1

Rectangular Section with Compression Reinforcements

(Double Reinforced Rectangular Beams)
1) to reversal moment for the beams of a reinforced frame
(the tension reinforcement provided for the negative
moment becomes the compression steel under positive
moment).
2) to increase the moment resisting capacity of the section
(when is not possible to change the dimensions of the
beam).
3) to reduce the long-term deflection of an element under
service loads (when the concrete begins to creep, the
compressive force in the beam is transferred from the
concrete to the steel, thus the concrete stress is lowered
and deflection due to creep is much reduced).
A. Design of rectangular reinforced concrete section with compression reinforcement
3
4
B. Analysis of doubly
reinforced rectangular section
the resistance moment of the section:
s s c c Rd
z F z F M + =
2
x
x d
cu s

=
3 1
c c
x
d x
cu s
2
3 2

= c c
0035 0
3
.
cu
= c
MPa GPa E
s
3
10 200 200 = =
1
3
1
=
x
d
cu
s
c
c
1
3
1
+ =
cu
s
x
d
c
c
1 3
3
s cu
cu
c c
c

+
=
1
3
1
700
700
10 200
0035 0
0035 0
s
s
MPa
.
.
o
o

+
=

+
=
the strains of the reinforcements bars are:
x
d
cu
s 2
3
2
1 =
c
c
3
2 2
1
cu
s
x
d
c
c
=
2 3
3
s cu
cu
'
c c
c

=
2
3
2
700
700
10 200
0035 0
0035 0
s
s
MPa
.
.
'
o
o

=
5
the steel in tension yields if:
the steel in compression yields if:
s
yd
s
E
f
>
1
c
yd s
f d
x
+
s
+
= =
700
700
700
700
1
o

s
yd
s
E
f
>
2
c
yd s
f d
x
'

>

= =
700
700
700
700
2 2
o

for tension
for compression
if the steel not yields, then the steel is in the elastic domain
and the stresses are:
|
.
|

\
|
= = 1
1
700
1 1

c o
s s s
E
|
.
|

\
|
= =
'
E
s s s

c o
1
1 700
2 2
6
Example 1: The resistance moment when the tension stell yields and the compression steel
is in the elastic domain:
2 1 s c s
F F F + =

= 0 X
2 2 1 s s cd yd s
A f x b f A o q + =
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
x
d
A f x b f A
s cd yd s
2
2 1
1 700 q
2 2 2
2
1
700 700 d A x A f x b x f A
s s cd yd s
+ = q
0 700 700
2 2 1 2
2
= + d A x f A x A f x b
s yd s s cd
q
0
700
700
2 2
2 1 2
=

cd
s
cd
s yd s
f b
d A
x
f b
A f A
x
q q
|
|
.
|

\
|


=
cd
s yd s
x
f b
A f A
b
q
700
2 1
1 =
x
a
|
|
.
|

\
|


=
cd
s
x
f b
d A
c
q
2 2
700
x
x x x x
a
c a b b
x

+
=
2
4
2
7
Conclusion: the compression reinforcements is not used for calculus if :
( )
2 2 2
2
d d A
x
d f x b M
s s cd Rd
+
|
.
|

\
|

= o

q
2
d x > If:
and
cd s
f =
1
o
uk ud s
. c c c = < 9 0
1
then
x
d x
s
2
2
700

= o
and
2
d x s If:
|
.
|

\
|

=
2
x
d f x b M
cd Rd

q
then
2
d x s
8
Example 2: double reinforced section with compression reinforcement in elastic range
versus simple reinforced section. (C20/25, PC52)
9
cm .
f b
f A
x
cd
yd s
54 7
1
=


=
q
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
x
d f x b M
cd Rd

q
m kN . M
Rd
= 54 22
only tension reinforcement: (Example 1 Lecture
4)
Conclusion: the increasing of the resistance moment
of a double reinforced section is small compared with a
similar section simply reinforced if the compression
reinforcement is in the elastic domain
10
Example 3: singly versus double reinforced sections
singly reinforced double reinforced
m kN . M
Rd
= 54 22 m kN . M
Rd
= 38 23
1.57cm
2

0.57cm
2
1.00cm
2
if this difference is added to the tension reinforcement and the section is considered as
simply reinforced, then an important increasing of resistance moment is obtained:
singly reinforced
m kN . M
Rd
= 15 27
11
Example 4: if we double the reinforcing percentage of the resistance steel both in the case of
singly and double reinforced sections, we obtain:
m kN . M
Rd
= 54 22
% . p 24 1 =
singly
reinforced
section
m kN . M
Rd
= 80 37
% . p 47 2 =
12
m kN . M
Rd
= 38 23
Double reinforced section
m kN . M
Rd
= 12 44
the steel yields both in
tension and compression
reinforcements
m kN . M
Rd
= 05 51
the compression
reinforcement is in elastic
domain (not yields)
( )
2 2 2
2
d d A
x
d f x b M
s s
cd Rd
+
+
|
.
|

\
|

=
o

q
x
A
s1
A
s2

( )
f
yd

q b f
cd

=
M
Rd
q b x f
cd
d
x
2

\
|
|
.

