Diffuse Field Transmission Into Infinite Sandwich Composite and Laminate Composite Cylinders

JOURNAL OF
SOUND AND
VIBRATION
Journal of Sound and Vibration 289 (2006) 745778
Diffuse eld transmission into innite sandwich composite
and laminate composite cylinders
Sebastian Ghinet
a,
, Noureddine Atalla
a
, Haisam Osman
b
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universite de Sherbrooke, 2500Boulevard Universite, Sherbrooke,
Que., Canada J1K 2R1
b
The Boeing Company, 5301 Bolsa Avenue, Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA
Received 12 April 2004; received in revised form 7 February 2005; accepted 20 February 2005
Available online 5 May 2005
Abstract
This paper is concerned with the modelling of diffuse eld transmission into composite laminate and
sandwich composite innite cylinders. Two models are presented and compared: Symmetrical Laminate
composite and discrete thick laminate composite. The latter is shown to handle accurately, as a particular
case, the rst model, and the important case of sandwich composite shells. In both models, membrane,
bending, transverse shearing as well as rotational inertia effects and orthotropic ply angle of the layers are
considered. Starting from the dynamic equilibrium relations and stressstraindisplacement relations, a
dispersion system is given in a wave approach context. Next, expressions for the matrix systems governing
the structural impedance, critical frequencies and ring frequency are given. The developed equations are
applied to the calculation of the diffuse eld transmission of an innite cylinder. Predictions with the
presented models are compared to results presented in the literature for both laminate composite and
sandwich composite congurations. They conrm the accuracy of both models and the general nature of
the presented discrete thick laminate composite model.
r 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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www.elsevier.com/locate/jsvi
0022-460X/$ - see front matter r 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.jsv.2005.02.028
Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 819 821 8000x3773; fax: +1 819 821 7163.
E-mail address: sebastian.ghinet@usherbrooke.ca (S. Ghinet).
1. Introduction
The laminate composite shells are a special class of modern structures, largely used in the
aeronautics and aerospace industries. In addition to their inherent complexity related to the
composite character of their nature, these structures are characterized by a signicant total
thickness and a large three-dimensional scale. In this study, we consider the case of acoustic
transmission into a sandwich and/or composite laminated cylinders of innite length, excited by a
diffuse eld. This class of problem has been presented, to a certain extent in several previous
publications. In the context of the acoustic transmission through aeronautical structures, Koval
[1] proposed an expression for the transmission coefcient of an orthotropic innite shell using the
displacement eld of Nelson et al. [2]. The effects of membrane and bending were considered but
transverse shearing and rotational inertia were neglected. The inuence of orthotropic behaviour
on the acoustic transmission was parametrically studied for the shells elastic properties along
circumferential and axial directions. The structure was excited by a plane wave in oblique
incidence. The suggested solution was used for the study of the acoustic transmission in ight. The
interior medium of the shell was considered non-resonant. Koval [3] later proposed an improved
model for the acoustic transmission modelling of laminated composite innite cylindrical shells
excited by an oblique plane wave. Transverse shearing and rotational inertia were still neglected.
The equilibrium dynamic relations of Bert et al. [4] employing a Kirchhoff-type displacement eld
were used. The orthotropic ply angle of the layers was considered. Blaise and Lesueur [5]
investigated the same problems. They reported in particular some numerical errors in the work of
Koval [1]. In their study, Blaise and Lesueur [5] used a DonnellMushtaris displacements eld for
orthotropic cylinders. Transverse shearing and rotational inertia were neglected. Moreover, they
presented an extension of the excitation eld to a diffuse eld by associating two angles of
incidence to the plane wave of excitation. However, the mathematical model validation and
associated parameters study were entirely based on calculations of the oblique plane wave
transmission loss. Only one result of the sound reduction index in diffuse eld was presented; this
result will be used in this paper for the validation of the presented models. Later, Blaise and
Lesueur [6] proposed a model for the acoustic transmission of oblique incidence of multi-layered
cylindrical shells. The orthotropic ply-angle was not considered. Finally, the same authors
presented a more general model for the acoustic transmission through a 3-D orthotropic multi-
layered innite cylindrical shell [7]. Again, the layers were supposed to have orthotropic directions
along the global coordinates of the shell. In a recent paper, Heron [8] proposed a wave approach
for curved sandwich panels. His model uses a complete and mathematically coherent discrete layer
theory for sandwich-type panels. The theory is developed for a singly curved sandwich made up of
a bottom skin laminate, a shearing core, and a top skin laminate. This model is appropriate for
the common case of thin skin-laminated composite sandwich shells. For sandwich shells having
thick or limp (compared to the core) skins the model is approximate. Moreover, the model of
Heron [8] does not accommodate the laminated thick composite shells (i.e., non-sandwich) where
the layers physical properties (Youngs modulus, Transverse shear modulus, and mass density)
are of similar or relatively close values.
This paper describes an alternative, simple but accurate, modelling of the transmission loss
through innite composite cylinders. Both laminate composite and sandwich composite will be
modelled. The transverse shear and orthotropic angle of such a laminate are considered. In the
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S. Ghinet et al. / Journal of Sound and Vibration 289 (2006) 745778 746
rst part, the fundamental relations of force equilibrium are expressed in the curvilinear
coordinates system represented in Fig. 1a. Two mathematical approaches to model composite
structures are presented. The rst structural class is limited to symmetrical laminated composite
shells. The physical properties of the laminas composing the panel are smeared out through the
thickness and the panel is assumed to have a unique global displacement eld for any lamina. The
second structural class is applicable to general thick laminate composite shells. For any layer an
own displacement eld and dynamic equilibrium system is dened. This approach is valid for both
general laminate (symmetrical and unsymmetrical) and sandwich composite shells. In particular,
expressions are given to compute the ring frequency, the critical frequencies and mechanical
impedance of the studied structures. Using numerical examples, the two models are validated and
compared in the case of the diffuse eld transmission of an innite composite cylinder (non-
resonant interior). Moreover, the discrete laminate model and the Herons model [8] are also
compared in the case of a sandwich shell. The proposed laminate composite discrete layer theory
is validated experimentally for the case of a nite sandwich curved panel.
2. Mathematical models
2.1. Geometry and coordinates system
The presented models are based on the Flu ge description of the straindisplacements eld in a
curved layer, as given by Leissa [9]. Fig. 1a represents the laminated composite shell geometrical
conguration, where R is the curvature radius and h is the total thickness. The equations of
motion are expressed in the curvilinear coordinate system shown in Fig. 1a. The excitation and
radiated elds are expressed in the cylindrical coordinate system represented in Fig. 1b. The
transmission loss is expressed in these two reference coordinates systems using the associated
transformation relations (see Eqs. (38), Section 6). This approach of using two different reference
coordinates is of interest since it allows taking advantage of the simplicity of mathematical
ARTICLE IN PRESS
R
X
Z Y
k
1X
k
1Y
k
1Z
k
1
h
R
y
x
z
(a) (b)
Fig. 1. (a) The laminated composite shell coordinates and (b) The excitation eld notations and cylindrical coordinates
system.
development in curvilinear coordinates as well as to correctly model the inuence of the acoustic
elds by a formulation in cylindrical coordinates. Mathematically, the curvature radius is dened
as the coordinate of the neutral surface of the cylinder.
2.2. Symmetric laminate composite curved shells
For a point M belonging to the symmetrically laminated composite shell, the displacement eld
is dened by the Mindlin model where both bending and transverse shear effects are considered:
u(x; y; z) = u
0
(x; y) zj
x
(x; y),
v(x; y; z) = v
0
(x; y) zj
y
(x; y),
w(x; y; z) = w
0
(x; y). (1)
The displacement eld variables in relations (1) are shown in Fig. 2. Geometrically, the shell is
considered to be of innite extent in the axial (x) direction and thus the origin for both x and y is
arbitrary. Nevertheless, the origin for the z-axis is dened on a reference surface passing through
the middle thickness of the shell.
For any lamina of the shell, Flu ges theory [9] is used to describe the straindisplacement
relations
x
= u
;x
zj
x;x
,
y
= v
;y

w
R
zj
y;y
_ _
1
1 z=R
,
g
xy
= (v
;x
zj
y;x
) (u
;y
zj
x;y
)
1
1 z=R
,
ARTICLE IN PRESS
x
z
M
0
x
z M
u
0
w
0
x
h
1
h
2
h
n
x
w
0
Fig. 2. The laminated composite shell displacements eld.
g
xz
= w
;x
j
x
,
g
yz
= w
;y
j
y
(v zj
y
)
1
R z
. (2)
The resultant stress forces and moments of the laminate are dened in Appendix A (A.1
and A.2).
The differential equations of dynamic equilibrium are derived from stress forces and moments
equilibrium relations in the x; y and z directions [9,10]. The layers are not considered as discrete
elements, but their effects are smeared-out through the thickness. This results in ve equilibrium
equations for the shell. In the following equations, all inertial terms, membrane, bending as well as
transverse shear effects are considered:
N
x;x
N
yx;y
= m
s

