"Learn how to use 7-segment display devices.

Although not as popular as LCD's, current wise, the 7-segment display is

a real cost saver and lets you choose between multiple colors and display sizes."


by 2010, Tony van Roon

A bit of History:
Like most of my tutorials, lets start with a bit of history and background information. Although I have to
admit there is not a whole lot of background information available specific to the development of 7-segments.
Since 7-segment technology is based on the LED, I suggest reading the history of the LED technology here.

Captain Henry Joseph Round (2 June 1881, Kingswinford, Staffordshire, England17 August 1966, Bognor Regis)
was one of the early pioneers of radio and received 117 patents. He was a personal assistant to Guglielmo Marconi.

He laid the foundation for LED technology, however, no practical use was made of the discovery for several
decades.[18] Independently, Oleg Vladimirovich Losev published "Luminous carborundum [[silicon carbide]]
detector and detection with crystals" in the Russian journal Telegrafiya i Telefoniya bez Provodov (Wireless Telegraphy and
Telephony).[19] Losev's work languished for decades.

Seven segment displays can be found in patents as early as 1908 (in U.S. Patent 974,943, F.W. Wood invented an 8-segment display,
which displayed the number 4 using a diagonal bar), but did not achieve widespread use until the advent of LEDs in the 1970s. They
are sometimes even used in unsophisticated displays like cardboard "For sale" signs, where the user either applies color to pre-printed
segments, or (spray)paints color through a seven-segment digit template, to compose figures such as product prices or telephone
numbers.
The photograph on the right is a socalled 'nixie-tube' and they were nicknamed just as 'nixies'. Nice to
look at when they were in working condition but prone to failure because of the heat of the tube.

Early wrist watches, back in the 70's, used this type of display but they used so much current that the
display was normally switched off. To see the time you had to push a button. But it was progress on the
run and the led wristwatch had a very short life. Shortly after that Casio came out with the first series of
LCD watches with lots of options. I have one of those early Casio watches. They don't have sound and
are kindah thick but run very accurate and the battery lasted two to three years. What I like about the 7-
seg's is that they are very forgiving in use. There are many choices in size, straight or italic, color or just
white displays. I have used them all. My last project was a small powersupply (PowerPlay) for my son's
Science Fair project and this power supply used four 7-segment displays for the panel meter. Beautiful
working powersupply, up to two amp and up to 24V. The drivers were regular TTL 74LS47 IC's. The problem with the design of TTL
IC's was that non-decimal inputs (10 through 15) show up as incomplete digits or odd patterns. The MC4511 does not have these
problems and this IC is mainly used today. However, decades ago the 7447 series TTL were cheap and were bought by the dozen.

How it works:
Lets start with the 7-segment display itself. A 7-segment display is an assembly of light emitting diode-bars (segments) each which can
be powered individually. They are arranged and labeled as shown in the diagram, in the form of an '8' in hexadecimal form. When all
the segments are powered on, the display show the number 8. Powering up segments a, b, c, d, and g will display the number 3. Each
individual 7-segment can display numbers from 0 to 9. The 'dot' or dp represents the decimal point, which can be selected either on the
left or right side of the display.
The numeric 7-segment display can also show a limited number of other characters, limited only by your own fantasy, but usually 'a to
g'. But 'L', 'I', 'O', 'S', and a couple others are also possible.

Some problems may arise with the 'X' and 'H' and '2' and 'Z' for example but there are ways to get around that. Anyways, the regular 7-
segment display is numeric only. However, Alpha-numeric displays are available but cost a little more. Although the price drop of
LCDs tend to overtake the market, I believe 7-segment display still have a real purpose because of its high illumination, like, display
boards in darker areas like train stations. Even the count-down display of NASA is still 7-segment based and the countdown can be
read easily even in bright sunlight. Talking about cost, because of the decades long popularity of the 7-segment display, there are tons
of them available everywhere. I still have (and use) 7-seg's from 40 years ago. Incredible! Personally I really love to use them over the
LCD displays. But, like I mentioned before, LCDs have come a long way too. Look at the displays from Datel Inc., they are just
gorgeous and have too many options to mention here. But, they are still pricy in my opinion, and if you have a couple of 7-seg's
available then the construction of a display is very cheap.

