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H. VAI HI NGER
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C. K. OGDEN
NEW YORK
HARCOURT, BRACIi & COMPANY, INC.
I-NDON: I(EGAN PAUL. TItllNCl{. TII.UBNE,R & CO.. Ll' D.
rg2s
{t
OEXEBAL
INTRODUCTION
( ' t l Al ' 1' l 1R I
Thoughtn considered
from
the
poiot of view of a
purporive'
organic
Fuuctiou
Sctr:NrIrtc
thought
i s a furtcti ort
rrf thc ps1' chc"
l l y the term
"
psychc
"
rvc do not urtdcrstarttl
a sttbstarrcc'
but thc
organi c
,*,t.,ot. of all so-catled
"
mcrrtal
"
actiorts
atttl rcactiorts
;
thcsc
trever come undcr
cxternal
otrscn' ati on,
brrt havc to bc
partl y
infcrrccl from plrysical
sigrts, partly observc<l
by tlrc'-so-called
i nttcr setrse. i ' ryahi ..l
acti ons
and reacti ons
are' l i kc cvcry
event known to us, neccssary
occurrenccs;
that
i s to say' thcy
result with compulsory
regularity
from tltcir
conditions
and
causes. If we would
.otp"t"
psychical
proccsscs
with
some
group of cxternal
phcnomctra,
the
llhysical
and in a narr)wer
,"enrc mcch"nical
proccsses
arc less suitable
than
thc functions
of the organism.
'This
statcment
is conf rmcd
by the fact
that
so. cal l ed"empi ri cal ut i l i t yi sf oundi nt hepsychi ca| f unct i ons. as
well as in tLe organic
-functions
of the bodily
sphere'-
This
utility is manifestld
here
as there
in a ready
adaptation-
to
circumstances and environment
I
in the maintenance
of e
striving and successful
reaction
of thc physical
or psychical
organiim to external
impulses
and
-influences;
and in the
ad"option and acceptan".
oi the
rcpulsion
of new elements'
ln
the psyche thcre
iakes
place
not m:I:ly
t mechanical
play of
ideas, but the movement
of idcas
fulfits to a grcat extent
the
demands of uti l i ty
by i ts conti nual
modi fi cati on'
Al l
psychi cal
processes ^re osc/ti
in thc
sense
mentioncd
;
above
all the
so-called theoreticat
Processes
of apperception'
-
Scienti6c
thought consists
in such
apperception-Processes
and is there-
fore to be considered
from
the
point of view of an organic
functi on.
Thus we woutd
compare
the logical
or thought-Processes
with the organic creative
processes'
The appropriateness
that
we observe in
growth,
in propagatton
and regeneration'
in
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70 PART I: IIASIC PnniCil'LDS
anal ysi s, thi s must rest uporr a fcw fundarnental mechani cel
ptoclrr.r of psychical life. If when once this mechanism
has been disclosed it is still claimed that these construct!
arc rcal, we can only rccall the well-known story of th9
pcasant, who aftcr hi vi ng had a steam-cngi ne expl ai ned
i o tri rn asked i f he mi ght
sce thc horsc whi ch drew the
l ocomoti vc.
The rncchanisnr of a lrr'omotive can certainly not bc
understoo<l wi thout a knowl cdge of the purpose i t ful 6l s.
Irr the s:rme way the tnecharti sm
of thought i s not i n-
telligible without a knowledge of the
PurPose
it serves-
Thii- pu.pose can only bc that of facilitating con-ceptud
activity, of effccting a safe and rapid cotrncction of sense-
tions.
-
What rve hive to shorv, therefore;
is how fictiond
methods and constructs rcndcr this possible
;
for that is
cxactly thc naturc of the mechanism of thought, and in
the end its goal can only be tlrat of facilitating thc intcr'
relation of scnsations, i.e. of rcndering action easy. We
rnust slrow, then, how action is made easy thereby, end
remember in this connection that the whole mechaniso
of thought is arr articulated systcm of cxpedients whicb.
mutually support one another, so that- fictions scrvi-ttg
primarily to'pcrfect the instrument itsclf become in dtr,
course an accessory of this very instrument.
pp.
t76-t77:
TI{E USE OF CATEGORIES
Thc catcaorier rre not forms with rny corrcrponding
obictive rcality. Thcy are merely combinations of thought,
formed in responrc to some typc of objectivc retatlonrhip but
of purcly subjective origin and of no vatue for understanding
Thi s groupi ng of cvents under categori es represents one oi
those circuitous devices which, though indifferent as regards
truth itself, are yet indispensable in investigation (Lotze).
The world of ideas thus formed makes action more and
morc easy. We must ho'*'ever note that these constructs--
object, attribute, causei effect-drop out as soon as their purposc
has been attained. Their aid renders action easier and makes
the operations of thought possible; but as soon as the desired
sensations
have occurred, the conceptual forms lose their value.