I
z2
R
_ _
u
;tt

I
z
R
I
z2
_ _
j
x;tt
,
N
y;y
N
xy;x

Q
y
R
= m
s

I
z2
R
_ _
v
;tt

I
z
R
I
z2
_ _
j
y;tt
,
Q
x;x
Q
y;y

N
y
R
= m
s

I
z2
R
_ _
w
;tt
,
M
x;x
M
yx;y
Q
x
= I
z
j
x;tt

u
;tt
R
_ _
I
z2
u
;tt
,
M
xy;x
M
y;y
Q
y
= I
z
j
y;tt

v
;tt
R
_ _
I
z2
v
;tt
. (3)
The transverse shear-stress forces Q
x
and Q
y
, the in-plane stress forces N
x
; N
y
; N
xy
; N
yx
and the
stress moments M
x
; M
y
; M
xy
; M
yx
are dened in Appendix A (A.4A.6). The inertial terms
derived in the equilibrium equations (3) are expressed in Appendix A (A.7). Note that the
rotational inertia I
z2
is zero for symmetrically laminated composite panels.
The dynamic equilibrium equations of the shell can be rewritten, using Eqs. (3) and (A.4)(A.6)
with appropriate algebraic manipulations, as presented in Appendix A (A.12). Relations
(A.12) are then expressed in terms of an in-plane and bending displacementrotation vector e)
dened as
e) = u v w j
x
j
y
)
T
, (4)
where the superscript T denotes the transpose of a vector.
The differential system of equations (A.12) is then allowed to have harmonic solutions of the
form
e) = {e] exp(jk
x
x jk
y
y jot), (5)
where k
x
and k
y
are the structural wave number components in the x and y directions dened as
k
x
= k
c
cos j,
k
y
= k
c
sin j (6)
with j the heading direction of the structural wave number k
c
.
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Using the solution form (5), the system equations of motion (A.12) is expressed in the form of a
generalized polynomial complex eigenvalue problem
k
2
c
[A
2
]{e] ik
c
[A
1
]{e] [A
0
]{e] = 0, (7)
where i =
1
_
and [A
0
]; [A
1
]; [A
2
] are real matrices of dimension 5 5 dened in Appendix A
(A.13). Assuming l = ik, problem (7) can be expressed in the form
l
2
[A
2
]{e] l[A
1
]{e] [A
0
]{e] = 0. (8)
Eq. (8) is a second-order complex polynomial eigenvalue problem. It is preferable to transform it
into a rst-order system
l
A
1
A
2
A
2
0
_ _
e
le
_ _
A
0
0
0 A
2
_ _
e
le
_ _
=
0
0
_ _
, (9)
so as to obtain a generalized eigenvalue problem. Relation (9) has 10 complex conjugate
eigenvalues (ve conjugate pairs) and represents the dispersion relations of the laminated
composite shell. The problem is expressed in terms of l and its solutions represent the structural
wave numbers: propagating or evanescent, in two opposite directions. The propagating wave
solution must satisfy l = ik (purely imaginary) while the evanescent wave solution corresponds
to the mathematically real eigenvalue of the problem (with an innitely small imaginary
component).
2.3. Discrete thick laminate composite curved shells
The second model is more general. It is based on a discrete theory and allows for both thick
laminate composites and sandwich shells. The displacement eld of any discrete layer i of the
panel is still of Mindlins type
u
i
(x; y; z) = u
i
0
(x; y) zj
i
x
(x; y),
v
i
(x; y; z) = v
i
0
(x; y) zj
i
y
(x; y),
w
i
(x; y; z) = w
i
0
(x; y). (10)
The layered constitution is considered asymmetrical as represented in Fig. 3a. The origin for the
z-axis is dened on a reference surface passing through the middle thickness of the shell.
Rotational inertia, in-plane, bending as well as transverse shearing effects are accounted for in
each layer. Also, orthotropic ply angle is used for any layer.
For any layer of the shell, Flu ges theory [9] is used to describe the straindisplacement relations
(2). The resultant stress forces and moments of any layer are dened in Appendix A (A.1 and
A.2). Considering that any layer i is made up from N
i
laminas, the theory developed in
Section 2.1 applies here for any layer.
There are three interlayer forces between any two layers, as represented in Fig. 3b. The total
number of interlayer forces is 3(N 1), where N is the number of layers. For any layer i there
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are ve equilibrium equations:
N
i
x;x
N
i
yx;y
F
i
x
F
i1
x
= m
s

I
z2
R
_ _
u
;tt

I
z
R
I
z2
_ _
j
x;tt
_ _
i
,
N
i
y;y
N
i
xy;x

Q
i
y
R
F
i
y
F
i1
y
= m
s

I
z2
R
_ _
v
;tt

I
z
R
I
z2
_ _
j
y;tt
_ _
i
,
Q
i
x;x
Q
i
y;y

N
i
y
R
F
i
z
F
i1
z
= m
s

I
z2
R
_ _
w
;tt
_ _
i
,
M
i
x;x
M
i
yx;y
Q
i
x
z
i
F
i
x
z
i1
F
i1
x
= I
z
j
x;tt

u
;tt
R
_ _
I
z2
u
;tt
_ _
i
,
M
i
xy;x
M
i
y;y
Q
i
y
z
i
F
i
y
z
i1
F
i1
y
= I
z
j
y;tt

v
;tt
R
_ _
I
z2
v
;tt
_ _
i
. (11)
The external and internal surfaces of the shell are considered stress-free so that F
0
x
= F
0
y
= F
0
z
= 0
and F
N
x
= F
N
y
= F
N
z
= 0. The expressions of the transverse shear-stress forces, the in-plane stress
forces, the inertial terms and the stress moments are presented in Appendix A (A.4A.7). For any
layer, the dynamic equilibrium equations can be rewritten, using Eqs. (11) and (A.4)(A.6) with
appropriate algebraic manipulations, as presented in Appendix B (B.2).
There are three relations of interlayer continuity of displacements for each of the N 1
interlayer surfaces as follows:
u
i
(x; y; z
i
) = u
i
0
(x; y) z
i
j
i
x
(x; y) = u
i1
0
(x; y) z
i
j
i1
x
(x; y) = u
i1
(x; y; z
i
),
v
i
(x; y; z
i
) = v
i
0
(x; y) z
i
j
i
y
(x; y) = v
i1
0
(x; y) z
i
j
i1
y
(x; y) = v
i1
(x; y; z
i
),
w
i
(x; y; z
i
) = w
i
0
(x; y) = w
i1
0
(x; y) = w
i1
(x; y; z
i
). (12)
The problem has 5N 3(N 1) variables regrouped in two vectors; an in-plane and bending
displacementrotation vector {U] and an interlayer forces vector {F]:
{U] = {u
1
; v
1
; w
1
; j
1
x
; j
1
y
; u
2
; v
2
; w
2
; j
2
x
; j
2
y
; u
N
; v
N
; w
N
; j
N
x
; j
N
y
]
T
,
{F] = {F
1
x
; F
1
y
; F
1
z
; F
2
x
; F
2
y
; F
2
z
; F
N1
x
; F
N1
y
; F
N1
z
]
T
. (13)
The associated 5N 3(N 1) equations are composed of ve equations of dynamic equilibrium
for each of the N layers plus three equations of interlayer continuity of displacements for each of
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1
z
F
1
y
F
1
x
F
z
x
y
Layer 1
x
z
0
h
N
h
N-1
h
1
(a) (b)
0
1
N
N- 1
2
Fig. 3. The discrete laminated composite shell thickness constitution (a) and interlayer forces (b).
the N 1 interlayer surfaces. As an example, the problem of a three layers (laminate composite or
sandwich composite) panel has 21 variables and 21 equations.
To solve for the dispersion relations, the system of equations (B.2) is expressed in terms of a
hybrid vector {e] dened as
{e] =
U
F
_ _
. (14)
Assuming a harmonic solution (5), the system is expressed in the form of a generalized polynomial
complex eigenvalue problem:
k
2
c
[A
2
]{e] ik
c
[A
1
]{e] [A
0
]{e] = 0, (15)
where i =
1
_
and [A
0
]; [A
1
]; [A
2
] are real square matrices (in the absence of damping) of
dimension 5N 3(N 1) dened in Appendix B (B.3). Relation (15) has 2(5N 3(N 1))
complex conjugate eigenvalues and represents the dispersion relations of the laminated composite
shells. As an example, a sandwich composite shell has a dispersion relation of 42nd order.
The transverse shearing is known to become inuent in middle frequencies when the panel is
thick. Its inuence is not negligible as could be the rotational inertias in some cases. The
rotational inertia becomes inuent for thick panels and must be considered especially when high
frequency accuracy is an aim. And yet, the rotational inertia is physically and numerically
important here in assuming the equilibrium in the discrete layered relations of motion. Ignoring
rotational inertia could result, in most sandwich structures cases, in large numerical errors due to
mathematical singularities.
3. Ring frequency
The following applies to both models. However, the presentation will be limited to the
symmetrical laminate for its simplicity. At the ring frequency, the shell displacement is characterized
by a breathing mode shape. It follows that, the derivatives of the in-plane and bending
displacementrotation vector {e] along x and y directions are equal to zero. Eq. (7) simplies to
[A
01
]{e] = o
2
r
[A
02
]{e], (16)
which represents a generalized eigenvalues problem with [A
01
] and [A
02
], real matrices of dimension
5 5 dened as follows:
[A
01
] =
0 0 0 0 0
0
F
44
R
2