The are two types of 7-segment displays available, the common-anode and the common-cathode. The common-anode has all anodes
joined together and goes to the positive supply. The cathodes are connected individually to ground, zero volts, or the negative supply.
Each segment of the display needs a resistor to limit the currents through each segment to a safe value. As you guessed it, the
common-cathode displays act the same and have all the cathodes joined too.

MC4511 Schematic Diagram:
The MC14511 is more than just a 7-segment
decoder/driver IC. It incorporates an input latch so
that it can hold and display a steady digit as part of
a multi-digit count, while a new count is being
accumulated in the background. In some
applications, such as a digital clock, this is
unnecessary. In others, however, such as a
voltmeter or frequency counter, the latch allows the
display to be updated only at the end of each
counting cycle, instead of displaying the ongoing
count. The LE input shown to the right is the Latch
Enable. A new number can only be accepted by
this IC when the LE input is a logic 1.

The main circuitry of this IC is the Decoder
section. This section consists of combinational
logic circuits to accept a four-bit BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) input and generate seven output signals to control the individual
segments of a 7-segment display device.

There are many possible variations in decoder circuits. Some are simplified so that non-decimal inputs (10 through 15) show up as
incomplete digits or odd patterns. This is common in TTL devices of this type (7446, 7447, and 7448). Others are designed to display
hexadecimal digits, which include the letters A through F along with digits 0 through 9. Specialized codes are also used in some
situations. The 4511 device which we are using here is designed to blank the display for illegal input codes. Thus, only valid BCD
inputs will generate an output on the display.

The decoder section also has two additional inputs. Lamp Test (LT')
turns all segments on so you can verify at once that all display
segments are working, or identify display units that need to be
replaced. This input is normally left at logic 1. The Blanking (BL')
input is just the reverse; it forces the entire display off. This is used
in many cases to blank out leading or trailing zeros from a long
display. LT' will override BL' so you can test even blanked-out
display digits.

The partial circuit at the left shows again how the MC14511 (or
4511) plays a role in a different way. The circuit is part of a panel
meter used in a 2 amp powersupply.

The driver section of the MC14511 deserves special note. This is
one of the few CMOS ICs that deliberately incorporates bipolar
transistors in order to permit substantial output current. As shown in
the schematic diagram to the right, an NPN transistor is wired as an
emitter follower. This permits each segment output to provide as
much as 25 mA source current to the display. That is more than
enough to directly drive the segments of a common-cathode LED
display unit. That, in fact, is one of the reasons for choosing this
particular IC for use in this experiment.

The same IC can also directly drive some other types of seven-segment displays, such as fluorescent displays or incandescent types.
Common-anode LED displays require an external set of driver transistors for the segments, as the MOS transistor in the NPN emitter
circuit cannot pass enough current to satisfactorily drive an LED segment.

Liquid Crystal displays (LCD) require a few extra factors for proper operation, and are best driven from ICs designed for that purpose,
such as the 4054, 4055, and 4056, or the newer 4543.

Liquid crystal displays do a similar job and consume much less power. Alphanumeric displays are available which can show letters as
well as numbers.

BCD to 7-Segment Display Decoder:
A Decoder IC is a device which converts one digital format into another and the most commonly used device for doing this is the
Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) to 7-Segment Display Decoder. 7-segment LED (Light Emitting Diode) or LCD (Liquid Crystal)
displays,provide a very convenient way of displaying information or digital data in the form of numbers, letters or even alpha-
numerical characters and they consist of 7 individual LED's (the segments), within one single display package.

In order to produce the required numbers or HEX characters from 0 to 9 and A to F respectively, on the display the correct
combination of LED segments need to be illuminated and BCD to 7-segment Display Decoders such as the 74LS47 do just that. A
standard 7-segment LED display generally has 8 input connections, one for each LED segment and one that acts as a common terminal
or connection for all the internal segments. Some single displays have an additional input pin for the decimal point in their lower right
or left hand corner.


As mentioned earlier, there are two important types of 7-segment LED digital display. The
Common Cathode Display (CCD) - In the common cathode display, all the cathode connections
of the LED's are joined together to logic "0" and the individual segments are illuminated by
application of a "HIGH", logic "1" signal to the individual Anode terminals.

The Common Anode Display (CAD) - In the common anode display, all the anode connections
of the LED's are joined together to logic "1" and the individual segments are illuminated by
connecting the individual Cathode terminals to a "LOW", logic "0" signal.

