ixialD; jd.

afõofha mefkk
YdíÈl kshdu
frdayK fifkúr;ak
iïNdjH NdId wOHhkdxYh
fmardfo‚h úYajúoHd,h

NdIdka;r iïnkaO;d mj;s;e hs o tu.ska f,dalfha NdId fndfyduhla w;r jd.aúoHd;aul

{d;s;ajhla f.dv k.d .ekSug yels fõ he hs o wkdjrKh lr .ekSu c.;a jd.aúoHd b;sydifha
b;d jeo.;a ixisoaêhla ù h' Y%Su;a William Jones (1746-1794) úiska l%s'j' 1786 § ixialD;" .%Sl
iy ,;ska hk NdId w;r mj;akd iudk;d ms<sn| m%:u fy<sorõj isÿ lsÍfuka wk;=rej
NdIdjkays wNHka;r ixiaÓ;s wOHhkh u.ska NdIdka;r {d;s;aj y÷kd .ekSu l< yels nj
fmkajd fok ,oafoa l%s'j' 1808 § muK Friedrich von Schlegel (1772-1829) úiske hs ie,flhs'
Franz Bopp (1791-1867), Rasmus Christian Rask (1787-1832) wd§ jd.afõ§yq fumßoafoka
NdIdka;r {d;s;ajhka wkdjrKh fldg oelaùfuys ,d uyd¾> fiajdjla l< úh;=ka jYfhka
i,lkq ,efn;a' z;=,kd;aul jHdlrKhZ kñka jd.afõofha iqúfYaIS wOHhk mrdihla ìys ù ,sh
,d jefvkakg jQfha fï wkqj h' NdIdka;r iïnkaO;d wkdjrKh lr .kq ms‚i ufydamldÍ jQ
fmdÿ Ydí§h O¾u;d Yío kshdu (sound laws) fkdfyd;a YdíÈl kshdu (phonetic laws) jYfhka
kdulrKh lrk ,È' ixialD; NdIdj yd iïnkaO tn÷ Yío kshdu lsysmhla ms<sn| ir,
ixlaIsma; úu¾Ykhla fuys mefkhs'
zYdíÈl kshduZ jYfhka ksjerÈ j y÷kajkq ,eìh yels jkafka ljrdldr jQ jd.aúoHd;aul
O¾u;djla oe hs jd.afõ§yq úuis,su;a fj;s' tys § wdÙ., NdIdfjka zphonetic lawsZ hkakg jvd
zphonetic rulesZ hk moh Ndú; lsÍu iqÿiq he hs o woyia lrkq ,efí' fuu lreK iïnkaOfhka
u;hla m< lrk Tucker f.a újrKh1 wkqj YdíÈl kshdu hkak i|yd zlawsZ hk moh wkqÑ;
jkafka ieneúka u YdíÈl kshdu jkdys wdOdk.%dyS (dogmatic) iajNdjhla fkd Wiq,k" tfia u
úfYaI mßiaÓ;Ska ;=< l%shd;aul jk O¾u;d muKla jk fyhsks' boska fï i|yd phonetic laws
hkak fhdokq ,enqfjd;a tlS YdíÈl kshduhka fh§fï wksjd¾h;dj (stingency of application)
yeÕfj;e hs bka woyia flß‚' Ñrka;k hq.hg wh;a Curtius jeks jd.afõ§yq fuu YdíÈl kshdu
jkdys iajdNdúl kS;s fuka mßmQ¾K mrudo¾YS fkd jk nj o ms<s.;ay' NdIdj hkq iudchSh
idOlhla jk fyhska o l:lhd iajlSh m%ldYkfha wrmsßueiau iEu úgu reÑ lrk fyhska o
YdíÈl kS;s tfia idudkHhka njg m;a fkd l< yels nj o wjOdrKh flß‚' úoHd;aul
m%fïhhka fia zwiqj,a wiqj,a ridhksl ixfhda." wiqj,a ksYaÑ; mßir ;;a;ajhka hgf;a tla lrkq
,enqjfyd;a wiqj,a oE ksIamdokh fj;eZ hs lsj yels iajNdjhla fï YdíÈl kshduhkays ke;af;a
h'2 tfy;a 1970 oS muK Karl Brugmann, Delbrück, Osthoff iy Hermann Paul n÷ jd.afõ§kaf.a
tluq;=jla (Junggrammatiker – Young Grammarians) úiska YdíÈl kshduhkag mßndysr widudkH
isoaê ke; (sound laws admit of no exception) hk ia:djrh bÈßm;a lrk ,È' tu.ska Tjqka woyia
lf<a lsishï tla jd.aúoHd;aul Yío kshduhlska meyeÈ,s lr .; fkd yels jQ NdIduh úm¾hdi
iy iudka;r;d ^widudkH isoaê jYfhka fmr y÷jk ,o oE& fjk;a Yío kshduhka u.ska úêu;a
f,i myod oelaúh yels nj hs' R‚; jpk (loan words) fufia widudkH fkdfyd;a Yío
kshduhkaf.ka neyer jd.aúoHd;aul úm¾hdi f,i y÷kajkq ,enQ uq;a Brugmann wd§yq tu
ÿIalr;dj o kj kshduhka u.ska meyeÈ,s lf<da h' tfyhska hqjjHdlrK{hkaf.a ia:djrh kQ;k
;=,kd;aul jd.afõofha jeo.;a ia:djrhla ù h'3
fuu ia:djrhg meñŒu i|yd úúO Yío kHdhhka bÈßm;a l< jd.afõ§yq ;u ;ukaf.a
fidhd .ekSï u.ska iajlSh mQ¾jÙ.uhka úiska msysgqjk ,o isoaOdka;hka u.ska úi\,sh fkd yels