H
44
R
3
0
F
45
R
F
44
R

H
44
R
2
0 0
A
22
R
2

B
22
R
3
0 0
0
F
45
R
0 F
55

H
55
R
F
45
0
F
44
R

H
44
R
2
0 F
45
F
44

H
44
R
_
_
_
_
, (17)
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[A
02
] =
m
s
0 0
I
z
R
0
0 m
s
0 0
I
z
R
0 0 m
s
0 0
I
z
R
0 0 I
z
0
0
I
z
R
0 0 I
z
_
_
_
_
. (18)
The numerical solution of Eq. (16) leads to the ring frequency o
r
= 2pf
r
of the shell. Symbolically,
the solution of the generalized eigenvalues problem (16) leads to
o
r
=
A
22

B
22
R
_ _
1
R
2
m
s
. (19)
We observe that the ring frequency is independent of the rotational inertia and the bending stiffness.
It is also independent of the membrane effects in the axial direction of the shell. As in the case of
isotropic shells, the ring frequency of the laminate composite cylindrical shells depends just on the
curvature radius, the mass per unit area and the membrane stiffness in the circumferential direction.
A similar procedure to Eq. (16) is used for the discrete thick laminate theory.
4. Critical frequencies
By analogy with plates, the critical frequencies of the curved shell are given by the particular
solution of the dispersion (7) at coincidence; that is when the structural wavenumber matches the
acoustic wavenumber:
k
2
c
[A
2
]{e] ik
c
[A
1
]{e] [A
0
]{e] = 0,
k
0
= k
c
= o=c
0
. (20)
In the classical case of thin isotropic panel, the critical frequency is given by
f
c
=
c
2
0
2p
m
s
D
_
, (21)
where D is the bending stiffness, m
s
is the mass per unit area and c
0
is the speed of sound in air.
In the case of a laminated composite panel (R o), the critical frequency is computed
numerically from Eq. (20) using [A
0
] = [A
01
] o
2
[A
02
]:
o
2
c
[A
2
]
c
2
0
[A
02
]
_ _
{e] io
c
[A
1
]
c
0
{e] [A
01
]{e] = 0, (22)
which is a second-order polynomial eigenvalues problem with [A
01
]; [A
02
]; [A
1
] and [A
2
]
dened by the relations (17), (18) and (A.13). Assuming l
c
= io
c
, Eq. (22) can be expressed
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in the form
l
2
c
[A
2
]
c
2
0
[A
02
]
_ _
{e] l
c
[A
1
]
c
0
{e] [A
01
]{e] = 0. (23)
Or equivalently
l
c
[A
1
]
c
0
[A
2
]
c
2
0
[A
02
]
[I] [0]
_
_
_
_
e
l
c
e
_ _
=
[A
01
] [0]
[0] [I]
_ _
e
l
c
e
_ _
, (24)
to obtain a generalized eigenvalue problem, where [I] is the identity matrix and [0] a null matrix of
dimension 5 5. This problem has 10 complex conjugate eigenvalues. The critical frequency
corresponds to a solution which satises the condition l
c
(j) = io
c
, purely imaginary. The
critical frequency of the laminated composite panel can be written as
f
c
(j) = (
il
c
(j)
2p
. (25)
It is known [11] that an isotropic panel has a critical frequency while for an orthotropic panel; a
critical frequency region is dened. In the same manner, the limits of the critical frequency region
for the laminated composite panels are dened by f
c1
= f
c
(j = 0) and f
c2
= f
c
(j = p=2). A
similar procedure is used for the discrete thick laminate theory.
5. Structural impedance
The acoustic structural impedance of the laminate composite shell is computed numerically
when the structure vibration is forced by a plane wave at oblique incidence. The acoustic wave
number trace is imposed to propagate in the structure and the relation (9) is rewritten in the form
of a linear equations system as follows:
(k
2
c
[A
2
] ik
c
[A
1
] [A
0
]) {e] = {b], (26)
where {b] = 0; 0; p; 0; 0)
t
; p is the amplitude of the acoustical pressure of excitation and k
c
is the
trace of the acoustic wave number. The associated displacement vector {e] is the numerical
solution of the linear system (26). The acoustic structural impedance of the shell is then expressed
as the ratio of the acoustic wave pressure p = b(3) and the normal velocity _ w of the shell as
Z
s
(k
c
; j) =
b(3)
ioe(3)
. (27)
The matrices [A
0
]; [A
1
] and [A
2
], in Eq. (26), are complex. The stiffness coefcients (A.8b)
considered in these matrices has an imaginary part governed by the structural damping
coefcients of the constituent layers. Once again, a similar approach is used for the discrete thick
laminate theory.
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6. Diffuse eld transmission loss
As an application of the above formulations, this section considers the acoustic transmission in
a diffuse eld through laminate composite and sandwich composite innite cylinders. The interior
acoustic medium of the shell is considered non-resonant, therefore only one transmitted wave is
accounted for in the development of the expression of the transmission coefcient [6,11]. The
incident plane wave on the structure is dened by two angles, as represented in Fig. 1b.
The external and internal acoustic mediums of the shell are considered identical and are dened
by the density of the uid r
01
= r
02
and the speed of sound c
01
= c
02
. The development of the
acoustic transmission coefcient expression is carried in the cylindrical coordinates system
suggested in Fig. 1b. All waves are assumed to have the same dependence in the axial direction of
the shell. The cylinder is considered to be of innite length.
The incident plane wave is represented by
p
i
= P
i
exp(i(ot k
1Z
Z k
1X
X k
1Y
Y))
= P
i
exp(i(ot k
1Z
Z k
1X
R cos F k
1Y
R sin F)), (28)
where k
X
; k
Y
and k
Z
are the acoustic wave number components dened as
k
1X
= k
1
cos y,
k
1Y
= k
1
siny sinC,
k
1Z
= k
1
sin y cos C (29)
and k
1
= k
2
= o=c
0
are the acoustic wave numbers of the excitation and reception media.
Using Eq. (29), it is seen that
k
1X
R cos F k
1Y
R sinF = k
1
R cos y cos F k
1
R sin y sin C sinF
=
k
1
cos y
cos b
R cos b cos F cos b
siny
cos y
sin C sinF
_ _
= k
W
R[cos b cos F sinb sin F]
= k
W
R cos(b F) (30)
where the notations
k
W
=
k
1
cos y
cos b
and tg b = tg y sin C
are used.
It results in the incident pressure expression:
p
i
= P
i
exp(i(ot k
1Z
Z k
W
R cos(b F))). (31)
Expanding the relation (31) in cylindrical harmonics [12] gives
p
i
= P
i
exp(i(ot k
1Z
Z)) exp(ik
W
R cos(b F))
= P
i
exp(i(ot k
1Z
Z))
o
n=0
n
(i)
n
J
n
(k
W
R) cos(n(b F)), (32)
ARTICLE IN PRESS
where
n
is the Neumann factor given by
n
=
1 for n = 0;
2 for n = 1
_
(33)
and J
n
is the Bessel function of the rst kind and nth order.
The incident wave on the structure p
i
gives a reected wave p
ref
in the excitation medium and a
transmitted wave p
t
in the interior medium of the shell. These two waves are written in the form [6]
p
ref
= exp(i(ot k
1Z
Z))
o
n=0
A
n
n
(i)
n
H
1
n
(k
W
R) cos(n(b F)), (34)
p
t
= exp(i(ot k
2Z
Z))
o
n=0
B
n
n
(i)
n
H
2
n
(k
W
R) cos(n(b F)), (35)
where k
1Z
= k
2Z
; A
n
is the reected wave amplitude, B
n
is the transmitted wave amplitude, H
1
n
and H
2
n
are the Hankel functions of the rst and second kind and nth order.
The modal transmission coefcient of the shell is proven to be given by Blaise and Lesueur [6]
t(o; y; C) =
o
n=0
2
n
R k
1
cos y
Re{Z
R
n
]Re{Z
t
n
]
[Z
R
n
Z
t
n
Z
S
n
[
2
, (36)
Z
R
n
= io
r
0
k
1
cos y
H
2
n
(k
W
R)
H
/
n
2
(k
W
R)
; Z
t
n
= io
r
0
k
2
cos y
H
1
n
(k
W
R)
H
/
n
1
(k
W
R)
, (37)
where Z
R
n
is the modal impedance of the reected wave, Z
t
n
is the modal impedance of the
transmitted wave and Z
S
n
= Z
s
(k
c
; j) is the structural modal impedance of the shell given by
Eq. (27) for the laminate composite shell or the equivalent relation for the discrete thick laminate
theory.
Next, the forced wave number is expressed in the cylindrical coordinate system of the acoustic
eld. Two expressions which connect the curvilinear and the cylindrical coordinates systems are
obtained
j = arcsin
n
k
c
R
_ _
and k
c
=
n
R
_ _
2
k
2
1Z
_
. (38)
The diffuse eld sound reduction index of the shell is thus expressed as
TL(o) = 10 log
10
(t
d
(o)) 10 log
10
(p); with
t
d
(o) =
_
2p
0
_
y
max
y
min
t(o; y; C) dy dC
p(cos
2
y
min
cos
2
y
max
)
, (39)
where y
min
= 0 and y
max
= p=2 are the limit incidence angles of the plane waves composing the
diffuse eld.
In Eq. (39) the shell is assumed to be completely submerged in the diffuse eld. The term
10 log
10
(p) indicates that the excited surface is not just a plan projection of the shell surface
(assumption used in the development of TL(o) = 10 log
10
(t
d
(o)).
ARTICLE IN PRESS
The maximum order n of the circumferential modes to consider in the summation of the
relation (36) must be slightly higher than
n
max
=
o
c
0
R
1 sin
2
y cos
2
C
_
. (40)
This condition arises from the physical argument that the acoustic transmission considered here is
a forced solution problem and thus the propagating wave number in the structure cannot be
higher than the acoustic excitation wave number.
7. Numerical results and validation
The presented laminated composite model (Section 2.2) and discrete thick laminate model
(Section 2.3) have been compared to Blaise et al. models for the different oblique incidence
transmission loss congurations presented in their papers [5,6,13]. The results have been found
identical and are not repeated here for the sake of conciseness. Instead we will limit the
presentation to the validation of (i) the solution to the dispersion equations (= to the propagating
wavenumbers in particular) and (ii) diffuse eld transmission loss for both laminate composite
and composite sandwich congurations. Table 1 gives the properties of the materials used for the
different validation cases.
7.1. Dispersion curves validation
The propagative solutions of the dispersion relations (9) and (15) are presented in Figs. 46 for
a symmetrical laminated composite made up of seven layers (0/45/-45/90/-45/45/0) of Material #2
(see Table 1). The heading direction of the propagative solutions, in Figs. 46 are 0
; 45
and 90
,
respectively. The layers thicknesses are: h
i=1...7
= 0:00225 m. In these gures the symmetrical
laminate composite model (Section 2.2) is compared to the discrete thick laminate composite
model (Section 2.3). The results obtained with these two models for laminated composite cylinders
are identical. At any heading direction the panel has two propagative solutions below the ring
frequency. At the ring frequency a third solution becomes propagative. In the dispersion eld
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Table 1
Materials properties for diffuse eld transmission loss validations
Material #1 Material #2 Material #3 Material #4 Material #5 Material #6
E
L
(Pa)
2:1 10
11
1:25 10
11
0:48 10
11
0:1448 10
9
0:665 10
6
180 10
9
E
T
(Pa)
2:1 10
11
10
10
0:48 10
11
0:1448 10
9
0:665 10
6
180 10
9
G
LT
(Pa)
8:0769 10
10
5:9 10
9
0:181 10
11
0:5 10
8
0:25 10
6
6:767 10
10
G
LZ
(Pa)
8:0769 10
10
3 10
9
0:2757 10
10
0:5 10
8
0:25 10
6
6:767 10
10
G
TZ
(Pa)
8:0769 10
10
5:9 10
9
0:2757 10
10
0:5 10
8
0:25 10
6
6:767 10
10
n
LT
0.3 0.4 0.3 0.45 0.33 0.33
r (kg=m
3
) 7800 1600 1550 110.44 2000 7720
context the ring frequency is mathematically perceived as a cut-off frequency. Two others cut-off
frequencies appear at high frequencies where two additional solutions become propagative.
Next, we consider a composite sandwich and compare the presented general discrete thick
laminate composite model (Section 2.3) to the sandwich model presented by Heron [8]. It is worth
ARTICLE IN PRESS
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
Frequency (Hz)
W
a
v
e
n
u
m
b
e
r