The 7-Segment Display Format:
In practice current limiting resistors of about 470 to 220O
ohms would be connected in series between the decoder/driver chip and each LED display segment to
limit the maximum current flow. Different display decoders or drivers are available for the different
types of display available, e.g. 74LS48 for common-cathode LED types, 74LS47 for common-anode
LED types, or the CMOS CD4543 for liquid crystal display (LCD) types.

Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) have one major advantage over similar LED types in that they
consume much less power and nowadays, both LCD and LED displays are combined together to form
larger Dot-Matrix Alphanumeric type displays which can show letters and characters as well as
numbers in standard Red or Tri-colour outputs.

Presently, the price drop of LCDs tend to overtake the market, there are a still few applications for which these devices are more
suited.
For large numeric displays, like clocks, railway station displays, low-cost measuring devices or very stressing environments the led
based displays are better, and cheaper. The most simple led display available is the seven segment display, it consists of 7 led
rectangular boxes called 'segments' and are arranged forming the number 8, because of its simple construction it is very robust and can
function in very low or high temperatures, can withstand vibrations, mechanical shocks without problems, for what the LCD would fail
to work or even get permanently damaged.

If we look at one digit we can see 10pins each segment and the small dot are LEDs, each of them has one terminal connected to a
common pin, from this comes the name common anode or common cathode, and the other terminal is connected to a standalone pin,
since the common pin is doubled, we have the 10 pins for each digit.

Lets take as example the common anode type, to light the segments we need to connect the positive supply rail to the common pin, and
pull to ground the segments, each segment depending on its size can handle a few miliamps, after all we are talking about LEDs not
bulbs. Thats fine if you need just one number to display, but how can these digits be connected to form a multi-digit display? The first
approach is to connect each segment to a micro-controller pin, this way for each digit you need 8 pins and isnt elegant at all.

The other solution is to connect each corresponding segment from the digits to a common bus, and power the digits one at a time, thus
multiplexing the data.

Concept and visual structure:
The individual segments of a seven-segment display.A seven segment display, as its name indicates, is composed of seven elements.
Individually on or off, they can be combined to produce simplified representations of the arabic numerals. Often the seven segments
are arranged in an oblique (slanted) arrangement, which aids readability. In most applications, the seven segments are of nearly
uniform shape and size (usually elongated hexagons, though trapezoids and rectangles can also be used), though in the case of adding
machines, the vertical segments are longer and more oddly shaped at the ends in an effort to further enhance readability.

Each of the numbers 0, 6, 7 and 9 may be represented by two or more different glyphs on seven-segment displays.

LED-based 7-segment display showing the 16 hex digits.The seven segments are arranged as a rectangle of two vertical segments on
each side with one horizontal segment on the top, middle, and bottom. Additionally, the seventh segment bisects the rectangle
horizontally. There are also fourteen-segment displays and sixteen-segment displays (for full alphanumerics); however, these have
mostly been replaced by dot-matrix displays.

The segments of a 7-segment display are referred to by the letters A to G, as shown to the right, where the optional DP decimal point
(an "eighth segment") is used for the display of non-integer numbers.

The animation to the left cycles through the common glyphs of the ten decimal numerals and the six hexadecimal "letter digits" (AF).
It is an image sequence of a "LED" display, which is described technology-wise in the following section. Notice the variation between
uppercase and lowercase letters for AF; this is done to obtain a unique, unambiguous shape for each letter (otherwise, a capital D
would look identical to an 0 (or less likely O) and a capital B would look identical to an 8).

Seven segments are, effectively, the fewest required to represent each of the ten Hindu-Arabic numerals with a distinct and
recognizable glyph.
Bloggers have experimented with six-segment and even five-segment displays with such novel shapes as curves, angular blocks and
serifs for segments; however, these often require complicated and/or non-uniform shapes and sometimes create unrecognizable
glyphs.[1]


Implementations:
An incandescent light type early seven-segment display. A mechanical seven-segment display for displaying automotive fuel
prices.Seven-segment displays may use a liquid crystal display (LCD), arrays of light-emitting diodes (LEDs), or other light-
generating or controlling techniques such as cold cathode gas discharge, vacuum fluorescent, incandescent filaments, and others. For
gasoline price totems and other large signs, vane displays made up of electromagnetically flipped light-reflecting segments (or
"vanes") are still commonly used. An alternative to the 7-segment display in the 1950s through the 1970s was the cold-cathode, neon-
lamp-like nixie tube. Starting in 1970, RCA sold a display device known as the Numitron that used incandescent filaments arranged
into a seven-segment display.[2]

In a simple LED package, typically all of the cathodes (negative terminals) or all of the anodes (positive terminals) of the segment
LEDs are connected together and brought out to a common pin; this is referred to as a "common cathode" or "common anode" device.
Hence a 7 segment plus decimal point package will only require nine pins (though commercial products typically contain more pins,
and/or spaces where pins would go, in order to match industry standard pinouts).