1
'A Phonetic law of a language is a statement of the regular practice of that language at a particular time in regards to
the treatment of a particular sound or group of sounds in a particular setting...'
Murthy, M.S. (1984) – An Introduction to Sanskrit Linguistics (Comparative and Historical) – Delhi, D.K. Publications
– p. 118
cf. Ghosh, B. (1937) – Linguistic Introduction to Sanskrit – Calcutta, The Indian Research Institute
2
Gune, P.D. (1950) – An Introduction to Comparative Philology – Poona, Poona Oriental Book House – p. 59
3
'Within certain geographical limits and between certain dates a change of one sound in a language to another would
affect in the same way all words containing the sound in the same phonetic environment of other sounds...'
Robins, R.H. (1964) – General Linguistics, An Introductory Survey – London, Longmans – p. 311
 2
jQ Yío kHdhd;aul .eg¨ i|yd ms<s;=re ,nd ÿkay' ixialD; NdIdfõ N+ñldj fulS Yío kshduhka
f.dv k.d .kq ms‚i ufydamldÍ jQ nj jd.aúoHd b;sydifhka m%;S; hs'
Yío kshdu iy Yío m%jK;d w;r uQ,sl fjkila mj;akd nj o wOHhkfha § jegyS hhs'
bÈka lsishï úfYaIs; jHqyhla ;=< mj;akd lsishï Yíohla ms;D-mq;% jYfhka NdId folla w;r
yqjudre jk kuqÿ th tlS NdId l=gqïnhg u fmdÿ jQ O¾u;djla fkd fõ kï" tfia u miqj m%kIag
j hhs kï ta jkdys Yío kshduhla fkd j Yío m%jK;djls' bkaÿ-wd¾h NdId l=gqïnfha mej;s zsZ
Yíoh" jpkhkays mQ¾jia: j mej;=K l," bkaÿ-brdŒh NdIdjkays zhZ Yíoh njg yeÍu fuks' fï
úm¾hdih bkaÿ-brdŒh NdId l=,lhg muKla wod< jQ Yío m%jK;djla jkafka bka neyer j
fjk;a lsisÿ NdId l=gqïnhl fuu m%jK;dj fkd mefkk neúks'1
;=,kd;aul jd.aúoHdfõ Yío kshdu u.ska idudkHSlrKh (generalization) lrk ,o úêu;a
NdIdka;r iïnkaO;d y÷kd .ekSu ms‚i kso¾Yk lsysmhla m%:ufhka idlÉPd lrkq ,efí'

1' .%Sl NdIdfõ uOHj¾;S iy mQ¾jia: wf>daI uydm%dK ixialD; NdIdfõ § f>daI uydm%dK njg
meñfKhs'

.%Sl ixialD;
νέφoς (néphos) nabhas
φράτηρ (phrátīr) bhrātar
ϑαρσος (tharsos) dharśati
µεϑυ (méthu) madhu

2' ixialD; NdIdfõ oka;c w,amm%dK wf>daIhka wfjia;dfõ mefkk mer‚ m¾ishdkq nfiys
fhfokafka uydm%dK wf>daIdlaIr f,isks'

wfjia;d ixialD;
ϑwam tvam
ϑri tri
miϑra mitra
caϑwara catvāra

3' ixialD; NdIdfõ mohkays mQ¾jia: odka;H ziaZ ldrh .%Sl NdIdfjys o wfjia;dkq nfiys o zyaZ
ldrh njg meñfKhs'

.%Sl wfjia;d ixialD;

έπτα (hepta) hapta sapta
haiϑtya satya
hindu sindhu

Yío kshduhka wjYH jkafka fun÷ NdIdka;r {d;s;ajhka y÷kd f.k idudkHSlrK
O¾u;djka bÈßm;a lsÍfï WmlrK jYfhks'
ixialD; NdIdjg wod< jQ Yío kshduhka w;ßka z.%sïf.a kshduhZ (Grimm's law) m%:ufhka
u úu¾Ykh lrkq ,efí' fuu Yío kshduh ms<sn| uQ,sl j u újrKd;aul woyia m< lrk ,oafoa
Rasmus Rask úiske hs ie,fl;;a" Yío kshduhla jYfhka úêu;a j ilid jd.aúoHdkql+, j fuh
bÈßm;a lrk ,oafoa Jakob Grimm (1785- 1863) úiska u he hs ie,flhs' zgHqfgdksla jHdlrKhZ
(Deutsche Grammatik) hk lD;sh rpkd lrñka .%sï c¾udkq NdId ms<sn| ;=,kd;aul wOHhkhla
lf<a h' tys § Tyq y÷kd .;a m%Odk Yío kshdu folla ù h'

1' m%d:ñl Yío úia:dmkh (First Sound Shifting)

2' oaú;Shsl Yío úia:dmkh (Second Sound Shifting)

tfia u bkaÿ-hqfrdamSh NdId l=gqïnhkays mefkk wmY%e;sh (ablaut)_iy wNsY%e;sh (umlaut)

hk Yío úm¾hdi l%uoajh ms<sn| m%:ufhka úêu;a újrKhla imhk ,oafoa o .%sï úisks' Yío

1
Murthy – op.cit. – p. 117
 3
úia:dmkh (laut-ver-schiebung) hk Yío kshduh" z.%sïf.a kshduhZ f,i jd.aúoHd lafIa;%fha
jHjydrhg meñŒu muKla jqj ;=,kd;aul jd.aúoHdjg Tyqf.a odhl;ajh iksgqyka lrkakla
f,i i,lkq ,efí'
z.%sïf.a kshduhZ hkafkka m%d:ñl j woyia lrk ,oafoa c¾udkq NdId iy bkaÿ-hqfrdamSh
NdIdjkaf.a Yío úm¾hdihka idudkHSlrKh flfrk Ydí§h O¾u;dj hs' ta wkqj"

c¾udkq NdIdjkaf.a zfZ Yíoh wfkl=;a bkaÿ-hqfrdamSh (Indo-European = IE)

i.
NdIdjkays ^,;ska" .%Sl" ixialD; iy ia,efjdksla& zpZ Yíoh f,i o"
ii. c¾udkq NdIdjkaf.a zpZ Yíoh wfkl=;a IE NdIdjkays zbZ Yíoh f,i o"
iii. c¾udkq NdIdjkaf.a zthZ Yíoh wfkl=;a IE NdIdjkays zdZ Yíoh f,i o
mej;sKe hs kshduhla bÈßm;a flß‚'

Bloomfield olajk wdldrhg .%sïf.a kshduh fufia újrKh l< yels h'1

1' m%d.a bkaÿ-hqfrdamSh (Proto Indo-European = PIE) NdIdfõ wf>daI iam¾Y (p, t, k) Yío
mQ¾j c¾udkq (Pre-Germanic = PGmc.) NdIdfõ wf>daI W!Iauka (f, th, h) Yío njg
meñfKhs'
2' PIE NdIdfõ f>daI iam¾Y (b, d, g) Yío PGmc. NdIdfõ wf>daI iam¾Y (p, t, k) Yío
njg meñfKhs'
3' PIE NdIdfõ f>daI uydm%dK iam¾Y (bh, dh, gh) Yío" PGmc. NdIdfõ f>daI w,amm%dK
iam¾Y (b, d, g) Yío njg o" m%d.a-.%Sl NdIdfõ wf>daI uydm%dK iam¾Y (ph, th, kh) Yío
njg o" m%d.a-,;ska iy m%d.a-b;d,shdkq NdIdjkays zf, ϑ, hZ Yío njg o meñfKhs'

kso¾Yk olajf;d;a fufia h'

(i)

PIE ixialD; .%Sl ,;ska kQ;k f.d;sla bx.%Sis

c¾udkq
peṅge pañca pente quinque fnf fimf five
tṇnus tanus tonus tenuis dnn - thin
ḷquos vṛkas lukos lupos wolf vulfs wolf
pedos padas pedos pedis fuss fotus foot

(ii)