(
1
/
m
)
Fig. 4. Laminated composite shells dispersion curves F = 0
: ( ) discrete laminate model, () symmetrical laminate

model.
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
Frequency (Hz)
W
a
v
e
n
u
m
b
e
r

(
1
/
m
)

model.
recalling here that Herons model [8] is also based on a discrete approach using the classical
assumptions for a laminate sandwich (e.g. thin laminate skins, a shear bearing core). It leads to a
47 order dispersion system. On the other hand, the presented discrete thick laminate model
assumes all layers (skins and core) to be laminate and thick and lead to a 42 order dispersion
system. The skins of the studied cylinder are made up from Material #3 and the core from
Material #4. The layers thicknesses are: h
1
= h
2
= 0:0012 and h
3
= 0:0127 m. The propagating
wavenumbers are presented in Figs. 79 for a heading direction of 0
; 45
and 90
, respectively. It
is observed that for this thin skin sandwich, the two models lead to identical solutions. In
consequence, the presented discrete laminate models can handle accurately both laminate
composites and sandwich composite shells.
Note that in the proposed discrete laminate model, full composite behaviours are considered in
each layer in order to handle various real-life congurations. In several sandwich/laminate
structures, distinct layers are not always governed by pure bending behaviours (e.g. skin in
sandwich theory) or shear (e.g. core in sandwich theory). A typical example is a tri-layers structure
made up from a core with two viscoelastic skins (symmetric free layer damping treatment). Here,
the core works in bending while the skins are working in traction/compression. Classical
assumptions of the sandwich theory will not, justly enough, correctly model this conguration.
Another example concerns a tri-layers structure with limp skins. The following case is considered
numerically. The structure has 1 mm skins made up from Material #5 and 3 mm core of Material
#6. The dispersion curves computed using the present discrete laminate theory and the sandwich
shell theory are given in Fig. 10. It is clearly observed that classical sandwich assumptions
completely miss the physics of the problem.
Another example showing the generality and versatility of the proposed general discrete layer
approach compared to the classical sandwich theory is the case of a sandwich structure made up
ARTICLE IN PRESS
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
Frequency (Hz)
W
a
v
e
n
u
m
b
e
r

(
1
/
m
)

model.
from a shear core and two thick skins. The studied structure is made up from 2.5 cm thick skins of
Material #3 and a 1 cm thick core of Material #4. The dispersion curves obtained using the
proposed discrete theory and the sandwich shell theories are given in Fig. 11. To better visualize
the asymptotical tendencies in mid-to-high frequencies, the skins dispersion curves are also
represented using thick and thin plate theories. It is clearly seen that at mid-and-high frequencies
the sandwich theory is not able to correctly capture the shear effects in the skins.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
Frequency (Hz)
W
a
v
e
n
u
m
b
e
r

(
1
/
m
)
Fig. 7. Laminated composite sandwich shells dispersion curves F = 0
: ( ) discrete laminate model, () sandwich

laminate model by Heron [8].
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
Frequency (Hz)
W
a
v
e
n
u
m
b
e
r

(
1
/
m
)
: () discrete laminate model, () sandwich

7.2. Diffuse eld transmission loss validations
First, we consider a cylinder (Material #1) having a thickness h = 3 mm. The curvature radius
of the cylinder is 2 m and the structural loss factor of all layers is 0.001. The layers continuity
ARTICLE IN PRESS
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
Frequency (Hz)
W
a
v
e
n
u
m
b
e
r

(
1
/
m
)

10
2
10
3
10
4
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
Frequency (Hz)
W
a
v
e
n
u
m
b
e
r

(
1
/
m
)
Fig. 10. Limp skins sandwich composite shells dispersion curves F = 45
: () discrete laminate model, ( ) sandwich

conditions and the numerical implementation of the relations (19) and (25) for the laminated shell
are veried by comparing the diffuse eld transmission loss of the single layer shell to the same
shell articially subdivided into three identical layers (h
1
= h
2
= h
3
= 1 mm). The results are given
in Fig. 12. A total agreement is found between the two congurations. Moreover, in order to
ARTICLE IN PRESS
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
Frequency (Hz)
W
a
v
e
n
u
m
b
e
r

(
1
/
m
)
Fig. 11. Thick skins sandwich composite shells dispersion curves F = 45

laminate model by Heron [8], ( ) skin alone (thick plate theory) (&&&) skin alone (thin plate theory).
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
T
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n