Man does not want
"
things
"
but the occurrence of certain
sensations. Fictions, even though thcy remain theoretically,
drop out as far as practice is concerned, as soon as thc desired
result is attained. But it cannot be denied that thought
obtains its practical success only at the price of its logical
purity. The logical function-which consists of
just
these
proccsscs-is not afraid of the mistakcs and contradictions
which result.
Thus thought moves forward through contradiction as we
have already repeatedly observed. The conceptual constructs
inhere in the psyche even after their purposc is achieved; and
though these logical processes have attained their practical
resutts, their forms persist as residues and husks. These forms
constituted thc subject-matter of phitosophy until thc theory
of knowledge proved them to bc mere forms of fictional origin
and value
Logically considercd, these psychical constructs are fictions
and not hypothescs relating to the nature of reality, as many
phllosophers rupposcd until thc contndictionr thcy contelncd
proved that ttcre was nothing objcctive corresponding to
them. For our
"
critical
"
standpoint thcy are only fictionr, l,e.
conceptual and ideational aids.
xl
And here
are some excerpts frqr the autobi ographi cal i ntroduetl on:
xxxvlll
During the lettcr part of the year 1876, for my inrugunl
disscrtation,
I wrote down my thoughts in e lergc menurripq
to which I gave the title
'Logical
Studies. Pen I: Tbo
Thcory of Scicntific liictions." As I had becn orefully
collecting the material for sevcral years and had gwre into it
most thoroughly many times, the writing of it did not trkc me
long. I handcd in my MS. in the Ncw Year end et the cnd
of Februaqy ft77 | rcceived my acnia hgcdi. Thc work which
reccived this recognition from the Faculty is exactly the seme
as what was published in r9t r as thc
"
l'art I: Iiasic Principles"
of Thc Phihsolhy o/
'As
i/'. ln it I developed thc wholc
system of scientific fictions, that is to say the' As if
'
trcatment,
applicd practically to the most varied aspects of scicnce, and
I tricd to give an exhaustive,theory of this menifold'As if'
Proccslr.
In 19o6, in the midst of all thesc curious complications and
crossings
of my original intentions, a misfortunc unexpectedly
brought a happy solution, and enabled me after twenty-scven
ycars to return to my ori gi nal pl an, whi ch I had gi ven up i n
rBZ9.
'I'he
misfortune was the weakening of my eyesigbt, so
that it became impossible for me to continue my lectures, or the
special classes which I particularly
enjoycd.
So I had to givc
up my official duties. The eyesight still remaining to rne war
just
sufficient to allow me to publish my MS. t got my
Dissertation of t876 copied, and introduced a number of small
editorial alterations.
This comprehensivc MS. now forml
"
Part t : llasic Principlcs
"
of The Philosolhy o1l,
,
As i/,. I
also completed the revislon which I had made between $77
and the beginning oI tETg on the basis of the reviews of that
time, and thir forms thc Part Il (Spccial)
of the complete work.
'Ihis
part
took me two and a half years because of my bad
eyesi ght,and
Part l l l (Hi stori cal )
took me another two and
a half
)'cars.
Between t877 and t87g I had made a note of
the most i mportant
' As
i f
'
passag$ i n Kant,s works, and I
norv cornpl eted thi s i n an exbausti ve manner, so that I was
able to produce a monograph on Kant's
.
As if
,
theory of nearty
one hundred pages.
The exposition of Forberg's religion of
' As
i f
'
al so took me a l ong ti me, and so di d the devel opment
of F. A. l-ange's
"
Standpoint of thc ldcel,' with which I had
much in common. tsut whrt tool longer ttill wu thc fnat
rcdorr o NlCacbc,r thory of Fia&n* rbicb bc brd oon
d.n d ho I lr gr, It ru thc Spring of rgrl bcfore
ttG n*.pprd.
xl v
I will
cnd by *rmrnariring
e[ the conctusions
shich
rrc
expresscd
in thc Philosophy
of
'
As if', or which
form
its besis
or arise
out of it, as follows:-
.
(t)
?hilosophical
anatysis
leads e.rrcotuaily,
from
an epistemo-
l"g:""!
standpoint,
to sensationat
contents,
and from a psycho-
logical
to sensations.
feetings end strivings
or actions.
scienti6c
analysis
leads
to another concept
of rility,
to matter
and the
smallest
constituents
and motions of matier.
Naturarty
it is
impossible
fior the mind
-as
such to bring thcse
two spheres
oi
reality
into
a rational relation,
atthough
in intuition
"nd cxperi-
encc
they form a harmonious
unity.
.
(zl
T.ne strivings
which probably
exist in the most elementary
physical
processcs
devetop in organic
bcings
into impulsel.
In
man,
who has sprung from the animat (and
io a certain extent
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