PIE ixialD; .%Sl ,;ska kQ;k f.d;sla bx.%Sis

c¾udkq
deṃ daśa deka decem zehn tathun ten
dontos dantas odontos dentis zahn tunthus tooth
aĝros ajras agros ager acker akrs acre

(iii)

PIE ixialD; .%Sl ,;ska kQ;k f.d;sla bx.%Sis

c¾udkq
bherō bharāmi pherō fero bār baira bear
medhu madhu methu - - - mead
ĝhansos haṃsas khēnos anser gans - goose

1
Bloomfield, S. (1933) – Language – London, George Allen and Unwin – p. 350
 4
.%sïf.a kshduhg wkqj m%:u Yío úia:dmkfha § PIE NdIdfõ jH[ack Yío .%Sl" ,;ska iy
ixialD; wd§ bkaÿ-hqfrdamSh NdIdjkays iq/lS mej;sh o c¾uka" f.d;sla iy bx.%Sis hk c¾udkq
.Kfha NdIdj, PIE NdIduh Yío imqrd fjkialïj,g Ndckh ù ;sfí' ls;=iufha my< ùug
fmr isÿ úKe hs ie,flk fuu Yío úia:dmkh fufia o ms~q fldg oelaúh yels h'1

ixialD; .%Sl c¾udkq

Tenues p, t, k p, t, k f, ϑ, h/x
Aspiratae bh, dh, gh ph, th, kh b, d, g
Mediae b, d, g b, d, g p, t, k

wka;¾cd;sl jd.aúoHd úYajfldaIh olajk whqßka m%d:ñl Yío úia:dmkh jvd ixlaIsma; f,i
fufia j.=jl oelaùug o yels h'2

wf>daI iam¾Y f>daI iam¾Y f>daI uydm%dK iam¾Y

PIE * p, *t, *k (*) *b, *d, *g(*ĝ) *bh, *dh, *gh, (*ĝh)
ixialD; p, t, k, c, () b, d, g(j) bh, dh, gh, (h)
.%Sl p, t, k b, d, g ph, th, kh
,;ska p, t, k b, d, g f,b f,b,d h,g

m%d.a-c¾udkq wf>daI W!Iauka wf>daI iam¾Y f>daI W!Iauka

*f, *Þ, *h *p, *t, *k *β, *δ, *γ

pl%Sh ixiaÓ;shl ish kshduh msysgqjd olajñka m%d:ñl Yío úia:dmkh meyeÈ,s lsÍug o .%sï iu;a
ù h' flfia o h;a"
T
bkaÿ-hqfrdamSh T > c¾udkq A
bkaÿ-hqfrdamSh A > c¾udkq M
bkaÿ-hqfrdamSh M > c¾udkq T
M A

;=,kd;aul j bkaÿ-hqfrdamSh NdId l=gqïnfha c¾udkq NdId yd wfkl=;a NdId w;r {d;s;ajhla
fuka u úm¾hia;;d o wOHhkh ms‚i ixLHdkdu iei£u o m%dud‚l fj;s hs .%sïf.a kshduh újrKh
lrk we;eï jd.afõ§yq fhdackd lr;s'3 tfla isg oyh olajd ixLHd i|yd fhfok kduhka Wmfhda.S lr
f.k ixikaokhla l< fyd;a th my; mßÈ oelaúh yels jkq we;'

bx.%Sis f.d;sla ,;ska .%Sl mer‚ ia,dúl ixialD; Ök cmka

one ains ūnus heîs jedinŭ ekas i1 hitotsu
two twai duo dúo dŭva dvā erh4 futatsu
three θrija (acc.) trēs treîs trije trayas san1 mittsu
four fidwor quattuor téttares etyre catvāras ssu4 yottsu
five fimf quinque pénte pęti pañca wu3 itsutsu
six saihs sex héks estĭ ṣat liu4 muttsu
seven sibun septem heptá sedemĭ sapta ch'i1 nanatsu
eight ahtau octō oktṓ osmĭ aṣtā pa1 yattsu
nine niun novem ennéa devętĭ nava chiu3 kokonotsu
ten taihun decem déka deti daśa shih2 tō

1
Lehmann, Winfred P. (1992) – Historical Linguistics ; An Introduction – London, Routledge – p. 10
2
Bright, William (ed.) (1992) – International Encyclopedia of Linguistics – Oxford, Oxford University
Press – p. 70
3
Lehmann – op.cit – p. 12
cf. Burrow, T. (1973) – The Sanskrit Language – London, Faber & Faber
 5
.%sïf.a kshduh hgf;a mefkk oaú;Shsl Yío úia:dmkh jkdys ixialD; NdIdj yd
iïnkaO fkd jQj o Wvrg c¾uka NdIdfõ oka;c Yío ms<sn| jeo.;a ;;= fy<s lrkakls' PIE uQ,
NdIdfõ zt, dhZ iy zdZ hk oka;c iam¾Y Yío m%d.a c¾udkq zth, d, tZ f,i mej;sh o Wvrg c¾udkq
NdIdj, zd, t, tzZ f,i fjkia jk nj wkdjrKh lr .kq ,eì‚' weka.af,da ielaika iy bx.%Sis
hk my;rg c¾udkq NdId fï Yío úia:dmkfhka ñ§ isá nj o m%lg hs' kso¾Yk lsysmhla
olajf;d;a fufia h'

f.d;sla bx.%Sis c¾udkq

paurnus thorn dorn
preis three drei
dags day tag
helpan help helfen
plegen play pflegen

u;= oelafjkafka .%sïf.a kshduh ;=< újrKh jk mßÈ m%:u iy oaú;Shsl Yío úia:dmk
i|yd kso¾Yk lsysmhls'

PIE m%:u Yío úia:dmkh oaú;Shsl Yío úia:dmkh

f.d;sla weka.af,da kQ;k bx.%Sis mer‚ Wvrg kq;k c¾udkq
ielaika c¾udkq
trees threis thri three drei drei
bhrāter brothar brothor brother bruoder bruder
pəter fadar foeder father vater
medhu medu mead meto
dhuĝhəter dauhter dohter daughter tochter tochter
dem taihun ten ten Zen zehn
dō tvai twa two Zwēne zweī
dontos tunthus toth tooth zahn

Yío úia:dmk fofla u kS;s ir, j ix.%y fldg olajf;d;a my; mßÈ fõ'

m%d:ñl Yío úiA:dmkh

uQ, bkaÿ-hqfrdamSh NdId p t k
c¾udkq NdId f th h
uQ, bkaÿ-hqfrdamSh NdId b d g
c¾udkq NdId p t k
uQ, bkaÿ-hqfrdamSh NdId bh dh gh
c¾udkq NdId b d g
oaú;Shsl Yío úiA:dmkh
uQ, bkaÿ-hqfrdamSh oka;c t d dh
m%d.A c¾udkq th t d
Wvrg c¾udkq WmNdId d t(z) t