L
o
s
s

(
d
B
)
10 10 10
Frequency (Hz)
f
r
= 432.844 Hz f
r
= 3991.5 Hz
2 3 4
Fig. 12. Interlayer continuity conditions validation. Ring frequency and critical frequencies relations validation for
laminated isotropic shell (Material #1); () one layer and () three layers simulations.
validate the relations of the critical frequencies and the ring frequency, the minima of the
transmission loss estimations are compared to the values of the ring and critical frequencies
calculated by relations (19) and (25). These computed values are added in Fig. 12. It can be
observed that they are accurately estimated. The same validation is considered in Fig. 13 for an
orthotropic cylinder made up from Material #2 (Graphite epoxy). Two congurations are
considered: single layer with a total thickness h = 10 mm and a ve layers shell of the same
material and thickness (h
1
= = h
5
= 2 mm). Once again, the estimations of the ring frequency
and critical frequencies are excellent.
The diffuse eld transmission loss of a symmetrical laminate composite cylinder is presented in
Fig. 14. The curvature radius of the cylinders considered is 2 m. The cylinder is made up of seven
layers (0/45/-45/90/-45/45/0) of Material #2 (see Table 1) and the thicknesses of the layers are
h
i=1...7
= 0:00125. The structural loss factor of all layers is 0.01. In this gure the symmetrical
laminate composite model (Section 2.2) is compared to the discrete thick laminate composite
model (Section 2.3). Once again, the results obtained with these two models for laminated
composite cylinders are identical. The ring and critical frequencies of the laminated composite
cylinder are numerically estimated and shown in Fig. 14: f
r
= 422:24 Hz; f
c1
= 981:96 Hz;
f
c2
= 2083:5244 Hz.
Next, the discrete laminate composite model (Section 2.3) is compared in Fig. 15 with the
Heron model [8] for the sandwich composite cylinder studied in the previous section. Once again
it is observed that these two models lead to identical solutions. The computed values of the ring
frequency and the critical frequency are shown in Fig. 15; f
r
= 401:8 Hz; f
c
= 1134:1 Hz. An
excellent agreement is observed between the ring and critical frequencies locus in the transmission
loss results and the direct computed values.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
35
30
25
20
15
10
T
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n

L
o
s
s

(
d
B
)
10 10 10
Frequency (Hz)
f
r
= 200.23 Hz f
c1
= 755.12 Hz f
c2
= 2640.73 Hz
2 3 4
Fig. 13. Interlayer continuity conditions validation. Ring frequency and critical frequencies relations validation for
laminated composite shell (Material #2); () one layer and () ve layers simulations.
8. Experimental validation
Finally an experimental validation of the proposed formulation is proposed. It consists of the
transmission loss of a curved nite sandwich composite panel. The panel has side dimensions
1:37 1:65 m
2
, a 2 m radius, 0.0014732 m thick skins made up of Material #3 and 0.0127 m thick
core made up of Material #4. The tests are done at the reverberant-anechoic facility of GAUS
ARTICLE IN PRESS
28
30
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
T
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n

L
o
s
s

(
d
B
)
10 10 10
Frequency (Hz)
f
r
f
c
2 3 4
Fig. 15. Laminated composite sandwich cylinders modelling; (%) discrete laminate and () sandwich laminate [8]
simulations.
45
50
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
T
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n

L
o
s
s

(
d
B
)
10 10 10
Frequency (Hz)
f
r
f
c1
f
c2
2 3 4
Fig. 14. Laminated composite cylinder modelling; ( ) symmetrical laminate and () discrete laminate simulations.
(Groupe Acoustique de lUniversite de Sherbrooke). Great care was taken to install the panel to
eliminate leaks and minimize the damping effects of the mounting. The results are given in Fig. 16.
The numerical result is obtained using a statistical energy analysis scheme using a wavenumber
approach based on the proposed discrete laminate theory. Details of the calculations of the
necessary parameters (modal density, radiation efciency, non-resonant transmission and
resonant transmission) for the SEA calculations can be found in Ref. [14]. The damping loss
factor was taken constant by band with values from 1% to 2.5%. Still, excellent agreement is
observed between numerical simulation and experiment. In particular, the model is able to
correctly capture the ring and critical frequency regions. Better agreement can be found using an
experimentally measured damping loss factor.
9. Conclusions
The paper discusses the modelling of the diffuse eld transmission loss through innite
laminated composite cylindrical cylinders. Two models were presented and compared; the rst is
limited to symmetrically laminate composite shells and the second is more general and is based on
a discrete layer theory. For each model, membrane, bending, transverse shearing as well as
rotational inertia effects and orthotropic ply angle of the layers are considered. Moreover in the
symmetrically laminate composite model, the accurate estimation of the shear correction
coefcients is crucial. Expressions for the numerical calculation of the structural impedance, the
critical frequencies and the ring frequency were also given in both cases. The two models were
compared for symmetrical laminate composite cylinders and found similar. Moreover, for
sandwich congurations, the discrete layer model was compared successfully to Heron sandwich
ARTICLE IN PRESS
10
2
10
3
10
15
20
25
30
35
Frequency (Hz)
T
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n

L
o
s
s

(
d
B
)
Fig. 16. Finite curved sandwich composite panelexperimental validation: () experimental; (+) numerical
simulation.
composite model [8]. Finally, the discrete laminate composite model was successfully compared
with experimental results in the case of a nite sandwich curved panel.
In conclusion, it is suggested that the presented discrete model is an appropriate general model.
It allows for both symmetrical and asymmetrical laminated composite and/or sandwich-type
composite panels with thin or thick laminate skins. Moreover, its computational cost is acceptable
(42 eigenvalue system compared to 10 for the thick laminate or 47 for the Herons sandwich
model).
Appendix A. Main equations of the laminate composite model
A.1. Equilibrium equations
The resultant stress forces and moments of the laminate are dened as in Ref. [9]
Q
x
=
_
h=2
h=2
t
xz
1
z
R
_ _
dz =
N
k=1
_
h
uk
h
lk
t
k
xz
1
z
R
_ _
dz,
Q
y
=
_
h=2
h=2
t
yz
dz =
N
k=1
_
h
uk
h
lk
t
k
yz
dz, (A:1)
N
x
=
_
h=2
h=2
s
x
1
z
R
_ _
dz =
N
k=1
_
h
uk
h
lk
s
k
x
1
z
R
_ _
dz,
N
y
=
_
h=2
h=2
s
y
dz =
N
k=1
_
h
uk
h
lk
s
k
y
dz,
N
xy
=
_
h=2
h=2
t
xy
1
z
R
_ _
dz =
N
k=1
_
h
uk
h
lk
t
k
xy
1
z
R
_ _
dz,
N
yx
=
_
h=2
h=2
t
yx
dz =
N
k=1
_
h
uk
h
lk
t
k
yx
dz,
M
x
=
_
h=2
h=2
s
x
z 1
z
R
_ _
dz =
N
k=1
_
h
uk
h
lk
s
k
x
z 1
z
R
_ _
dz,
M
y
=
_
h=2
h=2
s
y
z dz =
N
k=1
_
h
uk
h
lk
s
k
y
z dz,
M
xy
=
_
h=2
h=2
t
xy
z 1
z
R
_ _
dz =
N
k=1
_
h
uk
h
lk
t
k
xy
z 1
z
R
_ _
dz,
M
yx
=
_
h=2
h=2
t
yx
z dz =
N
k=1
_
h
uk
h
lk
t
k
yx
z dz. (A:2)
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Using the notations presented in Figs. 1a and 2, the integral limits h
uk
and h
lk
in the relations (A.1)
and (A.2) are computed using the following relations:
h
uk
=
h
2

k1
j=0
h
j
; h
lk
=
h
2

k
j=1
h
j
, (A.3)
where h is the total thickness of the shell and h
j
is the thickness of lamina j (for j = 0; h
j
= h
0
= 0).
The transverse shear-stress forces used in equilibrium equations (3) are dened as follows:
Q
x
= F
45
w
;y
j
y

v
R
_ _
F
55
(w
;x
j
x
) H
55
w
;x
R

j
x
R
_ _
,
Q
y
= F
44
w
;y
j
y

v
R
_ _
F
45
(w
;x
j
x
) H
44
v
R
2

j
y
R

w
;y
R
_ _
(A:4)
and the in-plane stress forces
N
x
= A
11
u
;x
A
12
v
;y

w
R
_ _
A
16
(u
;y
v
;x
) B
11
u
;x
R
j
x;x
_ _
B
12
j
y;y
B
16
v
;x
R
j
x;y
j
y;x
_ _
D
11
j
x;x
R
D
16
j
y;x
R
,
N
xy
= A
16
u
;x
A
26
v
;y

w
R
_ _
A
66
(u
;y
v
;x
) B
16
u
;x
R
j
x;x
_ _
B
26
j
y;y
B
66
v
;x
R
j
x;y
j
y;x
_ _
D
16
j
x;x
R
D
66
j
y;x
R
,
N
y
= A
12
u
;x
A
22
v
;y

