, Tbhotch, Tenebrae, Tennisnutt92, TexasAndroid, Tfordrshc, Tgeairn, The Illusive Man, The Thing That Should Not Be, TheRanger, Thebigbluedog, Thumperward, Tide rolls,
Tim!, Timc, Tnxman307, Tom harrison, Torino72, Tothebarricades.tk, Toughpigs, Travrsa, Trovatore, Trusilver, Tslocum, Turian, Turq, TwoOneTwo, Uffa678, Ugen64, Ukexpat, Ultraaa18,
VMS Mosaic, Varlaam, Vegaswikian, Verne Equinox, Versus22, Vrenator, W guice, Wavelength, Wayne Slam, Wayward, Wetman, WhisperToMe, Widr, Wiki13, Wilson44691, Winstono1,
Wobblynate, WolfmanSF, Woohookitty, Wsanzone, Wstclair13, Wuzzy, Wwhyte, Wysprgr2005, Yamamoto Ichiro, Yintan, Yoyology, Yt95, Zoicon5, rdRuadh21, 1, 1056 anonymous
edits
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
File:Image of Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire on March 25 - 1911.jpg Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Image_of_Triangle_Shirtwaist_Factory_fire_on_March_25_-_1911.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: unknown
Image:TriangleFireengine crop.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:TriangleFireengine_crop.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: George Grantham Bain
Collection; cropped by Beyond My Ken (talk) 04:35, 28 March 2011 (UTC)
Image:Triangle Windows.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Triangle_Windows.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Biruitorul
Image:Triangle Bodies.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Triangle_Bodies.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Biruitorul
Image:Audio-input-microphone.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Audio-input-microphone.svg License: unknown Contributors: The people from the Tango! project
Image:Triangle Shirtwaist coffins.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Triangle_Shirtwaist_coffins.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: unknown author
Image:TriangleTradeParade.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:TriangleTradeParade.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Bain News Service photograph /
George Grantham Bain Collection (Library of Congress).
Image:Triangle Fire Grave.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Triangle_Fire_Grave.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Aparver
File:Triangle Fire Coalition logo.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Triangle_Fire_Coalition_logo.jpg License: Free Art License Contributors: Artie04
File:Triangle Shirtwaist Fire Centennial Memorial crop.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Triangle_Shirtwaist_Fire_Centennial_Memorial_crop.jpg License:
Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: Image_language (Jeffrey Riman); cropped by Beyond My Ken (talk) 04:20, 28 March 2011 (UTC)
Image:Triangle33.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Triangle33.JPG License: Creative Commons Zero Contributors: Remember the Triangle Fire Coalition
License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/