.%sïf.a kshduh u.ska myod .; fkd yels jQ Yío úm¾hdi ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq ùu
jd.aúoHdfõ ;j;a jeo.;a mshjrla jQ w;r th fjk;a Yío kshdu y÷kd .ekSu i|yd u. mE§ula o
ù h' úfYaIfhka u u;= oelafjk Yío úm¾hdi meyeÈ,s lr .ekSfuys ,d .%sïf.a kshdufhka
msájy,la fkd ,efnk nj wkdjrKh jQfha h'

1' èjkHkqlrKd;aul (onomatopoeic) Yío úIfhys mefkk Yío úm¾hdi mej;Su

kso¾Yk - cuckoo (bx.%Sis)" coucou (m%xY)" kuckuk (c¾uka)
2' PIE NdIdfõ zsk, st, spZhk ixhqla; iam¾Y Yíohkays oka;c zsZ YíÈuh fkd fjkia j
mej;Su
*esti ^PIE&" esti ^.%Sl&" est ^,;ska&" ist ^f.d;sla&" is ^bx.%Sis&" ist ^mer‚ Wvrg c¾udkq&
 6
3' PIE NdIdfõ zktZ iy zptZ hk ixhqla; iam¾Y Yíohkays uQ¾Oc zṭZ YíÈuh fkd fjkia
j mej;Su
*otō ^PIE&" aṣṭa ^ixialD;&" oktō ^.%Sl&" octō ^,;ska&" ahtau ^f.d;sla&" eight ^bx.%Sis&"
ahto ^mer‚ Wvrg c¾udkq&" acht ^kQ;k c¾udkq&
4' PIE NdIdfõ zttZ ixhqla;dlaIrh f.d;sla NdIdfõ zthtZ njg o miq j zssZ njg o
meñŒu

.%sïf.a kshduhg mßndysr fun÷ Yío úm¾hdi újrKh lrkq ms‚i bÈßm;a lrk ,o
úi÷ï iy fjk;a Yío kshdu uQ,sl m%j¾. ;%hhlg fnod oelaúh yels h'

1' c¾udkq NdIdj, W!Iauka Yíoj,g miqj msysá hk wf>daI iam¾Y Yío úia:dmkh fkd
fõ' by; wxl 02 hgf;a olajk mo Yío úm¾hdih fuu.ska idOdrŒlrKh flß‚'

PIE f.d;sla ,;ska

*pt hafts (married) captus (captured)
*sp speiwan (spew) spuō (spit)
*st ist (is) est (is)
*sk skadus (shadow) skotos (darkness)
*kt nahts (night) nox, noctis (night)

fï wkqj c¾udkq NdIdj, wf>daI W!Iauka Yíohlg mr jQ wf>daI iam¾Y Yíohka fkd
fjkia j mj;skafka h hk kshduh y÷kd .kq ,eì‚' fuu.ska .%sïf.a kshduhg wf.dapr jQ tla
úm¾hdihla úi|kq ,enQ w;r yqÿ flaj, iaÓ;shla ;=< fkd j m%lrK (contexts) ;=< Yío Ndú;
ùu ms<sn| úNd. lsÍug jd.afõ§yq fufyhjkq ,enQy' ikaëh Yío úoHdj (articulatory phonetics)
j¾Okh jQfha fuys m%;sM,hla jYfhks' Otto Jespersen, Maurice Grammount, Eduard Sievers iy
Henry Sweet wd§yq tlS jd.aúoHd m%YdLdfõ m%uqLfhda jQy'

2' c¾udkq NdIdj, f>daI W!Iauka Yío iy iam¾Y Yío bkaÿ-hqfrdamSh fjk;a NdIdj,
f>daI uydm%dK iam¾Y Yíohkag jvd f>daI w,amm%dK Yíohkag wúêu;a f,i
{d;s;ajhla olajk nj wkdjrKh úh'

fufia c¾udkq NdIdj, mohkays zb, d, gZ hk mQ¾jia: f>daI iam¾Y Yío ixialD;fha zbh,
dh, ghZ hk f>daI uydm%dK Yíohkag iudka;r fkd fõ' tfia u" .%Sl zph, th, khZ hk Yíohkag o
{d;s;ajhla fkd olajhs' tfy;a zb, d, gZ hk Yío ixialD;fha o" zp, t, kZ hk Yío .%Sl NdIdfõ o
yuqfjhs'

PIE .%Sl f.d;sla ixialD; kQ;k c¾udkq bx.%Sis

*bh...dh peuthomai biudan bodhāmi bieten bid
*dhuĝhəter dauhtar duhitā daughter
*gh...gh gagg jaṅghā leg

fï úm¾hdih úi|kq ms‚i Hermann Grassmann (1809-1877) f.a kshduh Wmia;ïNl ù

h' bÈka .%sïf.a kshdufhka by; iïnkaO;d meyeÈ,s l< yels ù kï ixialD;fha moj, mQ¾jia:
Yíoh uydm%dK úh hq;= h' ta wkqj .%diaukaf.a kshduh jYfhka kï lrk ,o YdíÈl kshduhla
Ndú;hg meñ‚fha h' fuu kshduhg wkqj" zPIE NdIdfõ uydm%dK iam¾YdlaIr folla fyda jeä
.Kkla ióm j" mohl mQ¾jia: j fhfoa kï bka m%:u mQ¾jia: Yíoh w,amm%dK fõ' .%Sl NdId
.Kfha iy bkaÈhdkq NdId .Kfha muKla fhfoa'Z
.%diauka úiska wkdjrKh fldg olajk ,o fï kshduh zw,amm%dŒlrK kshduhZ (law of
de-aspiration) f,i o ye¢kafjkafka tys uQ,sl isoaOdka;h wjOdrKh lsÍula jYfhks'
zoaú;aùlrKhZ (reduplication) ms<sn| jd.aúoHd;aul kHdh o .%diaukaf.a kshduh lrK fldg f.k
ia:dms; ù h' .%Sl iy ixialD; NdIdjkays mefkk fï Yío kshduh m%Odk m%j¾. follg fnod
oelaùug .%diauka iu;a úh'
 7
1' idudkH oaú;aùlrKh (normal reduplication)

PIE *didōmi
ixialD; dadāmi
.%Sl didomi

2' w,amm%dŒlrKh iys; oaú;aùlrKh (reduplication with de-aspiration)

PIE *dhidhēmi
ixialD; dadhāmi
.%Sl tithēmi

3' PIE NdIdfõ zp, t, kZ hk wf>daI iam¾YdlaIr m%d.a c¾udkq NdIdj, zf, th, hZ jYfhka
wf>daI W!Iauka Yío njg yefr;s hs hk .%sïf.a m%d:ñl Yío úia:dmk kshduhg
úreoaO jk wjia:d olakg ,eì‚'