A
s2
f
yd
d d
2

( )
+
... =
13
Conclusions:
in normal reinforcing situations, the compression reinforcement not leads to a significant increase
of the resistance capacity,
to over-reinforced elements, the compression reinforcement leads to a significant increase
of the resistance capacity,
it is not economic to use compression reinforcement in a section before all the singly reinforcing
possibilities are used
14
Sections with resistance reinforcements on multiple rows:

= =
=
c
j
sj sj
t
i
si si cd
A A f x b
1 1
o o q

= 0 X
x
d x h
i
cu
si

=
3
c
c
1
3

=
x
d h E
i
cu
s
si
c
o
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
.
|

\
|

= 1 700 1
3
x
d h
x
d h
E
i i
cu s si
c o
x
d x
j
cu
sj

=
3
c
c
x
d
E
j
cu
s
sj
=1
3
c
o
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
x
d
x
d
E
j j
cu s sj
1 700 1
3
c o
15

= =
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

=
c
j
j
sj
t
i
i
si cd
x
d
A
x
d h
A f x b
1 1
1 700 1 700 q
x - is the solution of the resulting quadratic equation
Once x calculated, the reinforcements strains and stresses values can be obtained:
for tension reinforcements:
x
d x h
i
cu
si

=
3
c
c
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
.
|

\
|

= 1 0035 0
3
x
d h
.
x
d x h
i i
cu si
c c
and
s si si
E = c o
if
s
yd
si
E
f
< c
yd si
f = o
if
s
yd
si
E
f
> c
for compression reinforcements:
x
d x
j
cu
sj

=
3
c
c
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
x
d
.
x
d x
j j
cu sj
1 0035 0
3
c c
and
s sj sj
E = c o
if
s
yd
sj
E
f
> c
yd sj
f = o
if
s
yd
sj
E
f
s c
The resistance moment can be calculated with the following relation:

= = = =
+ + = + + =
c
j
sj sj sj
t
i
si si si c cd
c
j
sj sj
t
i
si si c c Rd
z A z A z f x b z F z F z F M
1 1 1 1
o o q
16
Flanged Section in Bending
T-sections and L-sections, having their flanges in compression, can both be designed or
analyzed in a similar manner,
the flanges generally provide a large compressive area.
FLANGED
SECTIONS
Double
Reinforced
Singly
Reinforced
f
h x s
f
h x >
f
h x >
and
lim s
s
1
and
lim s
>
1
17
Singly Reinforced Flanged Section
the Depth of the Stress Block Lies Within the Flange:
, the section can be considered as an equivalent rectangular section of
breadth equal to the flange width b.
the non-rectangular section below the neutral axis is in tension and is, therefore,
considered to be cracked and inactive
f
h x s
f
h x s
18
|
|
.
|

\
|
= s
2
f
cd f plate Ed
h
d f h b M M q
cd w
f d b

2
1
|
|
.
|

\
|

s

d
h
.
d
h
b
b
f d b
M
f f
w
cd w
Ed
5 0 1
2
q
|
|
.
|

\
|
s
d
h
.
d
h
b
b
f f
w
5 0 1 q We conclude that: if then the depth of the stress block lies within
the flange.
f
h x s
The required reinfocement quantity is:
z f
M
A
yd
Ed
s

=
1
for , we obtain the resistance moment of the plate: M
Rd
=M
plate
f
h x =
the T section is designed
as a equivalent rectangular
section h x b :
Singly Reinforced Flanged Section
( )
f
h x s
19
f
h x > Singly Reinforced Flanged Section
if , then:
f
h x >
|
|
.
|

\
|
>

=
d
h
.
d
h
b
b
f d b
M
f f
w
cd w
Ed
5 0 1
2
q
2 1 , Rd , Rd Ed
M M M + =
2 1 1 1 1 , s , s s
A A A + =
2
1
x
d z

=

2
2
f
h
d z =
|
.
|

\
|

= =
2
1 1 1
x
d f x b z F M
cd w c , Rd

q
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
2
2 2 2
f
cd f w c , Rd
h
d f h b b z F M q
and
lim s
s
1
20
f
h x > Singly Reinforced Flanged Section
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
2
2 1
f
cd f w Ed , Rd Ed , Rd
h
d f h b b M M M M q
cd w
f d b