w
R
_ _
A
26
(u
;y
v
;x
) B
12
j
x;x
B
22
j
y;y

v
;y
R

w
R
2
_ _
B
26
j
x;y
j
y;x

u
;y
R
_ _
D
22
j
y;y
R
D
26
j
x;y
R
,
N
yx
= A
16
u
;x
A
26
v
;y

w
R
_ _
A
66
(u
;y
v
;x
) B
16
j
x;x
B
26
j
y;y

v
;y
R

w
R
2
_ _
B
66
j
x;y
j
y;x

u
;y
R
_ _
D
26
j
y;y
R
D
66
j
x;y
R
(A:5)
as well as the stress moments
M
x
= B
11
u
;x
B
12
v
;y

w
R
_ _
B
16
(u
;y
v
;x
) D
11
u
;x
R
j
x;x
_ _
D
12
j
y;y
D
16
v
;x
R
j
x;y
j
y;x
_ _
,
ARTICLE IN PRESS
M
y
= B
12
u
;x
B
22
v
;y

w
R
_ _
B
26
(u
;y
v
;x
) D
12
j
x;x
D
22
j
y;y

v
;y
R

w
R
2
_ _
D
26
j
x;y
j
y;x

u
;y
R
_ _
,
M
xy
= B
16
u
;x
B
26
v
;y

w
R
_ _
B
66
(u
;y
v
;x
) D
16
u
;x
R
j
x;x
_ _
D
26
j
y;y
D
66
v
;x
R
j
x;y
j
y;x
_ _
,
M
yx
= B
16
u
;x
B
26
v
;y

w
R
_ _
B
66
(u
;y
v
;x
) D
16
j
x;x
D
26
j
y;y

v
;y
R

w
R
2
_ _
D
66
j
x;y
j
y;x

u
;y
R
_ _
. (A:6)
The inertial terms in the equilibrium equations (3) are expressed by the following relations:
m
s
=
N
k=1
[r
k
(h
uk
h
lk
)],
I
z
=
N
k=1
r
k
(h
3
uk
h
3
lk
)
3
_ _
,
I
z2
=
N
k=1
r
k
(h
2
uk
h
2
lk
)
2
_ _
, (A:7)
where m
s
is the mass per unit area, I
z
is the rotational inertia and r
k
is the mass density
of the layer k. The elastic constants derived in (A.4)(A.6) are dened by the following
relations:
A
ij
=
N
k=1
Q
k
ij
(h
uk
h
lk
),
B
ij
=
N
k=1
Q
k
ij
h
2
uk
h
2
lk
2
,
D
ij
=
N
k=1
Q
k
ij
h
3
uk
h
3
lk
3
,
F
ij
= k
ij
N
k=1
C
k
ij
(h
uk
h
lk
);
H
ij
= k
ij
N
k=1
C
k
ij
h
2
uk
h
2
lk
2
;
_
_
i; j = 4; 5, (A:8a)
ARTICLE IN PRESS
A
+
ij
=
N
k=1
Q
k
ij
(h
uk
h
lk
)(1 _iZ
k
),
B
+
ij
=
N
k=1
Q
k
ij
h
2
uk
h
2
lk
2
(1 _iZ
k
),
D
+
ij
=
N
k=1
Q
k
ij
h
3
uk
h
3
lk
3
(1 _iZ
k
)
F
+
ij
= k
ij
N
k=1
C
k
ij
(h
uk
h
lk
)(1 _iZ
k
);
H
+
ij
= k
ij
N
k=1
C
k
ij
h
2
uk
h
2
lk
2
(1 _iZ
k
);
_
_
i; j = 4; 5 (A:8b)
where k
ij
are the transverse shear correction factors [15], _i =
1
_
; Z
k
is the k layers structural
damping coefcient and Q
k
ij
are the k layers in-plane elastic constants dened by the following
relations as shown by Berthelot [10]
Q
k
11
= C
k
L
cos
4
y
k
C
k
T
sin
4
y
k
2(C
k
LT
2G
k
LT
) sin
2
y
k
cos
2
y
k
,
Q
k
12
= (C
k
L
C
k
T
4G
k
LT
) sin
2
y
k
cos
2
y
k
C
k
LT
(cos
4
y
k
sin
4
y
k
),
Q
k
16
= (C
k
L
C
k
LT
2G
k
LT
) sin y
k
cos
3
y
k
(C
k
LT
C
k
T
2G
k
LT
) sin
3
y
k
cos y
k
,
Q
k
22
= C
k
L
sin
4
y
k
C
k
T
cos
4
y
k
2(C
k
LT
2G
k
LT
)sin
2
y
k
cos
2
y
k
,
Q
k
26
= (C
k
L
C
k
LT
2G
k
LT
) sin
3
y
k
cos y
k
(C
k
LT
C
k
T
2G
k
LT
) siny
k
cos
3
y
k
,
Q
k
66
= (C
k
L
C
k
T
2(C
k
LT
G
k
LT
))sin
2
y
k
cos
2
y
k
G
k
LT
(cos
4
y
k
sin
4
y
k
), (A:9)
C
k
L
=
E
k
L
1 n
k
LT
n
k
TL
_ _
C
k
T
=
E
k
T
1 n
k
LT
n
k
TL
_ _
C
k
LT
=
n
k
LT
E
k
LT
1 n
k
LT
n
k
TL
_ _
(A.10)
and C
k
ij
are the k layers transversal shear elastic constants are dened as [10]
C
k
44
= G
k
TZ
cos
2
y
k
G
k
LZ
sin
2
y
k
,
C
k
45
= (G
k
LZ
G
k
TZ
) siny
k
cos y
k
,
C
k
55
= G
k
LZ
cos
2
y
k
G
k
TZ
sin
2
y
k
. (A:11)
ARTICLE IN PRESS
There are several methods for computing the shear correction coefcients. The models of
Berthelot [10], Guy [16] and Batoz et al. [15] for transversal shear coefcients computation were
tested and found identical. The approach presented in Batoz [15] is selected for its simplicity.
The elastic coefcients in Eqs. (A.9) and (A.11) are represented according to the ortho-
tropic angles y
k
shown in Fig. 17 as the angles between the principal coordinate system of each
layer k(L-0-T) and the global coordinate system of the shell (x-0-y).
The dynamic equilibrium equations of the shell are rewritten, after appropriate algebraic
manipulations as
A
11

B
11
R
_ _
u
;xx
2A
16
u
;xy
A
66

B
66
R
_ _
u
;yy
A
16

B
16
R
_ _
v
;xx
A
12
A
66
( )v
;xy
A
26

B
26
R
_ _
v
;yy
B
11

D
11
R
_ _
j
x;xx
2B
16
j
x;xy
B
66

D
66
R
_ _
j
x;yy
B
16

D
16
R
_ _
j
y;xx
B
12
B
66
( )j
y;xy
B
26

D
26
R
_ _
j
y;yy
A
12
R
w
;x

A
26
R

B
26
R
2
_ _
w
;y
m
s
u
I
z
R
j
x
_ _
o
2
= 0,
A
16

B
16
R
_ _
u
;xx
(A
12
A
66
)u
;xy
A
26

B
26
R
_ _
u
;yy
A
66

B
66
R
_ _
v
;xx
2A
26
v
;xy
A
22

B
22
R
_ _
v
;yy
B
16

D
16
R
_ _
j
x;xx
(B
12
B
66
)j
x;xy
B
26

D
26
R
_ _
j
x;yy
B
66

D
66
R
_ _
j
y;xx
2B
26
j
y;xy
B
22

D
22
R
_ _
j
y;yy

A
26
R

F
45
R
_ _
w
;x
A
22
R

B
22
R
2

F
44
R

H
44
R
2
_ _
w
;y

F
44
R
2

H
44
R
3
_ _
v
F
45
R
j
x
F
44
R

H
44
R
2
_ _
j
y
m
s
v
I
z
R
j
y
_ _
o
2
= 0,
ARTICLE IN PRESS
y
x
T
L
k
z
0
Fig. 17. Orthotropic directions of a layer.
F
55

H
55
R
_ _
w
;xx
2F
45
w
;xy
F
44

H
44
R
_ _
w
;yy

A
12
R
u
;x
A
26
R

B
26
R
2
_ _
u
;y

A
26
R

F
45
R
_ _
v
;x

A
22
R

B
22
R
2

F
44
R

H
44
R
2
_ _
v
;y
B
12
R
F
55

H
55
R
_ _
j
x;x

B
26
R

D
26
R
2
F
45
_ _
j
x;y
B
26
R
F
45
_ _
j
y;x

B
22
R

D
22
R
2
F
44

H
44
R
_ _
j
y;y
A
22
R

B
22
R
3
_ _
w m
s
o
2
w = 0,
B
11

D
11
R
_ _
u
;xx
2B
16
u
;xy
B
66

D
66
R
_ _
u
;yy
B
16

D
16
R
_ _
v
;xx
B
12
B
66
( )v
;xy
B
26

D
26
R
_ _
v
;yy
D
11
j
x;xx
2D
16
j
x;xy
D
66
j
x;yy
D
16
j
y;xx
D
12
D
66
( )j
y;xy
D
26
j
y;yy
B
12
R
F
55