PIE ixialD; .%Sl ,;sska f.d;sla bx.%Sis

*pəter pitar patros pater fadar father

f.d;sla nfiys zfaderZ hk moh .%sïf.a kshduhg wkqj fhfof;d;a zfatharZ f,i mekS hd
hq;= h' tfy;a zthZ YíÈuh fjkqjg zdZ YíÈuh tys fhfokafka ukaoe hs m%:u Yío úia:dmk
kshdufhka meyeÈ,s fkd fõ'
iajrKh (accent) ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq lrñka Karl Adolf Verner (1846-1896) fï
úm¾hdih újrKh lf<a h' ta wkqj bkaÿ-hqfrdamSh wf>daI iam¾Y Yío" f>daI Yío iys;
mßiaÓ;shl iajrKh fmrgq fldg fkd isà kï f>daI W!Iauka Yío njg m;a jk nj wkdjrKh
úh' tfia iajrKh mQ¾jia: fkd jQ l, wf>daI iam¾Y Yío f>daI iam¾Y Yío njg m;a fõ'

PIE ixialD; .%Sl ,;ska kQ;k c¾udkq f.d;sla bx.%Sis

*septṃ sapta hepta septem sieben sibun seven
*ṃtom śatam hekaton centum hundert hund hundred

.%sï iy .%diauka úiska meyeÈ,s fkd lrk ,o Yío úm¾hdi fndfyduhla újrKh lr .kq
ms‚i j¾k¾f.a Yío kshduh u.ska wdf,dalh ,eì‚' zYío kshduhkaf.ka neyer jQ widudkH
úm¾hia;;d ke;Z hkqfjka hqjjHdlrK{hka úiska k.k ,o ;¾lh ;jÿrg;a ia:djr jQjd fuka
u ixialD; NdIdj PIE uQ,NdIdfõ iajrKh kshudldrfhka wdrlaId lr f.k isák nj o ;yjqre
úh' NdIdfõ w;sLKaãh (suprasegmental) YíÈu flfrys wjOdkh o iajrKfha N+ñldj wOHhkh
lsÍu ksid jeäÈhqKq jQ nj o m%lg hs'
ixialD; NdIdj ixl,ams; uQ,NdIdj h<s f.dv k.d .kq ms‚i ufydamldÍ jQ nj NdId
fofla YíÈu wOHhkfhka uekúka úYo fõ' ixialD; NdIdfõ mefkk Yío úm¾hdi y÷kd .kq
ms‚i m%udKj;a ;j;a Yío kshdu lsysmhla u;= idlÉPd flfrhs'
Yío úm¾hdi ixl; (conditional) iy wixl; (unconditional) jYfhka j¾.SlrKh fldg
jd.aúoHdfõ § idlÉPd lrkq ,efí' wixl; Yío úm¾hdifha § iómia: Yíohkaf.a iajNdjhkays
n,mEula úm¾hdihkag m;a jk Yíohkg fkd ,efí' by; ú.%y lrk ,o Yío úia:dmkdÈfhys §
isÿ jQfha tn÷ wixl; Yío úm¾hdihka nj meyeÈ,s úh hq;= h' ixl; Yío úm¾hdifha § lsishï
Yíohla mohl uq," ueo fyda w. isàfï iy jdlHhl mo folla iïnkaO ùfï T!Ñ;Hh i,lkq
,efí' tu.ska wdikak Yíohkag n,mEï we;s jk fyhsks' ikaê kS;s tys § úfYaI jeo.;alula
.kakd Yno úm¾hdi úêl%uhla jYfhka ie,lsh hq;= h' .%Sl NdIdfõ zν(n), σ(s), ρ(r)Z hk Yío
yefrkakg mohl wka;ia: jH[ack Yíofhda f,dma fj;s' zabharan (ixialD;), έφερον=epheron
(.%Sl)Z hk mo kso¾Yk hs' ixialD; NdIdfõ o mohl wka;fha zk, ṭ, ḍZ iy ztZ Yío yereKq l,ays zrZ
Yíofhka mrj jH[ack Yío folla fkd mj;shs'

vark ^ffjosl - m%:u mqreI taljpk" N+f; ,qÙ" √jDÊ&

urk ^ffjosl - m%:ud úNla;s taljpk - zW!¾ÊZ Yíoh&
vāk + s > vāk
gacchant + s > gacchant
 8
.%Sl nfiys § fuka mohl wka;fha jH[ack Yíohla mej;Su m%dlD; NdIdj, isÿ fkd fõ'
kdislH Yíofhda wkqiajdrh njg m;a fj;s' úfYaIfhka u uydrdIaá% m%dlD;fha fuh isÿ fjhs'
kso¾Yk olajf;d;a fufia h'

ixialD; m%dlD;
paścāt pacchā
yāvat jāva
punar puṇa
samyak sammaṃ

ixialD;fha b;d jeo.;a j¾K úm¾hdihka lsysmhlg u fya;= jkafka wmY%e;s Yío
kshduh (ablaut) nj wkdjrKh lr .kq ,eîu o jeo.;a mshjrls' iajr Yíohkaf.a úm¾hdih
(vowel gradation) hk wre;a we;s wmY%e;sh hk ixisoaêh PIE uQ,NdIdfõ jeo.;a ,laIKhla f,i
i,lkq ,efí' .=Kd;aul iy m%udKd;aul jYfhka iajrhkaf.a úm¾hia; ùu wmY%e;sh i;=
rEmdldr folls'1 ixialD;fha m%udKd;aul wmY%e;sh muKla fhfo;e hs jd.afõ§yq olaj;s'
uQ,NdIdfõ w¾Oiajr" fi!uh Yío iy kdislH jYfhka wmY%e;shg Ndckh jk iajr
mÙla;s yhla mefkhs' tla tla mÙla;sfhys ÿ¾j," ia;íO iy §¾> jYfhka fY%a‚ ;%h ne.ska o
we;'

m%:u mÙla;sh -e
oaú;Sh iy ;D;Sh mÙla;s - a, o
p;=¾Ó" m[apó iy IIaÀ mÙla;s - ē, ā, ō

1' m%:u mÙla;sh (e)

ÿ¾j, ia;íO §¾>

iajrKh oaú;Shsl j kshu wmY%e;sh kshu wmY%e;sh
rys; iajrKh iys; iajrh iajrh
A pure vowel zero ə é o ḗ ō
B e+i  ī é o ḗ ō
C e+  ū é o ḗ ō
D e+m m əm ém om ḗm ōm
E e+n n ən én on ḗn ōn
F e+r r ər ér or ḗr ōr
G e+l l əl él ol ḗl ōl

2' oaú;Sh iy ;D;Sh mÙla;s (a, o)

ÿ¾j, ia;íO
iajrKh oaú;Shsl j kshu wmY%e;sh
rys; iajrKh iys; iajrh
A pure vowel zero (a) á ā
A pure vowel zero (o) ó ō