2
1
( )
cd w
f
cd f w
cd w
Ed
cd w
, Rd
f d b
h
d f h b b
f d b
M
f d b
M

|
|
.
|

\
|

=

2 2 2
1
2
q
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
d
h
.
b
b
d
h
f
w
f
s
5 0 1 1
1
q
and
lim s
s
1
Double Reinforced
Section
Singly Reinforced
Section
lim s
s
1
lim s
>
1
21
we check if the tension steel yields:
lim s
s
1
if , then the flanged section is simply reinforced:
0
1 1 1
=
, c , s
F F
yd , s cd w
f A f x b =
1 1
q
yd
cd
w
yd
cd
w , s
f
f
d b
f
f
d b
d
x
A =
|
.
|

\
|
= e q
1 1
0
2 2 1
=
, c , s
F F ( )
yd , s cd f w
f A f h b b =
2 1
q
( )
yd
cd
f w , s
f
f
h b b A = q
2 1
( )
yd
cd
f w
yd
cd
w , s , s s
f
f
h b b
f
f
d b A A A + = + = q e
2 1 1 1 1
yd
cd
w
f
w
s
f
f
d b
d
h
b
b
A
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = 1
1
q e
x
x d
cu
s

=
3
1
c
c
s
yd
yd cu cu s
E
f
. = > |
.
|

\
|
= |
.
|

\
|
= |
.
|

\
|
= c

c c
1
0035 0
1
1
1
3 3 1
22
f
h x > Double Reinforced Flanged Section
and
lim s
>
1
3 2 1 , Rd , Rd , Rd Ed
M M M M + + =
3 1 2 1 1 1 1 , s , s , s s
A A A A + + =
2
1
x
d z

=

2
2
f
h
d z =
2 3
d d z =
|
.
|

\
|

= =
2
1 1 1
x
d f x b z F M
cd w c , Rd

q
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
2
2 2 2
f
cd f w c , Rd
h
d f h b b z F M q
( )
2 2 3 2 3 3 1 3
d d f A z F z F M
yd s s , s , Rd
= = =
23
if , then the flanged section is double reinforced, and :
lim s
>
1
cd w lim , Rd
f d b M =
2
1

( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
2
f
cd f w , Rd
h
d f h b b M q
2 1 3 , Rd , Rd Ed , Rd
M M M M =
( ) ( ) ( )
f cd f w cd w lim Ed yd s
h . d f h b b f d b M d d f A = 5 0
2
2 2
q
cd w
f d b

2
1
( ) ( ) ( )
cd w
f cd f w
cd w
cd w lim
cd w
Ed
cd w
yd s
f d b
h . d f h b b
f d b
f d b
f d b
M
f d b
d d f A

=


2 2
2
2 2
2 2
5 0 q

( )
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=


d
h
.
d
h
b
b
f d b
d d f A
f f
w
lim
cd w
yd s
5 0 1 1
2
2 2
q
( )
yd
cd
w
f f
w
lim
s
f
f
d b
d d
d
h
.
d
h
b
b
A

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

=
2
2
2
5 0 1 1 q
yd s yd , s
f A f A =
2 3 1
2 3 1 s , s
A A =
24
( )
cd lim w yd , s
f d b f A = q
1 1
( )
yd
cd
lim w , s
f
f
d b A = q
1 1
( )
cd f w yd , s
f h b b f A = q
2 1
( )
yd
cd
f w , s
f
f
h b b A = q
2 1
3 1 2 1 1 1 1 , s , s , s s
A A A A + + =
( )
2 1 s
yd
cd
f w
yd
cd
lim w s
A
f
f
h b b
f
f
d b A + + = q q
( ) | |
2 1 s f w lim w
yd
cd
s
A h b b d b
f
f
A + + = q
25
yd
cd
w
f
w
s
f
f
d b
d
h
b
b
A
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = 1
1
q e
26
Effective width of flanges
The effective flange width of T beams,
depends on:
the web and flange dimensions,
the type of loading,
the span,
the support conditions,
the transverse reinforcement.
The design of the effective flange width is
based on the distance l
0
between points of
zero moment if:
1 , eff
l
2 , eff
l
3 , eff
l
1 0
85 0
, eff
l . l =
( )
2 1 0
15 0
, eff , eff
l l . l + =
2 0
7 0
, eff
l . l =
3 2 0
15 0
, eff , eff
l l . l + =
Section 1-1
2 3 3 2
1
/ ... /
l
l
i , eff
i , eff
=
+
2 3
5 0
, eff , eff
l . l s
27