H
55
R
_ _
w
;x

B
26
R

D
26
R
2
F
45
_ _
w
;y
F
45
R
v F
55

H
55
R
_ _
j
x
F
45
j
y
I
z
o
2
j
x

u
R
_ _
= 0,
B
16

D
16
R
_ _
u
;xx
B
12
B
66
( )u
;xy
B
26

D
26
R
_ _
u
;yy
B
66

D
66
R
_ _
v
;xx
2B
26
v
;xy
B
22

D
22
R
_ _
v
;yy
D
16
j
x;xx
D
12
D
66
( )j
x;xy
D
26
j
x;yy
D
66
j
y;xx
2D
26
j
y;xy
D
22
j
y;yy

B
26
R
F
45
_ _
w
;x
B
22
R

D
22
R
2
F
44

H
44
R
_ _
w
;y

F
44
R

H
44
R
2
_ _
v
F
45
j
x
F
44

H
44
R
_ _
j
y
I
z
o
2
j
y

v
R
_ _
= 0.
(A:12)
ARTICLE IN PRESS
A.2. Dispersion system matrices
The matrices [A
0
]; [A
1
]; [A
2
] used in Eq. (7) are dened as follows:
[A
0
]
=
m
s
o
2
0 0 I
z
o
2
0
0 m
s
o
2
F
44
R
2

H
44
R
3
0
F
45
R
F
44
R

H
44
R
2

I
z
R
o
2
0 0 m
s
o
2
A
22
R
2

B
22
R
3
0 0
I
z
R
o
2
F
45
R
0 I
z
o
2
F
55

H
55
R
F
45
0
F
44
R

H
44
R
2

I
z
R
o
2
0 F
45
I
z
o
2
F
44

H
44
R
_
_
_
_
[A
1
] =
0 0 a
13
0 0
0 0 a
23
0 0
a
13
a
23
0 a
34
a
35
0 0 a
34
0 0
0 0 a
35
0 0
_
_
_
_
; [A
2
] =
b
11
b
12
0 b
14
b
15
b
12
b
22
0 b
24
b
25
0 0 b
33
0 0
b
14
b
24
0 b
44
b
45
b
15
b
25
0 b
45
b
55
_
_
_
_
(A:13)
with coefcients a
ij
and b
ij
dened as follows:
a
13
=
A
12
R
cos j
A
26
R

B
26
R
2
_ _
sin j,
a
23
=
A
22
R

B
22
R
2

F
44
R

H
44
R
2
_ _
sin j
A
26
R

F
45
R
_ _
cos j,
a
34
=
B
12
R
F
55

H
55
R
_ _
cos j
B
26
R

D
26
R
2
F
45
_ _
sin j,
a
35
=
B
22
R

D
22
R
2
F
44

H
44
R
_ _
sin j
B
26
R
F
45
_ _
cos j. (A:14)
b
11
= A
11

B
11
R
_ _
cos
2
j 2A
16
cos j sinj A
66

B
66
R
_ _
sin
2
j,
b
12
= A
16

B
16
R
_ _
cos
2
j A
12
A
66
( ) cos j sin j A
26

B
26
R
_ _
sin
2
j,
b
14
= B
11

D
11
R
_ _
cos
2
j 2B
16
cos j sinj B
66

D
66
R
_ _
sin
2
j,
ARTICLE IN PRESS
b
15
= B
16

D
16
R
_ _
cos
2
j B
12
B
66
( ) cos j sin j B
26

D
26
R
_ _
sin
2
j,
b
22
= A
66

B
66
R
_ _
cos
2
j 2A
26
cos j sin j A
22

B
22
R
_ _
sin
2
j,
b
24
= B
16

D
16
R
_ _
cos
2
j B
12
B
66
( ) cos jsin j B
26

D
26
R
_ _
sin
2
j,
b
25
= B
66

D
66
R
_ _
cos
2
j 2B
26
cos j sinj B
22

D
22
R
_ _
sin
2
j,
b
33
= F
55

H
55
R
_ _
cos
2
j 2F
45
cos j sin j F
44

H
44
R
_ _
sin
2
j,
b
44
= D
11
cos
2
j 2D
16
cos j sin j D
66
sin
2
j,
b
45
= D
16
cos
2
j (D
12
D
66
) cos j sinj D
26
sin
2
j,
b
55
= D
66
cos
2
j 2D
26
cos j sin j D
22
sin
2
j. (A:15)
Appendix B. Main equations of the general discrete layer model
B.1. Equilibrium equations
In this model, the previous laminate composite theory is used to express for each layer the
internal stress forces in terms of the layer ve displacement variables and mechanical properties.
However, this time the integral limits h
i
uk
and h
i
lk
in relations (A.1) and (A.2) are computed using
the following relations:
h
i
uk
= z
i1

k
j=1
h
i
j
; h
i
lk
= z
i1

k1
j=0
h
i
j
, (B.1)
where h
i
j
is the thickness of the lamina j of layer i (h
i
0
= 0). Moreover, since a discrete layer theory
is used, no shear corrections coefcients are required.
Next, the dynamic equilibrium equations of the shell, accounting for the interlayer continuity
forces are written. After appropriate algebraic manipulations, the following system of equation is
found:
A
11

B
11
R
_ _
u
;xx
2A
16
u
;xy
A
66

B
66
R
_ _
u
;yy
A
16

B
16
R
_ _
v
;xx
_
(A
12
A
66
)v
;xy
A
26

B
26
R
_ _
v
;yy
B
11

D
11
R
_ _
j
x;xx
2B
16
j
x;xy
B
66

D
66
R
_ _
j
x;yy
B
16

D
16
R
_ _
j
y;xx
(B
12
B
66
)j
y;xy
B
26

D
26
R
_ _
j
y;yy
ARTICLE IN PRESS
A
12
R
w
;x

A
26
R

B
26
R
2
_ _
w
;y
_
i
F
i
x
F
i1
x
m
s

I
z2
R
_ _
u
I
z
R
I
z2
_ _
j
x
_ _
i
o
2
= 0.
A
16

B
16
R
_ _
u
;xx
(A
12
A
66
)u
;xy
A
26

B
26
R
_ _
u
;yy
_
A
66

B
66
R
_ _
v
;xx
2A
26
v
;xy
A
22

B
22
R
_ _
v
;yy
B
16

D
16
R
_ _
j
x;xx
(B
12
B
66
)j
x;xy
B
26

D
26
R
_ _
j
x;yy
B
66

D
66
R
_ _
j
y;xx
2B
26
j
y;xy
B
22

D
22
R
_ _
j
y;yy

A
26
R

F
45
R
_ _
w
;x
A
22
R

B
22
R
2

F
44
R

H
44
R
2
_ _
w
;y

F
44
R
2

H
44
R
3
_ _
v
F
45
R
j
x

F
44
R

H
44
R
2
_ _
j
y
_
i
F
i
y
F
i1
y
m
s

I
z2
R
_ _
v
I
z
R
I
z2
_ _
j
y
_ _
i
o
2
= 0,
F
55

H
55
R
_ _
w
;xx
2F
45
w
;xy
F
44

H
44
R
_ _
w
;yy

A
12
R
u
;x

A
26
R

B
26
R
2
_ _
u
;y
_
A
26
R

F
45
R
_ _
v
;x

A
22
R

B
22
R
2

F
44
R

H
44
R
2
_ _
v
;y
B
12
R
F
55

H
55
R
_ _
j
x;x

B
26
R

D
26
R
2
F
45
_ _
j
x;y

B
26
R
F
45
_ _
j
y;x
B
22
R

D
22
R
2
F
44

H
44
R
_ _
j
y;y

A
22
R

B
22
R
3
_ _
w
_
i
F
i
z
F
i1
z
(m
s
w)
i
o
2
= 0,
B
11

D
11
R
_ _
u
;xx
2B
16
u
;xy
B
66

D
66
R
_ _
u
;yy
B
16

D
16
R
_ _
v
;xx
(B
12
B
66
)v
;xy
_
B
26

D
26
R
_ _
v
;yy
D
11
j
x;xx
2D
16
j
x;xy
D
66
j
x;yy
D
16
j
y;xx
(D
12
D
66
)j
y;xy
D
26
j
y;yy

B
12
R
F
55

H
55
R
_ _
w
;x
B
26
R

D
26
R
2
F
45
_ _
w
;y

F
45
R
v F
55

H
55
R
_ _
j
x
F
45
j
y
_
i
z
i
F
i
x
z
i1
F
i1
x
I
z
j
x

u
R
_ _
I
z2
u
_ _
i
o
2
= 0,
ARTICLE IN PRESS
B
16

D
16
R
_ _
u
;xx
(B
12
B
66
)u
;xy
B
26

D
26
R
_ _
u
;yy
_
B
66

D
66
R
_ _
v
;xx
2B
26
v
;xy
B
22

D
22
R
_ _
v
;yy
D
16
j
x;xx
(D
12
D
66
)j
x;xy
D
26
j
x;yy
D
66
j
y;xx
2D
26
j
y;xy
D
22
j
y;yy