1
'When there is change of a vowel from one series to another it is called qualitative ablaut. And in the case of the
gradation from one grade to another in the same series, it is called quantitative ablaut...'
Murty – op.cit. – p. 169
 9
3' p;=¾Ó" m[apó iy IIaÀ mÙla;s (ē, ā, ō)

ÿ¾j, ia;íO
iajrKh oaú;Shsl j kshu wmY%e;sh
rys; iajrKh iys; iajrh
ē mÙla;sh
A pure vowel zero ə, e ḗ ō
B e+i  ī, e ḗ ō
C e+  ū, e ḗ ō
ā mÙla;sh
A pure vowel zero ə, a  ó
B ā+  ī, a  ó
C ā+  ū, a  ó
ō mÙla;sh
A pure vowel zero ə, o ṓ -
B ō+  ī, o ṓ -
C ō+  ū, o ṓ -

iajrKh rys; fyda oaú;Shsl j iajrKh fhfok iajr ÿ¾j, jk nj o" uQ,sl iajrh
(radical vowel) imqrd f,damYa ù hk kuqÿ oaú;Shsl iajrKhla iys; iajr zZ njg ,>q jk nj o"
iajrKh iys; Yíohkays úêu;a iajr yqjudrejla mj;akd nj o fï wkqj meyeÈ,s fõ'
ixialD;fha wmY%e;s Ndú;h by; újrKh wkqj i,lf;d;a ÿ¾j," uOHu iy ia;íO rEm
jYfhka kdu iy l%shd jrke.Sfï § y÷kd .efkkafka fulS wmY%e;sfha n,mEu u; we;s jQ
úm¾hdi nj úYo fõ' ixialD; NdIdfõ iy .%Sl NdIdfõ mo lsysmhla iei£u im%fhdack h'

ia;íO ia;íO ÿ¾j,

.%Sl πατερες (pateres) απατορες (apatores) πατρος (patros)
ixialD; pitaras tvatpitaras pitrā
pitṛṣu
.%Sl φερω (pherō) φορος (phoros) διφρος (diphros)
ixialD; bhare babhāra bibharti

tfia u" ixialD;fha zēmi - imah,Z zdadarśa - dadṛṣuh,Z zbibharāṇi - bibhṛhiZ hk mo o

wmY%e;sfha l%shdldß;ajh olajhs'
PIE uQ,NdIdfõ hf:dala; mßÈ wmY%e;shg n÷ka jk iajr mÙla;s yhla mej;sh o
ixialD;fha mj;skafka iajr mÙla;s folla mu‚' tkï"
1' *e, *a, *o mÙla;sh iy
2' *ē, *ā, *ō mÙla;sh jYfhks'

iucd;ShdlaIr iys; (tautosyllabic) z*aiZ (PIE NdIdfõ *a, *e, o) iy z*auZ (PIE NdIdfõ
*a, *e, *o) ms<sfj<ska zeZ iy zoZ njg m;a ùu o úcd;ShdlaIr iys; (heterosyllabic) z*aiZ iy
z*auZ ms<sfj<ska zayZ iy zavZ njg m;a ùu o ixialD; NdIdj ;=< wmY%e;sh ksid isÿ jQ jeo.;a
úm¾hdihka jYfhka i|yka l< yels h' tfyhska by; lshk ,o mßÈ" m%udKd;aul iy
.=Kd;aul wmY%e;s m%j¾. foflka ixialD;fha yuq jkafka m%udKd;aul wmY%e;sh muKle hs
ie,lSu iqÿiq nj ;yjqre fõ' .=K-jDoaê úm¾hdih iy iïm%idrK kshduh fï m%udKd;aul
wmY%e;sh ;=< yuq jk Wmm%fNao oajhhla f,i ie,lsh hq;= h'
zaZ iy zāZ Yío iys; iajr fY%aŒkaf.a idudkH" .=K iy jDoaê jYfhka wmY%e;sfha mshjr
;=kla mj;sk nj md‚kSh iïm%odhg wkql+, j ixialD; jd.afõofha § y÷kd .efkhs' tlS mshjr
;=fka § zi, u, ṛ, ḷZ hk uQ,sl" idudkH iajr Yla;su;aNdjhg m;a fjhs' zaZ YíÈufha .=K rEmh tu
idudkH rEmh u jk w;r jDoaê rEmh zāZ ùu ie,lsh hq;= kshduhls' ^jDoaêrdffoÉ wfoÙ.=K# -
md‚kS 1.1.1.2&
 10
1' m%:u fY%a‚h ^idudkH& (a) i(ī) u(ū) ṛ(ṛ) ḷ
2' oaú;Sh fY%a‚h ^.=K& (a) e o ar al
3' ;D;Sh fY%a‚h ^jDoaê& (ā) ai au ār āl

kso¾Yk olajf;d;a fufia h'

Od;=j m%:u fY%a‚h oaú;Sh fY%a‚h ;D;Sh fY%a‚h

√ pat ^msheöfï& patāmi a-pāt-i
√ bhid ^ì£fï& bhin-na-s bi-bhed-a a-bhait-ṣīt
√ stu ^meiiSfï& stu-ta-s sto-tum stau-ti
√ kṛ ^lsÍfï& kṛ-ta-m kar-tum ca-kār-a

ixialD; NdIdfõ § iïm%idrKh o wmY%e;s úfYaIhla jYfhka i,lkq ,efí' Karl

Brugmann n÷ jd.afõ§yq wmY%e;sh hkakg ziïm%idrKZ hk kduh fhdackd lr;s' iïm%idrKfha §
isÿ jkafka zy, v, r, lZ hk ia;íO fY%a‚fha iajrKh iys; YíÈu ze, u, ar, alZ hk .=K YíÈuhkag
wkqrEm ùfuka iajrKh rys; ÿ¾j, fY%A‚fha zi, u, ṛZ iy zļZ njg m;a ùu hs' tfia u" zyā, vā, rāZ
hk §¾> iam¾Y YíÈu o zī, ūZ iy zīrZ (PIE NdIdfõ *ṛ) f,i fmkS isáhs' w¾Oiajr fyj;a wka;ia:
YíÈuhka iajrj;a j we;s l, iajrKh rys; fY%a‚fha o w¾Oiajrh yd ixhqla; jQ iajrh .s,syS
hhs' tys § ;udu zi, u, ṛ, ļZ hk iajrhkaf.ka tlla njg m;a ùfuka tlS w¾Oiajr YíÈuh oaú;Shsl
iajrKh oeÍug iqÿiq ;;a;ajhg m;a fjhs' ÿ¾j, fY%a‚fha iajrKh fya;= fldg f.k w¾Oiajr"
iajr njg m;a ùfï l%shdj,sh iïm%idrKh hs' zb.ahK# iïm%idrKïZ (1.1.45) hkqfjka md‚kS
iïm%odfhys w¾Oiajr ;okqrEmS iajr njg m;a ùu újrKh lrkq ,en we;s kuqÿ tu.ska" zya, va,
ra, laZ hk iuia; YíÈu mx;sh u zi, u, ṛ, ļZ hk wkqrEmS iajr njg m;a ùu ksrEmKh fjhs'1
kso¾Yk my; mßÈ fõ'