Integrated displays also exist, with single or multiple digits. Some of these integrated displays incorporate their own internal decoder,
though most do not each individual LED is brought out to a connecting pin as described. Multiple-digit LED displays as used in
pocket calculators and similar devices used multiplexed displays to reduce the number of IC pins required to control the display. For
example, all the anodes of the A segments of each digit position would be connected together and to a driver pin, while the cathodes of
all segments for each digit would be connected. To operate any particular segment of any digit, the controlling integrated circuit would
turn on the cathode driver for the selected digit, and the anode drivers for the desired segments; then after a short blanking interval the
next digit would be selected and new segments lit, in a sequential fashion. In this manner an eight digit display with seven segments
and a decimal point would require only 8 cathode drivers and 8 anode drivers, instead of sixty-four drivers and IC pins. Often in pocket
calculators the digit drive lines would be used to scan the keyboard as well, providing further savings; however, pressing multiple keys
at once would produce odd results on the multiplexed display.

For many applications, dot-matrix LCDs have largely superseded LED displays, though even in LCDs 7-segment displays are very
common. Unlike LEDs, the shapes of elements in an LCD panel are arbitrary since they are formed on the display by a kind of printing
process. In contrast, the shapes of LED segments tend to be simple rectangles, reflecting the fact that they have to be physically
moulded to shape, which makes it difficult to form more complex shapes than the segments of 7-segment displays. However, the high
common recognition factor of 7-segment displays, and the comparatively high visual contrast obtained by such displays relative to dot-
matrix digits, makes seven-segment multiple-digit LCD screens very common on basic calculators.

Alphabetic display:
Main article: Seven-segment display character representations In addition to the ten numerals, seven segment
displays can be used to show letters of the latin, cyrillic and greek alphabets including punctuation, but only
few representations are unambiguous and intuitive at the same time. It is possible to represent hexadecimal
unambiguously by using a mixture of letter cases (AbCdEF is typical) and using a representation of 6 that has
the top segment illuminated. This is frequently used to output hexadecimal codes for troubleshooting purposes.
Short messages giving status information (e.g. "no disc" on a CD player) are also commonly represented on 7-
segment displays. In the case of such messages it is not necessary for every letter to be unambiguous, merely
for the words as a whole to be readable.

Similar displays with fourteen or sixteen segments are available allowing decent representations of the alphabet.

Using a restricted range of letters that look like (upside-down) digits, seven-segment displays are commonly used by school children to
form words and phrases using a technique known as "calculator spelling".

Numbers to 7-segment-code:
A single byte can encode the full state of a 7-segment-display. The most popular bit encodings are gfedcba and abcdefg - both usually
assume 0 is off and 1 is on.
This table gives the hexadecimal encodings for displaying the digits 0 to 9:
Digit gfedcba abcdefg a b c d e f g
0 0x3F 0x7E on on on on on on off
1 0x06 0x30 off on on off off off off
2 0x5B 0x6D on on off on on off on
3 0x4F 0x79 on on on on off off on
4 0x66 0x33 off on on off off on on
5 0x6D 0x5B on off on on off on on
6 0x7D 0x5F on off on on on on on
7 0x07 0x70 on on on off off off off
8 0x7F 0x7F on on on on on on on
9 0x6F 0x7B on on on on off on on
Suggested Reading:
The Led Light
Electronics Tutorials
Wikipedia, Light Emitting Diode

Copyright and Credits:
Editor, Tony van Roon, graphics and photos, newly edited material, October 2010.
MC4511 explanation, Ken Bigelow, http://www.play-hookey.com/digital/experiments/seven_seg_driver.html.

(Hugo) Gernsback Publishing is (sadly) out of business since 2000.
Re-posting or taking graphics in any way or form from this website or of this project is expressly prohibited by international copyright
laws. Permission by written permission only.

Copyright 2010 - Tony van Roon, VA3AVR
Last updated: December 15, 2010