B
26
R
F
45
_ _
w
;x
B
22
R

D
22
R
2
F
44

H
44
R
_ _
w
;y

F
44
R

H
44
R
2
_ _
v F
45
j
x
F
44

H
44
R
_ _
j
y
_
i
z
i
F
i
y
z
i1
F
i1
y
I
z
j
y

v
R
_ _
I
z2
v
_ _
i
o
2
= 0. (B:2)
The different coefcients in this system are given in Eq. (A.8)
B.2. Dispersion equation matrices
The matrices [A
0
]; [A
1
]; [A
2
] used in Eq. (15) are real square matrices of dimension 5N
3(N 1) dened as follows:
[A
0
]
=
[A
0
]
1
0 0 0 0 0 [F
0
]
1
0 0 0 0 0
[A
0
]
2
0 0 0 0 [F
0
]
1
[F
0
]
2
0 0 0 0
[A
0
]
3
0 0 0 0 [F
0
]
2
[F
0
]
3
0 0 0
.
.
.
0 0 0 0 0
.
.
.
0 0
[A
0
]
N1
0 0 0 0 0 [F
0
]
N2
[F
0
]
N1
[A
0
]
N
0 0 0 0 0 [F
0
]
N1
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
sym 0 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0
0
_
_
_
_
ARTICLE IN PRESS
[A
1
] =
[A
1
]
1
0 0 0 0
0 [A
1
]
2
0 0 0
0 0
.
.
.
0 0
0 0 0 [A
1
]
N
0
0 0 0 0 [0]
_
_
_
_
; [A
2
] =
[A
2
]
1
0 0 0 0
0 [A
2
]
2
0 0 0
0 0
.
.
.
0 0
0 0 0 [A
2
]
N
0
0 0 0 0 [0]
_
_
_
_
, (B:3)
where
[A
0
]
i
=
a
11
0 0 a
14
0
0 a
22
0 a
24
a
25
0 0 a
33
0 0
a
14
a
24
0 a
44
a
45
0 a
25
0 a
45
a
55
_
_
_
_
i
,
[F
0
]
i
=
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
z
i
0 0
0 z
i
0
_
_
_
_
; [A
1
]
i
=
0 0 a
13
0 0
0 0 a
23
0 0
a
13
a
23
0 a
34
a
35
0 0 a
34
0 0
0 0 a
35
0 0
_
_
_
_
i
,
[A
2
]
i
=
b
11
b
12
0 b
14
b
15
b
12
b
22
0 b
24
b
25
0 0 b
33
0 0
b
14
b
24
0 b
44
b
45
b
15
b
25
0 b
45
b
55
_
_
_
_
i
(B:4)
with coefcients a
i
gd
a
i
gd
and b
i
gd
dened as follows:
a
i
11
= m
s

I
z2
R
_ _
o
2
; a
i
14
=
I
z
R
I
z2
_ _
o
2
; a
i
22
= m
s

I
z2
R
_ _
o
2
F
44
R
2

H
44
R
3
,
a
i
24
=
F
45
R
; a
i
25
=
F
44
R

H
44
R
2

I
z
R
I
z2
_ _
o
2
; a
i
33
= m
s

I
z2
R
_ _
o
2
A
22
R
2

B
22
R
3
,
a
i
44
= I
z
o
2
F
55

H
55
R
; a
i
45
= F
45
; a
i
55
= I
z
o
2
F
44

H
44
R
, (B:5)
ARTICLE IN PRESS
a
i
13
=
A
12
R
_ _
i
cos j
A
26
R

B
26
R
2
_ _
i
sin j,
a
i
23
=
A
22
R

B
22
R
2

F
44
R

H
44
R
2
_ _
i
sin j
A
26
R

F
45
R
_ _
i
cos j,
a
i
34
=
B
12
R
F
55

H
55
R
_ _
i
cos j
B
26
R

D
26
R
2
F
45
_ _
i
sinj,
a
i
35
=
B
22
R

D
22
R
2
F
44

H
44
R
_ _
i
sinj
B
26
R
F
45
_ _
i
cos j (B:6)
and
b
i
11
= A
11

B
11
R
_ _
i
cos
2
j 2A
i
16
cos j sinj A
66

B
66
R
_ _
i
sin
2
j,
b
i
12
= A
16

B
16
R
_ _
i
cos
2
j A
12
A
66
( )
i
cos j sinj A
26

B
26
R
_ _
i
sin
2
j,
b
i
14
= B
11

D
11
R
_ _
i
cos
2
j 2B
i
16
cos j sinj B
66

D
66
R
_ _
i
sin
2
j,
b
i
15
= B
16

D
16
R
_ _
i
cos
2
j (B
12
B
66
)
i
cos j sinj B
26

D
26
R
_ _
i
sin
2
j,
b
i
22
= A
66

B
66
R
_ _
i
cos
2
j 2A
i
26
cos j sinj A
22

B
22
R
_ _
i
sin
2
j,
b
i
24
= B
16

D
16
R
_ _
i
cos
2
j (B
12
B
66
)
i
cos j sinj B
26

D
26
R
_ _
i
sin
2
j,
b
i
25
= B
66

D
66
R
_ _
i
cos
2
j 2B
i
26
cos j sinj B
22

D
22
R
_ _
i
sin
2
j,
b
i
33
= F
55

H
55
R
_ _
i
cos
2
j 2F
i
45
cos j sinj F
44

H
44
R
_ _
i
sin
2
j,
b
i
44
= D
i
11
cos
2
j 2D
i
16
cos j sinj D
i
66
sin
2
j,
b
i
45
= D
i
16
cos
2
j (D
12
D
66
)
i
cos j sinj D
i
26
sin
2
j,
b
i
55
= D
i
66
cos
2
j 2D
i
26
cos j sinj D
i
22
sin
2
j. (B:7)
References
[1] L.R. Koval, On sound transmission into an orthotropic shell, Journal of Sound and Vibration 63 (1) (1979) 5159.
[2] H.C. Nelson, B. Zapatowski, M. Bernstein, Vibration analysis of orthogonally stiffened circular fuselage and
comparison with experiment, Proceedings of the Institute of Aeronautical Sciences National Specialists Meeting on
Dynamics and Aeroelasticity, 1958, pp. 7787.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
[3] L.R. Koval, Sound transmission into a laminated composite cylindrical shell, Journal of Sound and Vibration 71 (4)
(1980) 523530.
[4] C.W. Bert, J.L. Baker, D.M. Egle, Free vibrations of multilayer anisotropic cylindrical shells, Journal of Composite
Materials 3 (1969) 480499.
[5] A. Blaise, C. Lesueur, On the sound transmission into an orthotropic innite shell: comparison with Kovals
results and understanding of phenomena, Journal of Sound and Vibration 150 (2) (1991) 233243.
[6] A. Blaise, C. Lesueur, Acoustic transmission through a 2-D orthotropic multi-layered innite cylindrical shell,
Journal of Sound and Vibration 155 (1) (1992) 95109.
part I: formulation of the problem, Journal of Sound and Vibration 171 (5) (1994) 651664.
[8] K.H. Heron, Curved laminates and sandwich panels within predictive SEA, in: Proceedings of the Second
International AutoSEA Users Conference, Detroit, USA, 2002.
[9] A.W. Leissa, Vibrations of Shells, NASA SP 288, U.S. Government Printing Ofce, Washington DC, 1973.
[10] J.-M. Berthelot, Materiaux CompositesComportement Mecanique et Analyse des Structures, Editions TEC &
DOC, Paris, 1999.
[11] C. Lesueur, Rayonnement Acoustique des StructuresVibroacoustique, Interactions FluidStructure, Editions
Eyrolles, Paris, 1988.
[12] M. Abramowitz, I.A. Stegun, Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs and Mathematical
Tables, Dover Publications, New York, 1972.
part II: validation and numerical exploitation for large structures, Journal of Sound and Vibration 171 (5) (1994)
665680.
[14] N. Atalla, S. Ghinet, H. Osman, Transmission loss of curved composite panels with acoustic materials, in:
Proceedings of the 18th International Congress on Acoustics (ICA), Kyoto, 2004.
[15] J.-L. Batoz, G. Dhatt, Modelisation des Structures par E
lements Finis, Hermes, Paris, 1990.

[16] D. Guy, Materiaux Composites, Hermes, Paris, 1997.
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JOURNAL OF

: ( ) discrete laminate model, () symmetrical laminate

: ( ) discrete laminate model, () symmetrical laminate

: ( ) discrete laminate model, () symmetrical laminate

: ( ) discrete laminate model, () sandwich

: () discrete laminate model, () sandwich

: ( ) discrete laminate model, () sandwich

: () discrete laminate model, ( ) sandwich

: ( ) discrete laminate model, () sandwich

lements Finis, Hermes, Paris, 1990.

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