Od;=j iïm%idrK rEmh idudkH rEmh

yaj (*aĝ) iṣ-ta yaṣ-ave
yajati
vac (*eq) uk-tvā vacmi
svap (*sep) sup-ta-s svap-na-s
(.%Sl - hyp-no-s) svapiti
bhram bhṛma bhram-a
prath pṛth-u prath-a-ti
prath-u-s
jyā (*ɠē) jī-yate jyā-sya-ti
svād (*sā) sūd-aya-ti svād-a-te
svādu
drāgh dīrgh-a-s drāgh-īyas
(.%Sl - dolikhos)

wmY%e;sh ms<sn| kQ;k jd.aúoHdkql+, oDIaáh iy md‚kSh iïm%odfha ú.%yh w;r uQ,sl
fjkila we;' .=K-jDoaê iy iïm%idrK kshduhka foi ixialD; jd.afõ§ka neÆfha ÿ¾j,
fY%a‚h (weak grade) uQ,h f,i;a ia;íO iy §¾>SN+; fY%a‚ tys ;okka;r úm¾hdi f,i;a i,ld
f.k h' kQ;k jd.afõ§yq ia;íO fY%a‚h (strong grade) u uQ,sl fldg i,ld" §¾>SN+; fY%a‚h
(lengthned grade) hkq tu fY%a‚h tla mshjrlska Yla;su;a ùula f,i o" ÿ¾j, fY%a‚h hkq ia;íO
fYa%‚h tla mshjrlska ÿ¾j, ùula f,i o f.k ta ta fY%aŒka iqÿiq mßÈ kdulrKh l<y'
ixialD; NdIdfõ mefkk Yío úm¾hdihka meyeÈ,s lrkq iu;a ;j;a Yío kshduhka
lsysmhla b;d ieflúka my; olajkq ,efí'

1
Murty – op.cit. – p. 173
 11
1' iurEmSlrKh (assimilation)
fuys m%fNao folls' m%.dó iurEmSlrKh (progressive assimilation) iy mYapd;a.dó
iurEmSlrKh (regressive assimilation) jYfhks'

m%.dó iurEmSlrKh
mQ¾jia: YíÈuh ;okka;r YíÈuh fj; n,mdñka th ;u j¾.fha Yíohla njg m;a lr
.ekSu hs' ixialD; NdIdfõ md‚kS iïm%odh wkqj i,lf;d;a fuh m%;Hydr l%uh hgf;a meyeÈ,s
l< yels h' m%;Hydr l%ufha § wlaIr fm< .iajkq ,en we;af;a Yla;su;aNdjh wjfrdayKh jk
ms<sfj<g wkqj h' tfyhska mQ¾jia: YíÈuh bÈka Yla;su;aNdjfhka by< kï ;okka;r ÿ¾j,
YíÈuh iajlSh j¾.fha wlaIrhla njg m;a lr .ekSula isÿ fõ' fuu úm¾hdih ikaêkS;s hgf;a
ú.%y l< yels fjhs' ^rIdNHdx fkd K# iudkmfo - md‚kS&

stṛṇoti (ṛ YíÈufha n,mEfuka oka;c n YíÈuh uQ¾Oc ṇ YíÈuh njg

m;a úh')
vistīrṇa (√vistṛ + na > vistīrṇa)

m%dlD; NdIdj, m%.dó iurEmSlrKfha n,mEu meyeÈ,s j oelsh yels h'

ixialD; m%dlD;

cakra cakka
vajra vajja
vyāghra vaghgha
takra takka

mYapd;a.dó iurEmSlrKh
miqj msysá YíÈuhla úiska Bg fmr msysá YíÈuhla fj; n,mdñka th ;u .=Khkag
iurEmS jk f,i ilid .kq ,eîu hs'

ixialD; svaśura > śvaśura

bhid + na > bhinna
at + na > anna
tat + jayati > tajjayati

svapna (ixialD;) > suviṇa > siviṇa (m%dlD;)

sartha (ixialD;) > saththa (m%dlD;)

,;ska octo > otto

pinque > quinque
victorio > vittorio

2' úIurEmSlrKh (dissimilation)

iurEmSlrKhg m%;súreoaO Yío kshduh hs' we;eï úg iudk YíÈu folla ksi¾.fhka u
je<elaù hhs' tys § tla Yíohla ú;eka ùu fyda úm¾hia; ùu isÿ fõ' m%.dó iy mYapd;a.dó
jYfhka úIurEmSlrKh o m%fNao folla jYfhka oelaúh yels h'

ixialD; puruṣa nūpura mukua

m%dlD; purisa neura mauḍa

ixialD; √ sthā > thiṣhai > tasthau

√ skand > caskand

.%Sl ϕϱατϱια (phratria) > ϕατϱια (phatria)

θηρητηϱ (thīrītīr) > θηλητηϱ (thīlītīr)
 12
3' mQ¾jj¾KksfõYkh (prothesis)
we;eï NdIdjkays iuyrla jH[ack YíÈuhkag mQ¾jia: j iuyrla iajr Yío mekS hdu hs'
NdIdka;r iunkaO;d i,lk l, .%Sl nfiys zr, n, m, wZ hk jH[ack YíÈuhkag mQ¾jfhka zeZ
iajr YíÈuhla fh§u fuks'

ixialD; ,;ska c¾udkq bx.%Sis .%Sl

rudhira ruber roth red εϱυθϱος (eruthros)

rajah έϱεβος (herebos)
laghu levis ελεχυς (elechus)
nāman oνοµα (onoma)
nakha ονυχ (onuch)
tfia u"
i
riṇakti (ixialD;) rīnahti (wfjia;d)

ixialD; mohkag wkqrEm m%dlD; mohkays o fï Yío kshduh oel .; yels h'

ixialD; m%dlD;

strī itthī (i YíÈuh fh§u)

snāna ^urdÀ& asnāna (a YíÈuh fh§u)
strī ^urdÀ& asturī (a YíÈuh fh§u)

4' iajrNla;s (anaptyxis)

WÉpdrKh ÿIalr jk ixhqla; jH[ack folla w;rg iajrhla fh§fuka WÉpdrKh iqlr
lsÍu iajrNla;s kï fõ'
ffjÈl mo fndfyduhl fuu Yío kshduh l%shd;aul fjhs' kso¾Ykhla olajf;d;a fumßÈ
h'

ixialD; ffjÈl

indra < indara

darśata < daraśata

ixialD;fhka ìf|k m%dlD; mo o fndfyda wjia:dj, iajrNla;s Yío kshduhg hg;a h'

ixialD; m%dlD;

prakāra parakāra
bhrama bharama
pṛthvī pṛthivī
svar suvar
svarṇa suvarṇa
dharma dharama

.%Sl έβδµος (hebdmos) > έβδοµος (hebdomos)

ixhqla; jH[ack Yío folla w;rg ;j;a jH[ack YíÈuhla meñŒfuka yg .kakd Yío
úm¾hdih o fï hgf;a u oelaùug we;eï jd.afõ§yq reÑ fj;s'1 tfy;a m%.dó iurEmSlrK
jYfhka o fï úm¾hdih ie,lsh yels h' uydrdIaá% ^urdÀ& m%dlD;fhka kso¾Yk oelaúh yels h'

1
Gune – op.cit. – p. 56
 13
ixialD; urdÀ

tumula tumbala
kamala kambala
tāmra tāmbaḍā
āmra āmbā

^5& WmOdf,damh (syncope)

iajrNla;shg úreoaO Yío kshduh hs' modka;hl msysá jH[ack Yío folla w;ßka
iajrj;a j mej;s mQ¾jia: jH[ack YíÈufha iajrh f,damYa ù hdu hs'

rājan > rājn > rājñā

√ gam > jagm > jagmuh
√ han > jaghn > jaghnuh
preman > premn > premṇā
dāman > dāmn > dāmnā

,;ska deksiteros > dexter

^6& flaj,j¾KSNjkh (haplology)

iudk jH[ack YíÈu folla iajrj;a j iómia: j wdNHka;r ikaê úêhl fhÿKq l,ays
tla jH[ack YíÈuhla f,dma ù hdu hs' fï i|yd wkqmQ¾j jH[ack YíÈu folska tlla ikaê
jk mo folg u fmdÿ úg hq;= h' jHjydßl isxy, NdIdfõ zmy-yudrZ hkak zmyudrZ jYfhka
fh§u fukss'

ixialD; śeva-vṛdhah > śevṛdhah

jahī-hi > jahi
śaṣpa-piñjarah > śaṣpiñjarah

.%Sl αµϕι-ϕορευς (amphi-phoreus) > αµϕορευς (amphoreus)

,;ska semi-modius > semiodius

^7& j¾K úm¾hdih (metathesis / spoonerism)

lsishï mohl Yío fyda wlaIr fyda ú;eka ùu hs' fndfyda úg Yío fyda j¾K folla
fufia fm/<S isáhs' mofm/<s fï ksid yg .kshs' wdÙ., NdIdfõ zoiled bycicleZ hkak fjkqjg
j¾K úm¾hia; ù zboiled icicleZ hkak lsheùu fuks' isxy, NdIdfõ o fm/<s lshqï kso¾Yk hs'
ixialD; NdIdfõ isg m%dlD;hg meñfKk we;eï mo j¾K úm¾hdihg n÷ka ù ;sfí'

mahārāṣṭra > marahaṭṭa > marāṭhi

tṛṣṇā > taṇhā > tahāṇa
varāṇasī > vāṇārasī > Benares (bx.%Sis)

fuf;la ú.%y fldg ieflúka olajk ,o Yío kshdufhda ish,a, kQ;k jd.afõ§ka úiska u
wOHhkh fldg wkdjrKh lr .ekqKq kshdufhda fkd fj;s' we;euqka olajk mßÈ1 md‚kSg fmr
hdial úiska o hf:dla; Yío kshduhka iuyrla yd iudk jdÙkshdu m%;sIagdmkh lrkq ,en
;sfí' hdial úrÑ; ksrela;fhys fojk wOHdfhys oelafjk wkaoug bka lsysmhla b;d ieflúka
fufia h'

1
Gune – op.cit. – p. 58
 14
1
1' zw:dmHiaf;¾ksjD;a;sia:dfkIq wdÈf,dfmd Nj;s ia;# ika;S;sZ
by; idlÉPd lrk ,o mßÈ" iajrKh Ydí§h úm¾hdihka i|yd n,mdk idOlhla
jYfhka y÷kd .ekqKq nj fuu.ska m%;S; hs' zwia;sZ hkafkys wdÈiajrh jk zwZ YíÈufha f,dma
ùfuka zia;#Z wd§ mo isoaO jkakd fia hs' ^wYakfidar,af,dm# - mdKskS 6.4.111&

2' zw:dmHka;f,dfmd Nj;s .;ajd .;ñ;sZ 2

z√.ïZ Od;=fõ wka;ia: zïZ f,damfhka z.;ajdZ" z.;Z wd§ mo isoaO ùu fyj;a
ixfhdack úm¾hdihla (combinatory change) isÿ ùu hs' ^wkqod;af;dmfo - mdKskS
6.4.37&
3' zw:dmHqmOdf,dfmd Nj;s c.au;=¾c.auqß;sZ 3
WmOdf,damh jYfhka hg olajk ,o Yío kshduh hs' ^wf,dka;Hd;a mQ¾j WmOd –
mdKskS 1.1.65, .uykckLk>idx - mdKskS 6.4.68&
4' zw:dmHqmOdúldfrd Nj;s rdcd oKaã;sZ 4
WmOdj úm¾hia; ùu hs' zrdckaZ Yíoh zrdcdZ f,i;a" zoKaäkaZ Yíoh zoKaãZ
f,i;a fmkS isákafka fuu úm¾hdih ksid h' ^bkaykamQ¾Id¾hïKdx fY! - mdKskS
6.4.12, fi! p - 6.4.13, i¾jkduia:dfk pdiïnqfO! - 6.4.8, k f,dm#
m%d;smÈldkaiiH - 8.2.7&
5' zw:dmHdÈúm¾hfhd Nj;s fcHd;s¾>fkd ìkaÿ¾ndgH b;sZ 5
iurEmSlrKh iy úIurEmSlrKh ms<sn| Yío kshduh hs'
6' zw:dmHdoHka;úm¾hfhd Nj;s iaf;dald rÊcq# isl;d ia;¾ls;sZ 6
j¾K úm¾hdih jYfhka hg olajk ,o Yío kshduh hs'
7' zw:dms j¾fKdmck wdia:oaoajdfrd NrEfc;sZ 7
iajrNla;s ms<sn| ú.%yhls'

ixialD; NdIdfõ fhfok fndfyduhla Yío úm¾hdi" mqrd;k jd.afõofha fuka u kQ;k
jd.afõofha o iïuq;s.; Yío kshduhkag wkql+, nj fï wkqj meyeÈ,s h'

1
lafIaurdc Y%S lDIaKodi ^ixia'& ^1847& - ksrela; ^ks>KagqmdG iuqfma;& - fndïndh" Y%S fjÙlfÜYajr uqøK
hka;%d,h - 2.1.6
2
ksrela; - 2.1.7
3
ksrela; - 2.1.8
4
ksrela; - 2.1.9
5
ksrela; - 2.1.12
6
ksrela; - 2.1.13
7
ksrela; - 2.2.2